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Definition of xylulose in the Definitions.net dictionary. Meaning of xylulose. What does xylulose mean? Information and translations of xylulose in the most comprehensive dictionary definitions resource on the web.

2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate synthase; Involved in the biosynthesis of isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP), two major building blocks of isoprenoid compounds. Catalyzes the conversion of 4- diphosphocytidyl-2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2-phosphate (CDP-ME2P) to 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate (ME-CPP) with a corresponding release of cytidine 5-monophosphate (CMP ...

Interpretive Summary: The complete genome of Campylobacter jejuni strain RM1221 (Penner serotype HS:53) was reported recently and contains a novel capsular polysaccharide (CPS) biosynthesis locus. Cell surface carbohydrates such as CPS are known to be important for bacterial survival and often contribute to pathogenesis. In this study, we describe the complete structure of the CPS of C. jejuni RM1221, determined using NMR, MS, and chemical methods. The CPS contained 6-deoxy-D-manno-heptose and D-threo-pent-2-ulose (D-xylulose), two monosaccharides rarely found in bacterial polysaccharides. The CPS had a regular structure of a linear main chain of trisaccharide repeating units, composed of two - and one - 6-deoxy-D-manno-heptopyranose residues, linked through a phosphodiester linkage. Branching residues of xylulose were incorporated non-stoichiometrically: each trisaccharide repeating unit of the main chain beared none, one or two xylulose residues. The xylulose glycosidic linkages are ...

Creative-Proteomics offer cas D-[1-13C]xylulose (D-[1-13C]threo-pent-2-ulose). We are specialized in manufacturing Stabel Isotope Labeled Analytical Standard products.

DCXR antibody [4H10] (dicarbonyl/L-xylulose reductase) for FACS, IHC-P, WB. Anti-DCXR mAb (GTX84624) is tested in Human samples. 100% Ab-Assurance.

DCXR antibody [9C9] (dicarbonyl/L-xylulose reductase) for IHC-P, WB. Anti-DCXR mAb (GTX84626) is tested in Human samples. 100% Ab-Assurance.

Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI) is a freely available dictionary of molecular entities focused on small chemical compounds.

1M5W: Multistate Binding in Pyridoxine 5-Phosphate Synthase: 1.96 A Crystal Structure in Complex with 1-deoxy-D-xylulose phosphate

MetabolismBiosynthesis of cofactors, prosthetic groups, and carriersOther1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase (TIGR00204; EC 2.2.1.7; HMM-score: 20.4) ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Xylulose 5-phosphate mediates glucose-induced lipogenesis by xylulose 5-phosphate-activated protein phosphatase in rat liver. AU - Kabashima, Tsutomu. AU - Kawaguchi, Takumi. AU - Wadzinski, Brian E.. AU - Uyeda, Kosaku. N1 - Copyright: Copyright 2008 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.. PY - 2003/4/29. Y1 - 2003/4/29. N2 - Carbohydrate-responsive element binding protein (ChREBP) is a transcription factor that activates lipogenic genes in liver in response to excess carbohydrate in the diet. ChREBP is regulated in a reciprocal manner by glucose and cAMP. cAMP-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase A) phosphorylates two physiologically important sites in ChREBP, Ser-196, which is located near nuclear localization signal sequence (NLS), and Thr-666, within the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) site, resulting in inactivation of nuclear translocation of ChREBP and of the DNA-binding activity, respectively. We demonstrate here that crude cytosolic extracts from livers of rats fed a ...

2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate synthase; Involved in the biosynthesis of isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP), two major building blocks of isoprenoid compounds. Catalyzes the conversion of 4- diphosphocytidyl-2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2-phosphate (CDP-ME2P) to 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate (ME-CPP) with a corresponding release of cytidine 5-monophosphate (CMP) (162 aa ...

Involved in the biosynthesis of isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP), two major building blocks of isoprenoid compounds. Catalyzes the conversion of 4-diphosphocytidyl-2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2-phosphate (CDP-ME2P) to 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate (ME-CPP) with a corresponding release of cytidine 5-monophosphate (CMP).

Wright L., Rohwer J.M., Ghirardo A., Hammerbacher A., Ortiz M., Raguschke B., Schnitzler J.-P., Gershenzon J., Phillips M. (2013). Isotopic labelling of the MEP pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana lines over-expressing 1-deoxyxylulose phosphate synthase, shows the existence of a second methylerythritol cyclodiphosphate metabolite pool. Poster presented at TERPNET 2013 - 11th International Meeting on Biosynthesis, Function and Biotechnology of Isoprenoids in Terrestrial and Marine Organisms in Terrestrial and Marine Organisms, TERPNET 2013, Kolymvari, Crete, ...

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SWISS-MODEL Repository entry for B7MKM0 (ISPF_ECO45), 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate synthase. Escherichia coli O45:K1 (strain S88 / ExPEC)

Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI) is a freely available dictionary of molecular entities focused on small chemical compounds.

Pseudomonas mendocina 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate synthase (ispF) datasheet and description hight quality product and Backed by our Guarantee

1IV4: Structure and catalytic mechanism of 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate (MECDP) synthase, an enzyme in the non-mevalonate pathway of isoprenoid synthesis.

Corynebacterium glutamicum 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate synthase (ispF) datasheet and description hight quality product and Backed by our Guarantee

A 3-kb region, located downstream of the Lactobacillus brevis xylA gene (encoding D-xylose isomerase), was cloned in Escherichia coli TG1. The sequence revealed two open reading frames which could code for the D-xylulose kinase gene (xylB) and another gene (xylT) encoding a protein of 457 amino acids with significant similarity to the D-xylose-H+ symporters of E. coli, XylE (57%), and Bacillus megaterium, XylT (58%), to the D-xylose-Na+ symporter of Tetragenococcus halophila, XylE (57%), and to the L-arabinose-H+ symporter of E. coli, AraE (60%). The L. brevis xylABT genes showed an arrangement similar to that of the B. megaterium xylABT operon and the T. halophila xylABE operon. Southern hybridization performed with the Lactobacillus pentosus xylR gene (encoding the D-xylose repressor protein) as a probe revealed the existence of a xylR homologue in L. brevis which is not located with the xyABT locus. The existence of a functional XylR was further suggested by the presence of xylO sequences ...

During cultivation on a mixture of xylose and glucose, Bacteroides xylanolyticus X5-1 showed neither diauxic growth nor a substrate preference. Xylose-limited continuous-culture cells were able to consume xylose and glucose both as single substrates and as mixed substrates without any lag phase. When glucose was the growth-limiting substrate, the microorganism was unable to consume xylose. However, in the presence of a small amount of glucose or pyruvate, xylose was utilized after a short lag phase. In glucose-limited cells, xylose isomerase was present at low activity but xylulose kinase activity could not be detected. On addition of a mixture of xylose and glucose, xylose isomerase was induced immediately and xylulose kinase was induced after about 30 min. The induction of the two enzymes was sensitive to chloramphenicol, showing de novo synthesis. Xylose uptake in glucose-grown cells was very low, but the uptake rate could be increased when incubated with a xylose-glucose mixture. The ...

Accepted name: L-rhamnose isomerase. Reaction: L-rhamnose = L-rhamnulose. For diagram of reaction click here.. Other name(s): rhamnose isomerase; L-rhamnose ketol-isomerase. Systematic name: L-rhamnose aldose-ketose-isomerase. Comments: Contains two divalent metal ions located at different metal-binding sites within the active site. The enzyme binds the closed ring form of the substrate and catalyses ring opening to generate a form of open-chain conformation that is coordinated to one of the metal sites. Isomerization proceeds via a hydride-shift mechanism. While the enzyme from the bacterium Escherichia coli is specific for L-rhamnose, the enzyme from the bacterium Pseudomonas stutzeri has broad substrate specificity and catalyses the interconversion of L-mannose and L-fructose, L-lyxose and L-xylulose, D-ribose and D-ribulose, and D-allose and D-psicose [2].. Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, GTD, KEGG, Metacyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 9023-84-1. References:. 1. Domagk, G.F. and ...

SWISS-MODEL Repository entry for Q73KC6 (ISPF_TREDE), 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate synthase. Treponema denticola (strain ATCC 35405 / CIP 103919 / DSM 14222)

Catalyzes the acyloin condensation reaction between C atoms 2 and 3 of pyruvate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to yield 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate (DXP).

Residues 13 to 315 (E-value = 1.1e-112) place CPn0083 in the Transaldolase family which is described as Transaldolase (PF00923 ...

MetabolismBiosynthesis of cofactors, prosthetic groups, and carriersOther4-(cytidine 5-diphospho)-2-C-methyl-D-erythritol kinase (TIGR00154; EC 2.7.1.148; HMM-score: 17.1) ...

Results: The values of MDA determined with dipsticks are statistically correlated with those obtained spectrophotometrically, p≤0.05. For consumption of cigarettes (≥ 7 / day), the MDA concentration have an increase statistically significant compared to the control: p ≤ 0.05, and proportional to the number of them. Cigarettes consumption ≤7 / day not involve any increase in MDA indicative vs. control: p = 0.075.The age ≥ 45 years, in smokers as in non-smokers by cigarette consumption, significantly increase the MDA, p≤ ...

Terpenoids, or isoprenoids, are a family of compounds with great structural diversity which are essential for all living organisms. In cyanobacteria, they are synthesized from the methylerythritol-phosphate (MEP) pathway, using glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and pyruvate produced by photosynthesis as substrates. The products of the MEP pathway are the isomeric five-carbon compounds isopentenyl diphosphate and dimethylallyl diphosphate, which in turn form the basic building blocks for formation of all terpenoids. Many terpenoid compounds have useful properties and are of interest in the fields of pharmaceuticals and nutrition, and even potentially as future biofuels. The MEP pathway, its function and regulation, and the subsequent formation of terpenoids have not been fully elucidated in cyanobacteria, despite its relevance for biotechnological applications. In this review, we summarize the present knowledge about cyanobacterial terpenoid biosynthesis, both regarding the native metabolism and ...

2--C--methyl--D--erythritol 4--phosphate cytidylyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.60) / 2--C--methyl--D--erythritol 2,4--cyclodiphosphate synthase (EC 4.6.1.12 ...

E. coli is able to utilize L-ascorbate (vitamin C) as the sole source of carbon under anaerobic and aerobic conditions. Ascorbic acid in the cytoplasm is processed through a spontaneous reaction with a hydrogen ion and hydrogen peroxide, producing water, dehydroascorbic acid and ascorbic acid. Dehydroascorbic acid reacts with water spontaneously producing an isomer, dehydroascorbate (bicyclic form). The compound then loses a hydrogen ion resulting in a 2,3-Diketo-L-gulonate. This compound is then reduced through a NADH dependent 2,3 diketo-L-gulonate reductase, releasing a NAD and 3-Dehydro-L-gulonate.This compound is phosphorylated through an ATP mediated L-xylulose/3-keto-L-gulonate kinase resulting in an ADP, hydrogen ion and a 3-Keto-L-gulonate 6 phosphate. L-ascorbate can also be imported and converted to L-ascorbate-6-phosphate by the L-ascorbate PTS transporter. L-ascorbate-6-phosphate reacts with a probable L-ascorbate-6-phosphate lactonase ulaG, resulting in a 3-keto-L-gulonate ...

Vitamin B6 is also called pyridoxine, which was previously known as pyridoxol. Your body uses Vitamin B6 to metabolise protein into amino acids and vice versa.

* Borland International Inc. paid Chairman and Chief Executive Delbert Yocam $7.82 million last year as he helped boost the companys stock price and report profits in recent quarters. Yocam, 54, a

D-Xylose is a five-carbon aldose (pentose, monosaccharide) that can be catabolized or metabolized into useful products by a variety of organisms. There are at least four different pathways for the catabolism of D-xylose: An oxido-reductase pathway is present in eukaryotic microorganisms. Prokaryotes typically use an isomerase pathway, and two oxidative pathways, called Weimberg and Dahms pathways respectively, are also present in prokaryotic microorganisms. This pathway is also called the Xylose Reductase-Xylitol Dehydrogenase or XR-XDH pathway. Xylose reductase (XR) and xylitol dehydrogenase (XDH) are the first two enzymes in this pathway. XR is reducing D-xylose to xylitol using NADH or NADPH. Xylitol is then oxidized to D-xylulose by XDH, using the cofactor NAD. In the last step D-xylulose is phosphorylated by an ATP utilising kinase, XK, to result in D-xylulose-5-phosphate which is an intermediate of the pentose phosphate pathway. Because of the varying cofactors needed in this pathway and ...

Microbial production is a promising method that can overcome major limitations in conventional methods of lycopene production, such as low yields and variations in product quality. Significant efforts have been made to improve lycopene production by engineering either the 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway or mevalonate (MVA) pathway in microorganisms. To further improve lycopene production, it is critical to utilize metabolic enzymes with high specific activities. Two enzymes, 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase (Dxs) and farnesyl diphosphate synthase (IspA), are required in lycopene production using MEP pathway. Here, we evaluated the activities of Dxs and IspA of Vibrio sp. dhg, a newly isolated and fast-growing microorganism. Considering that the MEP pathway is closely related to the cell membrane and electron transport chain, the activities of the two enzymes of Vibrio sp. dhg were expected to be higher than the enzymes of E. coli. We found that Dxs and IspA in Vibrio sp. dhg

In order to overproduce D-xylose isomerase, the Escherichia coli D-xylose isomerase (D-xylose ketol-isomerase, EC 5.3.1.5) gene (xylA) was fused to ${\lambda}P_{L}$ promoter. The promoterless xylA gene containing the ribosome binding site and coding region for D-xylose isomerase was cloned into a ...

Describe any interesting features and/or cell structures; how it gains energy; what important molecules Gluconobacter oxydans has two membranes and no flagella and are thus non-motile. This bacteria usually contains ubiquinone-10 [3]. Since they are aerobes, they must oxidize to get their energy[3]. One method involves oxidation of sugars, aliphatic and cyclic alcohols, and steroids to oxidation product. Another method is through the pentose phosphate pathway where phosphorylation occurs initially then proceeds with oxidation through the pathway. It is suggested that G. oxydans has an incomplete set of tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA)enzymes because the carbon dioxide produced from glucose was from the pentose phosphate pathway. They possess properties for TCA because they are primarily responsible for the biosynthesis of glutamate, aspartate, and succinate. The main function of G. oxydans is their oxidative capabilites. It uses membrane-bound dehydrogenases to oxidize polyols into ketones and ...

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Dr Juri Battilana Visiting ScientistCSIRO Plant Industry Understanding the regulation of VvDXS gene expression Some of the most relevant wine odor constituents are monoterpenoids which have been demonstrated to be produced via the plastid-located methyl-erythritol-phosphate (MEP) pathway in grapevine. The MEP pathway biosynthetic gene 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase (VvDXS), maps to a major QTL responsible for monoterpenoid accumulation in Muscat grape varieties. Recent results suggest that gain-of-function mutations that affect the enzymatic or regulatory properties of the VvDXS protein appear to be the major determinants of terpenoid accumulation. The 5upstream region of VvDXS alleles were cloned and sequenced to characterize the promoter and several cis-elements putatively involved in the regulation of the gene were identified. This information was then used to screen a transcription factor library using a transient-expression, dual-luciferase assay in tobacco. It is also known ...

Bifidobacterium ruminantium strain DSM 6489 putative xylulose5-phosphate/fructose 6-phosphate phosphoketolase (xfp) gene, partial ...

Leaving this obvious difference aside, the industry would have the public believe that the fructose in fruit and in HFCS are chemically identical. However, most of the fructose in fruit is in the form of L-fructose or levulose; the fructose in HFCS is a different isomer, D-fructose. Small amounts of D-fructose do occur in fruit, but the D-fructose in HFCS has the reversed isomerization and polarity of a refined fructose molecule.12 As explained by Russ Bianchi, Managing Director and CEO of Adept Solutions, Inc., a globally recognized food and beverage development company, the fructose in HFCS is therefore not recognized in the human Krebs cycle for primary conversion to blood glucose in any significant quantity, and therefore cannot be used for energy utilization.13 Instead, these refined fructose sweeteners are primarily converted into triglycerides and adipose tissue (body fat). In fact, a new study, published in the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, found that obese people who ...

Learn about Neutrexin (Trimetrexate Glucuronate Inj) may treat, uses, dosage, side effects, drug interactions, warnings, patient labeling, reviews, and related medications.

Nature First Xylitol 200g, Buy Online. Xylitol is a low-GI natural sweetener extracted from plants. It has one-third fewer calories than sugar, but its just as

Linda Barton, DVM, DACVECC, a BluePearl clinician, discusses the dangers of xylitol for pets, and the diagnosis and treatment of xylitol toxicity.

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Transaldolase is an enzyme (EC 2.2.1.2) of the non-oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway. In humans, transaldolase is encoded by the TALDO1 gene. The following chemical reaction is catalyzed by transaldolase: sedoheptulose 7-phosphate + glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } erythrose 4-phosphate + fructose 6-phosphate The pentose phosphate pathway has two metabolic functions: (1) generation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (reduced NADPH), for reductive biosynthesis, and (2) formation of ribose, which is an essential component of ATP, DNA, and RNA. Transaldolase links the pentose phosphate pathway to glycolysis. In patients with deficiency of transaldolase, theres an accumulation of erythritol (from erythrose 4-phosphate), D-arabitol, and ribitol. The deletion in 3 base pairs in the TALDO1 gene results in the absence of serine at position 171 of the transaldolase protein, which is part of a highly conserved region, suggesting that the ...

Describe the appearance, habitat, etc. of the organism, and why it is important enough to have its genome sequenced. Describe how and where it was isolated. Include a picture or two (with sources) if you can find them. Gluconobacter oxydans, previously known as Acetobacter suboxydans, are Gram-negative rod or oval shaped bacterium ranging from about 0.5 to 0.8mm x to 4.2mm. They tend to have a small genome size because of their limited metabolic abilities. These abilites include partially oxidizing carbohydrates and alcohols through the process of oxidative fermentation, and they can be used for sythesis of Vitamin C, D-gluconis acid and ketogluconic acids. G. oxydans are found in flowers, fruits, garden soil, alcoholic beverages, cider, and soft drinks because they are capable of growing strains in high concentrations of sugar solutions and low pH values (optimal pH for growth is 5.5-6.0.) Although they are able to grow in extreme conditions, its growth rate is slow and the concentration of ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - The MAP kinase Hog 1p differentially regulates stress-induced production and accumulation of glycerol and D-arabitol in Candida albicans. AU - Kayingo, Gerald. AU - Wong, Brian. PY - 2005/9. Y1 - 2005/9. N2 - Candida albicans produces and accumulates large amounts of the polyols D-arabitol and glycerol in culture, and/or in infected mammalian tissues. However, the effects of environmental stresses on production and accumulation of these polyols, and the means by which polyol production and accumulation are regulated have not been studied. C. albicans grown in glucose at 30 °C (i) produced maximal amounts of glycerol within 6 h, (ii) produced maximal amounts of D-arabitol and ribitol within 12 h, and (iii) released most of these polyols into the extracellular environment. C. albicans responded to osmotic and citric acid stress by producing and accumulating more glycerol, and to temperature and oxidative stresses by producing more D-arabitol. The increase in intracellular glycerol ...

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SUMMARY: Debaryomyces subglobosus (British National Collection of Yeast Cultures, ncyc 459) excretes riboflavin at the end of the growth period in batch culture and the yield depends on the concentration of iron in the medium. Yields of riboflavin in excess of 200 μg./ml. were obtained in media of low iron content but production was completely inhibited at Fe concentrations greater than 200 μg./l. D-Arabitol was produced simultaneously, increased yields of it being obtained at high iron concentration, but riboflavin production was then decreased. Procedures are described for the recovery of riboflavin and D-arabitol from the culture fluid.

Discovered in the 1890s by a German chemist, Emil Fischer, and at the same time M. G. Bertrand - a French chemist. Chemically, xylitol is categorized as a sugar alcohol and not a sugar. Xylitol was first popularized in Europe. Researchers in Finland demonstrated the health benefits of xylitol and the industry was founded! Xylitol manufacturing began in Finland and is quite common in Finland today. ...

Mol Genet Metab. 2008 Jun;94(2):255-8. Epub 2008 Mar 10. Transaldolase deficiency in a two-year-old boy with cirrhosis. Wamelink MM, Struys EA, Salomons GS, Fowler D, Jakobs C, Clayton PT. In this brief communication, the authors describe a new patient with transaldolase deficiency, with hematological, renal and hepatic manifestations. They also review previously reported cases of […]. ...

Xylitol is known to be the best sugar alternatives available in the market. Learn a number of health benefits of xylitol from this article.

D-xylose isomerase (XI) is capable of sugar isomerization and slow conversion of some monosaccharides into their C2-epimers. We present X-ray and neutron ...

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