Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) generally trigger a formal IRB review. Fortunately, RCTs, including cluster-RCTs, usually ... Do not assume that major external funding is necessary to perform credible improvement work. Experience confirms that ... Some hospitals have established internal small grant programmes to enable staff to perform more rigorous work. Payers ...

These frameworks often distinguish context influences external to the implementing organisation, and those internal to it,28 or ... However, if controls are not possible, or if the aim is to discover which aspects of context influence implementation and ... Conditions for improvement are those internal to the implementing organisation (eg, information technology) and those external ... the internal validity. Implementers need effectiveness "strength of evidence" assessments about external validity, and need to ...

The available designs vary in terms of their goals, their claims to internal and external validity, and the ease with which ... a control chart with 25 time points using 3SD control limits has an overall false positive probability of 6.5%.47 A control ... These limitations act as threats both to internal and external validity, and risk the reputation of the field as well as ... Safely and effectively reducing inpatient length of stay: a controlled study of the General Internal Medicine Care ...

A statistical difference in outcomes is not sufficient as an explanation, so the internal and external implications of the ... Whereas controlled trials attempt to control the context to avoid selection bias, quality improvement studies often seek to ... Describes aspects of the study design that specifically concerned internal validity (integrity of the data) and external ... Reporting randomized controlled trials: an experiment and a call for responses from readers. JAMA 1995;273:1054-5. ...

Stimulus: an event (whether internal or external to the organism) which gives rise to a reaction. ... For example, many theories describe the individuals perception of control over their behaviour or environment. In a review of ... A guide to constructs of control. J Personality Soc Psychol1996;71:549-70. ... The latter were: reinforcement/reward/incentives/perceived contingent reward; perceived control/self-efficacy; intention; ...

... a wider range of designs that incorporate trade-offs across multiple indicators of internal and external validity such as those ... A randomized, controlled trial to improve advance care planning among patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Med Care 2005;43: ... In this example, the QII was a set of diverse quality initiatives not under the control of the authors.15 The evaluation used a ... We found that the level of agreement across three reviewer pairs, each of which had already resolved internal disagreements on ...

Such evidence could be generated from epidemiological data, internal or external performance management/audit data, local or ... Complex interventions: how "out of control" can a randomised controlled trial be? BMJ 2004;328:1561-3. ... Next in the chain comes the endogenous processes that are under local control. We distinguish between two types of process: ...

16 While INPO lacked formal external regulatory control, it created a set of industry-wide norms and generated strong normative ... 13-15 A more formal internal effort is needed to evaluate system issues and improve safety, and the nuclear power industry may ... Multidisciplinary external peer reviewers: Multidisciplinary review teams comprised of peers and technical experts from an ... INPO-coordinated peer-to-peer assessments have increased and, combined with external validation and reporting, have led to ...

... when health systems are faced with continual external and internal pressures for innovation combined with strong emotional, ... Human albumin administration in critically ill patients: systematic review of randomised controlled trials. BMJ 1998;317:235-40 ... External validity. In: Smelser NJ, Baltes PB, eds. The International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences. ... Have more effective systems for controlling the diffusion of innovation, including better systems for accrediting use of ...

How can organisations integrate internal quality improvement activities with external assessments of performance? ... McDonald R. Individual identity and organisational control: empowerment and modernisation in a primary care trust. Sociol ... The authors argue that external assessment can act as "a lever to influence staff behaviour" as managers are keen to perform ... Although there are over 1000 papers relevant to this area, very few acknowledge the "important issue of internal politics". ...

... safety threats and finding solutions by internal and external actors. Work has been carried out to provide guidelines for best ... The literature points to inconsistencies in the behaviour of data entry controls, suboptimal screen layout,22 alert fatigue, ... An unintended consequence of CPOE implementation: shifts in power, control, and autonomy. AMIA 2006. ... and internal enhancement of reporting functionalities (short to medium term). … were confident within the next six months to a ...

Our aim in creating a quality assurance reporting template was to enhance the internal and external reliability of the research ... applying a quality control process of all data. Our task was to enable and support the researchers in immersing themselves in ...

... and comply with internal and external regulations. Collaboration at the outset can also help allay fears of professional ... Data transfer may be tightly controlled not only by state/institutional regulators but also by developers of health IT systems ... Dr Cifra is also supported by the AHRQ through a K08 grant (HS026965) and an internal start-up grant from the University of ... Organisational policies (eg, data-sharing procedures) and external regulations (eg, patient privacy laws) will affect the ...

A PEAT assessment has the benefit that it may stimulate internal reflection and analysis and could be a useful approach to ... Side rooms offer more privacy, but are usually used for infection control purposes and are often undesirable as they increase ... Cohen-Mansfield defined engagement as the act of being occupied or involved with an external stimulus.20 She considered ...

For the five external contexts (eg, regulatory requirement and payments or penalties) and the 11 implementation or management ... Availability of implementation and management tools (eg, training resources or internal organisational incentives). ... When these already exist across both intervention and control sites in an experimental design, and the intervention being ... Panelists appeared split on whether specific external factors and implementation/management tools were important for assessment ...

Does the external structure and stimulus of a collaborative press the team to make larger improvements? ... One option is for a team and its organisation itself to establish an "internal" collaborative for this purpose. Sometimes ... over a 2 year period compared with a control group.10 In a US collaborative on caesarean section in 1995 sponsored by IHI and ... Some involve external facilitators who may be members of the sponsoring organisation. ...

The questionnaire was sent by the internal mail system and answers were anonymous to the researchers. A system to follow non- ... Funding The study has not been sponsored by external sources.. *. Competing interests None. ... An infection control bulletin as an educational tool: is it useful? Can J Infect Control 1992;7:45-7. ... Infection control link contacts. The cornerstone of our programme was the established system of infection control link contacts ...

In comparison with logic models, use of external theoretical frameworks extends beyond the internal case-specific logic of an ... statistical process control charts, before-and-after studies, qualitative designs) requires synthesis approaches that are ... Improvement practitioners can benefit from using an underpinning external structure as a lens by which to examine the specific ... Associated considerations include (i) whether the concepts are readily understandable to the team (external validity) and (ii) ...