... also produce adenylate cyclase toxin. It is a toxin secreted by the bacteria to influence the host immune system. Adenylate ... "Bordetella adenylate cyclase toxin: a unique combination of a pore-forming moiety with a cell-invading adenylate cyclase enzyme ... Antibodies against adenylate cyclase toxin are also present in the serum of humans infected with B. pertussis. Adenylate ... Genetically detoxified adenylate cyclase toxin also serves in promoting the Th1/Th17 response, acting as an adjuvant. Adenylate ...

alignment) Ahuja N, Kumar P, Bhatnagar R (2004). "The adenylate cyclase toxins". Critical Reviews in Microbiology. 30 (3): 187- ... Adenylate cyclase (EC 4.6.1.1, also commonly known as adenyl cyclase and adenylyl cyclase, abbreviated AC) is an enzyme with ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to Adenylate cyclase. Adenylyl Cyclases at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical ... Interactive 3D views of Adenylate cyclase at Proteopedia Adenylyl_cyclase Portal: Biology (Articles with short description, ...

Another toxin that inhibits the immune response is the adenylate cyclase toxin. This toxin has an intrinsic adenylate cyclase ... The toxin, known as pertussis toxin (or PTx), inhibits G protein coupling that regulates an adenylate cyclase-mediated ... Its virulence factors include pertussis toxin, adenylate cyclase toxin, filamentous hæmagglutinin, pertactin, fimbria, and ... Sebo, Peter; Osicka, Radim; Masin, Jiri (2014-08-04). "Adenylate cyclase toxin-hemolysin relevance for pertussis vaccines". ...

Macrophages and Neutrophils by the Bordetella Adenylate Cyclase Toxin: A Subversive Move to Fool Host Immunity". Toxins. 9 (10 ... The toxin is a 1706 residue-long polypeptide that consists of an N-terminal ~400 residue-long adenylate cyclase (AC) enzyme ... Adenylate cyclase toxin (CyaA) is released from bacterium Bordetella pertussis by the T1SS (Type 1 secretion system) and ... October 2008). "Adenylate cyclase toxin subverts phagocyte function by RhoA inhibition and unproductive ruffling". Journal of ...

"Membrane restructuring by Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase toxin, a member of the RTX toxin family". Journal of ... Adenylate cyclase toxin (ACT or CyaA), is a primary virulence factor in Bordetella pertussis. CyaA is a multifunctional RTX ... The C-terminal domain of the adenylate cyclase toxin (ACT or CyaA; TC# 1.C.11.1.4) of Bordetella pertussis forms a small cation ... Bumba, Ladislav; Jiri Masin; Radovan Fiser; Peter Sebo (2010). "Bordetella Adenylate Cyclase Toxin Mobilizes Its b2 Integrin ...

One of the most important of the regulated toxins is adenylate cyclase toxin, which aids in the evasion of innate immunity. The ... and toxins, such as adenylate cyclase-hemolysin, dermonecrotic toxin and tracheal cytotoxin. These factors are then expressed ... Gray MC, Donato GM, Jones FR, Kim T, Hewlett EL (2004). "Newly secreted adenylate cyclase toxin is responsible for intoxication ... Recently discovered activities of adenylate cyclase toxin, including transmembrane pore formation and stimulation of calcium ...

Bagley K, Abdelwahab S, Tuskan R, Fouts T, Lewis G (2002). "Pertussis toxin and the adenylate cyclase toxin from Bordetella ... Carbonetti NH (2010). "Pertussis toxin and adenylate cyclase toxin: key virulence factors of Bordetella pertussis and cell ... The Gi subunits remain locked in their GDP-bound, inactive state, thus unable to inhibit adenylate cyclase activity, leading to ... different genetic changes have been described surrounding the pertussis toxin. ptxP is the pertussis toxin's promoter gene. ...

... adenylate cyclase toxin, lipooligosaccharides and agglutinogens. The whole-cell pertussis vaccine is prepared by growing ... The pertussis whole-cell vaccine contains inactivated bacterial cells that contain antigens like pertussis toxin, ... and immunogenicity of a booster dose of an acellular pertussis vaccine containing a genetically inactivated pertussis toxin in ...

Carbonetti, N. H. (2010). "Pertussis toxin and adenylate cyclase toxin: Key virulence factors of Bordetella pertussis and cell ... AB5 Toxins Biochemistry Cholera toxin Pertussis toxin Shiga toxin Subtilase Le Nours, J.; Paton, A. W.; Byres, E.; Troy, S.; ... Cholera toxin, pertussis toxin, and shiga toxin all have their targets in the cytosol of the cell. After their B subunit binds ... Under the categorize-by-A rule, it is a Ptx-family toxin. Shiga toxin, also known as Stx, is a toxin that is produced by the ...

... adenylate cyclase MeSH D08.811.520.650.200.040 - adenylate cyclase toxin MeSH D08.811.520.650.600 - guanylate cyclase MeSH ... adp-ribosyl cyclase MeSH D08.811.913.400.725.115.680 - pertussis toxin MeSH D08.811.913.400.725.115.690 - poly(adp-ribose) ... cholera toxin MeSH D08.811.913.400.725.115.220 - diphtheria toxin MeSH D08.811.913.400.725.115.660 - nad+ nucleosidase MeSH ... adp-ribosyl cyclase MeSH D08.811.277.450.737.400.060.500 - antigens, cd38 MeSH D08.811.277.450.770 - oligo-1,6-glucosidase MeSH ...

"Requirements for cholera toxin-dependent ADP-ribosylation of the purified regulatory component of adenylate cyclase". The ... Haga, T; Ross, EM; Anderson, HJ; Gilman, AG (1977). "Adenylate cyclase permanently uncoupled from hormone receptors in a novel ... Haga, T; Haga, K; Gilman, AG (1977). "Hydrodynamic properties of the beta-adrenergic receptor and adenylate cyclase from wild ... Gilman, AG (1984). "G proteins and dual control of adenylate cyclase". Cell. 36 (3): 577-9. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(84)90336-2. ...

EF is an adenylate cyclase that targets ATP. LF enzyme is a metalloprotease that confers the lethal phenotype associated with ... Alpha toxin Anthrax toxin Dinotoxin Cyanotoxin Diphtheria toxin Exotoxin Pertussis toxin Shiga toxin Shiga-like toxin K R ... Toxin A and toxin B are two toxins produced by Clostridium difficile. Toxin A and toxin B are glycosyltransferases that cause ... Shiga toxins (Stxs), responsible for foodborne illnesses, are a classification of toxins produced by Shiga toxin-producing ...

Subunit B binds while subunit A activates the G protein which activates adenylate cyclase. The three-dimensional structure of ... Cholera toxin acts by the following mechanism: First, the B subunit ring of the cholera toxin binds to GM1 gangliosides on the ... Cholera toxin was discovered in 1959 by Indian microbiologist Sambhu Nath De. The complete toxin is a hexamer made up of a ... Increased Gαs activation leads to increased adenylate cyclase activity, which increases the intracellular concentration of 3',5 ...

EF acts as a Ca2+ and calmodulin dependent adenylate cyclase that greatly increases the level of cAMP in the cell. This ... Anthrax toxin is an A-B toxin. Each individual anthrax toxin protein is nontoxic. Toxic symptoms are not observed when these ... the tripartite protein toxin, called anthrax toxin. Anthrax toxin is a mixture of three protein components: (i) protective ... The toxin was first discovered by Harry Smith in 1954. Anthrax toxin is composed of a cell-binding protein, known as protective ...

... and invasive adenylate cyclases. Cholera toxin is an AB toxin that has five B subunints and one A subunit. The toxin acts by ... Adenylate cyclase is inhibited by agonists of adenylate cyclase inhibitory G (Gi)-protein-coupled receptors. Liver adenylate ... Adenylate cyclase is activated by a range of signaling molecules through the activation of adenylate cyclase stimulatory G (Gs ... This occurs through inhibition of the cAMP-producing enzyme, adenylate cyclase, as a side-effect of glucose transport into the ...

... adenylate cyclase toxin MeSH D23.946.896.980.690 - pertussis toxin The list continues at List of MeSH codes (D25). (Wikipedia ... tetanus toxin MeSH D23.946.123.946 - virulence factors, bordetella MeSH D23.946.123.946.040 - adenylate cyclase toxin MeSH ... shiga toxins MeSH D23.946.123.794.100 - shiga-like toxin i MeSH D23.946.123.794.124 - shiga-like toxin ii MeSH D23.946.123.794. ... shiga toxins MeSH D23.946.330.575.120 - shiga-like toxin i MeSH D23.946.330.575.124 - shiga-like toxin ii MeSH D23.946.330.575. ...

... and adenylate cyclase hemolysin with antiphagocytic activity. The osteotoxin is known to be cytotoxic for osteogenic cells and ... Bordetellae species produce two conserved toxins with a variety of additional toxins, individual to each species. Unlike other ... Identified cytotoxins produced by B. avium include an osteotoxin, a tracheal cytotoxin, a non-proteolytic dermonecrotic toxin ...

... of adenylate cyclases after his laboratory successfully cloned and sequenced the genes of adenylyl cyclase toxins from the ... He is best known for his research in several fields of biology, from the structure and function of adenylate cyclase, to ... Glaser, P; Ladant, D; Sezer, O; Pichot, F; Ullmann, A; Danchin, A (January 1988). "The calmodulin-sensitive adenylate cyclase ... "Structural homology between virulence-associated bacterial adenylate cyclases". Gene. 71 (2): 293-298. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(88 ...

For example, Cholera toxin ADP-ribosylates, thereby activating tissue adenylate cyclase to increase the concentration of cAMP, ... Toxins of this type include cholera toxin, pertussis toxin, Shiga toxin and heat-labile enterotoxin from E. coli. Once in the ... AB5 toxin) By domain architecture of the toxin (for example, polymorphic toxins) By the ability of the toxin to endure in ... Membrane-damaging toxins can be divided into two categories, the channel-forming toxins and toxins that function as enzymes ...

Like Bordetella pertussis, it forms a calmodulin-dependent adenylate cyclase exotoxin known as anthrax edema factor, along with ... The lethal toxin is a combination of PA with LF and the edema toxin is a combination of PA with EF. The PAI also contains genes ... The organism also produces three plasmid-coded exotoxins: edema factor, a calmodulin-dependent adenylate cyclase that causes ... The enterotoxins and virulence factors are encoded on the chromosome, while the emetic toxin is encoded on a 270-kb plasmid, ...

The mechanism of action appears to be the inhibition of adenylate cyclase in sensitive cells. Affected cells are arrested in G1 ... a smut fungus that produces killer toxin Kp4 family fungal killer toxins. Debaryomyces hansenii The susceptibility to toxins ... A toxin-producing strain of Kluyveromyces phaffii to control apiculate yeasts in wine-making. A toxin produced by Candida ... Breinig, Sendzik, Eisfeld and Schmitt (2006) showed that K28 toxin is neutralized in toxin-expressing cells by the α chain in ...

This will lock it in the active state and it will continuously stimulate adenylate cyclase. The sustained adenylate cyclase ... The bacteria Vibrio cholerae produces a multimeric toxin called the cholera toxin. The secreted toxin attaches to the surface ... Besides its function in the physiology of the brain, GM1 acts as the site of binding for both cholera toxin and E. coli heat- ... The A1 subunit of this toxin will gain entry to intestinal epithelial cells with the assistance of the B subunit via the GM1 ...

... through ADP-ribosylation of the alpha-subunit of a Gs protein leading to the constitutive activation of adenylate cyclase. ... These toxins consist of an AB5 multimer structure, in which a pentamer of B chains has a membrane-binding function and an A ... The cholera toxin is carried by the CTXφ bacteriophage and may be isolated from plasmids. The E. coli LT (elt) is similarly ... The B subunits of toxins in this family is relatively harmless on its own. CtxB is routinely used as a neuronal tracer. Elt-IB ...

Edema factor is a calmodulin-dependent adenylate cyclase. Adenylate cyclase catalyzes the conversion of ATP into cyclic AMP ( ... Protective antigen combines with these other two factors to form lethal toxin and edema toxin, respectively. These toxins are ... PA plus LF produces lethal toxin, and PA plus EF produces edema toxin. These toxins cause death and tissue swelling (edema), ... The complexation of adenylate cyclase with calmodulin removes calmodulin from stimulating calcium-triggered signaling, thus ...

... showed that antibodies from the serum of patients with hyperthyroidism specifically activated thyroid gland adenylate cyclase, ... is attached to a potent bacterial toxin. Additionally, with his colleague Jesse Roth, he was the first to clearly demonstrate ... Nature 228: 864-866, 1970 Levey, G.S. and Pastan, I.: Activation of thyroid adenyl cyclase by long-acting thyroid stimulator. ... Specific binding of ACTH-125I and its relation to adenyl cyclase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 65: 745-752, 1970 Lefkowitz, R., ...

Alternatively, in some rare cases CB1 receptor activation may be coupled to Gs proteins, which stimulate adenylate cyclase. ... stereoselective and pertussis toxin-sensitive manner. The CB1 receptor is activated by cannabinoids, generated naturally inside ... adenylate cyclase, and increases mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAP kinase) concentration. ...

... this protein is a stimulatory regulator of adenylate cyclase. Cells containing this mutant form of the Gs protein will continue ... exposure to toxins or radiation and other environmental factors increase the likelihood of macrodontia growth. Although ...

... pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP), interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-3 (IL-3), ... Specifically, studies have shown GDNF plays a protective role against MPTP toxins for DA neurons. It has also been detected in ...

Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide 27 (pro-inflammatory). Eicosanoid receptor Formyl peptide receptor Lipoxin ... "The formylpeptide chemoattractant receptor copurifies with a GTP-binding protein containing a distinct 40-kDa pertussis toxin ...

... and kappa-opioid receptor-mediated inhibition of neurotransmitter release and adenylate cyclase activity in rat brain slices: ... kappa opioid receptor expressed on the mouse R1.1 thymoma cell line is coupled to adenylyl cyclase through a pertussis toxin- ... "Relationship between kappa 1 opioid receptor binding and inhibition of adenylyl cyclase in guinea pig brain membranes". ...