D-Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid". International Journal of Current Research and Review. 8 (2): 65. Wikimedia Commons has media ... Phenoxyacetic acids, Acetic acids, Plant growth regulators, IARC Group 2B carcinogens). ... MCPA was discovered at about that time by his ICI group.: Sec 7.1 In the USA, a similar search for an acid with a longer half ... Some Chlorophenoxyacetic Acids". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 63 (6): 1768. doi:10.1021/ja01851a601. "The weed- ...

2] LINDANE: Risk Profile. UNEP/POPS/POPRC.2/17/Add.4, Stockholm Convention of Persistent Organic Pollutants U.S. Environmental ... 16 (8): 891-2. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(15)00081-9. PMID 26111929. STATE OF CALIFORNIA ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, OFFICE OF ... 4-D" (PDF) (Press release). Retrieved 2015-11-19. Loomis D, Guyton K, Grosse Y, El Ghissasi F, Bouvard V, Benbrahim-Tallaa L, ... Guha N, Mattock H, Straif K (August 2015). "Carcinogenicity of lindane, DDT, and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid". The Lancet. ...

The 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid/alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase from Burkholderia sp. (strain RASC) also belongs to this ... In molecular biology, TauD refers to a protein domain that in many enteric bacteria is used to break down taurine (2- ... aminoethanesulfonic acid) as a source of sulfur under stress conditions. In essence, they are domains found in enzymes that ... The Escherichia coli tauD gene is required for the utilization of taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid) as a sulfur source and ...

Dense biofilms of V. paradoxus can be grown in M9 medium with carbon sources including d-sorbitol, glucose, malic acid, ... thiodipropionic acid and hence the production of polythioesters". Journal of Biotechnology. 209: 85-95. doi:10.1016/j.jbiotec. ... thiodipropionic acid respectively. Found ubiquitously, V. paradoxus has been isolated from a diverse range of environments ... mannitol and sucrose and casamino acids. Production of exopolysaccharide was hypothesized to be a controlling factor in biofilm ...

Nucleic Acids Research. 49 (16): 10618-10631. doi:10.1093/nar/gku734. PMC 4176335. PMID 25120263. Auchtung JM, Lee CA, Garrison ... 332 (2): 146-52. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6968.2012.02589.x. PMID 22553940. Varga M, Pantu Ček R, Ru Žičková V, Doškař J (January ... 82 (4): 789-91. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2011.07860.x. PMID 21992544. Ajon M, Fröls S, van Wolferen M, Stoecker K, Teichmann D, ... 4 (8): 689-99. doi:10.1093/gbe/evs055. PMC 3516303. PMID 22798449. La Scola B, Desnues C, Pagnier I, Robert C, Barrassi L, ...

5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) yielded a more potent herbicide. It was found that 2,4,5-T was contaminated with 2,3,7, ... Louis District (4 April 2012). Archives Search Report Findings for Field Testing of 2,4,5-T and Other Herbicides (PDF) (Report ... oneofmanyfeathers.com 2/1/2014. Media related to Herbicidal warfare at Wikimedia Commons (CS1 maint: uses authors parameter, ... The United States discovered 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) during World War II. It was recognized as toxic and was ...

... when chromotropic acid in 50% sulfuric acid reacts with formaldehyde. The coloration is specific to this aldehyde and is not ... Chromotropic acid is a chemical compound with the formula (HO)2C10H4(SO3H)2. It can be used for as a reagent in the ... Jingping Zhang, David Thickett, and Lorna Green (1994). "Two Tests for the Detection of Volatile Organic Acids and Formaldehyde ... The NIOSH Formaldehyde method #3500 is the reference analytical standard that uses chromotropic acid. "Safety (MSDS) data". ...

Steck, Warren (1967). "The Biosynthetic Pathway from Caffeic Acid to Scopolin in Tobacco Leaves". Canadian Journal of ... 69 (4): 810-813. doi:10.1104/pp.69.4.810. PMC 426310. PMID 16662301. Steck, Warren (1967). "Biosynthesis of Scopolin in Tobacco ... Hino F, Okazaki M and Miura Y (1982). "Effect of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid on glucosylation of scopoletin to scopolin in ...

Abscisic acid has been reported to induce somatic embryogenesis in seedlings. After callus formation, culturing on a low auxin ... Gradual removal of auxin and cytokinin and introduction of abscisic acid (ABA) will allow an embryo to form. Using somatic ... as various polysaccharides, amino acids, growth regulators, vitamins, low molecular weight compounds and polypeptides. Several ... and Gibberellic acid (GA) has been used for development of indirect somatic embryos in strawberry (Fragaria ananassa) Plant ...

Palmitic acid and lauric acid are also a TLR4 agonists, and chronic inflammatory responses via cytokine release can result from ... However, unsaturated omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids serve as TLR4 antagonists and can negate the inflammation caused by a high ... Korbecki J, Bajdak-Rusinek K (2019). "The effect of palmitic acid on inflammatory response in macrophages: an overview of ... 34 (2): 168-73. doi:10.3881/j.issn.1000-503X.2012.02.013. PMID 22776604. Lan X, Han X, Li Q, Li Q, Gao Y, Cheng T, Wan J, Zhu W ...

146 (4): 503-507. doi:10.1016/S0176-1617(11)82015-8. ISSN 0176-1617. Portal: Biology v t e (EC 2.4.1, Enzymes of unknown ... 69 (4): 810-813. doi:10.1104/pp.69.4.810. PMC 426310. PMID 16662301. Betry, P.; Fliniaux, M.A.; Mackova, M.; Gillet, F.; Macek ... Hino F, Okazaki M, Miura Y (1982). "Effect of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid on glucosylation of scopoletin to scopolin in ...

2-3: 123-124. Retrieved 25 August 2017. Sarker, Sujan Kumer; Hossain, A.B.M. Enayet (June 2009). "Pteridophytes of Greater ... 5: 1-4. Retrieved 29 August 2017. Hassi, Ummehani; Hossain, Md. Tawhid; Huq, S. M. Imamul (2017-10-10). "Mitigating arsenic ... 43 (2): 211-218. doi:10.3329/bjar.v43i2.37326. ISSN 2408-8293. Marsilea minuta at iNaturalist Media related to Marsilea minuta ... The leaflets are 0.8-1.7 centimetres (3⁄8-5⁄8 in) by 1.2-2 centimetres (1⁄2-3⁄4 in), mostly glabrous, cuneate or flabellate. ...

An example is 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, which will injure broadleaf weeds (dicots) but leave behind grasses (monocots). ... although usually not much more than 1 or 2 meters high. In addition, these sprayers often have very wide booms in order to ...

... from phenol and monochloracetic acid". J. Chem. Educ. 24 (9): 449. doi:10.1021/ed024p449. Retrieved 13 July 2020. This set ... 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol, for example, has two chlorine atoms in the ortho positions and one chlorine atom in the para position. ... There are six different isomers: 2,3,4-Trichlorophenol 2,3,5-Trichlorophenol 2,3,6-Trichlorophenol 2,4,5-Trichlorophenol 2,4,6- ... Trichlorophenol 3,4,5-Trichlorophenol Chlorophenol Dichlorophenol Pentachlorophenol Ebel, Eileen; Bell, Jane; Fries, Arthur; ...

... including synthesising all their fatty acids, and most amino acids. The fatty acids that chloroplasts make are used for many ... Abscisic acid (ABA) occurs in all land plants except liverworts, and is synthesised from carotenoids in the chloroplasts and ... For example, the pain killer aspirin is the acetyl ester of salicylic acid, originally isolated from the bark of willow trees, ... Schnurr, J.A.; Shockey, J.M.; De Boer, G.J.; Browse, J.A. (2002). "Fatty Acid Export from the Chloroplast. Molecular ...

... whose active ingredient was arsenic acid, as the optimal cost-effective tool for eradication. This herbicide was used until ... application of various strong acids, and application of petroleum followed by incineration. Spraying with saturated salt ... 37(2):237-247. Cited in Duke (1983). The wealth of India. By C.S.I.R. (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research). 1948- ... 8 (2): 163-169. Kitunda, Jeremiah Mutio (2017). A History of the Water Hyacinth in Africa: The Flower of Life and Death from ...

From its essential oil, 77 aroma and flavor compounds were identified, including hexadecanoic acid (26% of total oil ... 1 (2): 117-126. doi:10.31817/vjas.2018.1.2.01. ISSN 2588-1299. "Impact of Substrate Volume on Oyster Mushroom Fruiting Bodies ... They are 5-40 cm (2-15.5 in) in diameter, and are dominated by crowded, hanging, spore-producing spines, which are 1-5 cm long ... 2 (4): 4. doi:10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v2.i4.140. ISSN 1521-9437. Poyedinok, Natalia L.; Buchalo, Asja S.; Negriyko, Anatoliy M.; ...

In the 1970s, she was among the earliest to attempt to isolate nucleic acids from ancient seeds, finding that only very short ... 1965) Regulation of protein and nucleic acid synthesis by gibberellin during leaf senescence. Nature 207: 1176-1177 Osborne DJ ... 1962) Effect of kinetin on protein & nucleic acid metabolism in Xanthium leaves during senescence. Plant Physiology 37: 595-602 ... rather than abscisic acid, is the major regulator of senescence (ageing) and abscission (shedding of parts such as leaves). She ...

In alkane solvents triethylamine is a Lewis base that forms adducts with a variety of Lewis acids, such as I2 and phenols. ... It is also a catalyst and acid neutralizer for condensation reactions and is useful as an intermediate for manufacturing ... Triethylamine is used to give salts of various carboxylic acid-containing pesticides, e.g. Triclopyr and 2,4- ... dichlorophenoxyacetic acid[citation needed] Triethylamine is the active ingredient in FlyNap, a product for anesthetizing ...

... excreting acids that eat away at the teeth). Several chemical substances have been identified in C. rotundus: cadalene, ... As in other Cyperaceae, the leaves sprout in ranks of three from the base of the plant, around 5-20 cm (2-8 in) long. The ... 90 (2-3): 195-204. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2003.09.042. PMID 15013181. Manish V. Patel; et al. (October 2010). "Effects of Ayurvedic ... ISBN 2-8317-0326-3. Bhandari, MM (1974). "Famine Foods in the Rajasthan Desert". Economic Botany. 28 (1): 78. doi:10.1080/ ...

This process, called germinated brown rice (GBR), activates enzymes and enhances amino acids including gamma-aminobutyric acid ... folic acid, and pantothenic acid. The following table shows the nutrient content of rice and other major staple foods in a raw ... and folic acid, or iron with other B-complex vitamins, such as thiamin, niacin, vitamin B6, and pantothenic acid. A systematic ... Wu JG, Shi C, Zhang X (2003). "Estimating the amino acid composition in milled rice by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy ...

... containing acetic acid, propionic acid, isobutyric acid, n-butyric acid, isovaleric acid, and n-valeric acid. When Aspergillus ... However,A. penicillioides can increase free fatty acid content in the oil and produce bad taste. The fungus growing on raw ... Aspergillus penicillioides is used to treat petrochemical effluents with short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) ... 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is a common herbicide for controlling weeds, and it has been reported to be a mutagen. A ...

Prominent families of herbicides include phenoxy and benzoic acid herbicides (e.g. 2,4-D), triazines (e.g., atrazine), ureas (e ... Herbicides became common in the 1960s, led by "triazine and other nitrogen-based compounds, carboxylic acids such as 2,4- ... dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, and glyphosate". The first legislation providing federal authority for regulating pesticides was ... The phenoxy and benzoic acid herbicides function similar to plant growth hormones, and grow cells without normal cell division ...

Dicamba and 2,4-D will cause harm to most broad-leaved plants, so the user should take care to avoid over-application. They can ... The flowers are 4-10 mm (0.16-0.39 in) wide, with five lemon-yellow petals, five sepals, and ten stamens. In Southern ... The burs are hard and bear two to four sharp spines, 10 mm (0.39 in) long and 4-6 mm (0.16-0.24 in) broad point-to-point. These ... 2,4-D), glyphosate, and dicamba are effective on T. terrestris. Like most postemergents, they are more effectively maintained ...

Aminocyclopyrachlor + chlorsulfuron, aminopyralid, chlorsulfuron alone, clopyralid, clopyralid + 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid ...

46 (2): 240-246. doi:10.1016/j.apsoil.2010.08.006. Boivin MEY, Breure AM, Posthuma L, et al. 2002. Determination of field ... 99 (4): 492-499. doi:10.1016/j.aquatox.2010.06.006. ISSN 0166-445X. PMID 20638141. Tlili, A; Dorigo, U; Montuelle, B; Margoum, ... 24 (2): 304-312. doi:10.1897/03-647.1. PMID 15719989. Pipe, Annette E.; Cullimore, D. Roy (1980). "An implanted slide technique ... 45 (4-5): 427-437. Bibcode:2001Chmsp..45..427B. doi:10.1016/s0045-6535(01)00063-7. ISSN 0045-6535. PMID 11680738. Blanck, H.; ...

5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) ceased in New Zealand in 1987 and it is no longer sold in New Zealand. 2,4- ... Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is used in New Zealand and the Pesticides Board has decided not to prohibit the use of the ... Green Party (2 October 2008). "New Zealand sports grounds getting toxic treatment". Green Party. Archived from the original on ... Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 7 December 2015. Industries, Ministry for Primary. "Glyphosate in food , ...

Like other acid herbicides, current formulations use either an amine salt (often trimethylamine) or one of many esters of the ... These are easier to handle than the acid. The triazine family of herbicides, which includes atrazine, were introduced in the ... In 2013 only two herbicide classes, called Photosystem II and long-chain fatty acid inhibitors, were effective against ryegrass ... Vinegar is effective for 5-20% solutions of acetic acid, with higher concentrations most effective, but it mainly destroys ...

Hydrofluoric acid is a notorious contact poison, in addition to its corrosive damage. Naturally occurring sour gas is a ... but is chemically converted to toxic formaldehyde and formic acid in the liver. Many drug molecules are made toxic in the liver ... it is also not recommended for ingestion of corrosive chemicals such as acids and alkalis. Cathartics were postulated to ... Indeed, 2,4-D is not a poison, but classified as "harmful" (EU). Many substances regarded as poisons are toxic only indirectly ...

2,4-D was one of the main ingredients of Agent Orange, a defoliant used during the Vietnam War that was blamed for many health ... 2,4-D is volatile and by EPA assessment is a hazardous air pollutant that is difficult to contain.[citation needed] According ... Dow added chemicals to the mixture in what it termed "Colex-D technology". 2,4-D is one of the most widely used herbicides in ... As of April 2014 maize and soybeans resistant to 2,4-D and glyphosate had been approved in Canada, and in September 2014 the ...

Diamine dicarboxylic acid salt' issued and U.S. Patent 2,130,948 'Synthetic fibers', all issued 20 September 1938 D. Tanner, J ... Pedersen Plenish high oleic acid soybean oil Building 356 Potassium titanyl phosphate frequency doubling crystals for eye and ... 328 Nylon intermediates TiPure Titanium dioxide process Ink jet ink technology H2SO4 process New Harvest omega-3 fatty acid ... Reliance herbicides Londax Preemergent herbicides Glean herbicides Accent post-emergent corn herbicide Plenish high oleic acid ...

Solid 2,4-DCP does not readily absorb through skin and has a lower NFPA H=3 rating (versus H=4 for molten 2,4-DCP). This is ... 2,4-Dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) is a chlorinated derivative of phenol with the molecular formula Cl2C6H3OH. It is a white solid ... 66 (4): 298-9. doi:10.1007/BF02307178. PMID 1514931. (ECHA InfoCard ID from Wikidata, Pages using collapsible list with both ... It is also a photo-degradation product of the common antibacterial and antifungal agent triclosan along with the dioxin 2,8- ...

About 2% to 3% of babies are born with a major birth defect. In most cases, the cause of the birth defect is unknown. The first ... 2 on Article 14.1 (a), (b), (c) and (f) and Article 14. 2 (a) and (c) of the Protocol to the African Charter on Human and ... Mar 4, 2019. Live births by age of mother and sex of child, general and age-specific fertility rates: latest available year, ... Retrieved 4 March 2013. Shah M, Risher K, Berry SA, Dowdy DW (January 2016). "The Epidemiologic and Economic Impact of ...

IARC considers the chlorophenoxyacetic acids group of chemicals as possibly carcinogenic to humans. In 1963 a production vessel ... Intentional overdoses and unintentional high dose occupational exposures to chlorophenoxy acid herbicides have resulted in ... 5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (also known as 2,4,5-T), a synthetic auxin, is a chlorophenoxy acetic acid herbicide used to ... 2,4,5-T has since largely been replaced by dicamba and triclopyr. Human health effects from 2,4,5-T at low environmental doses ...

... was superior to 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) or Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), while the development of callus was hindered in ... Peterson, M (2003). "Cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase from cell cultures of the hornwort Anthoceros agrestis". Planta. 217 (1): 96- ... "Lipoic acid-an [sic] unique plant transformation enhancer". In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant. 45 (6): 630-638 ... 156 (2): 159-167. doi:10.1016/S0168-9452(00)00244-2. PMID 10936522. Yang, Xuexi; Chen, Hui; Xu, Wenzhong; He, Zhenyan; Ma, Mi ( ...

One weapon tested was a 91-pound bomb containing "vegetable killer acid", known as VKA (2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid), now ... Chapter 2 - History of Chemical and Biological Warfare: An American Perspective, (PDF: p. 44 - p. 36 in PDF), Borden Institute ...

"GM Events with 2,4-D herbicide tolerance, GM Approval Database". ISAAA.org. Retrieved 2016-09-16. "GM Events with Dicamba ... Approval has been granted to grow crops engineered to be resistant to the herbicides 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, dicamba, ... Pollack, Andrew (2007-11-27). "Round 2 for Biotech Beets". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2016-02-15. Fleischer ...

had exposure to metal plating solvents and chromic acid documented in September 1982 by the Middle-Brook Regional Health ... 5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) containing traces of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). A sampling programme ... 2-3. U.S. Census Bureau. "2010 Census Interactive Population Search for NJ". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 21 September 2017. ... Blue Spruce Chemical was known to have been involved in storing a defoliant labelled "Agent Orange" consisting of 2,4- ...

There are six isomers: 2,3-Dichlorophenol 2,4-Dichlorophenol 2,5-Dichlorophenol 2,6-Dichlorophenol 3,4-Dichlorophenol 3,5- ... 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Chlorophenol Trichlorophenol Pentachlorophenol François Muller, Liliane Caillard (2011 ...

5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (Articles needing additional references from November 2020, All ... 2,4,5-Trichlorophenol is an organochloride with the molecular formula C6H3Cl3O1. 2,4,5-Trichlorophenol has been used as a ... "Hazard Summary - 2,4,5-Trichlorophenol" (PDF). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved 30 November 2020. Agent ... "2,4,5-Trichlorophenol compound summary". PubChem. National Center for Biotechnology Information. Retrieved 30 November 2020. " ...

The most active JA in plants is jasmonic acid. Jasmonic acid can be further metabolized into methyl jasmonate (MeJA), which is ... Auxins, especially 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), are also commonly applied to stimulate root ... "Silverleaf whitefly induces salicylic acid defenses and suppresses effectual jasmonic acid defenses". Plant Physiology. 143 (2 ... Salicylic acid (SA) is a hormone with a structure related to phenol. It was originally isolated from an extract of white willow ...

... like all amino acids, exists in different ionic states depending on pH. Both the phosphonic acid and carboxylic acid moieties ... Acetic acids, Amines, Phosphonic acids, Monsanto, IARC Group 2A carcinogens, Chelating agents, Secondary amino acids). ... Some companies report their product as acid equivalent (ae) of glyphosate acid, or some report it as active ingredient (ai) of ... The first is to react iminodiacetic acid and formaldehyde with phosphorous acid (sometimes formed in situ from phosphorus ...

5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T). Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene are commonly known as BTEX. BTEX is found ... 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T were herbicides used to make Agent Orange in the Vietnam War. Additionally, cyanide, arsenic, beryllium, ... The cleanup goal for 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP) was 61 μg/L and this goal was achieved by having a well reach less than ... 276 (2): 83-94. doi:10.1016/j.taap.2014.02.012. ISSN 0041-008X. PMID 24589379. Fred C. Hart Associates. (1979). An ...

It is a benzoic acid rather than a phenoxyacetic acid whose use has grown rapidly since 2016 as crops genetically modified to ... When applied as an ester, metabolism in the target plant leads to the parent acid which is responsible for the herbicidal ... Salts and esters of this class of herbicide are active owing to their ability to metabolise to the corresponding parent acid. ... The first group to be discovered act by mimicking the growth hormone indoleacetic acid (IAA). When sprayed on broad-leaf plants ...

31 (2): 117-165. doi:10.1006/rtph.1999.1371. PMID 10854122. S2CID 19831028. Talbot AR, Shiaw MH, Huang JS, Yang SF, Goo TS, ... Keith Schneider (March 2, 1991). "U.S. Seeks to Learn if Tests On Pesticides Were Falsified". New York Times. Retrieved ... Wang Y, Jaw C and Chen Y (1994) "Accumulation of 2,4-D and glyphosate in fish and water hyaacinth". Water Air Soil Pollute. 74: ... Domonoske, Camila (June 4, 2018). "Monsanto No More: Agri-Chemical Giant's Name Dropped In Bayer Acquisition". NPR. Retrieved ...

A team led by American biologist Robert W. Holley published the paper "Structure of a Ribonucleic Acid" in the weekly journal ... 5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) being the used the most. In 1967, heavy usage began of Herbicide White and the most ... the genetic code encoded by DNA to bring together the correct sequence of amino acids in cellular proteins. Holley would be ... March 2, 1965. p. 1. "U.S. Bombers in Mystery Flight- 30 Jets Hop from Base in S. Viet Nam". Chicago Tribune. March 3, 1965. p ...

... quinic acid MeSH D02.241.511.852 - shikimic acid MeSH D02.241.511.902 - sugar acids MeSH D02.241.511.902.107 - ascorbic acid ... edetic acid MeSH D02.241.081.038.455 - egtazic acid MeSH D02.241.081.038.581 - iodoacetic acid MeSH D02.241.081.038.581.400 - ... hexuronic acids MeSH D02.241.081.844.915.400.500 - iduronic acid MeSH D02.241.081.901.177 - aconitic acid MeSH D02.241.081.901. ... muramic acids MeSH D02.241.081.844.562 - neuraminic acids MeSH D02.241.081.844.562.668 - sialic acids MeSH D02.241.081.844. ...

5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid. The Spring 1990 accident affected 670,000 people. Dioxin was found in tap water. It was assumed ... 5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T). Higher levels of chlorination require higher reaction temperatures and greater dioxin ... historically for those making chlorophenols or chlorophenoxy acid herbicides or in the application of chemicals, notably ... The oral LD50 for guinea pigs is as low as 0.5 to 2 μg/kg body weight, whereas the oral LD50 for hamsters can be as high as 1 ...