comparison of link-based and smoke processed motor vehicle emissions over the greater toronto area – A free PowerPoint PPT presentation (displayed as a Flash slide show) on PowerShow.com - id: 6edad9-ZTFkZ
Liverpool - Helicot Trading Company has begun its distribution of the premium patented, UK-manufactured engine care product, Cataclean in Hong Kong and Macau. With initiatives in place to promote better vehicle maintenance and improve poor air quality, the Hong Kong Government is making real efforts to reduce vehicle emissions, the main source of street-level pollution in the city.. The patented engine and fuel system cleaning technology in Cataclean enables drivers to reduce vehicle emissions and improve fuel efficiency, thereby helping to benefit the environment as well as offering a potential fuel cost saving.. According to research conducted by The University of Hong Kong, the level of pollutants in the city air is substantially higher than levels found in other cities such as London and New York. Diesel vehicles, particularly trucks, buses and light buses, are the main source of street-level pollution in Hong Kong. In Macau, with the strict tightening of emissions regulations, many drivers ...
BACKGROUND: Exposure to ambient air pollution is suspected to cause cognitive effects, but a prospective cohort is needed to study exposure to air pollution at the home address and the incidence of dementia.. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to assess the association between long-term exposure to traffic-related air pollution and dementia incidence in a major city in northern Sweden.. METHODS: Data on dementia incidence over a 15-year period were obtained from the longitudinal Betula study. Traffic air pollution exposure was assessed with a Land Use Regression Model with a spatial resolution of 50 m x 50 m. Annual mean nitrogen oxide levels at the residential address of the participants at baseline (the start of follow-up) was used as a marker for long-term exposure to air pollution.. RESULTS: Out of 1806 participants at baseline, 191 were diagnosed with Alzheimers disease during follow-up, and 111 were diagnosed with vascular dementia. Participants in the highest exposure group were more likely to be ...
1.2 Methodology and forecast parameters. 1.3 Data Sources. Chapter 2: Executive Summary 2.1 Business upcoming trends and opportunities. 2.2 Regional outlook. 2.3 Launching new and innovative products trends. 2.4 End-use trends. Chapter 3: Diesel Vehicle Exhaust System Industry: Valuable Growth Prospects and Insights on Future Scenario 3.1 Industry segmentation and development trends. 3.2 Competitive landscape. 3.3 Vendor matrix. 3.4 Technological and innovation landscape. Chapter 4: Diesel Vehicle Exhaust System Market, By Region Chapter 5: Company Profile 5.1 Business standards overview. 5.2 Financial Data. 5.3 Product Landscape. 5.4 Strategic Outlook. 5.5 SWOT Analysis. Continue….. Browse Full Summary of Diesel Vehicle Exhaust System Market Enabled with Respective Tables and Figures at: https://market.us/report/diesel-vehicle-exhaust-system-market. Market.us Team of Industry Researchers have been tracking the impact of COVID-19 on Diesel Vehicle Exhaust System market Growth and wherever ...
With the increase of altitude (above sea level), atmospheric pressure decreases, which leads to a reduction of the air amount inhaled into the cylinder of diesel engines. Thereby the pressure, the temperature of the cylinder in diesel engines and the density of the mixture decrease correspondingly, so that there are differences between the combustion processes which naturally aspirated and supercharged diesel engines operate at different altitude regions. The combustion processes of diesel engines at different altitude regions have been studied by means of a micro-computer controlled atmosphere-simulating system on engines. The achieved conclusions serve to clarify some of the uncertainties about the combustion processes of diesel engines in plateau regions and contribute to solve some of the problems that diesel engines have when working in plateau regions ...
BACKGROUND: Long-term exposure to air pollution is hypothesized to elevate arterial blood pressure (BP). The existing evidence is scarce and country-specific. OBJECTIVES: We investigated the cross-sectional association of long-term traffic-related air pollution with BP and prevalent hypertension in European populations. METHODS: Fifteen population-based cohorts, participating in the European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects (ESCAPE), were analysed. Residential exposure to particulate matter and nitrogen oxides was modelled with land use regression using a uniform protocol. Traffic exposure was assessed with traffic indicator variables. We analysed systolic and diastolic BP in participants medicated and non-medicated with BP lowering medication (BPLM) separately, adjusting for personal and area-level risk factors and environmental noise. Prevalent hypertension was defined as ≥ 140 mmHg systolic, or ≥ 90 mmHg diastolic BP, or intake of BPLM. We combined cohort-specific results using ...
RIN: 2070-AQ86). (i) Cost-benefit analysis. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimated the costs for the vehicle and fuel programs under this final rule. For the years 2017 to 2025 and 2030, EPAs estimate of vehicle exhaust emission control costs ranged from $268 million in 2017 to $664 million in 2030. For the years 2017 to 2025 and 2030, EPAs estimate of vehicle evaporative emission control costs ranged from $26 million in 2017 to $121 million in 2022. For the years 2017 to 2025 and 2030, EPAs estimate of vehicle operating costs ranged from zero in 2017 to negative $19 million in 2030. EPAs estimates the facilities costs to be $21 million for 2016 and $4 million annually for 2017 to 2025 and 2030. For 2017 to 2025 and 2030, EPAs estimate of fuel sulfur control costs ranged from $804 million in 2017 to $696 million in 2030. In total, EPA estimated a cost of $21 million in 2016, costs ranging from $1.101 billion in 2017 to $1.51 billion in 2025, and a cost of $1.457 billion in ...
Particulates and nitrogen oxides comprise the main emission components of the Diesel combustion and therefore are subject to exhaust emission legislation in respective applications. Yet, with ever more stringent emission standards and test-procedures, such as in passenger vehicle applications, resul
TY - JOUR. T1 - Carcinogenic effects of diesel emissions and lung cancer. T2 - The epidemiologic evidence is not causal. AU - Muscat, Joshua E.. N1 - Funding Information: Supported by Public Health Service Grant CA-3261 7. Copyright: Copyright 2017 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.. PY - 1996/8. Y1 - 1996/8. N2 - The effects of diesel engine exhaust in lung carcinogenesis have been evaluated by several scientific organizations and government agencies. This complex issue has required a multidisciplinary approach including atmospheric measurements, toxicology, chemical carcinogenesis, epidemiology, and risk assessment. One important aspect of the epidemiological studies that deserves further attention is the confounding effects of cigarette smoking. Only some epidemiological studies have statistically adjusted for cigarette smoking, usually by years of smoking, cigarettes per day, or pack-years. Some studies obtained smoking information from proxy interviews. However, differences in tar ...
Mobile source air pollution includes any air pollution emitted by motor vehicles, airplanes, locomotives, and other engines and equipment that can be moved from one location to another. Many of these pollutants contribute to environmental degradation and have negative effects on human health. To prevent unnecessary damage to human health and the environment, environmental regulatory agencies such as the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency have established policies to minimize air pollution from mobile sources. Similar agencies exist at the state level. Due to the large number of mobile sources of air pollution, and their ability to move from one location to another, mobile sources are regulated differently from stationary sources, such as power plants. Instead of monitoring individual emitters, such as an individual vehicle, mobile sources are often regulated more broadly through design and fuel standards. Examples of this include corporate average fuel economy standards and laws that ban ...
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A rotating particulate trap is disclosed, which may find application in diesel engines, air conditioning systems, industrial air-filters and the like. The invention includes a disk or cylinder which is formed from material suitable for filtering particulates which are present in the exhaust gases of diesel engines, gas turbines, industrial air or other particulate laden gases. The disk is mounted transversely in the exhaust duct of a diesel engine and in a fresh air duct which is disposed parallel to the exhaust duct. As the disk rotates within the exhaust duct, it filters particulates from the exhaust gases of the diesel engine. The filtered particulates are expelled from the disk by fresh air blowing in the air duct as the disk rotates within the air duct. The fresh air is blown in the air duct in a direction opposite to the flow of exhaust gases within the exhaust duct by a fan or compressor or compressed air jets. The counterflow arrangement of fresh air and combustion gases enhances the
Air/Fuel Imbalance Monitor Using an Oxygen Sensor - Air/fuel imbalance monitoring systems and methods for monitoring air/fuel ratio imbalance of an internal combustion engine having a plurality of engine cylinders are provided herein. An example of the method may include routing exhaust gas from a first group of cylinders to an exhaust gas oxygen sensor, and during selected operating conditions, indicating that air/fuel of at least one cylinder in the first group is imbalanced based on a response of the exhaust gas oxygen sensor at frequencies at or above firing frequency of the cylinders in the first group. An example of the system may include an exhaust gas oxygen sensor positioned in such a way that exhaust gas from the group of engine cylinders are routed to the exhaust gas oxygen sensor, and a controller configured to during selected operating conditions, indicate that air/fuel of at least one cylinder in the group is imbalanced based on a response of the exhaust gas oxygen sensor at ...
Utah has traditionally focused on reducing emissions from gasoline engines as a key strategy to improve the states air quality. However, diesel vehicles are believed to account for nearly half of the on-road mobile source nitrogen oxides (NOx), fine particulate exhaust (PM2.5) and NH3 emissions in Utah non-attainment areas. National and international studies are revealing that diesel and gasoline vehicles may be contributing more ammonia emissions than previously accepted. As an example, Sun et al. (2016) estimated vehicular NH3 emissions in the US are likely more than twice those given in the US National Emissions Inventory. Very little information, however, exists on the true emissions from diesel and gasoline vehicles under Utah-specific conditions. Evaluating emissions, including ammonia emissions, from vehicles under Utah-specific conditions and examining how ammonia emissions are distributed in Utah valleys will help in understanding the true emissions impact from diesel and gasoline ...
0057]In yet another specific embodiment, the invention relates to a method of recycling anode exhaust gas in a fuel cell system that includes a fuel cell stack including at least one fuel cell, the fuel cell including an anode, a cathode and an electrolyte between the anode and cathode, comprising the steps of directing anode exhaust gas containing CO2 and H2 gases from the anode of the fuel cell to a separator that includes, a housing defining an anode exhaust inlet, a recycled gas outlet and an exhaust gas outlet, wherein the anode exhaust inlet and the recycled gas outlet are, independently, in fluid communication with the anode, and a CO2-gas permeable membrane, the housing and the membrane defining at least in part a first chamber and a second chamber, the first chamber being in fluid communication with the anode exhaust inlet and the recycled gas outlet, the second chamber being in fluid communication with the exhaust gas outlet, whereby the anode exhaust gas is transported into the first ...
In large cities across the country, ozone and nitrous oxides from vehicle emissions rise to the top of air quality concerns and take their place with the general particulate matter category. Vehicle exhaust is full of extremely tiny toxic particles. During poor venting days, especially in the summer, you can see this pollution as a dense brown haze. Forty percent of the PM in that haze is from vehicles. In Port Alberni, as in many communities, emissions from trucks and cars are the largest contributor, by far, to toxic nitrous oxide pollution. They are also significant contributors to hazardous air pollutants and carcinogens such as benzene, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, 1,3 butadiene, and diesel particulate matter.. Exhaust is a complex cocktail of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, sulphur oxides, nitrous oxides (NOx), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). To make matter worse, when its warm and sunny, the NOx and VOCs react chemically making ground level ozone, yet another damaging ...
DAY , # OF LIVING , MORPHOLOGICAL , BEHAVIORAL , OTHER , , HYDRA , CHANGES , CHANGES , CHANGES 1 , , , , , 2 , , , , , 3 , , , , , 4 , , , , , Care of the Hydra 1) Feed the hydra artemia (washed to remove salt) during the observation periods. Observe any changes in feeding habits and record them on the data chart. Fresh water crustaceans need not be washed, but the food must be free of dead organisms. 2) Replace the water in the petri dishes with fresh pond water daily. 3) Place the petri dishes containing hydra back into their correct environmental chamber. 4) Refill chamber A with automobile exhaust. Repeat the above experimental strategy Reduce the trial periods to 12 hours over a four day period. This will result in eight readings, one for each 12 hour period. Modify the existing chart to accommodate the additional readings. Record and Summarize Your Observations References ...
Biodiesel is a non-toxic, biodegradable and renewable alternative fuel that can be used as a replacement for diesel in diesel engine. Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) is considered to be one of the most promising alternative fuels. LPG can replace petrol and also it reduces NOx, soot and particulate matter. Therefore, it is more inexpensive and of ecological advantage to use gaseous fuel in diesel engines approved for the dual fuel concept. The fuel injection pressure is one of the important operating parameters which affect atomization of fuel and mixture formation and hence it determines the performance and emissions of a diesel engine. There will be a decrease in the particle diameter due to increase in the fuel injection pressure and it leads the diesel fuel spray to vaporize quickly. However, with decreasing fuel particles their inertia will also decrease and for this reason fuel can not penetrate deeply into the combustion chamber. The objective of this study was to use palm oil methyl ester ...
The present invention involves an exhaust gas catalyst and method of manufacturing same. The invention provides for a cost-effective material which lowers the cold-start emissions from the exhaust of vehicles. The invention is a passive system which accelerates the light-off temperature of catalyst in a cost-effective fashion. The invention includes a method of manufacturing an exhaust gas catalyst capable of lowering cold-start emissions including the steps of providing an oxide mixture having praseodymium and cerium, doping about 0-10% weight zirconium and about 0-10% weight yttrium to the oxide mixture, adding about 0-2% weight metal including palladium, platinum, or rhodium to the oxide mixture, mixing gamma aluminum to the oxide mixture for washcoating and washcoating the oxide mixture onto a monolithic substrate.
There are consistent temporal associations between exposure to air pollutants and HF hospitalizations and mortality (10,11). To our knowledge, this trial is the first randomized study to show that a simple filter intervention could reduce endothelial dysfunction and BNP increases associated with short-term exposure to DE in patients with HF. Our findings suggest that PM2.5 is the most important cause of endothelial dysfunction associated with air pollution exposure. Surprisingly, we also found a reduction in arterial stiffness during DE, which was unaffected by the filter.. Our findings on endothelial dysfunction during DE are consistent with experimental HF mouse models (26) and similar to reports in healthy volunteers (27,28) and patients with diabetes (29). Two pathways have been proposed to explain these effects: first, a pulmonary acute phase response could release inflammatory mediators into the circulation and be a causal link between particle inhalation and cardiovascular disease (30); ...
Diesel vehicles made in Germany in 2006 achieved high mpg, and competed with gasoline engines with regard to emissions. The much lower emissions of hybrids make them more desirable than diesel vehicles. Also, better driving performance can be engineered into hybrid vehicles than for a comparable-emissions conventional gasoline or diesel vehicle.. There is another form of diesel made from plants: biodiesel (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiesel). It is a mixture of long-chain esters. Biodiesel can be used as fuel for diesel vehicles without any engine alteration or it can be mixed with petroleum-diesel. (The usual mixture is B20: 20% biodiesel.) It is slightly less efficient than diesel, but more efficient than gasoline. It produces much less vehicle emissions than diesel. Most biodiesel is made from plants that are planted and harvested by burning gasoline or diesel in farm tractors and with fertilizer, all made from petroleum; this needs to be changed drastically so that biodiesel production ...
New vehicles that do not meet Washingtons vehicle emission standards cannot be registered, licensed, rented, or sold here - even if they meet federal standards. It is your responsibility to make sure your car meets the state standards.. If you buy a new car in Washington, then you can register it in Washington. Washington car dealers must sell vehicles that meet Californias vehicle emission standards. If you buy a car with less than 7,500 miles that doesnt meet the California standards, then you cant register it in Washington. If you a buy a car with more than 7,500 miles, then you can register it in Washington.. Other states, including Oregon and California, have the same vehicle emission standards. If you buy a 2009 or newer model car in one of those states, it will meet state standards.. ...
In the present invention, slurry is formed by mixing noble metal-supported powder particles (3) and a binder (4) with each other in a liquid (Step S1), and the noble metal-supported powder particles (3) are dispersed by applying vibrations to the slurry (Step S2), and thereafter, the slurry is spray dried while keeping a state where the noble metal-supported powder particles (3) are dispersed (Step S3), whereby noble metal-supported powder (1) is produced. In the noble metal-supported powder (1) produced by such a method, pores through which exhaust gas flows are formed appropriately, and accordingly, exhaust gas purification performance can be enhanced.
In this study, the performance and exhaust emission values of engine have been investigated according to the results obtained from the experimental study using gasoline and methanol fuels in spark ignition engines. In these experiments a regular automobile engine with 4 cylinders, 4 strokes and 1,3 liter volume was used. Without making any modifications on the engine, the engine performance has been determined for both fuels between the ranges of 1100-4000 rpm, 5-40 Nm torque values. In the experimental study, the rotation number, torque, strength, mean effective pressure, brake specific fuel consumption, fuel flow rate, exhaust temperature and exhaust emission values of the engine have been measured. According to the experiment results, if the engine works on gasoline, its minimum brake specific fuel consumption becomes 400 g/kWh, whereas if it works on methanol this value becomes 900 g/kW. The values of CO emission of the engine vary between 2 and 6% for gasoline, whereas the range for ...
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One of the leading risk factors for death in the world is air pollution, which is responsible for roughly seven million deaths every year.. 9 out of every 10 people in the world regularly breathe air that is considered to contain high levels of pollutants.. What are the causes of air pollution, though, and what can we do about it?. Lets take a look.. 1. Vehicle Exhaust Fumes. In city environments, the leading source of air pollution is vehicle exhaust fumes. This is because they release very high amounts of carbon monoxide. The largest pollutant in the U.S. is carbon monoxide.. In the US alone, there are millions of vehicles being operated every day.. While it might not seem like much, you can help by choosing to take other means of transportation when possible. Walking or biking are both great forms of exercise and dont contribute to air pollution. Taking public transportation is making is so much less exhaust fumes are being released into the atmosphere.. It can feel silly to sacrifice your ...
The African Development Bank is focusing more strongly on air pollution. As part of the banks 10-year strategy to facilitate Africas gradual transition to green growth, the bank has awarded Ramboll a contract for transport emission mapping and monitoring as well as capacity building in five cities.. Although indoor air pollution is the greatest problem, vehicle emissions are also steadily climbing, driven by urban sprawl, rapid motorisation and low levels of institutional capacity to manage traffic and its impacts. The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) estimates that vehicle emissions account for 90% of urban air pollution in developing countries.. The main objective of the African Development Bank project is to advise city authorities and policy-makers on efficient and accurate methods for collecting, storing and analysing data as well as mapping air pollution levels in cities and, to identify options for financing low-emission transport technologies. The project will cover the ...
Major efforts to control motor vehicle emissions have been made in recent years, both through improved emission control technologies and through gasoline reformulation. Our assessment of the impacts of these efforts was conducted in the San Francisco Bay Area, in lanes of a highway tunnel where
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Background Exposure to ambient particulate matter has been associated with a number of adverse health effects. Particle characteristics such as size, surface area and chemistry seem to influence the negative effects of particles. In this study, combustion particles from vehicle exhaust and wood smoke, currently used in biological experiments, were analysed with respect to microstructure and chemistry. Methods Vehicle exhaust particles were collected in a road tunnel during two seasons, with and without use of studded tires, whereas wood smoke was collected from a stove with single-stage combustion. Additionally, a reference diesel sample (SRM 2975) was analysed. The samples were characterised using transmission electron microscopy techniques (TEM/HRTEM, EELS and SAED). Furthermore, the elemental and organic carbon fractions were quantified using thermal optical transmission analysis and the content of selected PAHs was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Results Carbon ...
One of the components of diesel exhaust (DE) is DPM which includes soot particles made up primarily of carbon and other solid particles made up of ash, metallic abrasion particles, sulfates and silicates. Diesel soot particles have a solid core consisting of elemental carbon, and are usually less than 1 micron in size, they have other substances attached to the surface, including organic carbon compounds.. Nearly all DPM is respirable in size and can be deposited deep in the lungs. The adverse health effects from DPM exposure include eye and respiratory irritation up to lung cancer if exposure is to high concentrations over a prolonged period of time.. High DPM concentrations can occur in confined areas or underground mines and may depend on the age of the equipment, the type of diesel engine and/or engine maintenance. The only way to determine the level of exposure experienced by workers is to measure personal exposure.. There is no current Worksafe Australia Occupational exposure standard for ...
Air pollutants such as carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, particulate matter, volatile organic compounds and benzene are emitted into the environment by motor vehicles. Air pollutants can contribute to urban air quality problems, such as photochemical smog and adversely affect human health. Further information on the impacts and sources of air pollutants is available from the Department of the Environment and Energy. National Pollutant Inventory data indicates that in Australia motor vehicles remain a major cause of air pollution in urban areas. However, not all vehicles contribute the same amount of air pollution to the atmosphere.. On the GVG, vehicles that meet a higher air pollution standard produce lower levels of harmful pollutants than vehicles of the same fuel type that meet a lower standard. The air pollution standard column reports on the standard to which the particular vehicle has been successfully certified in Australia.. Under Australias emission standards, vehicles fuelled by ...
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The next generation of London taxis will be gas powered plug-in hybrids. Heres why. After the Arab Oil Embargoes in the 70s, all of Europe and the UK went crazy for diesel powered cars, because diesel engines are more fuel efficient than their gas powered cousins. Diesel fuel in that part of the world is taxed at a lower rate than gasoline to encourage motorists to buy diesel powered cars. As a result, almost half of all new cars sold there every year are diesels.. But theres a catch. (Isnt there always?) The one thing European and UK regulators didnt realize 40 years ago is that diesel emissions are considerably higher than those from gas powered engines, especially when it comes to nitrous oxides and particulates. Manufacturers were supposed to be designing systems to deal with those issues, but as we now know from the Volkswagen diesel emissions cheating scandal, diesel emissions in the real world are much higher than they appear to be in testing.. Today in London, every one of its ...
Although traffic flow has attracted a great amount of attention in past decades, few of the studies focused on heterogeneous traffic flow consisting of different types of drivers or vehicles. This paper attempts to investigate the model and stability analysis of the heterogeneous traffic flow, including drivers with different characteristics. The two critical characteristics of drivers, sensitivity and cautiousness, are taken into account, which produce four types of drivers: the sensitive and cautious driver (S-C), the sensitive and incautious driver (S-IC), the insensitive and cautious driver (IS-C), and the insensitive and incautious driver (IS-IC). The homogeneous optimal velocity car-following model is developed into a heterogeneous form to describe the heterogeneous traffic flow, including the four types of drivers. The stability criterion of the heterogeneous traffic flow is derived, which shows that the proportions of the four types of drivers and their stability functions only relating ...
A vehicle fitted with a DPF can fail its MOT due to a number of reasons. For instance, the rules stipulate that any car equipped with a DPF will fail an MOT if there is either any evidence it has been tampered with or if smoke of any colour can be seen being emitted from the exhaust. DPFs have come standard on all diesel cars since 2009 to comply with Euro 5 emissions standards, with its purpose being to trap soot particles from exhaust emissions which are toxic to humans.. Modern Diesel engine use multiple control devices to reduce your vehicle emissions, such as the EGR as well as PCV Valves. However, to achieve this, these devices feed dirty oil vapour and soot back into your engine to meet strict Euro 5 emissions standards. As your diesel-powered vehicles gets older, the exhaust emissions worsen because of these control devices becoming caked in soot and engine sludge over time, leading to Diesel Particulate Filter issues and in turn, failed MOTs. This is worsened by driving conditions that ...
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The projects principal investigator is Luis Velarde, PhD, assistant professor in the Department of Chemistry. Co-principal investigators are Gang Wu, PhD, assistant professor in Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Michel Dupuis, PhD, research professor in the Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering.. Traffic air pollution, genetic variation and autism spectrum disorder. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has been increasing in the last few decades. In 2010, 1 out of 68 children in the United States was diagnosed with ASD. Improved diagnosis may partially explain the recent increase, while the complete understanding of ASD development and the reason for the rapid growing prevalence remains unclear.. Air pollution has been associated with various health effects including child development. In urban areas, traffic-related air pollutants (TRP) are the most important contributor to local air pollution and the principal source of intra-urban variation in air pollution ...
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All US regulated emission standards, including Tier 4 for off-road diesel engines, are extensions of the Clean Air Act (1963) which was enacted to reduce air pollution in the United States. The tiered mandates were put in place to progressively reduce the level of harmful emissions such as Particulate Matter (PM) and Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) that enter the air via diesel engine exhaust. The most stringent emission reduction mandate to date, is called Tier 4. The Tier 4 emission standard will reduce emissions of PM by 90% from current levels. ...
PHOENIX (February 11, 2021) - The Maricopa County Air Quality Department (MCAQD) is pleased to announce it has chosen seven organizations as the 2020 program year State Clean Diesel Grant Program subaward recipients. The State Clean Diesel Grant Program is part of the Diesel Emissions Reduction Act (DERA) funded through the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).. MCAQD administers the Environmental Protection Agencys DERA State Clean Diesel Grant Program, which is designed to improve air quality by reducing diesel emissions. The DERA program provides assistance to public and private organizations within Maricopa County in replacing their older diesel vehicles for newer, cleaner fuel burning vehicles. This year the Arizona Department of Environmental Quality (ADEQ) provided matching funds for the program. Reducing diesel emissions creates a healthier environment for our residents. This year, our partnership with the Arizona Department of Environmental Quality, through the DERA program, is ...
In other news, Sri Lanka Environment and Natural Resources Minister A.H.M. Fowzie has announced a plan that that would completely ban the use of vehicles that do not comply with new emissions standards. The New Vehicle Emissions standards are currently set to take effect on January 1, 2006. The Ministers plan to ban noncompliant vehicles will need to be approved by the full Cabinet before taking effect. The UN has background[PDF] on Sri Lanka vehicle emission policies. The Sri Lanka Daily News has more.... The Maine Board of Environmental Protection (BEP) on Thursday approved a plan that would adopt the California Zero Emission Vehicle program. If passed by the Maine legislature this winter, the program would require, starting in 2009, 6 percent of all vehicles sold in Maine to have the newest available emissions control technology (ie. clean-burning gasoline) and an additional 4 percent to have essentially zero emissions, as found in gas-electric hybid vehicles. Critics of the plan point out ...
Emission Control Catalyst Market Trends, Opportunities, and Forecast to 2025 by Segments by Application (Transportation, Industrial and Others), Metal (Palladium, Platinum, Rhodium, and Others), Vehicle Type (Light Duty Vehicles and Heavy Duty Vehicles) ), fuel type (diesel vehicles and gasoline vehicles), mobility (mobile emission control catalyst and stationary emission control catalyst) and region (North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific and rest of the world). Lucintels latest market report analyzed that the Emissions Control Catalyst offers exciting opportunities in the transportation, industrial, marine, and locomotive / rail industries. The emission control catalysts market is expected to reach $ 16.3 billion by 2025 with a CAGR of 3.9%. In this market, palladium is the largest segment by metal type, while transportation is the largest by application. The growing demand for a new cold start concept catalyst and the increasing use of four-way catalysts provide a strategic growth path in this ...
Unlike gasoline and liquefied petroleum gas engines, diesel engines do not use high-voltage spark ignition (spark plugs). An engine running on diesel compresses the air inside the cylinder to high pressures and temperatures (compression ratios from 14:1 to 18:1 are common in current diesel engines); the engine generally injects the diesel fuel directly into the cylinder, starting a few degrees before top dead center (TDC) and continuing during the combustion event. The high temperatures inside the cylinder cause the diesel fuel to react with the oxygen in the mix (burn or oxidize), heating and expanding the burning mixture to convert the thermal/pressure difference into mechanical work, i.e., to move the piston. Engines have glow plugs and grid heaters to help start the engine by preheating the cylinders to a minimum operating temperature. Diesel engines are lean burn engines,[30] burning the fuel in more air than is needed for the chemical reaction. They thus use less fuel than rich burn spark ...
The researchers supplemented the measurements made in the traffic environments with experiments carried out in the engine laboratory. The findings supported the outcome of the measurements carried out in a traffic environment: nanoclusters form an essential part of particle emissions from engines, but their quantity is also dependent on, for example, the driving situation. According to the researchers, it is also probable that the techniques used in a car, such as the fuel type and the exhaust gas cleaning system, all have an effect in nanocluster emissions. This is also supported by observations made in the roadside: nanoclusters were not present in the exhaust gas of every car that drove past the measuring station.. It is likely that, for example, the high content of sulphuric acid in the exhaust gas advances the formation of nanoclusters, and therefore increases the vehicles nanocluster emission level. According to earlier research, the sulphuric acid content of the exhaust gas depends at ...
Epidemiological studies demonstrate a significant association between arrhythmias and air pollution exposure. Sensitivity to aconitine-induced arrhythmia has been employed to examine the factors that increase the risk of such dysfunction. We used aconitine to test whether a single exposure to diesel exhaust (DE) would increase the risk of arrhythmia being triggered in hypertensive rats. We hypothesised that DE exposure increases the risk of arrhythmia due to sensory irritation during and after inhalation. Spontaneously hypertensive rats surgically implanted with radiotelemeters were exposed to 150 μg/m3 of DE or filtered air for 4 h. Arrhythmogenesis was assessed 24 h later in urethane-anaesthetised animals by continuous intravenous infusion of aconitine while heart rate (HR) and electrocardiogram (ECG) were monitored. Rats exposed to DE had lower HR when compared to air-exposed animals. Exposure to DE resulted in significantly shorter PR intervals, and significantly prolonged corrected QT ...
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Traffic-related air pollution, as estimated by the proximity of the home to a major road, is a major risk factor for BOS and mortality after lung transplantation. The risk was present in either a dichotomous or a continuous analysis, and was not affected by adjustments for relevant covariables. Indicators of pulmonary (BAL neutrophils, IL-6) and systemic (plasma CRP) inflammation, which are probably involved in the onset of BOS, were also associated with proximity to traffic.. The strengths of our study include the relatively large lung transplant population from a single centre and the statistically robust associations. The statistical significance of our observations follows in part from the high incidence of BOS and mortality. The robustness of the associations is apparent from the fact that inclusion of relevant potential confounders, ranging from SES, transplantation-related characteristics to active smoking, tended to increase the risk estimates.18. Many other authors have estimated ...
D6550 Standard Test Method for Determination of Olefin Content of Gasolines by Supercritical-Fluid Chromatography D6591 Standard Test Method for Determination of Aromatic Hydrocarbon Types in Middle Distillates-High Performance Liquid Chromatography Method with Refractive Index Detection. D6750 Standard Test Methods for Evaluation of Engine Oils in a High-Speed, Single-Cylinder Diesel Engine-1K Procedure (0.4 % Fuel Sulfur) and 1N Procedure (0.04 % Fuel Sulfur). D6987/D6987M Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Diesel Engine Oils in T-10 Exhaust Gas Recirculation Diesel Engine. D7347 Standard Test Method for Determination of Olefin Content in Denatured Ethanol by Supercritical Fluid Chromatography. D7422 Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Diesel Engine Oils in T-12 Exhaust Gas Recirculation Diesel Engine. D7484 Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive Engine Oils for Valve-Train Wear Performance in Cummins ISB Medium-Duty Diesel Engine. D7549 Standard Test Method for Evaluation of ...
We simulated commuter routes and long-term exposure to traffic-related air pollution during commute in a representative population sample in Basel (Switzerland), and evaluated three air pollution models with different spatial resolution for estimating commute exposures to nitrogen dioxide (NO2) as a marker of long-term exposure to traffic-related air pollution. Our approach includes spatially and temporally resolved data on actual commuter routes, travel modes and three air pollution models. Annual mean NO2 commuter exposures were similar between models. However, we found more within-city and within-subject variability in annual mean (±SD) NO2 commuter exposure with a high resolution dispersion model (40 ± 7 µg m−3, range: 21-61) than with a dispersion model with a lower resolution (39 ± 5 µg m−3; range: 24-51), and a land use regression model (41 ± 5 µg m−3; range: 24-54). Highest median cumulative exposures were calculated along motorized transport and bicycle routes, and the lowest for
A Diesel engine has an extremely high compression ratio (around 16:1, if I recall correctly). A currently typical gasoline engine is probably about 8:1. (My Roadrunner is 12.5:1, but thats a full-race motor and has to burn aviation fuel.) A gas engine uses spark plugs to ignite the air/fuel mixture, but in a Diesel its the heat of compression that sets off the burn. Because of that ignition system, and a few other factors, a Diesel is most efficient at very low rpms. That compression factor gives a tremendous down-force to the pistons when it goes boom. The only time that I drove a semi, I was instructed to shift at 2,800 rpm. A gas engine typically shifts at around 5,000 - 7,000 rpm depending upon various factors (thats going by auto transmissions, which I hate). Some rice-rockets go to about 10,000 rpm, but those are just nuts. Anyhow, because of the compression factor, and often piston diameter, a gas engine has to turn a lot faster, and be geared down a lot, in order to produce the ...
Effect of fuel economy on automobile safety : a reexamination / Sanjana Ahmad, David L. Greene -- Energy efficiency, fuel economy, and policy implications / Nicholas Lutsey, Daniel Sperling -- Introduction of hybrid and diesel vehicles : status within the life cycle of technology adoption / Danilo J. Santini, Anant D. Vyas -- Methodology for developing transit bus speed-acceleration matrices for load-based mobile source emissions models / Seungju Yoon [and five others] -- Estimating extended idling emissions of heavy-duty diesel trucks in Texas / Josias Zietsman, Dennis G. Perkinson -- Evaluating the ability of Global Positioning System receivers to measure a real-world operating mode for emissions research / Eric Jackson [and three others] -- Designing on-road vehicle test programs for the development of effective vehicle emission models / Theodore Younglove, George Scora, Matthew Barth -- On-road vehicle emission and activity data collection and evaluation in Houston, Texas / Fengxiang Qiao, ...
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous environmental pollutants, known human lung carcinogens, and potent mammary carcinogens in animal models. However, the association between PAHs and breast cancer in women is unclear. Vehicular traffic is a major source of ambient PAH exposure. This study evaluates the association between residential exposure to vehicular traffic-related PAHs and risk of breast cancer, overall and by tumor subtype, and within strata of nucleotide excision repair and base excision repair genotypes and fruit/vegetable intake. For this population-based study, residential histories, dietary intake, and other factors were assessed in 1996-1997 for 1,508 newly diagnosed breast cancer cases and 1,556 controls. Residential traffic exposure estimates were reconstructed using a validated model for the years 1960 through 1995. The following single nucleotide polymorphisms were genotyped: ERCC1 8092C/A, OGG1 Ser326Cys, XPA -4A/G, XPD Lys751Gln and Asp312Asn, XPF ...
Posted on 15 May 2017. A study, published in Nature, has shown that laboratory tests of nitrogen oxide emissions from diesel vehicles significantly underestimate the real-world emissions by as much as 50 per cent.. The research, led by the International Council on Clean Transportation and Environmental Health Analytics, LLC., in collaboration with scientists at the University of Yorks Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI); University of Colorado; and the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, examined 11 major vehicle markets representing more than 80% of new diesel vehicle sales in 2015. Of these markets, they found vehicles emitted 13.2 million tons of nitrogen oxide under real-world driving conditions, which is 4.6 million tons more than the 8.6 million tons expected from vehicles performance under official laboratory tests. Chris Malley, from the SEI, University of York, said: This study shows that excess diesel nitrogen oxide emissions effect crop yields and a variety of ...
This Research Work Investigates Diesel Combustion And Exhaust Emissions With Additives Addition To Conventional Diesel Fuel In A Four-Stroke Naturally Aspirated Direct Injection (DI) Diesel Engine. The Additives Include DGM, And Liquid Cerium. The Results Show That With The Addition Of DGM To Diesel Fuel, Brake Specific Energy Consumption (BSEC) And All Diesel Emissions Are Significantly Reduced. The Volumetric Blending Ratios Of Additives To Diesel Fuel Are 0, 25, 50, 75 And 100%. All Emissions Including Smoke Emissions Decrease With The Increase In Oxygen Content In The Fuel And It Is Noted That Smoke Emission Completely Disappeared At An Oxygen Content Of 36 Wt-%. The Reason For Improvement In BSEC With The Addition Of Additives To Base Diesel Fuel Is The Improvement Of Degree Of Constant Volume Combustion, And The Reduction Of The Cooling Loss. Engine Noise And Odor Concentrations Are Remarkably Reduced With Diesel-Additive Blends. Significant Improvement In BSEC And Exhaust Emissions Is Not ...
Researchers from the Eindhoven University of Technology in the Netherlands claim to have invented a new type of paving material that actually removes some pollutants from the air as vehicles travel over the surface. Combined with concrete or normal asphalt, the new material is able to eliminate 25% to 45% of nitrogen oxides from vehicle gases.
BACKGROUND: Air pollutants may induce airway inflammation and sensitization due to generation of reactive oxygen species. The genetic background to these mechanisms could be important effect modifiers. OBJECTIVE: Our goal was to assess interactions between exposure to air pollution and single
Approach and Results-We performed a cross-sectional study using 2124 individuals residing in North Carolina, United States, who received a cardiac catheterization at the Duke University Medical Center. Traffic-related exposure was assessed via 2 metrics: (1) the distance between the primary residence and the nearest major roadway; and (2) location of the primary residence in regions defined based on local traffic patterns. We examined 4 cardiovascular disease outcomes: hypertension, peripheral arterial disease, the number of diseased coronary vessels, and recent myocardial infarction. Statistical models were adjusted for race, sex, smoking, type 2 diabetes mellitus, body mass index, hyperlipidemia, and home value. Results are expressed in terms of the odds ratio (OR). A 23% decrease in residential distance to major roadways was associated with higher prevalence of peripheral arterial disease (OR=1.29; 95% confidence interval, 1.08-1.55) and hypertension (OR=1.15; 95% confidence interval, ...
Approach and Results-We performed a cross-sectional study using 2124 individuals residing in North Carolina, United States, who received a cardiac catheterization at the Duke University Medical Center. Traffic-related exposure was assessed via 2 metrics: (1) the distance between the primary residence and the nearest major roadway; and (2) location of the primary residence in regions defined based on local traffic patterns. We examined 4 cardiovascular disease outcomes: hypertension, peripheral arterial disease, the number of diseased coronary vessels, and recent myocardial infarction. Statistical models were adjusted for race, sex, smoking, type 2 diabetes mellitus, body mass index, hyperlipidemia, and home value. Results are expressed in terms of the odds ratio (OR). A 23% decrease in residential distance to major roadways was associated with higher prevalence of peripheral arterial disease (OR=1.29; 95% confidence interval, 1.08-1.55) and hypertension (OR=1.15; 95% confidence interval, ...
China Exhaust Gas Analyzer Market Research Report 2017 market report added by qyresearchgroups.com. In this Report includes best market price, trends, Growth, Forecast, Analysis, demand & Overview.
Preliminary findings released Tuesday from a study in the Santa Monica Mountains show that air pollution may be increasing fire danger in the mountain range.. Researchers from the National Park Service, University of California Riverside and the U.S. Forest Service have been monitoring atmospheric nitrogen at 10 sites in the Santa Monica Mountains for two years. Nitrogen is a byproduct of gas combustion and a major component of smog. Researchers attribute nitrogen depositing out of the air in the area to vehicle emissions.. Data that was analyzed after the first year of a three-year study show that a gradient of nitrogen levels exist across the test area, increasing from west to east. Atmospheric nitrous oxide levels at the eastern edge of the study range are at levels more than three times higher than those found at places along the western edge.. Nitrogen enrichment into ecosystems is probably the third largest global change driver and driver of loss of biodiversity that we face on the ...
This research adds another piece to the jigsaw of understanding why that is the case and what needs to be done about it, Emerson said. The findings come from an analysis of data extracted from the UKs Millennium Cohort Study, a nationally representative sample of over 18,000 children born between 2000 and 2002.. Averaging across ages, children with intellectual disabilities were 33 percent more likely to live in areas with high levels of diesel particulate matter, and 30 percent more likely to live in areas with high levels of nitrogen dioxide. They were 30 percent more likely to live in areas with high levels of carbon monoxide, and 17 percent more likely to live in areas with high levels of sulphur dioxide.. The researchers, including those from the Lancaster University in the UK, note that intellectual disability is more common among children living in more socio-economically deprived areas, which tend to have higher levels of air pollution. However, exposure to outdoor air pollution may ...
Research has shown that exposure to air pollution adversely affects human health by triggering or exacerbating a number of health issues such as asthma and heart disease, said Marshall, a civil engineering faculty member in the University of Minnesotas Institute of Technology. Likewise, physical inactivity is linked to an array of negative health effects including heart disease and diabetes. Neighborhood design can influence air pollution and walkability; more walkable neighborhoods may encourage higher daily activity levels.. In the study, researchers evaluated concentrations of nitric oxide, a marker of motor vehicle exhaust, and ozone, a pollutant formed when vehicle exhaust and other pollutants react, for 49,702 postal codes (89 percent of all postal codes) in Vancouver. The researchers assigned a walkability score by analyzing four common attributes of neighborhood design: land-use mixing, intersection density, population density and for retail areas, the relative amount of land area ...
[153 Pages Report] Automotive Ignition System Market for Gasoline Engines categorizes the Global Market by Components(Ignition Switch, Spark Plug, Ignition Coil, Ignition Control Module, Crankshaft & Camshaft Position Sensor), Ignition Type(Coil on Plug & Simultaneous) & Region
NJDEPs Diesel Risk Reduction Program has taken many steps to cut diesel pollution, including expanding its anti-idling outreach, providing a plug-in power for trucks at truck stops and putting new equipment on a great number of trucks, port equipment and construction vehicles throughout the state of New Jersey. NJ DEP Commissioner Bob Martin: Improving air quality is one of the priorities of New Jersey Gov. Chris Christie and the DEP, said New Jersey DEP Commissioner Bob Martin.In our densely populated state, diesel emissions cause serious health risks for our residents, but the states Diesel Risk Reduction Program has focused resources on the States need to reduce diesel emissions, making New Jersey a national leader in cleaner air and better public health. Governor Christie also recently signed an Executive Order for a pilot project to retrofit diesel-powered construction equipment to reduce emissions. Peg Hanna, NJs DEPs Diesel Air Quality Program Manager, said We have implemented ...
A single-cylinder research engine was operated on pure hydrocarbons and simple (two-component) mixtures of pure hydrocarbons to study the effect of fuel composition on exhaust emissions from a spark- ignition engine. Used as fuels were three pure hydrocarbons that represented the primary hydrocarbon types present in commercial motor fuels: a paraffin (2,2,4-trimethylpentane), an olefin (2,4,4- t
This listing is for a brand new set of. Performance Headers Headers, Coated Black. If you have any question or require assistance. Getting more air into your engine and more exhaust out is the key to a performance motor. Thats where exhaust headers is significant as the first revenue of an exhaust system. Exhaust performance headers manipulate the air flow with the performance-robbing exhaust manifold that came with your car. Headers provide each cylinder with its own mini exhaust pipe, which means exhaust headers prevent interference among cylinders; thus, the back pressure that occurs in common exhaust manifolds. When cylinders dont have to fight with each other to expel their exhaust, they can put more power through the wheels, pushing the vehicle.. Combining with a high performance cold air intake, and a cat-back exhaust system, a header system removes all restrictions of your engine, then, it is able to perform at its full potential. Flanged Connection, Extension Pipe Included. Black ...
A detailed experimental study was conducted targeting lubricant consumption effects on ,diesel exhaust ash levels using a model year 2002 5.9L diesel engine, high and low Sulfur commercial lubricants, and clean diesel fuels. Regulatory decreases in allowable particulate matter emissions for on road diesel engines are driving industry to develop diesel particulate filters to trap and combust particulate. Remaining ash not combusted in this process clogs filters requiring engine down time and additional cleaning expenses. Recent reductions in fuel Sulfur and ash levels have also made lubricant consumption a significant relative contributor to particulate and ash generation. The goal of this study, a detailed understanding of lubricant contribution to particulate formation and ash transport, is required to enhance future filter design. The use of ultra clean fuels enhances accuracy of the Sulfur Dioxide tracer technique for estimating lubricant consumption and increases the relative contribution ...
Press Release issued Jul 1, 2016: Emission control and reduction are among the priorities of all the commercial, industrial, and government sector companies. Growing concerns towards mitigation of the ill effects of carbon emissions or pollution are leading to manufacturing and process industries adopting new methods, technologies, materials, and processes. Emission control catalysts are used in catalytic convertors to lessen harmful emissions to the environment. A catalytic convertor houses a typical honeycomb structure coated with emission control catalysts such as platinum, palladium, and rhodium. Emission control catalysts can be segmented on the basis of their application as mobile and stationary.
The Kansas Department of Health and Environment (KDHE) is selected to receive $1,525,524 to reduce diesel fleet emissions in the Kansas City Metro area and Wichita. KDHE hopes to develop proactive measures to reduce ozone precursor emissions, particulate matter and air toxics. KDHE and the Kansas State Pollution Prevention Institute (PPI) will work with two of Wichitas largest refuse haulers, Waste Management and Waste Connections, to retrofit and/or replace some of their trucks with EPA/CARB verified diesel oxidation catalysts (DOCs) with crankcase filters. KDHE and Mid-America Regional Council (MARC) will work with the Board of Public Utilities in the Kansas City Ozone Maintenance Area to retrofit utility trucks with EPA/CARB verified DOCs and with the Government of Johnson County to retrofit county vehicles with DOCs. ...
Motivation. Atmospheric pollution represents a risk factor for respiratory and cardiovascular diseases and for cancer. The two major contributions come from traffic emissions and biomass burning. On-road and off-road diesel engines account for ~70% of BC emissions in Europe, North America, and Latin America whereas the burning of residential solid fuels, especially coal and biomass, contribute ~60 - 80% of the Asian and African BC emissions.. Wood combustion in residential areas is commonly used for heating (and cooking) during cold winter seasons. Abatement measures include better stowes and alternative heating methods. Traffic pollution can be reduced by encouragement of public transportation usage, public tranport modernization, ring road utilization, traffic flow improvement, speed limit reduction and implementation of low emission zones. Since all restrictions are an unpopular and costly it is important to know which sources need regulation and how efficient this regulation is. ...
Mobile sources, primarily motor vehicles, are the largest source of a number of air pollutants in Vermont, including greenhouse gases, air toxics, the ozone precursors (volatile organic compounds and nitrogen oxides), and carbon monoxide. In order to reduce the impact of mobile source emissions on air quality and human health, the Mobile Sources Section implements and manages a number of programs and strategies for controlling on-road and non-road mobile sources of air pollution.. ...
During the last 250 years, the level of exposure to combustion-derived particles raised dramatically in western countries, leading to increased particle loads in the ambient air. Among the environmental particles, diesel exhaust particulate matter (DEPM) plays a special role because of its omnipresence and reported effects on human health. During recent years, a possible link between air pollution and the progression of atherosclerosis is recognized. A central effect of DEPM is their impact on the endothelium, especially of the alveolar barrier. In the present study, a complex 3D tetraculture model of the alveolar barrier was used in a dose-controlled exposure scenario with realistic doses of DEPM to study the response of endothelial cells. Tetracultures were exposed to different doses of DEPM (SRM2975) at the air-liquid-interface. DEPM exposure did not lead to the mRNA expression of relevant markers for endothelial inflammation such as ICAM-1 or E-selectin. In addition, we observed neither a
Beijing, Tianjin and heavy pollution warning grading standards in November 18th, Dongfeng Beiqiao, the evening peak time, the car traveling on the four ring road, the day of Beijing air pollution orange warning is still ongoing. Beijing News reporter Xue Jun photo original title: daily air quality index of 500 Red Alert launched yesterday, the latest revision of the Beijing heavy air pollution emergency plan released in December 15th, when the orange signal warning of heavy pollution starts, pollutant emissions relative to light-duty gasoline vehicle emission standard of a large country is prohibited on the road the red warning; when starting, I in China II car to stop China III and above according to single and double driving car. It is understood that this is the first since 2012 in Beijing, the country issued a heavy air pollution emergency plan, the fourth release of heavy air pollution emergency plan. Changes in 1, according to the requirements of the Ministry of environmental ...
In the presented study, low temperature combustion was established with a direct injection of diesel fuel being a representative of high reactivity fuels and tire pyrolysis oil being a representative of low reactivity fuels. Tire pyrolysis oil was tested as a potential waste derived fuel for low temperature combustion, as it features diesel-like physical properties and lower cetane number compared to diesel fuel. The goal of this study was determination of suitable injection strategies and exhaust gas recirculation rates to explore potentials of both fuels in reducing emissions in low temperature combustion modes. It was demonstrated that relatively small changes in the engine control strategy possess the potential to significantly improve nitrogen oxide/particulate matter trade-off with minor effect on engine efficiency. In addition, low temperature combustion was for the first time successfully demonstrated with tire pyrolysis oil fuel, however, it was shown that lower reactivity of the fuel ...
The additional complexity for the Diesel formula comes around since the heat addition is at constant pressure and the heat rejection is at constant volume. The Otto cycle by comparison has both the heat addition and rejection at constant volume. Comparing the two formulae it can be seen that for a given compression ratio (r), the ideal Otto cycle will be more efficient. However, a diesel engine will be more efficient overall since it will have the ability to operate at higher compression ratios. If a petrol engine were to have the same compression ratio, then knocking (self-ignition) would occur and this would severely reduce the efficiency, whereas in a diesel engine, the self ignition is the desired behavior. Additionally, both of these cycles are only idealizations, and the actual behavior does not divide as clearly or sharply. Furthermore, the ideal Otto cycle formula stated above does not include throttling losses, which do not apply to diesel engines. ...
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Traffic related particulate matter air pollution is a risk factor for cardiovascular events; however, the biological mechanisms are unclear. We hypothesize that diesel exhaust (DE) inhalation induces up-regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), which is known to contribute to vascular dysfunction, progression of atherosclerosis and ultimately cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Methods: ApoE knockout mice (30-week) were exposed to DE (at 200 {mu}g/m{sup 3} of particulate matter) or filtered-air (control) for 7 weeks (6 h/day, 5 days/week). iNOS expression in the blood vessels and heart was evaluated by immunohistochemistry and western blotting analysis. To examine iNOS activity, thoracic aortae were mounted in a wire myograph, and vasoconstriction stimulated by phenylephrine (PE) was measured with and without the presence of the specific inhibitor for iNOS (1400 W). NF-{kappa}B (p65) activity was examined by ELISA. The mRNA expression of iNOS and NF-{kappa}B (p65) was determined ...
Fass Titanium Diesel Lift Pump 165GPH for Dodge Cummins 5.9L & 6.7L TS D07 165G. BRAND NEW IN BOX. T D07 165G Superseded TS D07 165G. Moderate to Extreme HP (600-900 HP). The Titanium Signature Series diesel fuel lift pump was engineered by FASS Fuel Systems to be the top performing, longest lasting and most reliable aftermarket filtration system in the diesel industry. A Titanium Signature Series lift pump also offers advanced filtration benefits that will help protect your injection systems, effectively extending the life of both your Bosch Injection Pump and Bosch Diesel Injectors. Aftermarket lift pumps are important for both daily drivers and high-performance applications when looking to improve either fuel economy or increase horsepower/torque. This kit includes two FASS BHF-1005 (Bulkhead and Suction Tube Kit). Machined from 6061 T-6 Billet Aluminum, the Bulkhead fittings function as both a suction and return tube. This new and improved version from our previous Suction Tube Kit allows ...
Loop detectors distributed on freeways are very vulnerable and could be damaged or malfunctioned due to improper sealing, pavement deterioration. This may lead to poor travel time estimation as most of existing methodologies require detailed data collected from numerous detectors along a specified freeway route. To address this problem, this study proposes an effective and reliable methodology for real-time freeway travel time estimation with data from sparse detectors. In contrast to the existing methods, the proposed methodology requires significantly less number of detectors but maintains fairy good performance on travel time estimation. The proposed methodology utilises a self-organised mapping algorithm to cluster the detectors with similar traffic patterns. The data collected from the representative detectors within each cluster is then employed to estimate the travel time based on a support vector regression model. The case studies conducted for three selected freeway routes in Northern