Cells get rid of toxic, inappropriately folded proteins in a process called the unfolded protein response (UPR). The UPR occurs ... in the cells endoplasmic reticulum, which folds and sorts proteins. It requires an unconventional type of RNA splicing: the ...

The unfolding rate versus the applied force is presented in Fig. 4F. The extrapolation at 12 pN, the unfolding force value used ... a protein that links liganded membrane integrins to the cytoskeleton, and vinculin, a focal adhesion protein that is activated ... The molecular mechanism by which a mechanical stimulus is translated into a chemical response in biological systems is still ... Similarly, lower unfolding forces have been used in AFM force-clamp unfolding of polyubiquitins (21) as compared with AFM force ...