Smallpox: Background, Etiology, Epidemiology
Smallpox virion. Courtesy of US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. View Media Gallery ... Smallpox virion. Courtesy of US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. View Media Gallery ... The virion is brick shaped, with a diameter of approximately 200 nm. (See the image below.) ... Implantation of just a few virions of smallpox into the oropharynx or respiratory tracts can cause infection. The virus infects ...
Zika Virus Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Medical Care, Complications
1, 8, 36] The anti-Zika drugs under investigation target various stages of viral life cycle with direct antiviral activity (nucleoside analogs, polymerase inhibitors, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitors such as sofosbuvir, galidesivir) or activity against host cell mechanisms (purine or pyrimidine synthesis inhibitors, entry inhibitors). Some of the anti-Zika drugs have shown promising efficacy in in-vivo and in-vitro studies. Few FDA-approved drugs for other non-Zika indications such as interferon (in-vitro antiviral activity), antimalarials like chloroquine and mefloquine (in-vitro anti-Zika activity and safe in all trimesters), anti-helminthics such as ivermectin (antiviral activity), and antibiotics like azithromycin (reduce infectivity) have potential anti-Zika activity but are still under investigation to establish efficacy and safety for use. Overall, there have been multiple challenges associated with development of anti-Zika drugs as these drugs should be able to cross blood-brain ...
Zika Virus Differential Diagnoses
Guideline] Tolulope Adebanjo, MD1, 2; Shana Godfred-Cato, DO3; Laura Viens, MD4; Marc Fischer, MD5; J. Erin Staples, et al. Interim Guidance for the Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Management of Infants with Possible Congenital Zika Virus Infection - United States, October 2017. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR). October 20, 2017. 66(41):1089-1099. [Full Text]. ...
Yellow Fever: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology
Virions are released through the cell membrane. The viral envelope contains a lipid bilayer taken from the infected cell. ... The E protein interacts with the cellular receptor, and virions are endocytosed into the dendritic cells. Subsequently, ... epidermal dendritic cells and lymph channels disseminate virions. After invasion in the host, Kupffer cells (fixed liver ...
Rapid HIV Testing: Overview, Pretest and Posttest Counseling, Test Settings
Electron microscopy of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 virions. Courtesy of CDC/Dr. Edwin P. Ewing, Jr. ...
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS): Background, Etiology, Pathophysiology
MERS-CoV virion on electron microscopy, illustrating ultrastructural detail. Image courtesy of the Centers for Disease Control ...
Herpangina: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
Coxsackievirus B4 virions under electron microscopy. Courtesy of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). View Media ... Coxsackievirus B4 virions under electron microscopy. Courtesy of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). ...
Reoviruses: Background, Structure and Composition, Characteristics of the Pathogen
The virions of Reoviridae family viruses measure 60-80 nm in diameter and possess 2 concentric capsid shells, each of which is ... The virions also contain 3 nonstructural proteins. Reoviruses are moderately heat-stable, stable through a wide pH range, and ... The virion core contains several enzymes needed for transcription and capping of viral RNA. [4] ...
Ebola Virus Infection Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Supportive Care, Pharmacologic Therapy
The virion glycoproteins of Ebola viruses are encoded in two reading frames and are expressed through transcriptional editing. ... All body fluids (blood, saliva, urine, and stool) contain infectious virions and should be handled with great care. ... Survivors can produce infectious virions for prolonged periods. Therefore, strict barrier isolation in a private room away from ...
H1N1 Influenza (Swine Flu) Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Prevention
Negative stained transmission electron micrograph of recreated 1918 influenza virions. Courtesy of CDC/ Dr. Terrence Tumpey. ...
HIV Infection and AIDS Workup: Approach Considerations, Screening for HIV Infection, CD4+ T-cell Count
HIV DNA, RNA, and proteins may be detected with molecular techniques, and electron microscopy may reveal virions. ... Electron microscopy of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 virions. Courtesy of CDC (Dr Edwin P Ewing, Jr). ... Electron microscopy may reveal virions or intracellular virus within phagosomes in macrophages. ...
HIV Infection and AIDS Medication: Antiretroviral agent, nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor, Antiretroviral Agent,...
An azapeptide HIV-1 PI, atazanavir prevents virion maturation by selectively inhibiting Gag and Gag-Pol polyproteins in HIV-1- ... Electron microscopy of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 virions. Courtesy of CDC (Dr Edwin P Ewing, Jr). ...
HIV Infection and AIDS Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, HAART Studies and DHHS Guidelines, Prophylaxis for...
Electron microscopy of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 virions. Courtesy of CDC (Dr Edwin P Ewing, Jr). ...
HIV Infection and AIDS: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
Electron microscopy of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 virions. Courtesy of CDC (Dr Edwin P Ewing, Jr). View Media Gallery ... Electron microscopy of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 virions. Courtesy of CDC (Dr Edwin P Ewing, Jr). View Media Gallery ... Electron microscopy of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 virions. Courtesy of CDC (Dr Edwin P Ewing, Jr). ...
HIV Infection and AIDS Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination
Electron microscopy of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 virions. Courtesy of CDC (Dr Edwin P Ewing, Jr). ...
Questions & Answers
Electron microscopy of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 virions. Courtesy of CDC (Dr Edwin P Ewing, Jr). ...
Human Parainfluenza Viruses (HPIV) and Other Parainfluenza Viruses: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology
Noninfectious virions with positive RNA polarity have been reported. [9] The HPIV genome contains approximately 15,000 to ... nucleoprotein and may be used in further rounds of transcription and replication or may be packaged for export as a new virion. ...
Pediatric Yellow Fever: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
Approximately 3-10 virions are necessary to infect a mosquito.. Mosquitoes breed in stagnant water, including rainwater in tree ...
Poxviruses: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
The extracellular virion possesses 2 envelopes, while the intracellular virus has only one envelope. The virion contains a ... 3] The 200-400 nm virion is oval or brick-shaped and can be visualized on light microscopy. ...
Hepatitis A: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology
Virion proteins 1 and 3 are the primary sites of antibody recognition and subsequent neutralization. No antibody cross- ...
Pediatric Influenza Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Supportive Care, Antiviral Therapy
Antibody persistence after 2-dose priming and booster response to a third dose of an inactivated, adjuvanted, whole-virion H5N1 ... split virion) given sequentially or concurrently in 531 children who had been previously vaccinated. Generally, one dose of ... shows ultrastructural details of an avian influenza A/H5N1 virion, a subtype of avian influenza A. Note the stippled appearance ... of the roughened surface of the proteinaceous coat encasing the virion. Image courtesy of Centers for Disease Control and ...
Pediatric Cytomegalovirus Infection: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
Wang D, Shenk T. Human cytomegalovirus virion protein complex required for epithelial and endothelial cell tropism. Proc Natl ... and these proteins are chiefly structural proteins that are involved in virion assembly and egress. Synthesis of late genes is ...
Cytomegalovirus (CMV): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
However, virion tegument proteins such as pp150, pp28, and pp65 evoke strong and durable antibody responses. ... Both replication of CMV DNA and morphogenesis of the virion capsid take place in the nucleus. Following maturation of the ... virion structure, and the ability to cause latent and persistent infections. CMV has the largest genome of the herpes viruses. ... that stabilize the interaction between the capsid and the inner tegument layer of the virion. This then is transported along ...
Ebola Virus Infection: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology and Etiology
The virion glycoproteins of Ebola viruses are encoded in two reading frames and are expressed through transcriptional editing. ... In fatal infections, the hosts tissues and blood contain large numbers of Ebola virions, and the tissues and body fluids are ... Late stages of Ebola virus disease are associated with the presence of large numbers of virions in body fluids, tissues, and, ... Such therapy must be administered with strict attention to barrier isolation; all body fluids contain infectious virions and ...
Hepatitis C Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Interferons and Pegylated Interferons, Interferons and Ribavirin
Elbasvir is an inhibitor of HCV NS5A, which is essential for viral RNA replication and virion assembly. Grazoprevir is an ...
Pediatric Mononucleosis and Epstein-Barr Virus Infection: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
Cell lysis is associated with release of virions, with viral spread to contiguous structures, including salivary glands and ... Thereafter, epithelial cells and lymphocytes are latently infected, leading to release of mature virions. Thus, the virus can ...
Rotavirus: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
This electron micrograph reveals a number of RNA rotavirus virions, and a number of unknown, 29nm virion particles. Image ...