An electronic device may include an electronic substrate, and an under bump seed metallurgy layer on the electronic substrate. A barrier layer may be provided on the under bump seed metallurgy layer so that the under bump seed metallurgy layer is between the barrier layer and the electronic substrate, and the barrier layer may include nickel and/or copper. Moreover, portions of the under bump seed metallurgy layer may be undercut relative to portions of the barrier layer. In addition, a solder layer may be provided on the barrier layer so that the barrier layer is between the solder layer and the under bump seed metallurgy layer.

TY - JOUR. T1 - Differential activation of NF-κB in human aortic endothelial cells conditioned to specific flow environments. AU - Mohan, Sumathy. AU - Mohan, Natarajan. AU - Sprague, Eugene A.. N1 - Copyright: Copyright 2020 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.. PY - 1997. Y1 - 1997. N2 - Endothelial cell-monocyte interaction plays an important role in atherogenesis. The expressions of some endothelial cell adhesion molecules involved in endothelial cell-monocyte interactions are regulated by transcription factor NF-κB. Because low shear stress has been known to influence endotheliaI monocyte adhesion, the differential activation of NF- κB under different flow regimens across time (0.5-24 h) was investigated. Nuclear proteins from flow-conditioned human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC) were analyzed by electrophoretic mobility shift assay using [γ-32P]dATP- labeled NF-κB-specific oligonucleotide. Our results demonstrated that NF- κB activation was significantly elevated in HAEC exposed to ...

For application of highly active La0.6Sr0.4CoO3-d (LSCO) and Pr0.6Sr0.4CoO3-d (PSCO) cathodes in the systems with yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) membrane the ceria based chemical barrier layers have been used to prevent active reaction between Sr containing cathode and YSZ. However, even in thin chemical barrier layer the Sr has some mobility. The aim of this study was to clarify how the microstructure of chemical barrier layer influences the Sr mobility and how the electrochemical parameters of SOFC are related with these properties.. Gadolinium doped ceria Ce0.9Gd0.1O2-d (GDC) chemical barrier layers with thickness approximately 0.7 mm were deposited to the YSZ electrolyte using pulsed laser deposition (PLD), magnetron sputtering (MS) and spray pyrolysis (SP) method. One set of chemical barrier layers were studied as prepared (PLD GDC prepared at 600 °C; MS GDC prepared at 300 °C; SP GDC pre-sintered at 950 °C) and other set of samples were sintered for 30 h at 1300 °C before printing ...

Amorphous metal oxide barrier layers of titanium oxide, zirconium oxide and zinc/tin oxide are effective as alkali metal ion barrier layers at thicknesses below 180 Angstroms. The amorphous metal oxide barrier layers are most effective when the density of the layer is equal to or greater than 90% of the crystalline density. The barrier layers prevent migration of alkali metal ions such as sodium ions from glass substrates into a medium e.g. electrolyte of a photochromic cell, liquid material of a liquid crystal display device contacting the glass surface. The properties of the medium, particularly electroconductive metal oxide coatings, are susceptible to deterioration by the presence of sodium ions migrating from the glass. One technique to obtain the desired density of the barrier layers is to provide shields upstream and downstream of the cathode to limit the deposit of sputtered material to sputtered material traveling along a path generally normal to the surface being coated.

The recent observed thinning of the glacier ice shelves in the Amundsen Sea (Antarctica) has been attributed to warm deep currents, possibly induced by along-coast winds in the vicinity of the glacial ice sheet. Here, high resolution maps of wind fields derived from Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data have been studied and correlated with subsurface measurements of the deep water velocities in the Amundsen Sea area. Focus is on periods with low ice coverage in 2010 and 2011. In 2010, which had comparatively low ice coverage, the results indicate a more rapid response to wind forcing in the deep currents than in 2011. The SAR wind speed maps have better spatial resolution than available reanalysis data, and higher maximum correlation was obtained with SAR data than with reanalysis data despite the lower temporal resolution. The maximum correlation was R = 0.71, in a direction that is consistent with wind-driven Ekman theory. This is significantly larger than in previous studies. The larger correlation

In coastal segments that are open to high waves, the water level may be considerably higher owing to so-called wave-induced set-up. Initial assessments of possible water levels caused by wave set-up in Tallinn area are presented. Thereby is essential to find single storms that likely caused additional increase in water level. Although coastline of Tallinn is partly urbanised or protected by sea walls, several sections of the coast are gently sloping and open to high waves. Coastal sections in which considerable wave-induced set-up may occur are mostly concentrated near the bayheads of three major bays in the city area (Tallinn Bay, Kopli Bay and Kakumäe Bay. As their orientation is different, high set-up events in these bays normally do not occur simultaneously. Another coastal segment that is vulnerable with respect to this phenomenon is located at the eastern coast of Tallinn Bay. The highest set-up does not necessarily occur in the strongest storms. The particular locations of wave-induced ...

Weather for UK, Ireland and the world. Sailing, Marine Weather, Weather maps, radar, satellite, climate, historic weather data, information about meteorology, reports, weather warning.

Weather for UK, Ireland and the world. Sailing, Marine Weather, Weather maps, radar, satellite, climate, historic weather data, information about meteorology, reports, weather warning.

Semiconductor light emitting devices, such as light emitting diodes, include a substrate, an epitaxial region on the substrate that includes a light emitting region such as a light emitting diode region, and a multilayer conductive stack including a reflector layer, on the epitaxial region. A barrier layer is provided on the reflector layer and extending on a sidewall of the reflector layer. The multilayer conductive stack can also include an ohmic layer between the reflector and the epitaxial region. The barrier layer further extends on a sidewall of the ohmic layer. The barrier layer can also extend onto the epitaxial region outside the multilayer conductive stack. The barrier layer can be fabricated as a series of alternating first and second sublayers.

abstract = {The fine-scale temporal patterns of water velocities, accelerations, and velocity gradients encountered by individual zooplankters carried in ambient flow can affect their dispersal, behavior, and interaction with other organisms, but have not yet been measured in realistic flow environments. We focused on zooplankton in wavy turbulent boundary layer flow near benthic communities because such flow affects important processes, including larval settlement and prey capture by benthic zooplanktivores. Flow across fouling communities measured in the field was mimicked in a wave flume, where time-varying velocity fields over biofouled surfaces were quantified using particle image velocimetry (PIV). Trajectories of simulated zooplankters seeded into these flow fields were followed to quantify temporal patterns of velocity gradients and accelerations that individuals encountered. We found that such zooplankters are not subjected to steady velocities or velocity gradients, but rather ...

abstract = {The fine-scale temporal patterns of water velocities, accelerations, and velocity gradients encountered by individual zooplankters carried in ambient flow can affect their dispersal, behavior, and interaction with other organisms, but have not yet been measured in realistic flow environments. We focused on zooplankton in wavy turbulent boundary layer flow near benthic communities because such flow affects important processes, including larval settlement and prey capture by benthic zooplanktivores. Flow across fouling communities measured in the field was mimicked in a wave flume, where time-varying velocity fields over biofouled surfaces were quantified using particle image velocimetry (PIV). Trajectories of simulated zooplankters seeded into these flow fields were followed to quantify temporal patterns of velocity gradients and accelerations that individuals encountered. We found that such zooplankters are not subjected to steady velocities or velocity gradients, but rather ...

Fish sense water motion the same way humans sense sound, according to new research out of Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine. Researchers discovered a gene also found in humans helps zebrafish convert water ...

When poets and storytellers speak of the ocean they are often struck by its constant, restless motion, from the rolling deep of the open sea to the crashing coastal surf.. Even the most casual observer is impressed by the swirl of tides or the march of waves against the shore. But few note the silent, subtle passage of currents. Yet the power of currents to move and control the seas is unmatched. Currents are cohesive streams of seawater that circulate through the oceans. Some are short-lived and small, while others are vast flows that take centuries to complete a circuit of the globe. (The Gulf Stream Current, which shows up in this temperature coded satellite image as a broad dark orange swath, has followed this course through the North Atlantic for millennia.). In contrast, the small eddy currents that spin off the Gulf Stream die out within a few months.. Currents are caused by winds, gravity, and variations in water density in different parts of the ocean. There are two distinct current ...

Stormwater runoff is excess rainwater that runs off from land surfaces during and following rainfall. A certain amount of rainfall will naturally soak into the ground, particularly if the land cover is vegetated or has a tree canopy. Before land is developed for beneficial purposes, a significant portion of rainfall soaks (infiltrates) into the ground, thereby resulting in much less surface runoff.. In developed conditions, however, less of the rainfall can soak into the ground and surface runoff generally increases. Increased runoff contributes to higher peak flows in drainage systems and receiving streams, as well as a greater volume of runoff. Higher peak flows and greater volume contribute to urban stormwater management concerns, including flooding safety hazards, property damage, soil and stream erosion, and impacts to surface water quality and stream health.. Stormwater flows UNTREATED from our roofs and roads into our streams, lakes, and rivers - the same bodies of water we use for ...

Well-informed river management decisions rely on an explicit statement of objectives, repeatable analyses, and a transparent system for assessing trade-offs. These components may then be applied to compare alternative operational regimes for water resource infrastructure (e.g., diversions, locks, and dams). Intra- and inter-annual hydrologic variability further complicates these already complex environmental flow decisions. Effective discharge analysis (developed in studies of geomorphology) is a powerful tool for integrating temporal variability of flow magnitude and associated ecological consequences. Here, we adapt the effectiveness framework to include multiple elements of the natural flow regime (i.e., timing, duration, and rate-of-change) as well as two flow variables. We demonstrate this analytical approach using a case study of environmental flow management based on long-term (60 years) daily discharge records in the Middle Oconee River near Athens, GA, USA. Specifically, we apply an existing

Carbonate preservation in the oceans occurs at a depth called the carbonate compensation depth (CCD). The CCD is where the input rate of carbonate from the surface of the ocean is balanced by the dissolution rate. Factors controlling the CCD are the CO2 in the atmosphere, weathering, and productivity in the surface water, the depth of the lysocline and deep water currents (and their ocean circulation). Two previous studies have investigated the variation of the CCD through geologic time, one in the equatorial Pacific (Pälike et al., 2012) and the other compiled results from the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans (Van Andel, 1975). The project consisted of compiling a database of sediment lithologies for many more sites in the Atlantic since the compilation by Van Andel, 1975, and together with a subsidence model of the ocean crust the systematic variations of CCD could be investigated. The results show that the CCD varies both spatially and temporally in accordance with previous studies. The ...

Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and transient electromagnetic (TEM) surveys were done in Luikonlahti tailings impoundment area, Eastern Finland. Purpose of the measurements were to find the structure of the tailings impoundment area and possible seepage areas. Totally 5 ERT profiles and 4 TEM profiles were measured in the tailings area. ERT and TEM measurements revealed clearly the structure of tailings impoundment. Results of the both methods agreed and coincide with the drilling results.

One of the biggest and least recognized opportunities for sensitive level measurement and tight level control is overhead receivers on distillation columns. The most widely used column strategy control is the direct material balance scheme where temperature manipulates the distillate flow from the overhead receiver. The level in the receiver is controlled by the manipulation of reflux flow to the top of the column.. Vapor flow from the reboiler bubbles up through the column, condenses in the overhead exchanger, and accumulates in the overhead receiver. Reflux flows down the column and accumulates in the sump. A decrease in vapor flow from a decrease in steam to the reboiler or a sudden shift in wall temperature from a cold wind or cold rain will cause a decrease in overhead receiver level. For tight level measurement and control, a small change in level will quickly translate to a change in reflux flow that will balance the change in vapor flow. This inherent self-regulation provides some ...

A method to selectively deposit a barrier layer on a metal film formed on a substrate is disclosed. The barrier layer is selectively deposited on the metal film using a cyclical deposition process including a predetermined number of deposition cycles followed by a purge step. Each deposition cycle comprises alternately adsorbing a refractory metal-containing precursor and a reducing gas on the metal film formed on the substrate in a process chamber.

Turbidites are sediments which are transported and deposited by density flow, not by tractional or frictional flow.. The distinction is that, in a normal river or stream bed, particles of rock are carried along by frictional drag of water on the particle (known as tractional flow). The water must be travelling at a certain velocity in order to suspend the particle in the water and push it along. The greater the size or density of the particle relative to the fluid in which it is travelling, the higher the water velocity required to suspend it and transport it.. Density-based flow, however, occurs when liquefaction of sediment during transport causes a change to the density of the fluid. This is usually achieved by highly turbulent liquids which have a suspended load of fine grained particles forming a slurry. In this case, larger fragments of rock can be transported at water velocities too low to otherwise do so because of the lower density contrast (that is, the water plus sediment has a higher ...

Texas wild rice (Zizania texana Hitchc.; TWR) is an endangered aquatic macrophyte limited to a 5 km stretch in the upper reach of the San Marcos River in Texas, USA. This study examined the phenology of TWR under different water velocities ex situ over 24 months. The results indicate that TWR exhibits fast initial growth rates of 0.4 m d−1 in total leaf length at 14 weeks in water velocities of 0 ...

Accurate flood predictions require high resolution inundation numerical models and detailed coastal and land topography data. However, such data are not always available. A new method to obtain topographic information of flood zones from remote sensing data is demonstrated here for Cook Inlet, Alaska, where tidal range reaches 8-10 m. The moving shoreline is detected from analysis of water coverage in satellite images taken at different tidal stages, and then the shoreline data from different times are combined with water level data from observations and models to produce new topographic maps of previously unobserved mudflats. The remote sensing-based analysis provides for the first time a way to evaluate the flood predictions of the inundation model of the inlet. The new flood-zone topography obtained from the remote sensing data will help to construct a more accurate inundation model in the future. Citation: Ezer, T., and H. Liu (2009), Combining remote sensing data and an inundation model to map

Many mountainous regions of the humid tropics experience serious soil erosion following rapid changes in land use. In northern Lao People’s Democratic Republic (PDR), the replacement of traditional crops by tree plantations, such as teak trees, has led to a dramatic increase in floods and soil loss and to the degradation of basic soil ecosystem services such as water filtration by soil, fertility maintenance, etc. In this study, we hypothesized that conserving understory under teak trees would protect soil, limit surface runoff, and help reduce soil erosion. Using 1 m2 microplots installed in four teak tree plantations in northern Lao PDR over the rainy season of 2017, this study aimed to: (1) assess the effects on surface runoff and soil loss of four understory management practices, namely teak with no understory (TNU; control treatment), teak with low density of understory (TLU), teak with high density of understory (THU), and teak with broom grass, Thysanolaena latifolia (TBG); (2) suggest soil

Romagnoni, Giovanni; Kvile, Kristina Øie; Dagestad, Knut Frode; Eikeset, Anne Maria; Kristiansen, Trond; Stenseth, Nils Christian & Langangen, Øystein (2020). Influence of larval transport and temperature on recruitment dynamics of North Sea cod (Gadus morhua) across spatial scales of observation. Fisheries Oceanography. ISSN 1054-6006. 29(4), s 324- 339 . doi: 10.1111/fog.12474 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv. Vis sammendrag The survival of fish eggs and larvae, and therefore recruitment success, can be critically affected by transport in ocean currents. Combining a model of early‐life stage dispersal with statistical stock-recruitment models, we investigated the role of larval transport for recruitment variability across spatial scales for the population complex of North Sea cod (Gadus morhua). By using a coupled physical-biological model, we estimated the egg and larval transport over a 44‐year period. The oceanographic component of the model, capable of capturing the interannual variability of ...

Slopewash, surface runoff, and fine-litter transport in forest and landslide scars in humid-tropical steeplands, Luquillo Experimental Forest, Puerto Rico Rainfall, slopewash (the erosion of soil particles), surface runoff, and fine-litter transport at humid-tropical steepland sites in the Luquillo Experimental Forest, Puerto Rico (18° 20 N, 65° 45 W) were measured from 1991 to 1995. Hillslopes underlain by: 1) Cretaceous tuffaceous sandstone and siltstone in subtropical rain (tabonuco) forest with vegetation recovering from Hurricane Hugo (1989); and underlain by 2) Tertiary quartz diorite in subtropical lower montane wet (colorado and dwarf) forest with undisturbed forest canopy were compared to recent landslide scars. Monthly surface runoff on these very steep hillslopes (24° to 43°) was only 0.2 to 0.5 percent of monthly rainfall. Slopewash was higher in sandy loam soils whose parent material is quartz diorite (averaging 46 g m-2 a-1) than in silty-clay loam soils derived from ...

Kregting et al. (2013) measured Laminaria hyperborea blade growth and stipe elongation from an exposed and a sheltered site in Strangford Lough, Ireland, from March 2009-April 2010. Maximal significant wave height (Hm0) was 3.67 & 2m at the exposed and sheltered sites, and maximal water velocity (Velrms) was 0.6 & 0.3m/s at the exposed and sheltered sites respectively. Despite the differences in wave exposure and water velocity there was no significant difference in Laminaria hyperborea growth between the exposed and sheltered sites. Therefore water flow was found to have no significant effect on Laminaria hyperborea growth at the observed range of water velocities.. Biotope structure is however different between wave exposed and sheltered sites. Pederson et al. (2012) observed Laminaria hyperborea biomass, productivity and density increased with an increase in wave exposure. At low wave exposure Laminaria hyperborea canopy forming plants were smaller, had lower densities and had higher ...

Kregting et al. (2013) measured Laminaria hyperborea blade growth and stipe elongation from an exposed and a sheltered site in Strangford Lough, Ireland, from March 2009-April 2010. Maximal significant wave height (Hm0) was 3.67 & 2m at the exposed and sheltered sites, and maximal water velocity (Velrms) was 0.6 & 0.3m/s at the exposed and sheltered sites respectively. Despite the differences in wave exposure and water velocity there was no significant difference in Laminaria hyperborea growth between the exposed and sheltered sites. Therefore water flow was found to have no significant effect on Laminaria hyperborea growth at the observed range of water velocities.. Biotope structure is however different between wave exposed and sheltered sites. Pederson et al. (2012) observed Laminaria hyperborea biomass, productivity and density increased with an increase in wave exposure. At low wave exposure Laminaria hyperborea canopy forming plants were smaller, had lower densities and had higher ...

Abstract. Vegetation buffers like vegetative filter strips (VFSs) are often used to protect water bodies from surface runoff pollution from disturbed areas. Their typical placement in floodplains often results in the presence of a seasonal shallow water table (WT) that can decrease soil infiltration and increase surface pollutant transport during a rainfall-runoff event. Simple and robust components of hydrological models are needed to analyze the impacts of WT in the landscape. To simulate VFS infiltration under realistic rainfall conditions with WT, we propose a generic infiltration solution (Shallow Water table INfiltration algorithm: SWINGO) based on a combination of approaches by Salvucci and Entekhabi (1995) and Chu (1997) with new integral formulae to calculate singular times (time of ponding, shift time, and time to soil profile saturation). The algorithm was tested successfully on five distinct soils, both against Richardss numerical solution and experimental data in terms of ...

The invention relates to a membrane including a partition layer, wherein the partition layer contains at least 50 wt % of PVC, and a barrier layer. The barrier layer can be a barrier layer, wherein the barrier layer has a polyamide layer containing more than 50 wt % of copolymer, wherein said polyamide layer is connected to the partition layer by a polyurethane layer, wherein the polyurethane layer contains more than 10 wt % of polyurethane. Alternatively, the barrier layer can be a barrier layer, wherein the barrier layer is made of a composition containing 5-50 wt % of polyurethane and 50-95 wt % of copolymer. The membranes according to the invention have significantly lower plasticizer migration compared to the membranes of the prior art and are characterized by improved aging resistance, in particular with regard to the adhesion of the barrier layer to the partition layer, and impermeability to moisture.

Research from Dr. Darryn W. Waugh of Johns Hopkins University and his colleagues, published recently in Science magazine, shows a link between ozone depletion, surface winds, and ocean circulation. Their results, based in part on measurements of chloroflurocarbon-12 abundance in the Southern Oceans from the early 1990s to late 2000s, show that subtropical intermediate waters are younger while upwelling, circumpolar waters are older. These changes are consistent with a response of the Earth system to strengthened surface winds due to thinning of the ozone layer, resulting in increased ocean ventilation. More more information about this research, visit http://hub.jhu.edu/2013/01/31/ozone-thinning-and-ocean-circulation.. ...

Dolphins in the western Indian Ocean stick with their own kind - not that they can help it. Blame the oceans currents, a new study suggests.

Antarctic sea ice is constantly on the move as powerful winds blow it away from the coast and out toward the open ocean. A new study shows how that ice migration may be more important for the global ocean circulation than anyone realized.

Sand and water tables & water tables for kids for your preschool, daycare or kindergarten. Great selection of sensory and sand tables from Hertz Furniture.

Sand and water tables & water tables for kids for your preschool, daycare or kindergarten. Great selection of sensory and sand tables from Hertz Furniture.

The Matapi River basin is located in the coastal-estuarine sector of the state of Amapá, within the municipality of Santana (Brazil). The Flexal and Pirativa rivers and the Maruanum and Lago creeks are the main tributaries of the basin. The predominant vegetation is composed of aquatic macrophytes. There is still little human influence in this basin, despite various urban and agricultural activities. This basin is flooded daily by tides of the Amazon River, which considerably influence the hydrodynamics of the floodplain forest environments and other flooded areas (CUNHA et al., 2011; SILVA et al., 2016).. The highest water velocities, reaching approximately 1 m/s, occur during relatively short periods, amounting to close to two-fifths of the complete tidal cycle (12.9 h). Outside of these periods, the water velocity is approximately 0.5 m/s (CUNHA et al., 2011). Consequently, these hydrodynamic conditions also influence the lives of the 104 known species of fish in this basin, which include ...

The feedback between hydrodynamic flow conditions and biofilm spatial architecture drives competition in P. aeruginosa biofilms, and can explain variation in biofilm production observed among bacteria in natural environments.

Ambassador Hotel Baia Mare meeting room information, meeting facilities and amenities. Meeting planners find Baia Mare Ambassador Hotel Baia Mare meeting hotel information for your next Baia Mare meeting, conference, or event. Meeting room information for Baia Mare hotels with meeting facilities. Find a meeting hotel in Baia Mare by room amenities, services, size, price and location.

Tidal streams are currents in the sea that flow as the tide moves in and out. Tidal stream turbines are similar to wind turbines but use fast moving tidal streams instead of the wind to generate electricity. Sea water is 832 times denser than air and so a 5 knot ocean current has more kinetic energy than a 350 km/h wind. As a result, ocean currents have a very high energy density and therefore tidal stream turbines tend to be smaller in size than wind turbines. Electricity is generated by the turning of a turbine and is brought to shore by a cable.. An example of a tidal stream project is Atlantis Resources MeyGen scheme in Scotland, intended to become the largest tidal stream project in the world. Following the deployment of a demonstration array of up to six turbines, a maximum of 86 turbines (86MW) will be deployed in phase one, with the project ultimately reaching up to 398MW of tidal stream capacity.. ...

Hydrology. Hydrology Scope Note Narrower Term: Aerial photography in hydrology Narrower Term: Astronautics in hydrology Narrower Term: Classification Books Hydrology Narrower Term: Diffusion in hydrology Narrower Term: Fisheries Hydrologic factors Narrower Term: Glaciology Narrower Term: Hydrogeology See Also: Hydrography Narrower Term: Hydrologic cycle Narrower Term: Hydrometeorology Narrower Term: Military meteorology Narrower Term: Military hydrology Narrower Term: Paleohydrology Narrower Term: Radar in hydrology Narrower Term: Radioactive substances in rivers, lakes, etc. Narrower Term: Radioisotopes in hydrology Narrower Term: Urban hydrology See Also: Water Narrower Term: Water chemistry Narrower Term: Wetland hydrology Narrower Term: Ecohydrology Narrower Term: Watershed hydrology ...

Introduction. In what way can the hydrological cycle be regarded as a system and what impact may human activity have on flows and stores? The hydrological cycle is a system, in the sense that it shows the global circulation of water/moisture between the atmosphere, land, and the seas and oceans. A system is a series of inputs outputs and outputs, and can be used at any scale. For example it could be either a global hydrological cycle or an individual drainage basin. In the global cycle there are a series of stores, such as the seas and the ice caps. It also contains flows or transfers that link the stores together. For example, evaporation. Water is moved between the stores, and the amount varies depending on the area or the given time. ...read more. Middle. Acid rain is created by power stations and other industrial factories pumping waste material into the atmosphere, where it mixes with the moisture in the clouds. As a result, the surface of the water becomes covered in a thick layer of ...

The input data adopted comprised the land-use categories (cf. Maps 06.01 and 06.02, as of 2008), the classified degree of impervious coverage (cf. Map 01.02, as of 2007), the classified depth to groundwater (cf. Map 02.07, as of 2010), and such soil parameters as usable field capacity and Kf values from the data base of the Berlin Environmental Atlas (cf. Map 01.06, as of 2009b), for approx. 25,000 polygons. Additional soil parameters, such as porosity, were substantiated by reference to the soil associations in the Environmental Atlas (cf. Map 01.01, Map 2009b), using values from the Soil Scientific Mapping Guideline (BGR, 2005). In case of incomplete data sets, plausible assumptions were made, or data was taken from already completed DHI-WASY projects. The result was that 78 different soil types, 156 soil textures, 12 depth-to-groundwater classes and 775 land-use classeswere obtained. The climate data used were the daily data for precipitation and potential evaporation from 11 precipitation ...

Increases in Atlantic tropical cyclone intensity have been related to increases in Atlantic sea surface temperature (SST), and Elsner (2007) has shown that it is likely to be rising global temperatures that drive the increases in both cyclone intensity and Atlantic SST. However, the nature of the climate relationships to tropical cyclones is likely to be complex, and certainly includes oceanic and atmospheric circulation patterns that operate on ocean basic scales. Significant but weak. J.B. Elsner and T.H. Jagger (eds.), Hurricanes and Climate Change, 139. doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-09410-6, © Springer Science + Business Media, LLC 2009. statistical correlations exist between the Atlantic hurricane source region and the northern Atlantic (Goldenberg et al., 2001) and tropical Pacific warm pools (Wang et al., 2006). Several authors have used these statistical relationships to produce predictive models of Atlantic hurricane season intensity and tropical storm numbers (e.g. Elsner and Jagger, 2006; ...

AquaEnergy Group Ltd, an Ocean Energy division of Finavera Renewables Limited (Finavera Renewables), a private Irish renewable energy company, announced a further significant step in developing the United States first commercial wave energy power plant. AquaEnergy submitted an application for a license to construct the Makah Bay Offshore Wave Energy Pilot Project. This application marks a significant milestone for wave energy development in the United States. AquaEnergy is developing the Makah Bay Offshore Wave project to demonstrate the economic and environmental benefits of wave energy conversion power plants in utilizing ocean resources to generate clean, renewable energy. The research and demonstration of the AquaBuOY pilot plant would contribute to advances in the worldwide ocean energy industry. AquaBuOYs are modular devices with a nameplate power rating of 250 kW, grouped together three miles offshore. Alla Weinstein, CEO AquaEnergy and the first President of the European Ocean Energy

From our perspective as GROOK.net team, we would like to share our knowledge with world. We will start a Primavera 6 (P6) Course.. We will use best methods to explain this software using videos as well as text documents in GROOK.net. We will discuss each lesson in GROOK.net forum to share the knowledge.. About Primavera 6 (P6). Primavera software products are designed to support the project management needs of organizations that manage large numbers of projects at one time. These integrated applications use project portfolio management (PPM) to support the management needs of project teams in different locations and at varying levels of the organization. This chapter provides an overview of PPM, the roles used in PPM, and the basic concepts for planning, managing, and controlling your projects. -Primavera manual-. Why Primavera 6 (P6) ? - Manage large numbers of projects at one time. - Give us detailed overview for projects. - Help us to control and manage projects time. - Help us to control and ...

What natural influences affect riparian zones?. Water Supply is the major factor that regulates the growth of riparian vegetation. Flood waters transport nutrients, sediment and new seeds from upstream. Floods also strip away larger, established vegetation and allow new seedlings to establish. Soil type in the riparian zone influences the amount of water and nutrients available. Organic-rich soil holds water and provides abundant nutrients to plays, without releasing these nutrients to the water. We can expect to find denser vegetation in these soils than in a gravely soil with little water-holding capacity and few nutrients. Topography, or the shape of the land, affects the location and abundance of plants in the riparian zone. Climate affects the appearances of riparian zones. In the deserts riparian zones are green oases in sparse, dry surroundings. Where precipitation is more abundant, like in the mountains, the upland vegetation remains relatively lush. olumn 2. ...

Most animals have a keen sense of smell, which assists them in everyday tasks. Now, a new study led by researchers at NYU School of Medicine sheds light on exactly how animals follow smells.. Published online in the journal eLife on Aug. 21, the study measured the behavior of fruit flies as they navigated through wind tunnels in response to odor plumes from apple cider vinegar blowing past.. Our study begins to dissect the brain functions that enable flies to hunt for food by following odors in the real world, says senior study author Katherine Nagel, Ph.D., an assistant professor in the Department of Neuroscience and Physiology at NYU School of Medicine. Such insights could have many future applications, from the design of robots that find lost hikers like search dogs, to vehicles that steer themselves based on the combined sensing of odor concentration and wind or water currents.. The new study is the first to come under the auspices of a grant received by Nagel as part of the NIH BRAIN ...

During the 2008-2009 millenium drought, when water pricing from the river Murray peaked in 2008-2009, the average cost of available water was only 37 cents per kilolitre: one twelfth of the price which will be paid by the average Adelaide household for water used in 2012-2013.. South Australia waters current pricing policy is deplorable: promoting water consumption in the driest state in Australia and actively discriminating against those households committed to minimising water use.. ...

Bivalves have two siphons or apertures at the posterior edge of their mantle cavity: an inhalant or incurrent siphon, and an exhalant or excurrent siphon or aperture. The water is circulated by the action of the gills. Usually water enters the mantle cavity through the inhalent siphon, moves over the gills, and leaves through the exhalent siphon. The water current is utilized for respiration, but it is also used for feeding, and for reproduction. The mouth of the bivalve is situated anterior to the gills. The bivalve utilizes phytoplankton as its food source, but the water circulating through the bivalve also usually contains other particles, such as small grains of sand, detritus, etc. After moving over the gill margins, particles reach the mouth of the bivalve. Each side of the mouth of the bivalve has an inner and an outer appendage called a palp. The outer palp has a long extensible proboscis, which collects incoming particulate matter. The particles are then sorted by both the inner and ...

[In the mouthparts of the crayfish, we find the flagellar exopods of the symmetrical 1st, 2nd, and 3rd maxillipeds, which do not participate in food processing but occasionally generate water currents by their repetitive beating. Earlier, we have observed and filmed the flagellar movements in freely behaving Procambarus cubensis reared in the laboratory, and suggested that these movements were an overt expression of the excited state of the crayfish. Recently, we used a high-speed scan camera (100-240 fps) to observe and document the flagellar movements in the tethered crayfish. Beating of all six flagella occurs with the same frequency (8.3-8.4 Hz). There is, however, an obvious phase shift between various ipsilateral and bilaterally symmetrical flagella. All right and left flagella can beat simultaneously, or only one side can be active. Each flagellum can stop for a short time, which, however, has no influence on the beating of the other flagella. Flagellar movements seen in slowly

Turquoise swirls in the Black Sea - caused by phytoplankton carried on local water currents - shine brightly in a new image from NASAs Aqua satellite .

Entoprocta, or Kamptozoa, is a phylum of tiny sessile aquatic animals ranging from 0.1 to 7 millimetres (0.004 to 0.28 in) long. Mature individuals are goblet-shaped, on relatively long stalks. They are filter-feeders, with a crown of tentacles whose cilia generate water currents towards the mouth. Both the mouth and anus lie inside the crown. The superficially similar Bryozoa (Ectoprocta) have the anus outside a crown of hollow tentacles. Most families of entoprocts are colonial, and all but 2 of the 150 species are marine. A few solitary species can move slowly. Some species eject unfertilized ova into the water while others keep their ova in brood chambers until they hatch, and some of these species use placenta-like organs to nourish the developing eggs. After hatching, the larvae swim for a short time and then settle on a surface. There they metamorphose, and the larval gut generally rotates by up to 180°, so that the mouth and anus face upwards. Both colonial and solitary species also ...

Anthropogenically induced global climate change has profound implications for marine ecosystems and the economic and social systems that depend upon them. The relationship between temperature and individual performance is reasonably well understood, and much climate-related research has focused on potential shifts in distribution and abundance driven directly by temperature. However, recent work has revealed that both abiotic changes and biological responses in the ocean will be substantially more complex. For example, changes in ocean chemistry may be more important than changes in temperature for the performance and survival of many organisms. Ocean circulation, which drives larval transport, will also change, with important consequences for population dynamics. Furthermore, climatic impacts on one or a few leverage species may result in sweeping community-level changes. Finally, synergistic effects between climate and other anthropogenic variables, particularly fishing pressure, will likely ...

A method and structure for good adhesion of Intermetallic Compounds (IMC) on Cu pillar bumps are provided. The method includes depositing Cu to form a Cu pillar layer, depositing a diffusion barrier layer on top of the Cu pillar layer, and depositing a Cu cap layer on top of the diffusion barrier layer, where an intermetallic compound (IMC) is formed among the diffusion barrier layer, the Cu cap layer, and a solder layer placed on top of the Cu cap layer. The IMC has good adhesion on the Cu pillar structure, the thickness of the IMC is controllable by the thickness of the Cu cap layer, and the diffusion barrier layer limits diffusion of Cu from the Cu pillar layer to the solder layer. The method can further include depositing a thin layer for wettability on top of the diffusion barrier layer prior to depositing the Cu cap layer.

At the conclusion of summer months and all over the fall instability processes in the SCE undoubtedly are a generating system for mesoscale eddies, which absolutely create from the offshore waters during Winter season. On decadal timescales a warming pattern in temperature (one C) as well as a deepening trend inside the depth with the suggest thermocline (twenty m) between 1950 and 1998 are observed to be mainly compelled by significant-scale decadal fluctuations in surface heat fluxes combined with horizontal advection through the imply currents. Immediately after 1998 the area heat fluxes suggest the beginning of a period of cooling, which happens to be per colder observed ocean temperatures. The temporal and spatial distribution of your warming is coherent around the entire northeast Pacific Ocean. Salinity improvements are decoupled from temperature and uncorrelated with indices of large-scale oceanic variability. Temporal modulation of southward horizontal advection with the California ...

Looking for glandula pinealis? Find out information about glandula pinealis. An unpaired, elongated, club-shaped, knoblike or threadlike organ attached by a stalk to the roof of the vertebrate forebrain. Also known as conarium;... Explanation of glandula pinealis

Topic : Tidal lagoons, safety considerations) Introduction : ( nice to know...) As i have explained in a previous post tidal energy is different than wave energy. Tidal energy comes from gravitational forces between Moon and Earths water masses. It is also affected by Earths rotation. On the other hand, wave energy is produced by a completely different mechanism. Sun makes wind and wind makes waves. What they have in common : In both cases, humanity generates energy, from the natural movement of water masses, so i consider wave energy and tidal energy to be closely related, and for that reason i did not create a new discussion topic. What tidal lagoons are ? There are places where we get energy from, taking advantage of the tide, by building walls in the sea. Requirements : Shallow waters, large tidal range. Building two instead of one : If two laggons are built in the same location, there is a construction method that allows us to generate energy at any time, independently of tides state. It ...

Topic : Tidal lagoons, safety considerations) Introduction : ( nice to know...) As i have explained in a previous post tidal energy is different than wave energy. Tidal energy comes from gravitational forces between Moon and Earths water masses. It is also affected by Earths rotation. On the other hand, wave energy is produced by a completely different mechanism. Sun makes wind and wind makes waves. What they have in common : In both cases, humanity generates energy, from the natural movement of water masses, so i consider wave energy and tidal energy to be closely related, and for that reason i did not create a new discussion topic. What tidal lagoons are ? There are places where we get energy from, taking advantage of the tide, by building walls in the sea. Requirements : Shallow waters, large tidal range. Building two instead of one : If two laggons are built in the same location, there is a construction method that allows us to generate energy at any time, independently of tides state. It ...

These can be linked to the various liquid-transport phases of the hydrologic cycle. At the catchment level, sediment production by soil particle detachment is primarily the result of raindrop impact. Once detachment has taken place, surface runoff acts to transport sediment downslope, first as overland flow (sheet and rill flow), and eventually as stream and river flow. Deposition of sediment occurs at any point downstream where the kinetic energy of the flow is insufficient to support sediment entrainment in the flowing water. Sediment production refers to the processes by which sediment is produced, the identification of sediment sources and amounts, and the determination of sediment yields. The source of sediment can usually be traced back to the upland catchments, although these are by no means the only source. In certain cases, streambank erosion in the lower valleys may constitute an important source of sediment. Sediment from upland catchments is delivered to streams and rivers, wherein ...

Editors Synopsis: Motion in the Ocean. The Earths climate is strongly affected by the ways in which energy moves into, out of, and around the oceans. One important component of energy flow is the conversion of tidal motionchanges in sea levels caused by gravitational effects of the Mooninto internal ocean waves. Such waves directly influence mixing of water from regions with different temperature and salinity, as well as overall circulation. In a paper in Physical Review Letters, Likun Zhang and Harry Swinney at the University of Texas at Austin, present numerical simulations of how tidal flow over seafloor ridges is transformed into wave energy. They find that only the topmost parts of seafloor topography contribute to wave generation, in effect creating a virtual seafloor.? It is only above it that tidal energy can be converted to wave energy.. The efficiency of tidal-to-wave energy conversion is difficult to calculate owing to the complex structure of the seafloor: When sea levels rise ...

The Western Isles could capitalise on Scotlands green energy boom following the news today [Thursday May 19] that wave energy company Aquamarine Power has secured seabed leases to capture up to 40MW of wave energy off the west coast of Lewis.. Following a series of meetings and consultation with the local community, stakeholders and officials, the Edinburgh firm has obtained leases from seabed owner the Crown Estate. This will enable them to start environmental and feasibility studies and continue working with the local community and other key groups on the potential to install the companys Oyster wave energy technology.. Aquamarine Power will need to secure planning consents from Comhairle nan Eilean Siar and government regulator Marine Scotland before any development can take place.. Representatives of the company have already met with local landowners to discuss their outline plans, and will issue a scoping report tomorrow [Friday 20th] seeking views of statutory and local consultees on ...

Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) studied the potential of offshore devices to produce electricity from waves. Reports available from http://my.epri.com include:. - Previsic M., Bedard R., Hagerman G., E21 EPRI Assessment. Offshore Wave Energy Conversion Devices, 2004.. - Bedard R., Hagerman G., Previsic M., et al., Offshore Wave Power Feasibility Demonstration Project. Project Definition Study. Final Summary Report, 2005.. • European Wave Energy Network: http://www.wave-energy.net/. • European Union website for wave energy: http://europa.eu.int/ comm/energy_transport/atlas/htmlu/wave.html. • Ocean Power Delivery Ltd, energy production with the Pelamis device: http://www.oceanpd.com/. Was this article helpful?. ...

Service activities relating to drinking water supply, wastewater and stormwater systems - Stormwater management - Guidelines for stormwater management in urban areas

Urbanization and increasing commercial and residential development have a great impact on local water resources. More impervious surfaces (roads, rooftops, parking lots and other hard surfaces that do not allow stormwater to soak into the ground) increase the rate of stormwater runoff. This means a greater volume of water carrying pollution into surface waters and less water soaking into the ground. These contaminants include litter; cigarette butts and other debris from sidewalks; motor oil poured into storm sewers; settled air pollutants; pet wastes; yard wastes; and pesticides and fertilizers from lawn care. Less water soaking into the ground also lowers ground water levels, which can dry up streams and hurt stream ecosystems, and can reduce the supply of well water.. Stormwater also erodes stream banks. This in turn degrades habitat for plant and animal life that depend on clear water. Sediment in water clogs the gills of fish and blocks light needed for subsurface plants. The sediment can ...

Please remember that we are running a special on up-flo filter commissioning. If you sign a contract with us to maintain your site with an up-flo filter on it, we will commission your up-flo filter for free.. Want to know more about UpFlo Filters? Here are two videos that you may like to watch:. Click here to see how the Up-Flo® Filter Stormwater Treatment System removes fine sediments and other pollutants from stormwater runoff, and how simple media bag replacement is compared to other stormwater treatment filters. Click here to see the Hynds UpFlo Filter specs. Designed to meet current stormwater regulations, and remove 90% total suspended solids (TSS) with a mean particle size of 20 microns, the Up-Flo® Filter combines a patented upwards flow path with a unique drain-down system to achieve proven removal efficiency of fine sediment, nutrients, metals, oils, organics, and organic trapped bacteria. With a low head requirement to drive flows through media, the Up-Flo® Filter is recognised by ...

Zebra danios (Brachydanio rerio) swim in a burst-and-coast mode. Most swimming bouts consist of a single tail flick and a coasting phase, during which the fish keeps its body straight. When visualising the flow in a horizontal section through the wake, the effects of the flow regime become apparent in the structure of the wake. In a two-dimensional, medio-frontal view of the flow, larvae and adults shed two vortices at the tail during the burst phase. These vortices resemble a cross section through a large-core vortex ring: two vortex cores packed close together with the central flow directed away from the fish. This flow pattern can be observed in larvae (body length approximately 4 mm) at Reynolds numbers below 100 as well as in adult fish (body length approximately 35 mm) at Reynolds numbers above 1000. Larval vortices differ from those of adult zebra danios mainly in their relatively wider vortex cores (higher ratio of core radius to ring radius) and their lower vortex circulation. Both ...

Abstract. There is mounting evidence that resolving mesoscale eddies and western boundary currents as well as topographically controlled flows can play an important role in air-sea interaction associated with vertical and lateral transports of heat and salt. Here we describe the development of the Met Office Global Coupled Model version 2 (GC2) with increased resolution relative to the standard model: the ocean resolution is increased from 1/4 to 1/12° (28 to 9 km at the Equator), the atmosphere resolution increased from 60 km (N216) to 25 km (N512) and the coupling period reduced from 3 hourly to hourly. The technical developments that were required to build a version of the model at higher resolution are described as well as results from a 20-year simulation. The results demonstrate the key role played by the enhanced resolution of the ocean model: reduced sea surface temperature (SST) biases, improved ocean heat transports, deeper and stronger overturning circulation and a stronger Antarctic ...

Changes in ocean circulation are not only going to kill a lot of sea life, but there is positive feedback again on greenhouse gas and warming acceleration … and the closing of the door on for ever on the solution of using sea ecosystems to sink the carbon back where it came from, living bionmass in thriving oceans [as distinct from our largely dead and dying ones] … but as if that currently almost half-complete death of the base of sea life [corals and phytoplankton] , there is something people do not seem even be aware of let alone to have modelled, the methane hydrate distribution on continental shelves is controlled by ocean temperature LOCALLY … just changing the ocean circulation at almost any coastline can trigger massive methane release without any increase in average earth temperature!. … the amount of methane is potentially so massive that it could even swamp the breakdown of methane in the atmosphere with sudden massive acceleration in warming due to methane persisting far ...

The Town of Lunenburg is in year four of a five year program to develop and implement a comprehensive stormwater management plan. In 2003 Lunenburg was required to submit a Notice of Intent (NOI) and develop a stormwater management program that included measurable goals and addressed EPAs six minimum control measures. These control measures require Lunenburg to Develop and Implement: 1) a public education program, 2) a public outreach and participation program, 3) an illicit discharge detection and elimination program, 4) bylaws to manage stormwater at construction sites, 5) bylaws to address post-construction stormwater management and 6) adopt good housekeeping practices in public works operations.. ...

Abstract Boundary layers on surfaces will change from laminar to turbulent flow after a critical length. Due to the differing heat transfer coefficients of laminar and turbulent flow, the point of transition can be detected by heating the surface and measuring surface temperature by thermographic imaging. Locating the transition point is crucial for the aerodynamic optimization of components. In this study, fiber reinforced polymer composites (FRPCs) were chosen as the test substrate. Experiments were conducted using the flame spray process and NiCrAlY coatings. Multilayered coatings consisting of an aluminum bond coat, a layer of alumina as electrical insulation, and a heating layer of titania were fabricated by atmospheric plasma spraying. Free-flight tests were conducted with a functionalized winglet in order to assess the ability of thermally-sprayed heating elements to detect the location of transition of the flow regime. The results showed that the thermally-sprayed elements heat surfaces ...

A method of fabricating a flux concentrator for use in magnetic memory devices including the steps of providing at least one magnetic memory bit (10) and forming proximate thereto a material stack defining a copper (Cu) damascene bit line (56) including a flux concentrating layer (52). The method includes the steps of depositing a bottom dielectric layer (32), an optional etch stop (34) layer, and a top dielectric layer (36) proximate the magnetic memory bit (10). A trench (38) is etched in the top dielectric layer (36) and the bottom dielectric layer (32). A first barrier layer (42) is deposited in the trench (38). Next, a metal system (29) is deposited on a surface of the first barrier layer (42). The metal system (29) includes a copper (Cu) seed material (44), and a plated copper (Cu) material (46), a first outside barrier layer (50), a flux concentrating layer (52), and a second outside barrier layer (54). The metal system (29) is patterned and etched to define a copper (Cu) damascene bit line (56).