Antiandrogens like flutamide and bicalutamide are male-specific teratogens which can feminize male fetuses due to their ... The medication, prescribed at dosing ranging from 100 to 300 mg/day orally,7 blunts the effect of androgens and can be helpful ... Rousseau L, Couture M, Dupont A, Labrie F, Couture N (May 1990). "Effect of combined androgen blockade with an LHRH agonist and ... While on the medication, testosterone levels are expected to rise dramatically but do not have an effect. Gynecomastia is a ...
Generally, mild to moderate cases have no effect on the fetus, and most severe cases also have normal outcomes. Some women ... to minimize fetal exposure to toxins such as mutagens and teratogens. A woman and her embryo are very vulnerable to toxins ... to indicate the sensitivity of the fetus hence making her wary to her health and in turn protecting the fetus. There is a lack ... January 2022). "Effect of ginger in the treatment of nausea and vomiting compared with vitamin B6 and placebo during pregnancy ...
Kanno Y, Takane Y, Izawa T, Nakahama T, Inouye Y (June 2006). "The Inhibitory Effect of Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Repressor ( ... Dioxins and dioxin-like compounds are teratogens that exert their effects through the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) in ... whereas expression is low in all tissues in fetuses. Baba T, Mimura J, Gradin K, Kuroiwa A, Watanabe T, Matsuda Y, Inazawa J, ...
Different exposures to the developing fetus such as different teratogens (e.g. thalidomide, ethanol, ACE inhibitors, cocaine, ... Horseshoe kidney, also known as ren arcuatus (in Latin), renal fusion or super kidney, is a congenital disorder affecting about ... The abnormal anatomy can affect kidney drainage resulting in increased frequency of kidney stones and urinary tract infections ...
The effect of enhancing folate levels on the symptoms of ASD are still being researched and have yet to be confirmed. "WHO ... If the fetus is exposed to the mood stabilizer drug valproate (VPA), the risk of ASD as well as other developmental ... and Teratogen". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 276 (39): 36734-36741. doi:10.1074/jbc.m101287200. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID ... This effect seems to happen without MeCP2 directly binding to the promoters of UBE3A and GABRB3. (Mechanism unknown) However, ...
Research has indicated that teratogens (substances known to cause birth defects), trypan blue (a stain used to color dead ... Ethnic, genetic, and environmental factors, as well as parental age, can all affect the likelihood of encephaloceles. The ... tissues or cells blue), and arsenic may damage the developing fetus and cause encephaloceles.[citation needed] Proper levels of ... Sulik, K; Cook, C (1988). ""Teratogens and craniofacial malformations: relationships to cell death"". Development. 103: 213-31 ...
... the latter due to a need to transfer retinol to the fetus. Vitamin A deficiency is estimated to affect approximately one-third ... Isotretinoin is a known teratogen, with an estimated 20‑35% risk of physical birth defects to infants that are exposed to ... animal reproduction studies have shown an adverse effect on the fetus), and should not be used by pregnant women or women who ... The net effect is a down-regulation of immune activity, seen as tolerance of food allergens, and tolerance of resident bacteria ...
Given that SLOS is a very severe syndrome, parents may want to choose to terminate their pregnancy if their fetus is affected. ... Furthermore, different species of mice and rats are more resistant to teratogens, and may be less effective as models of SLOS. ... 7- and 8-dehydropregnanetriols have been shown to be present in the urine of mothers with an affected fetus but not with an ... During pregnancy, the fetus is solely responsible for synthesizing the cholesterol needed to produce estriol. A fetus with SLOS ...
Transgender pregnancy is the gestation of one or more embryos or fetuses by transgender people. As of 2023, the possibility is ... However, observation of trans men and studies on lab mice reveal that testosterone treatment does not affect the number of ... as testosterone is a teratogen. Unintended pregnancies by non-binary people on testosterone therapy may be more common if they ... Testosterone use in trans men and other transmasculine individuals affects the ovaries, leading to an increased amount of ...
All known teratogens (agents that cause birth defects) related to the risk of autism appear to act during the first eight weeks ... Giving anti-IL-6 and anti-IL-17 along with IL-6 and IL-17, respectively, have been shown to negate this effect in the same ... Some maternal IgG antibodies that cross the placenta to provide passive immunity to the fetus can also attack the fetal brain. ... However, it is also hypothesized that SSRIs may help reduce symptoms of ASD and even positively affect brain development in ...
As a result, DNA intercalators may be carcinogens, and in the case of thalidomide, a teratogen. Others such as benzo[a]pyrene ... and can be sequenced to determine a great deal of information about the developing fetus. Under the name of environmental DNA ... changes in the activity of one type of transcription factor can affect thousands of genes. Consequently, these proteins are ... "Bipyrimidine photoproducts rather than oxidative lesions are the main type of DNA damage involved in the genotoxic effect of ...
It had originally been believed that the placenta protected the developing fetus but it is now known that is not true. ... Effect on psychosexual development in boys". Archives of General Psychiatry. 28 (4): 554-61. doi:10.1001/archpsyc. ... In addition to its carcinogenic properties, DES is a known teratogen, an agent capable of causing malformations in daughters ... a transgenerational effect of diethylstilbestrol?". Human Reproduction. 21 (3): 666-9. doi:10.1093/humrep/dei398. PMID 16293648 ...
All known teratogens appear to act during the first eight weeks from conception, and though this does not exclude the ... If the mother of the child is dealing with autoimmune conditions or disorders while pregnant, it may have an effect on the ... When an underlying maternal autoimmune disease is present, antibodies circulating to the fetus could contribute to the ... Teratogens are environmental agents that cause birth defects. Some agents that are theorized to cause birth defects have also ...
Guan Y, Wang D, Bu H, Zhao T, Wang H (2020). "The Effect of Metformin on Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in Overweight Women: A ... As such, antiandrogens are teratogens, and women who are pregnant should not be treated with an antiandrogen. Moreover, women ... In addition, whereas cyproterone acetate produces ambiguous genitalia via feminization in male fetuses when administered to ... The inhibitory effect of these substances, therefore, should be differentiated from compounds which decrease the synthesis and/ ...
Mutations or teratogens that interfere with Tbx4/Tbx5 or FGF-8/FGF-10 has the ability to cause a child to be born without one ... Naiche, L.A.; Papaiannou, V.E. (2003). "Loss of Tbx4 blocks hindlimb development and affects vascularization and fusion of the ... was reported by Bruno Reversade and colleagues to result in the total loss of hind limbs in human fetuses. This fatal syndrome ...
Diazepam and clonazepam have been found to have long-lasting, but not permanent, immunotoxic effects in fetuses of rats. ... The discrimination has disastrous effects on the lives of those affected. Nina Lakhani (7 November 2010). "Drugs linked to ... and it was concluded that benzodiazepines are not major teratogens. Neurodevelopmental disorders and clinical symptoms are ... Mazaira S (2005). "[Effects of psychiatric drugs on the fetus and newborn children. Consequences of the treatment of ...
The rapid effect of drugs releases the neurotransmitter dopamine which acts as reinforcement for the behavior. Alcohol is the ... Alcohol exposure in a developing fetus can result in slowed development of the fetal brain, resulting in severe retardation or ... Batra, S.; Wrigley, ECW (April 2005). "Alcohol: The teratogen". Obstetrics & Gynecology. 25 (3): 308-309. doi:10.1080/ ... Alcohol use disorder can affect people from all walks of life. There are many factors that play a role in causing someone to ...
When considering whether to continue this medication in nursing mothers, the impact of the drug's side effect profile on the ... There is limited data analyzing the impact of oxcarbazepine on a human fetus. Animal studies have shown increased fetal ... Teratogens, Ureas). ... Photosensitivity is a potential side-effect and people could ...
The (R)-enantiomer has the desired sedative effect while the (S)-enantiomer harbors embryo-toxic and teratogenic effect. ... December 1996). "Thalidomide, a current teratogen in South America". Teratology. 54 (6): 273-7. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-9926( ... and drugs were not thoroughly tested for potential harm to the fetus. Thousands of pregnant people took the drug to relieve ... The total number of infants affected by thalidomide use during pregnancy is estimated at 10,000, of whom about 40% died around ...
... were saved by quick administration of the antidote-a violent teratogen that destroys skeletal development in a growing fetus. ... than Miles because of crude attempts to simulate the effects of the chemical Miles was exposed to in utero that affected the ... When his famous grandfather learns of the prenatal damage, he tries to abort the fetus in the replicator, and later tries to ... The only available treatment for the fetus was experimental at best, and would have been fatal to the mother. Miles was ...
If the fetus survives the infection, it can be born with severe heart disorders (patent ductus arteriosus being the most common ... Rubella can affect anyone of any age. Adult females are particularly prone to arthritis and joint pains. In children, rubella ... Teratogens, Pediatrics, Virus-related cutaneous conditions, Infectious diseases with eradication efforts, Wikipedia medicine ... The virus has teratogenic properties and is capable of crossing the placenta and infecting the fetus where it stops cells from ...
Although compelling evidence on the effect of low dosage of radiation was hard to come by, by the late 1940s, the idea of LNT ... A 2009 study by researchers that looks at Swedish children exposed to fallout from Chernobyl while they were fetuses between 8 ... Castronovo FP (August 1999). "Teratogen update: radiation and Chernobyl". Teratology. 60 (2): 100-6. doi:10.1002/(sici)1096- ... Muller, who received a Nobel Prize for his work on the mutagenic effect of radiation in 1946, asserted in his Nobel lecture, ...
... mental and neurobehavioral development of the fetus. Alcohol during pregnancy not only affects the developing fetus, but it ... Teratogens, Congenital disorders, Drugs and pregnancy). ... legs and arms of the fetus can be adversely affected. ... The developing fetus can be exposed to alcohol in the earliest weeks of pregnancy. During the third week, alcohol can affect ... The developing fetus is exposed to the alcohol through the placenta and umbilical cord. Alcohol metabolizes slowly in the fetus ...
... effect on weight appears to result from nicotine's stimulation of α3β4 nAChR receptors located in the POMC neurons in ... Nicotine has been shown to produce birth defects in humans and is considered a teratogen. The median lethal dose of nicotine in ... and long-term effects on the exposed fetus". Pediatrics. 131 (3): e1009-24. doi:10.1542/peds.2012-3931. PMC 8194464. PMID ... At low amounts, it has a mild analgesic effect. According to the International Agency for Research on Cancer, "nicotine is not ...
Clefts can also affect other parts of the face, such as the eyes, ears, nose, cheeks, and forehead. In 1976, Paul Tessier ... even though the fetus is not in jeopardy of life or limb.[citation needed] Some human rights activists contend that this ... such as teratogens) or gene-environment interactions. The polygenic/multifactorial inheritance model predicts that most ... If the cleft does not affect the palate structure of the mouth, it is referred to as cleft lip. Cleft lip is formed in the top ...
... is known to cause serious abnormalities in fetuses if taken during pregnancy, and is contra-indicated for women of ... Proposed mechanisms include affecting GABA levels, blocking voltage-gated sodium channels, inhibiting histone deacetylases, and ... Teratogens, World Health Organization essential medicines, Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate). ... However, similar to the discussion about the adverse effect of exposure to alcohol in utero ("fetal alcohol spectrum disorder ...
Due to their improved side-effect profiles, particularly their lack of masculinizing side effects, danazol has largely been ... Danazol is contraindicated during pregnancy because it has the potential to virilize female fetuses. Women taking danazol ... Teratogens, Veterinary drugs). ... Although its does not significantly affect basal luteinizing ... Shields-Botella J, Chetrite G, Meschi S, Pasqualini JR (January 2005). "Effect of nomegestrol acetate on estrogen biosynthesis ...
A fetus may be poisoned in utero if lead from the mother's bones is subsequently mobilized by the changes in metabolism due to ... Lead affects both the male and female reproductive systems. In men, when blood lead levels exceed 40 μg/dL, sperm count is ... Bellinger DC (June 2005). "Teratogen update: lead and pregnancy". Birth Defects Research. Part A, Clinical and Molecular ... Lead affects every one of the body's organ systems, especially the nervous system, but also the bones and teeth, the kidneys, ...
In affected men, semen volume is decreased an average of 30%, with a smaller subgroup of patients also experiencing a decrease ... Dutasteride can cause birth defects in male fetuses, specifically ambiguous genitalia and undermasculinization. This is due to ... Teratogens, Trifluoromethyl compounds, Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate). ... The rate of discontinuation of the drug due to adverse effects was less than 5%. A subset of men affected by sexual and mood ...
This effect occurred on high ground in Norway and the UK. The Norwegian Agricultural Authority reported that in 2009 a total of ... Castronovo, Frank P. (1999). "Teratogen update: Radiation and chernobyl". Teratology. 60 (2): 100-106. doi:10.1002/(sici)1096- ... the widespread fear in the population about the possible effects of exposure on the unborn fetus was not justified". Despite ... "Chernobyl nuclear disaster-affected areas spring to life, 33 years on". UN News. 26 April 2019. Archived from the original on ...