Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 99 (4): 738-759. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2010.01395.x. www.canetoadsinoz.com Cane ... Evolutionary selective adaptations are most likely to occur in native species having lived sympatrically with cane toads over ... One way in which Australian animals have adjusted to the presence of the cane toad is through learned behavioural adaptations. ... Furthermore, the presence of cane toads has induced genetically based behavioural adaptations in this snake species. ...

Deng, Lian; Xu, Shuhua (15 June 2017). "Adaptation of human skin color in various populations". Hereditas. 155 (1): 1. doi: ... Therefore, genetic architecture can help us to answer biological questions about speciation, the evolution of sex and ... Stadler, Peter F.; Stadler, Bärbel M. R. (2015-04-14). "Genotype-Phenotype Maps". Biological Theory. 1 (3): 268-279. CiteSeerX ... Lewontin, R. C. (1978-09-01). "Adaptation". Scientific American. 239 (3): 212-218, 220, 222 passim. Bibcode:1978SciAm.239c.212L ...

Endler, J. A. (1981). "An overview of the relationships between mimicry and crypsis". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society ... Another nocturnal adaptation can be seen in kangaroo rats. They forage in relatively open habitats, and reduce their activity ... Anti-predator adaptations are mechanisms developed through evolution that assist prey organisms in their constant struggle ... By the 21st century, adaptation to life in cities had markedly reduced the antipredator responses of animals such as rats and ...

Recent warming has strongly affected natural biological systems. Species worldwide are migrating poleward to colder areas. On ... Autonomous adaptation are adaptations that are reactive to climatic stimuli, and are done as a matter of course without the ... Many adaptation options (also known as adaptation measures, strategies or solutions) exist and are used to help manage impacts ... These adaptation options can be further divided into hard and soft. Hard adaptation relies mostly on capital-intensive human- ...

Evolutionary biology portal Adaptation to global warming, ways social and biological systems can respond to climate change to ... Climatic adaptation refers to adaptations of an organism that are triggered due to the patterns of variation of abiotic factors ... Climatic adaptations limits to adaptations that have been established, characterizing species that live within the specific ... differences in the manner of climatic adaptation are expected. Research on climatic adaptations are mostly aimed on species ...

... is related to biological fitness, which governs the rate of evolution as measured by change in allele frequencies. ... Adaptation and function are two aspects of one problem. - Julian Huxley, Evolution: The Modern Synthesis Pre-adaptation occurs ... From this we see that adaptation is not just a matter of visible traits: in such parasites critical adaptations take place in ... behind adaptation, but was a much stronger force than had previously been thought. The significance of an adaptation can only ...

... urban resilience and adaptation; sustainable transport; climate change and disaster risk reduction; oceans and seas; forests; ... "International Day for Biological Diversity - 22 May". Convention on Biological Diversity. Archived from the original on May 19 ... The International Day for Biological Diversity (or World Biodiversity Day) is a United Nations-sanctioned international day for ... The International Day for Biological Diversity falls within the scope of the UN Post-2015 Development Agenda's Sustainable ...

3, Prehistoric human biological adaptation". Anthropological papers of the AMNH. 57 (3). (Articles with short description, ... Catherines Island: 3. Prehistoric Human Biological Adaptation. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History ... Clark Spencer Larsen and George R. Milner (editors) (1994) In the Wake of Contact: Biological Responses to Conquest. Wiley-Liss ... Clark Spencer Larsen (born 1952) is an American biological anthropologist, author, and educator. His work focuses on ...

Biological structure and function. Vol. 3. CUP Archive. pp. 15-17. ISBN 0-521-20048-2. Retrieved 21 Mar 2010. v t e (Articles ... ISBN 0-03-025982-7. Spearman, R.I.C (1973). "Function Adaptation in the Invertebrate Integument". The integument: a textbook of ...

American Institute of Biological Sciences. Retrieved 20 June 2013. Beall CM, Laskowski D, Erzurum SC (2012). "Nitric oxide in ... Cynthia Beall is the leading scientist in the study of high-altitude adaptation in humans, particularly in places where there ... Her groundbreaking works among the Andean, Tibetan and East African highlanders are the basis of our knowledge on adaptation to ... Retrieved 20 June 2013.[permanent dead link] Beall CM (2007). "Two routes to functional adaptation: Tibetan and Andean high- ...

Series B Biological Sciences. 326 (1237, Life at Low Temperatures): 595-611. Bibcode:1990RSPTB.326..595R. doi:10.1098/rstb. ... Russell NJ, Harrisson P, Johnston IA, Jaenicke R, Zuber M, Franks F, Wynn-Williams D (1990). "Cold Adaptation of Microorganisms ... Chattopadhyay, M. K.; Jagannadham, M. V. (2003). "A branched chain fatty acid promotes cold adaptation in bacteria". Journal of ... Chattopadhyay, M. K. (2006). "Mechanism of bacterial adaptation to low temperature". Journal of Biosciences. 31 (1): 157-165. ...

Spuhler suggests that extended female sexuality has evolved as a by-product of an adaptation in females that increases the ... Gangestad, S. W.; Thornhill, R. (2008). "Human oestrus". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences. 275 ... However, no empirical evidence has established the link between hormones and endurance walking as an adaptation and extended ... Muller, J. K.; Eggert, A. K. (1989). "Paternity assurance by helpful males: Adaptations to sperm competition in burying beetles ...

Irons, W. (1996). J. P. Hurd (ed.). Morality as an Evolved Adaptation. Investigating the Biological Foundations of Morality. ... Honest biological signals do not need to be perfectly informative, reducing uncertainty to zero; all they need to be useful is ... Biological signals, like warning calls or resplendent tail feathers, are honest if they reliably convey useful information to ... Grafen, A. (1990). "Biological signals as handicaps". Journal of Theoretical Biology. 144 (4): 517-546. Bibcode:1990JThBi.144.. ...

Biological Sciences. 270 (Suppl 1): S93-S95. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2003.0023. PMC 1698019. PMID 12952647. Al-Afaleq, A.; Homeida, A ... One psychological adaptation found solely in women is pregnancy sickness. This is an adaptation resulting from natural ... A hybrid resolution to psychological adaptations and learned behaviours refers to an adaptation as the species' capacity for a ... Therefore, as an adaptation, males tend to only invest in offspring if there are high levels of commitment and if they were ...

"Tundra - Plants - Adaptations". ThinkQuest.org. Archived from the original on May 1, 2007. McKnight, Tom L; Hess, Darrel (2000 ... Billings, WD; Mooney, HA (1968). "The ecology of Arctic and Alpine plants". Biological Reviews. 43 (4): 481-529. doi:10.1111/j. ... Arctic plants have a number of adaptations to the compressed growing season and low temperatures: They initiate growth rapidly ... Bliss, L.C. (1960). "Adaptations of arctic and alpine plants to environmental conditions". Symposium Life Under Extreme ...

Crozier, W. J. (1920). "Notes on some problems of adaptation, 2. On the temporal relations of asexual propagation and gametic ... Biological Bulletin. 39 (2): 116-29. doi:10.2307/1536620. JSTOR 1536620. Alves, L. S. S.; A. Pereira & C. Ventura (2001). " ...

Hahn WL (1908). "Some habits and sensory adaptations of cave-inhabiting bats". Biological Bulletin. 15 (3): 135-198, especially ... Jones G, Holderied MW (April 2007). "Bat echolocation calls: adaptation and convergent evolution". Proceedings. Biological ... Adaptations in the protein Tmc1 are related to the evolution of high-frequency hearing and molecular evolution of Tmc1 and Pjvk ... Furthermore, these moth adaptations provide selective pressure for bats to improve their insect-hunting systems and this cycle ...

1969). Biological Engineering. Inter-University Electronics Series. Vol. 9. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-055734-5. LCCN ... Schmidt-Nielsen K (1997). Animal Physiology: Adaptation and Environment (5th ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN ... Series B, Biological Sciences. 222 (1227): 147-53. Bibcode:1984RSPSB.222..147K. doi:10.1098/rspb.1984.0055. PMID 6148754. S2CID ... Kepler TB, Abbott LF, Marder E (1992). "Reduction of conductance-based neuron models". Biological Cybernetics. 66 (5): 381-7. ...

Series B, Biological Sciences. 309 (1139): 395-460. doi:10.1098/rstb.1985.0092. Jurcsak, T. and E. Kessler. 1985. La paleofaune ... Evolution et Adaptation 11: pp. 137-147. Federico L. Agnolin and David Varricchio (2012). "Systematic reinterpretation of Piksi ... Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 98 (4): 851-855. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-06-16. Retrieved ... Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 98 (3): 544-553. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-09-03. Retrieved ...

doi:10.1016/0022-0981(86)90240-6. Crozier, W. J. (1920). "Notes on some problems of adaptation, 2. On the temporal relations of ... Fisher, W. K. (1925). "Asexual Reproduction in the Starfish, Sclerasterias" (PDF). Biological Bulletin. 48 (3): 171-175. doi: ... Biological Bulletin. 39 (2): 116-29. doi:10.2307/1536620. JSTOR 1536620. Alves, L. S. S.; A. Pereira & C. Ventura (2001). " ...

Chater, N.; Florencia, R.; Christiansen, M. H. (2009). "Restrictions on biological adaptation in language evolution". PNAS. 106 ... "Language has evolved as an adaptation" as being misleading. He argues instead that from a biological viewpoint the evolutionary ... those who believe in language as an adaptation, those who believe it is a by-product of another adaptation, and those who ... On the issue of whether language is best seen as having evolved as an adaptation or as a by product, evolutionary biologist W. ...

A number of authors have also suggested that mood disorders are an evolutionary adaptation (see also evolutionary psychiatry). ... Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry. 30 (5): 815-826. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2006.01.007. PMID 16647176 ... Nesse R (2000). "Is Depression an Adaptation?" (PDF). Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 57 (1): 14-20. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.318.2659. doi: ...

The adaptations on each side of the interaction match the adaptations on the other side, and have been shaped by natural ... In ecology, a biological interaction is the effect that a pair of organisms living together in a community have on each other. ... Other adaptations include stealth and aggressive mimicry that improve hunting efficiency. Predation has a powerful selective ... Although biological interactions, more or less individually, were studied earlier, Edward Haskell (1949) gave an integrative ...

2008) argue that the "profound continuity" Charles Darwin noted between human and non-human animals in the biological domain is ... Pinker, S (2003). "Language as an adaptation to the cognitive niche". Studies in the Evolution of Language. 3: 16-37. doi: ... Linguist Noam Chomsky proposed a biological component of language, which he termed Universal Grammar. According to Chomsky, an ... Sugiyama, L. S.; Tooby, J.; Cosmides, L. (2002). "Cross-cultural evidence of cognitive adaptations for social exchange among ...

Series B, Biological Sciences. 363 (1506): 3047-54. doi:10.1098/rstb.2008.0065. PMC 2607310. PMID 18579480. Fontaine MC, Pease ... In the plant Arabidopsis arenosa some of the alleles conferring adaptation to drought and phytotoxic levels of metal have been ... Biological Sciences. 284 (1856): 20170335. doi:10.1098/rspb.2017.0335. PMC 5474069. PMID 28592669. Pritchard JK, Stephens M, ... Biological Sciences. 283 (1838): 20161493. doi:10.1098/rspb.2016.1493. PMC 5031664. PMID 27629037. David WM, Mitchell DL, ...

Storz, Jay; Hideaki Moriyama (June 2008). "Mechanisms of Hemoglobin Adaptation to High Altitude Hypoxia". High Altitude ... Biological Chemistry Hoppe-Seyler. 368 (12): 1559-1569. doi:10.1515/bchm3.1987.368.2.1559. PMID 3442599. ...

Series B, Biological Sciences. 134 (875): 283-302. Bibcode:1947RSPSB.134..283C. doi:10.1098/rspb.1947.0015. PMID 20292379. ... Crawford BH (March 1947). "Visual adaptation in relation to brief conditioning stimuli". Proceedings of the Royal Society of ...

Urbana, IL: Biological Computer Laboratory, University of Illinois. pp. 97-98, 98-101, 299, 419-420. Bateson, G. (1974). " ... Bateson, G. (1991). "The Moral and Aesthetic Structure of Human Adaptation". In Donaldson, R.E. (ed.). A Sacred Unity: Further ... Bateson, G. (1972). "Effects of Conscious Purpose on Human Adaptation". Steps to an Ecology of Mind: Collected Essays in ... Bateson, G.; von Foerster, Heinz (1974). Conditioning, Adaptation, Learning Model, and Double Bind. Cybernetics of Cybernetics ...

Leducq, J-B; Charron, G; Samani, P (2014). "Local climatic adaptation in a widespread microorganism". Proceedings of the Royal ... Society B: Biological Sciences. 281 (1777): 20132472. doi:10.1098/rspb.2013.2472. PMC 3896012. PMID 24403328. Liti, G; Carter, ... Accordingly, its biogeography is mostly marked by natural processes like limited migration, glacial refugia and adaptation to ...

Selected effect theories of biological functions hold that the function of a biological trait is the function that the trait ... Function can be defined in a variety of ways, including as adaptation, as contributing to evolutionary fitness, in animal ... It is not always clear which behavior has contributed to the selection of a trait, as biological traits can have functions, ... From the point of view of natural selection, biological functions exist to contribute to fitness, increasing the chance that an ...

The application and adaptation of known techniques in this inventive way to a newly-discovered sample source is not ... especially in biological sciences, is undesirable. But he insisted that "any further guidance must come from the Supreme Court ... where development of useful new diagnostic and therapeutic methods is driven by investigation of complex biological systems. I ...

Biologists believe these adaptations evolved because of the slow swimming speeds of pufferfish. As an exercise, pufferfish will ... Journal on New Biological Reports. 1 (2): 42-46. ISSN 2319-1104. Retrieved 6 May 2022. Easa, P.S.; Basha, C.C. (1995). "A ... These characteristics are anti-predator adaptations that make the fish difficult to swallow or bite. ...

The powerfully built limbs had flexible joints, especially the ankles, an adaptation that allows an animal to turn its hind ... Biological Reviews. 92:1: 521-550. Tabuce, Rodolphe; Clavel, Julien; Telles Antunes, Miguel (2011-02-01). "A structural ... Other features include a light build, weighing approximately 7 kg (15 lb), and many adaptations typical of animals that live in ... Rose, K. D. (1987-04-17). "Climbing adaptations in the early eocene mammal Chriacus and the origin of artiodactyla". Science. ...

He first depicted him in the 1960 BBC series An Age of Kings, which was a series of adaptations of Shakespeare's history plays ... Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492, Greenwood, 2003, p.159. Henry IV, Part 1, Act 2, Scene 4. Smith, Omry, Reason Not ... In the 1965 film Chimes at Midnight, Orson Welles' adaptation of Henry IV (with brief passages from various other plays by ...

Biological Reviews 64(4), pp. 435-515. doi:10.1111/j.1469-185X.1989.tb00683.x González, Jorge M.; Vinson, S. Bradleigh (2007 ... Malagasy winter temperatures sometimes rise to over 30 °C (86 °F), so hibernation is not exclusively an adaptation to low ...

Like all biological systems, the mind is optimised to promote survival and reproduction in the evolutionary environment. On ... He thinks that adaptationist explanations for religion do not meet the criteria for adaptations. An alternative explanation is ... Our brains are, after all, biological objects, and the best naturalistic account of their development in nature is Darwin's ... who first argued that religious cognition represents a by-product of various evolutionary adaptations, including folk ...

Series B, Biological Sciences. 293 (1063): 5-22. Bibcode:1981RSPTB.293....5B. doi:10.1098/rstb.1981.0056. PMID 6115423. Pilkis ... Smith RL, Soeters MR, Wüst RC, Houtkooper RH (August 2018). "Metabolic Flexibility as an Adaptation to Energy Resources and ... Capaldi RA, Aggeler R (March 2002). "Mechanism of the F(1)F(0)-type ATP synthase, a biological rotary motor". Trends in ... Their main structural uses are as part of biological membranes both internal and external, such as the cell membrane. Their ...

Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 111 (2): 425-435. Foss, S. E.; Fremd, T. J. (2001). "Biostratigraphy of ... but its bison-like adaptations for running, the stereoscopic vision characteristic of predators, and evidence of predation in ...

The author of the printed adaptation of Heaven's Feel noted that for the serialization of the manga he wanted to start the ... but proceeds to seek vengeance upon the world by unleashing Angra Mainyu upon humanity after her biological sister Rin, from ... Besides Type-Moon's works and adaptations, she also appears in the video game Divine Gate. Sakura was well received by fans of ... the prequel light novel Fate/Zero and multiple spin-offs and adaptations of Type-Moon works. Sakura was created by Kinoko Nasu ...

Chemical transfer pathway between Earth's biological and non-biological parts Consumer-resource interactions Ecological network ... Environment portal Ecology portal Earth sciences portal Biology portal Anti-predator adaptation - Defensive feature of prey for ... Linkages connect to nodes in a food web, which are aggregates of biological taxa called trophic species. Trophic species are ... biological, physical, and social interactions that affect, sustain, or are modified by living organisms, including humans".: ...

Series B: Biological Sciences. 267 (1451): 1423-1431. doi:10.1098/rspb.2000.1159. PMC 1690690. PMID 10983826. Petrov, Dmitri A ... The nucleus of this theory is related to the cell volume, determined by an adaptation balance between advantages and ... Series B. Biological Sciences. 181 (1063): 109-135. Bibcode:1972RSPSB.181..109B. doi:10.1098/rspb.1972.0042. PMID 4403285. ... total DNA content is widely variable between biological taxa. Some single-celled organisms have much more DNA than humans, for ...

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences. 1998 Dec 22;265(1413):2381-6. Burk A, Westerman M, Kao DJ, ... doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1966.tb02983.x. Rose KD, Emry RJ (1 January 1983). "Extraordinary fossorial adaptations in the ... Biological Sciences. 278 (1711): 1498-1506. doi:10.1098/rspb.2010.1943. PMC 3081751. PMID 21047857. Asher RJ, Sánchez-Villagra ...

The overall shape of the mandible is shovel-like, which may have been adaptations for feeding on bivalves. Gnatusuchus has ... Biological Sciences. 282 (1804): 20142490. doi:10.1098/rspb.2014.2490. PMC 4375856. PMID 25716785. (Articles with short ... This, alongside the specialised dentition and other adaptations of Gnatusuchus point to a durophagous diet in these caimans. ... These bivalves possessed thick shells, profuse ornamentation and a series of other adaptations against predation. However, both ...

Logo is a multi-paradigm adaptation and dialect of Lisp, a functional programming language. There is no standard Logo, but ... NetLogo is widely used in agent-based simulation in the biological and social sciences. Although there is no agreed-upon ...

Once works enter into the public domain, derivative works such as adaptations in book and film may increase noticeably, as ... materials that compose our cultural heritage must be free for all living to use no less than matter necessary for biological ... In addition to straightforward adaptation, they have been used as the launching point for transformative retellings such as Tom ... as well as other forms of transformation or adaptation. Copyrighted works may not be used for derivative works without ...

Wilson, T. and Ford, T. Biological Profiles: Longfin Mako Archived 2019-04-17 at the Wayback Machine. Florida Museum of Natural ... though it possesses the requisite physiological adaptations. Reproduction in this species is aplacental viviparous, meaning the ... Isurus paucus, Longfin mako at FishBase Isurus paucus (Longfin Mako) at IUCN Red List Biological Profiles: Longfin Mako at ...

Modern adaptations of works by Euripides, Adaptations of works by Seneca the Younger, All stub articles, 1990s play stubs, ... Phaedra's biological daughter, has also had sex with Theseus, Phaedra's husband and Hippolytus's father. It is later revealed ... The play is a modern adaptation of Seneca's Phaedra. The play explores the brutal nature of love, social relations, nihilism ...

Ecology and Adaptation. pp. 19-40. ISBN 978-0-387-34586-4. Sterling, E.J.; McCreless, E.E. (2006). "Chapter 8: Adaptations in ... a now-abandoned biological grouping), claiming that their brain had features transitional between other primates and "inferior ... 2006). Lemurs: Ecology and Adaptation. Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-34585-7. OCLC 209925660. Jolly, A.; Sussman, R.W. (2006). " ... Ecology and Adaptation. pp. 187-210. ISBN 978-0-387-34586-4. Gray, V.P. (1862). "Mr. W. H. Flower on the Javan loris". ...

The combination of traditional epidemic models with social physics models of the classical general adaptation syndrome triad, " ... introduced the idea of describing society using laws similar to those of the physical and biological sciences. His student and ... Journal of Social and Biological Structures. 7 (3): 259-283. doi:10.1016/S0140-1750(84)80037-8. Ajo, Reino (1953). ...

... Downs is a site of biological interest, an isolated area of the South Downs. Lewes Brooks, also of biological importance ... The Lewes Film Club, which also produces short movies (including the recent adaptation of George Orwell's Animal Farm), and ...

An anime adaptation by J.C.Staff aired between April and September 2015. A second season, titled Food Wars! The Second Plate ... whereas Mana and Azami discover that Asahi is Azami's biological son and Erina's half-brother, leading the former to request ... An anime adaptation was announced in October 2014 by Shueisha. The anime was directed by Yoshitomo Yonetani at J.C.Staff with ...

The most notable adaptation is the development of echolocation in whales and dolphins. Toothed whales emit a focused beam of ... 2014). "The Biological Invasion of Sirenia into Australasia". Invasion Biology and Ecological Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge ... Marine mammal adaptation to an aquatic lifestyle varies considerably between species. Both cetaceans and sirenians are fully ... This functions as an upward biological pump, reversing an earlier presumption that whales accelerate the loss of nutrients to ...

Labeyrie E, Dobler S (February 2004). "Molecular adaptation of Chrysochus leaf beetles to toxic compounds in their food plants ... The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 284 (31): 21066-76. doi:10.1074/jbc.M109.013821. PMC 2742871. PMID 19506077. Lee K, Jung J ... Thus, some substitutions provide resistance to cardenolides as an adaptation even across phylogenetic branches. Thyroid hormone ...

Biological Psychiatry. 74 (12): 872-8. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.05.008. PMID 23806573. S2CID 381132. Nuttall JR, Oteiza PI ( ... although most reports of night blindness and abnormal dark adaptation in humans with zinc deficiency have occurred in ...

An anime television series adaptation by MAPPA aired from July 15 to September 30, 2020. The success of the game has caused ... species must evolve faster than others to gain a favorable position in the biological chain. Those who believe in the Red Queen ... An anime television series adaptation was announced on July 8, 2019. The series is directed by Munehisa Sakai at studio MAPPA, ...

Adaptation to scientific and technical progress under Directive 2002/95/EC (PDF). 28 July 2006. p. 83. Archived (PDF) from the ... RoHS reflects contemporary research over the past 50 years in biological toxicology that acknowledges the long-term effects of ... Adaptation to scientific and technical progress under Directive 2002/95/EC (PDF). 28 July 2006. Archived (PDF) from the ...

Burrows Golden Brooks as Cale's Sister Ted King as RMR Operator Rachel Luttrell as Scan Room Nurse The film adaptation was ... Such replicants are perfect biological copies of existing humans, complete with transplanted memories, and do not know they are ... The other shorts were to be adaptations of Isaac Asimov's story "The Last Question" by Bryan Singer and Donald A. Wollheim's ...

Sand dune ecology describes the biological and physico-chemical interactions that are a characteristic of sand dunes. Sand dune ... Frequent, but intermittent waterlogging of the roots requires adaptations to stress, so the proportions of stress tolerators ...

To explain phenomena such as the processes an organism or its adaptations to the environment of the organism had to resort to ... There are indications that Aristotle placed this book at the beginning of his biological works. In Book I, Aristotle applies ... Michael Scot made a Latin translation, and Pedro Gallego a Latin adaptation (Liber de animalibus) made from both the Arabic and ...

Wrangham R, Conklin-Brittain N (September 2003). "Cooking as a biological trait" (PDF). Comp Biochem Physiol A. 136 (1): 35-46 ... the Provisional model suggests that bipedalism arose in pre-Paleolithic australopithecine societies as an adaptation to ...