Herbicides and defoliants were also sprayed from Royal Air Force (RAF) aircraft. Historical records of DOW chemical show that " ... The herbicides and defoliants deployed by the British contained Trioxone, an ingredient which was also formed part of the ... The aircrews charged with spraying the defoliant used a sardonic motto-"Only you can prevent forests"-a shortening of the U.S. ... Super Orange was known to have been tested by representatives from Fort Detrick and DOW chemical in Texas, Puerto Rico, and ...

The use of defoliants and herbicides leads to the Mekong Delta becoming a desert. The heavy use of chemicals has made large ...

Among those chemicals were DDT, banned by international convention, and several defoliants and herbicides. In addition to the ... Cotton farmers and their families are at particular risk from the overuse of agricultural chemicals, both from direct physical ... By 1991 heavy use of mineral fertilizers and agricultural chemicals was a major cause of pollution in the republic. ... which increased soil salinity and carried toxic agricultural chemicals downstream to other fields, the Aral Sea, and populated ...

Salt and dust storms and the spraying of pesticides and defoliants for the cotton crop have led to severe degradation of air ... Post-Soviet policies have become even more dangerous; in the early 1990s, the average application of chemical fertilizers and ... Poor water management and heavy use of agricultural chemicals also have polluted the air. ... defoliants, and fertilizers in the fields; and construction of industrial enterprises without regard to human or environmental ...

"Chemical fertilizers in our water - An analysis_of nitrates in the groundwater in Punjab" (PDF). Greenpeace India Society. ... and defoliants; which, as of 2014, are derived from crude oil, making agriculture increasingly reliant on crude oil extraction ... Poor farming practices including non-compliance to usage of masks and over-usage of the chemicals compound this situation. In ... Assimilates become redirected to grain production, amplifying in particular the effect of chemical fertilizers on commercial ...

Vietnamese resented the stereotype that "Asians placed less value on life". American military used "napalm, chemical defoliants ...

Fort Detrick, Frederick MD: Plant Sciences Laboratories, US Army Chemical Corps. p. 30. A Resume of the Activities of the ... Darrow, Robert A. (September 1971). Historical, Logistical, Political and Technical Aspects of the Herbicide/Defoliant Program ... for the Joint Technical Coordinating Group/Chemical-Biological. "0800031 Special Atomic Demolition Munition (SADM) Delivery by ...

Agent Orange is a chemical herbicide and defoliant, one of the tactical use Rainbow Herbicides. It was used by the U.S. ... Thompson Hayward Chemical Co., United States Rubber Company (Uniroyal), Thompson Chemical Co., Hoffman-Taff Chemicals, Inc., ... In Malaya, the local unit of Imperial Chemical Industries researched defoliants as weed killers for rubber plantations. ... he use of defoliant does not violate any rule of international law concerning the conduct of chemical warfare and is an ...

1-Butanethiol is used as an industrial solvent,[citation needed] and as an intermediate for cotton defoliants. It is sometimes ... 1-Butanethiol is a very noxious and caustic chemical compound, and at sufficiently high concentrations, it produces serious ... NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0083". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). "n-Butyl ... "n-BUTYL MERCAPTAN". International Chemical Safety Cards. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Archived from ...

Herbicides and defoliants were also sprayed from Royal Air Force (RAF) aircraft. The use of herbicides as a chemical weapon by ... Knowing about herbicide chemical family grouping could serve as a short-term strategy for managing resistance to site of action ... Defoliant, similar to herbicides, but designed to remove foliage (leaves) rather than kill the plant. The basis of selectivity ... The government of Vietnam says that up to four million people in Vietnam were exposed to the defoliant, and as many as three ...

In addition to work done in the anti-crop theater, the screening program for chemical defoliants was greatly accelerated in the ... By FY 1962 contracts for synthesis and testing of a thousand chemical defoliants were in the process of negotiation. ... Chemical warfare, Herbicides, Weather modification, Chemical weapons of the United States). ... The use of a chemical or biological agents to destroy Japans rice was contemplated by the Allies during World War II. In 1945 ...

defoliant Any herbicidal chemical which causes leaves or other foliage to detach and drop from a plant. Defoliants are ... chemical fallow The use of chemical herbicides to prevent the growth of vegetation on fallow land. chemigation The practice of ... cropdusting The use of an agricultural aircraft to apply protective chemicals or other amendments, especially pesticides and ... It combines elements of mechanical engineering, civil engineering, chemical engineering, and food science, among other ...

Cotton also uses far more pesticides and defoliants than other crops, and application of these chemicals often is mishandled by ... In the early 1990s, the use of some pesticides and defoliants declined drastically because of the countrys shortage of hard ... Contamination of soil and groundwater with agricultural chemicals, pesticides; salination, water-saturation of soil due to poor ... of the chemicals can be absorbed by cotton plants, while the remainder washes into the soil, and subsequently into the ...

The defoliant Agent Orange contained trace amounts of dioxin impurities and caused severe health issues as a result. The wood ... "Dioxin" can also refer to 1,4-dioxin or p-dioxin, the basic chemical unit of the more complex dioxins. This simple compound is ... Dioxins - ToxFAQs: Chemical Agent Briefing Sheets (CABS) "15th Report on Carcinogens". National Toxicology Program. Dopico, M; ... Most intake of dioxin-like chemicals is from food of animal origin: meat, dairy products, or fish predominate, depending on the ...

Other applications include defoliant, herbicide, and an additive to rubber to protect it against oxygen and ozone. In 2000, ... This decision was justified by the widespread use of the chemical in industry and its decomposition to the toxic and flammable ... Ingram, G.; Toms, B. A. (1961). "The reactions of sodium ethyl xanthate with ethanol and with water". Journal of the Chemical ... 43-45 Report 5 (1995) p. 17 Report 5 (1995) p. 1 Report 5s (2000) p. vi Priority existing chemical Report No. 5 Sodium Ethyl ...

... the Chemical Corps had let or were negotiating contracts for over one thousand chemical defoliants. The Okinawa tests evidently ... According to the document, the 267th Chemical Company was activated on Okinawa on December 1, 1962, as the 267th Chemical ... Chemical warfare, Defoliants, Herbicides, Japan-United States relations, Johnston Atoll, Non-combat military operations ... and plant reaction to biological and chemical warfare in various combinations of climate and terrain. The U.S. Army Chemical ...

Ranch Hand was a herbicidal warfare program which used herbicides and defoliants such as Agent Orange. The chemicals were color ... Chemical soldiers were also involved in smoke generation missions. Chemical mortar battalions used the 4.2-inch chemical mortar ... In 1946, the Chemical Warfare Service was re-designated as the "U.S. Army Chemical Corps", a name the branch still uses. With ... The U.S. and its allies officially argued that herbicides and defoliants fall outside the definition of "chemical weapons", ...

These include: Defoliants and herbicides that destroy vegetation, but are not immediately toxic or poisonous to human beings. ... The chemical used in warfare is called a chemical warfare agent (CWA). About 70 different chemicals have been used or ... 1990 Chemical Weapons Accord Ali Hassan al-Majid Area denial weapon Chemical weapon designation Chemical weapons and the United ... Tooele Chemical Disposal Facility, Umatilla Chemical Disposal Facility, and Deseret Chemical Depot. The U.S. closed each site ...

Defoliants are used to quickly kill vegetation and deny its use for cover and concealment. Chemical warfare can also be used ... Chemical weapons, Chemical warfare, Chemical weapons demilitarization, Weapons of mass destruction). ... A chemical weapon (CW) is a specialized munition that uses chemicals formulated to inflict death or harm on humans. According ... Chemical weapons are said to "make deliberate use of the toxic properties of chemical substances to inflict death". At the ...

In 2001 a study into the effects of defoliants on Vietnam veterans and their children was conducted by Veterans Affairs NZ. ... chemical companies that manufactured the product. Following further investigations by the U.S. and Australian governments into ... New Zealand member of parliament from New Plymouth stated that he had evidence that New Zealand supplied Agent Orange chemicals ... Minister Helen Clarks government apologised to Vietnam War veterans who were exposed to Agent Orange or other toxic defoliants ...

Largely inspired by the British use of herbicides and defoliants during the Malayan Emergency, it was one of the so-called " ... Agent White was a proprietary product of the Dow Chemical Company. Agent White was often used when Agent Orange was not ...

Several health defects have been correlated with the use of the chemical dioxin, also known as Agent Orange, during the ... Resistance War Against America (Vietnam War). Dioxin was used by U.S military forces in the war as a defoliant and is now ...

Furthermore, the Canadian and the American Defence departments worked together to test chemical defoliants for use in Vietnam, ... In June 1966, the chemical was sprayed over nearly 600 acres (2.4 km2) of forest inside the base. There are differing opinions ... In 1981, a government report revealed that Agent Orange, the controversial defoliant, had been tested at CFB Gagetown, New ... The goods included relatively benign items like boots, but also aircraft, munitions, napalm, and commercial defoliants, the use ...

... he use of defoliant does not violate any rule of international law concerning the conduct of chemical warfare and is an ... 95% of the herbicides and defoliants used in the war were sprayed by the U.S. Air Force as part of Operation Ranch Hand. The ... The use of herbicides as a defoliant had long-term destructive effects on the people of Vietnam and their land and ecology, as ... The herbicides were procured by the U.S. military from Dow Chemical Company (all but Agent Blue), Monsanto (Agent Orange, Agent ...

Blue Spruce Chemical, stored the defoliant "Agent Orange" and admitted to recklessly acting and putting others at risk by ... Blue Spruce Chemical was known to have been involved in storing a defoliant labelled "Agent Orange" consisting of 2,4- ... Three companies were identified as being involved in the contamination: Blue Spruce Chemical, Jame Fine Chemicals Inc., and ... Jame Fine Chemical Inc. had discharged unpermitted water into the Raritan River, and analysis of nearby pond samples showed ...

... sales assisted Vietnam Veterans during the 1983 Royal Commission into the effects of Agent Orange and other chemical defoliants ...

... the screening program for chemical defoliants was greatly accelerated. By the end of fiscal year 1962, the Chemical Corps had ... stockpile of chemical weapons. The Johnston Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal System (JACADS) was built to destroy all the chemical ... U.S. chemical weapons in Japan were deployed to Okinawa in the early 1950s. The Red Hat mission deployed additional chemical ... The operation deployed chemical agents to the 267th Chemical Platoon on Okinawa during the early 1960s under Project 112. The ...

... over 3.2 million liters and kilograms of chemical defoliants were used at the base between the years 1956 to 1984. Article by ... The chemical herbicides used include 50/50 mixtures of 2,4-D/ 2,4,5-T, and Tordon 101, also known as Agent Orange and Agent ... These chemicals have been known to produce extremely toxic byproducts, including dioxins and hexachlorobenzenes. Exposure to ... Gagetown is a 2009 documentary film that looks into the massive defoliant spray program that was used at CFB Gagetown since ...

... the AEC returned the facility to the Army for use as a defoliant production plant. The defoliant project was canceled before ... Four TNT and two DNT production lines were situated on what was to be the Chemical Plant. These operations resulted in ... In 1985, the Army transferred full custody of the Chemical Plant to the United States Department of Energy (DOE), at which time ... In 1984, the Army repaired several of the buildings at the Chemical Plant, decontaminated some of the floors, walls, and ...

... military effort in Southeast Asia was the widespread use of chemical defoliants between 1961 and 1971. 20 million gallons of ... Fox, Diane N. "Chemical Politics and the Hazards of Modern Warfare: Agent Orange Archived 2010-07-27 at the Wayback Machine", ... Hazardous chemicals have contaminated around 70 acres of soil, and likely made agricultural activities temporarily impossible. ... 90% of herbicide use was directed at forest defoliation.: 263 The chemicals used continue to change the landscape, cause ...