Wrobel, Agnieszka; Ottoni, Claudio; Leo, Jack Christopher & Linke, Dirk (2018). pYR4 From a Norwegian Isolate of Yersinia ruckeri Is a Putative Virulence Plasmid Encoding Both a Type IV Pilus and a Type IV Secretion System. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology. ISSN 2235-2988. 8, s 1- 14 . doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00373 Full text in Research Archive. Show summary Enteric redmouth disease caused by the pathogen Yersinia ruckeri is a significant problem for fish farming around the world. Despite its importance, only a few virulence factors of Y. ruckeri have been identified and studied in detail. Here, we report and analyze the complete DNA sequence of pYR4, a plasmid from a highly pathogenic Norwegian Y. ruckeri isolate, sequenced using PacBio SMRT technology. Like the well-known pYV plasmid of human pathogenic Yersiniae, pYR4 is a member of the IncFII family. Thirty-one percent of the pYR4 sequence is unique compared to other Y. ruckeri plasmids. The unique regions contain, among ...

New technologies for producing Atlantic salmon like the recirculation aquaculture systems (RAS) have gained popularity, and has overthrown the traditional flow through systems used in the freshwater stages of the Atlantic salmon production. This is a closed system with less water consumption, but extended water treatment. Despite the many advantages, opportunistic bacteria seem to thrive in in such closed and biological system. Since 2007 there have been an increase in the number of yersiniosis outbreaks. Many of these outbreaks have been in RAS, or in fish in sea cages that originated from infected RAS. The causative bacterium Yersinia ruckeri is capable of forming biofilm, thus making it hard to remove during disinfection. The bacterium can be treated with antibiotics, but facing the worldwide problem of antibiotic resistance, other alternatives are highly needed. One of the alternatives suggested is phage therapy. The long-forgotten method of using bacteria infecting viruses for biocontrol is ...

Finfish Bacterial kidney disease ( Renibacterium salmoninarum ) Enteric red mouth disease ( Yersinia ruckeri ) Furunculosis ( Aeromonas salmonicida ) Streptococcosis ( Streptococcus iniae ) Molluscs QPX disease (Quahog parasite unknown) Seaside organism ( Haplosporidium costale )

Aims: The study investigated antigen characteristics of biotype (bt) 1 and bt 2 isolates of Yersinia ruckeri. Methods and Results: The cell surface characteristics of Y. ruckeri were compared for their antigenic characteristics using polyclonal antibodies that revealed that both biotypes had a homogenous whole-cell protein antigenic profile. Notable differences in the antigenic properties were observed in the lipopolysaccharide profile of both biotypes. Two iron-regulated outer membrane proteins (IROMP) of c. 90 and 100 kDa were shown to be major specific antigens. The results demonstrate for the first time differences in antigens between bt 1 and bt 2 isolates of serotype O1 isolates of Y. ruckeri. The protection induced in rainbow trout by a commercial monovalent, and bivalent inactivated vaccine was tested with the outcome that the ability of isolates to cause mortality in vaccinated fish varied with geographical location. In this context, vaccination studies suggested that the O antigen was ...

Mr. Johar! Mr. Johar! It was Big Bird calling my name; I could see the bright red mouth when it opened its yellow beak. There was clamor, unusual commotion for the calm Sesame Street Show. The noise became tense, and louder. Big Bird continued calling my name: Mr. Johar. Mr. Johar! When …. Read More » ...

I see a group of Indians, lost in a blizzard, in what appears to be Montana, a painting by Charles Russell. The painting matches what I see outside. The painting matches what I see inside. The painting describes an expansion of consciousness, the opening of the mind when the body is lost, when direction is lost, when all is lost except the uncertainties of the mind, which are vast as the universe itself ...

Several systems were examined for the production and delivery of recombinant vaccines for fish. C. crescentus was employed to produce a fragment of the IHNV glycoprotein. When administered by injection to 0.5 gram rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), one of the fusion proteins (184 amino acids of the IHNV glycoprotein fused to 242 amino acids of the C-terminus of the Caulobacter crescentus) protected the fish against lethal challenge with IHNV. Attenuated strains of Yersinia ruckeri were generated using allelic exchange mutagenesis. These strains were characterized in terms of in vitro growth characteristics and invasiveness. Attenuated E. coli and Y. ruckeri were exploited to deliver plasmid DNA to fish cells in vitro; attenuated Y. ruckeri bacteria were examined in vivo as bivalent vaccine delivery vehicles, either through the expression of a fragment of the IHNV glycoprotein or by carrying a plasmid DNA vaccine encoding the complete IHNV glycoprotein. A cell wall deficient strain (11.29Δdap) ...

Senior Researcher. Gokhlesh Kumar has been worked on proliferative kidney disease and identified differentially expressed genes in the kidney of brown trout and rainbow trout during Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae (Myxozoa) development. In addition, he identified and quantified whole cell proteins of biotype 1 and biotype 2 Yersinia ruckeri strains using shotgun proteomic approach. Further, he identified differentially regulated proteins in the head kidney and spleen of rainbow trout in response to the Y. ruckeri strains, which offer new insight into the systemic response at the protein level in rainbow trout. Presently, he is focusing on in vivo induced genes of Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae (Myxozoa) that are induced and expressed in fish and bryozoan hosts during the course of infection.. Project: In vivo induced genes of Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae Financing: FWF (Austrian Science Fund ...

Mariculture in Denmark is based on production of rainbow trout grown two years in fresh water followed by one growth season in sea cages. Although the majority of rainbow trout are vaccinated against the most serious bacterial pathogens - Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida, Vibrio anguillarum and Yersinia ruckeri, by the use of commercially available vaccines, disease outbreaks requiring treatment with antibiotics still occur. The present study tested the potential of a new experimental multicomponent vaccine that is based on local bacterial strains, isolated from rainbow trout in Danish waters, and thus custom-designed for Danish rainbow trout mariculture. The vaccination with the multicomponent vaccine resulted in protection against three relevant bacterial diseases (yersiniosis, furunculosis, vibriosis) under experimental conditions. We showed that i.p. injection of the vaccine induced specific antibody responses in trout against the different bacterial antigens and regulated expression ...

Christened the state seashell in 1987, the knobbed whelk is a whorled shell, eight inches long at maturity, displaying heavy spines, many knobs, and an orange or red mouth. Minerals in Georgia coastal waters cause ocher striations on the sand-colored, semi-gloss surface. This marine snail shell is found all along Georgias shoreline, out to 30 feet of water.

TY - JOUR. T1 - Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) possess two hormone-sensitive lipase-encoding mRNAs that are differentially expressed and independently regulated by nutritional state. AU - Kittilson, Jeffrey D.. AU - Reindl, Katie M.. AU - Sheridan, Mark A.. PY - 2011/1. Y1 - 2011/1. N2 - Teleost fish store lipids among several tissues primarily as triacylglycerol (TG). Upon metabolic demand, stored TGs are hydrolyzed by hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL). In this study, two distinct cDNAs encoding HSL were isolated, cloned, and sequenced from adipose tissue of rainbow trout. The full-length cDNAs, designated HSL1 and HSL2, were 2562-bp and 2887-bp in length, respectively, and share 82% nucleotide identity. Phylogentic analysis suggests that the two HSLs derive from paralogous genes that may have arisen during a teleost-specific genome duplication event. Quantitative real-time PCR revealed that HSL1 and HSL2 were differentially expressed, both in terms of distribution among tissues as well as in ...

Cardiovascular disease may pose a major threat to the health and welfare of farmed fish. By investigating a range of established cardiovascular disease indicators, we aimed to determine the prevalence, severity and consequences of this affliction in farmed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) from an open cage farm in the Baltic Sea, an open cage farm in a freshwater lake, and a land-based recirculating aquaculture system. We also aimed to identify environmental, anthropogenic and physiological factors contributing towards the development of the disease. The majority of trout possessed enlarged hearts with rounded ventricles (mean height:width ratios of 1.0-1.1 c.f. similar to 1.3 in wild fish) and a high degree of vessel misalignment (mean angles between the longitudinal ventricular axis and the axis of the bulbus arteriosus of 28-31 degrees c.f. similar to 23 degrees in wild fish). The prevalence and severity of coronary arteriosclerosis was also high, as 92-100% of fish from the different ...

Yersinia a Gram-negative romance (in six chapters) 1. In search of lost time|It was a dull day, and very little to look forward to tomor...

Probiotic Kocuria SM1, which was part of the allochthonous gut microbiota of rainbow trout, was administered to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fingerlings as dietary supplement at ∼108 cells g−1 for two weeks. The fish were challenged with Vibrio anguillarum and innate immunity determined over the following 5 weeks. The probiotic-fed fish survived (mortalities = 10–28%; P less than 0.05) better than the controls (mortalities = 73–92%) for 5 weeks after stopping administration of Kocuria SM1, although the relative percent survival (RPS) declined steadily from 87 to 36% by the end of the experiment. A significant (P less than 0.05) effect on the immune parameters was observed in fish within 3 weeks after stopping administration of Kocuria SM1 in comparison with the controls, i.e. enhancement of the respiratory burst (OD550nm) from 0.051 ± 0.014 to 0.067 ± 0.009, lysozyme 605 ± 185 units ml−1 to 872 ± 114 units ml−1, total protein ...

Studies were undertaken in vitro and in vivo to assess the maximal activities of 26 glycolytic and associated enzymes of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) red cells. The red cells possess a complete sequence of glycolytic enzymes capable of anaerobic oxidation of glucose to lactate. Red cell pyruvate kinase (PK) was inhibited by ATP (I50 ≈5 mmol l−1), but was not sensitive to alanine inhibition or fructose-1,6-bisphosphate activation. The properties of red cell PK were similar to those of the muscle-type enzyme. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) from the trout erythrocyte resembled LDH from trout heart in terms of pyruvate inhibition in vitro. Enzymes associated with phosphagen and amino acid metabolism as well as the pentose phosphate shunt were also present. However, enzyme indicators of glycogenolytic and gluconeogenic potential were either absent or present at very low levels. The capacity for aerobic respiration via the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle was suggested by the presence of citrate ...

Martin , S A M , Zou , J , Houlihan , D F & Secombes , C J 2007 , Directional responses following recombinant cytokine stimulation of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) RTS-II macrophage cells as revealed by transcriptome profiling , BMC Genomics , vol. 8 , 150 . https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-8- ...

Dictate their comments on their paper to make a class book entitled where did the monster go. Vocabulary can include facial parts, colors, and descriptive words. Diecut pages through which bits of a monster are revealed are designed to help a child control nighttime fears of monsters. The author narrates the book as the words appear at the bottom of each page. Well, i just wanted to tell you that i absolutely love what you did from the book go away big green monster. Please enjoy this halloween story and subscribe to. Go away big, green monster activity and freebie there are so many activity ideasmaterials that you can find for this book. We precut pieces out of construction paper then the kids made their own monster after hearing the story. After reading the monster book about conquering fears, we completed a listen and do monster craft. The big green monster gradually appears on dyecut pages with its big yellow eyes, a long nose, and a big red mouth with sharp teeth and more to create a big ...

Neuropeptides are a diverse assemblage of signalling molecules that have key roles in the regulation of behaviour. Understanding the evolutionary relationships and functions of the plethora of neuropeptides has presented a considerable challenge to biologists. Based on presentations and discussions at a Royal Society meeting in 2017, three companion Review articles by Elphick et al., Jékely et al. and DeLaney et al. discuss advances in our knowledge of neuropeptide evolution and function and the techniques that have facilitated progress in this field of research.. ...

Heritabilities of growth, precocious maturation and smolting were measured in 75 families of juvenile steelhead or rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, progeny of within and between line matings (crosses) of wild, anadromous steelhead and wild, resident (lake) rainbow trout originally derived from the same anadromous stock 70 years earlier. The tagged yearling progeny were combined by line in common freshwater rearing containers and graded into three categories: mature, smolt or rearing (undifferentiated) at age 2 years. Heritabilities of precocious male maturity, smolting and growth were moderate to high, and the genetic correlation between growth and smolting was low. Smolting and precocious male maturity were highly variable among families within lines and significantly different between lines. Each of the four lines produced significant numbers of smolts at age two. Smolting and maturation were negatively genetically correlated, which may explain the persistence of smolting in the lake ...

The actual neural basis remains to be sketched out. Perhaps a greater predisposition to violence simply reflects stronger impulsivity and weaker internal constraints on behavior (Niv et al., 2012). Or perhaps there is a lower threshold specifically for expression of violence. Or perhaps ideation of violence comes easier. Or perhaps the consequences of a violent act trigger feelings of pleasure. Frantz Fanon noted that the violent male seems to feel pleasure at the sight of blood. He needs to sense its warmth and even bathe in it. There is in fact an extensive medical literature about abnormal individuals who feel pleasure at the sight of blood and even wish to feel and taste it, whereas normal individuals feel disgust and often faint (Vanden Berghe & Kelly, 1964). Again, words like normal and abnormal are relative … ...

Abstract Intensive aquaculture production often utilizes equipment (e.g., aerators, air and water pumps, harvesters, blowers, filtration systems, and maintenance machinery) that increases noise levels in fish culture tanks. Consequently, chronic exposure to elevated noise levels in tanks could negatively impact cultured species. Possible effects include impairment of the auditory system, increased stress, and reduced growth rates. The objective of this study was to evaluate the long-term effects of sound exposure on the hearing sensitivity, growth, and survival of cultured rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Two cohorts of rainbow trout were cultured for 8 months in replicated tanks consisting of three sound treatments: 115, 130, or 150 decibels referenced at 1 micropascal (dB re 1 μPa root mean square [RMS]) levels. Auditory evoked potential (AEP) recordings revealed no significant differences in hearing thresholds resulting from exposure to increased

Flavobacterium psychrophilum causes bacterial cold-water disease (BCWD) in farmed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), with the multilocus sequence typing (MLST) clonal complex (CC) CC-ST10 accounting for the majority of outbreaks globally. The development of alternative strategies to antibiotic treatment of BCWD using bacteriophage-based control of F. psychrophilum, or virulence factors as targets for therapy, requires knowledge of the phage-sensitivity of outbreak strains and of universal traits contributing to their pathogenicity. To examine the association between virulence and both genetic (MLST sequence type (ST) and PCR-serotype) and phenotypic characteristics (adherence, antibiotic resistance, colony spreading motility, hemolytic and proteolytic activity), the median lethal dose (LD50) of 26 geographically disparate F. psychrophilum isolates was determined in rainbow trout. Furthermore, the in vitro sensitivity of the isolates against five bacteriophages was determined by the efficiency ...

Sae-Lim, P.; Kause, Antti; Mulder, H. A.; Martin, K. E.; Barfoot, A. J.; Parsons, J. E.; Davidson, J.; Rexroad, C. E.; van Arendonk, J. A. M.; Komen, H. (2013 ...

A 2×3 factorial study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary lipid levels on growth, feed utilization and mitochondrial enzyme activities in juvenile all-female rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Practical diets with a fixed crude protein content of 42%, formulated to contain 10% (42/10), 20% (42/20) and 30% (42/30) dietary lipid, were fed to apparent satiety to triplicate groups of ...

Citation Vitaliy Honcharenko. Total Antioxidant Capacity in the Muscle Tissue of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss Walbaum) Under in Vitro Incubation with Leaf Extracts of Some Thymus (Lamiaceae) Representatives. Agrobiodiversity for improving nutrition, health and life quality (2018) 223-233 ...

The acute toxicity of Hydrocarbons, C16-C20, n-alkanes, isoalkanes, cyclics, aromatics (2-30%), as measured by mortality to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) was evaluated in freshwater. Under the conditions of this study, Hydrocarbons, C16-C20, n-alkanes, isoalkanes, cyclics, aromatics (2-30%) did not produce acute lethal toxicity to Oncorhynchus mykiss at 1000 mg/l, based on nominal loading of the test substance in water. These data are used as read-across data to hydrocarbons, C14 -C18, n-alkanes, isoalkanes, cyclics, aromatics (2 -30%). In another study, the acute toxicity of Hydrocarbons, C16-C20, n-alkanes, isoalkanes, cyclics, aromatics (2-30%), as measured by mortality to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) was evaluated in freshwater. Under the conditions of this study, Hydrocarbons, C16-C20, n-alkanes, isoalkanes, cyclics, aromatics (2-30%) did not produce acute lethal toxicity to Oncorhynchus mykiss at 1000 mg/l, based on nominal loading of the test substance in water. These data ...

When rainbow trout from a single breeding program are introduced into various production environments, genotype-by-environment (GxE) interaction may occur. Although growth and its uniformity are two of the most important traits for trout producers worldwide, GxE interaction on uniformity of growth has not been studied. Our objectives were to quantify the genetic variance in body weight (BW) and its uniformity and the genetic correlation (r g) between these traits, and to investigate the degree of GxE interaction on uniformity of BW in breeding (BE) and production (PE) environments using double hierarchical generalized linear models. Log-transformed data were also used to investigate whether the genetic variance in uniformity of BW, GxE interaction on uniformity of BW, and r g between BW and its uniformity were influenced by a scale effect. Although heritability estimates for uniformity of BW were low and of similar magnitude in BE (0.014) and PE (0.012), the

TY - JOUR. T1 - Postprandial hepatic protein expression in trout Oncorhynchus mykiss a proteomics examination. AU - Mente, Elena. AU - Pierce, Graham J.. AU - Antonopoulou, Efthimia AU - Stead, David Andrew. AU - Martin, SAM. N1 - The authors wish to express their thanks to Evelyn Argo and Craig Pattinson for the gels, Ian Davidson for mass spec analysis, for his help with the proteomics analysis, and BIOMAR Ltd for providing feeds. EM was by Marine Alliance for Science and Technology Scotland (MASTS) visiting Fellowship. Thanks are due, for the financial support to CESAM (UID/AMB/50017), to FCT/MEC through national funds, and the co-funding by the FEDER (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007638), within the PT2020 Partnership Agreement and Compete 2020.. PY - 2017/3. Y1 - 2017/3. N2 - Following a meal, a series of physiological changes occurs in animals as they digest, absorb and assimilate ingested nutrients, the kinetics of these responses depends on metabolic rate and nutrient quality. Here we investigated ...

Australian research reviewed the influence of various starch and non-starch polysaccharides on the digestibility of diets fed to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).

One experimental study investigating the short-term toxicity of ethylene diformate (CAS 629-15-2) to fish is available (Harris, 2013). The study was performed according to OECD 203 under GLP conditions using the rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. A range-finding study with three concentrations up to 100 mg/L resulted in complete mortality at 100 mg/L. Thus, the definite study was performed with five different concentrations up to 100 mg/L under semi-static conditions. The substance was found to hydrolyse in test medium with an approximate half-life of 11 h. The analytical measurement with gas chromatography (GC) revealed a decline in test concentration. Therefore, the possible effects of the parent substance and the hydrolysis products were tested in this study. After an exposure of 96 h, an LC50 of 42 mg/L and a NOEC of 32 mg/L resulted. Given that complete hydrolysis of the parent test item did not occur, and that toxicity cannot be attributed to the parent test item, the degradation product, ...

Despite our increasing knowledge of the specific pathogenicity factors in bacteria, the contribution of metabolic processes to virulence is largely unknown. Here, we elucidate a tight connection between pathogenicity and core metabolism in the enteric pathogen Yersinia pseudotuberculosis by integrated transcriptome and [(13)C]fluxome analysis of the wild type and virulence-regulator mutants. During aerobic growth on glucose, Y. pseudotuberculosis reveals an unusual flux distribution with a high level of secreted pyruvate. The absence of the transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulators RovA, CsrA, and Crp strongly perturbs the fluxes of carbon core metabolism at the level of pyruvate metabolism and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and these perturbations are accompanied by transcriptional changes in the corresponding enzymes. Knock-outs of regulators of this metabolic branch point and of its central enzyme, pyruvate kinase (ΔpykF), result in mutants with significantly reduced virulence ...

The Gram-negative Yersinia is one of the most important and well-studied bacterial genera, consisting of three human pathogens. Y. pestis is the causative agent of bubonic and pneumonic plague and is a recently diverged clone of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis (1), which alongside Y. enterocolitica is a zoonotic gastrointestinal pathogen (2). The remaining species are not associated with human disease and are considered to be environmental organisms, with the exception of the common fish pathogen Y. ruckeri (2) and the insecticidal species Y. entomophaga. Of the human-pathogenic species, Y. enterocolitica is the most common etiological agent of human disease, and in Germany and Scandinavia, the numbers of cases of human intestinal yersiniosis caused by Y. enterocolitica rival those caused by Salmonella (3). Y. enterocolitica is in itself a very diverse species that is classically subdivided into nonpathogenic, low-pathogenic, and high-pathogenic biotypes based on virulence in a mouse infection model ...

Principal Investigator in A new integrative framework for the study of fish welfare based on the concepts of allostasis, appraisal and coping styles. 2011-2014, EU-FP7 Project.. Project member SMOLTPRO, a project with the main aim to devlop ecologically and ethically sound methods for supplementary rearing of salmonides. A collaborative project with Danish, Norwegian and Swedish partners, funded by FORMAS 2010-2014.. Coordinator for a Nordic research network funded by Norforsk 2010-2013; Integrat. Fish Behav. Neuroscie. Network including over 40 Researchers and PhD students at 8 research institutions.. Project leader in Individual variation in developmental rate in rainbow trout larvae. Funded by the Danish Technical University. 2009-2013.. Project leader in Welfare of farmed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), social and environmental preferences. 2009-2012. Funded by the Ministry of Foods, Agriculture and Fisheries of Denmark ...

Data on long-term toxic effects to fish are not required for the registered tonnage band. However, read across studies from a comparable AES (C12 -14, 2EO) Na (CAS 68891-38-3) and the pure AES homologue (C14, 2EO) Na (CAS 27731-62-0) are available. To determine the toxic effect of the AES (C12-14, 2EO) Na a study similar to OECD guideline 215 was performed (Tegewa, 1995). In this test juvenile individuals of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were exposed to different concentrations of AES (C12 -14, 2EO) Na under flow-through conditions. Mortality and growth were determined over 28 days. Related to mortality and sublethal effects a NOEC of 0.14 mg/L (measured) was determined. This result is supported by a non-GLP study carried out similar to OECD guideline 210, eggs of fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) were exposed to the pure AES homologue (C14, 2EO) Na (P&G, 2004). Under flow-through conditions a NOEC (28 d) of 0.18 mg a.i./L (measured) was determined. The NOEC based on mortality. ...