BACKGROUND: During the lifetime of a fermenter culture, the soil bacterium S. coelicolor undergoes a major metabolic switch from exponential growth to antibiotic production. We have studied gene … expression patterns during this switch, using a specifically designed Affymetrix genechip and a high-resolution time-series of fermenter-grown samples. RESULTS: Surprisingly, we find that the metabolic switch actually consists of multiple finely orchestrated switching events. Strongly coherent clusters of genes show drastic changes in gene expression already many hours before the classically defined transition phase where the switch from primary to secondary metabolism was expected. The main switch in gene expression takes only 2 hours, and changes in antibiotic biosynthesis genes are delayed relative to the metabolic rearrangements. Furthermore, global variation in morphogenesis genes indicates an involvement of cell differentiation pathways in the decision phase leading up to the commitment to ...

Cloning of the macrolide antibiotic biosynthesis gene acyA, which encodes 3-O-acyltransferase, from Streptomyces thermotolerans and its use for direct fermentative production of a hybrid macrolide antibiotic.(Appl. Environ. Microbiol.) [1994] ...

[108 Pages Report] Check for Discount on United States Peptide Antibiotics Market Report 2017 report by QYResearch Group. In this report, the United States Peptide Antibiotics market is...

Gramcidin D is a heterogeneous mixture of three antibiotic compounds, gramicidins A, B and C, making up 80%, 6%, and 14% respectively all of which are obtained from the soil bacterial species Bacillus brevis and called collectively gramicidin D. Gramcidins are 15 residue peptides with alternating D and L amino acids, which assemble inside of the hydrophobic interior of the cellular lipid bilayer to form a β-helix. Active against most Gram-positive bacteria and some Gram-negative organisms, Gramicidin D is used primarily as a topical antibiotic and is also found in Polysporin ophthalmic solution.

143846-20-2 - Protease inhibitor, bacillus brevis - Searchable synonyms, formulas, resource links, and other chemical information.

Structure of Gramicidin D-Rbcl Complex at Atomic Resolution from Low-Temperature Synchrotron Data: Interactions of Double-Stranded Gramicidin Channel Contents and Cations with Channel ...

Iqbal, M and Balaram, P (1981) Synthesis and conformational studies of the membrane active peptide antibiotic, suzukacillin. In: Indian Journal of Biochemistry & Biophysics, 18 (4). p. 96. Full text not available from this repository ...

Nonribosomal peptides represent a large variety of natural active compounds produced by microorganisms. Due to their specific biosynthesis pathway through large assembly lines called NonRibosomal Peptide Synthetases (NRPSs), they often display complex structures with cycles and branches. Moreover they often contain non proteogenic or modified monomers, such as the D-monomers produced by epimerization. We investigate here some sequence specificities of the condensation (C) and epimerization (E) domains of NRPS that can be used to predict the possible isomeric state (D or L) of each monomer in a putative peptide. We show that C-and E-domains can be divided into 2 sub-regions called Up-Seq and Down-Seq. The Up-Seq region corresponds to an InterPro domain (IPR001242) and is shared by C-and E-domains. The Down-Seq region is specific to the enzymatic activity of the domain. Amino-acid signatures (represented as sequence logos) previously described for complete C-and E-domains have been restricted to the Down

In this review James C. Collins and Keith James from the Scripps Research Institute critically analyse macrocyclization reactions published over the last three years. Based upon on this analysis, and first-hand experience of macrocyclization, Collins and James propose a macrocyclization efficiency index, Emac, as a means of determining the true efficiency of a macrocyclization reaction.. Emac takes into account both reaction yield and concentration, which Collins & James state addresses the key factors that determine the practicality of using a given reaction in a drug discovery context. In other words, the Emac for a reaction indicates the likelihood of being able to conduct the reaction on a sufficiently large scale whilst remaining resource efficient.. This index also allows comparison of a large number of literature macrocyclization reactions and identifies those which deliver the powerful combination of high yield and high practicality. Collins and James hope that those who are actively ...

In addition to their physiological expression and binding to specific cell-surface receptors in normal cells, gelatinases are also abundantly present in invasive and metastatic tumor cells (49 , 22) . Gelatinases also play a role in the angiogenesis and affect the formation of the new blood vessels nurturing the tumor (24) . These enzymes thus provide potential targets for more selective delivery of liposomes and drugs to tumors. In accordance with these findings, CTT, which is a selective cyclic decapeptide inhibitor of gelatinases found by screening phage display libraries, prevents growth of human tumor xenografts in mice and targets the tumor vasculature after an i.v. injection (1) . Liposomes encapsulated with a cancer drug could provide an effective approach to selectively kill the tumor vasculature providing that the liposomes can be targeted to the site of action of gelatinase, e.g., by using CTT as a homing peptide.. The present results show that CTT binds to phospholipids. This could ...

Nonribosomal peptides (NRP) are a class of peptide secondary metabolites, usually produced by microorganisms like bacteria and fungi. Nonribosomal peptides are also found in higher organisms, such as nudibranchs, but are thought to be made by bacteria inside these organisms. While there exist a wide range of peptides that are not synthesized by ribosomes, the term nonribosomal peptide typically refers to a very specific set of these as discussed in this article. Nonribosomal peptides are synthesized by nonribosomal peptide synthetases, which, unlike the ribosomes, are independent of messenger RNA. Each nonribosomal peptide synthetase can synthesize only one type of peptide. Nonribosomal peptides often have cyclic and/or branched structures, can contain non-proteinogenic amino acids including D-amino acids, carry modifications like N-methyl and N-formyl groups, or are glycosylated, acylated, halogenated, or hydroxylated. Cyclization of amino acids against the peptide backbone is often ...

Considering that 70% of our planets surface is covered by oceans, it is likely that undiscovered biodiversity is still enormous. A large portion of marine biodiversity consists of microbiomes. They are very attractive targets of bioprospecting because they are able to produce a vast repertoire of secondary metabolites in order to adapt in diverse environments. In many cases secondary metabolites of pharmaceutical and biotechnological interest such as nonribosomal peptides (NRPs) and polyketides (PKs) are synthesized by multimodular enzymes named nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSes) and type-I polyketide synthases (PKSes-I), respectively. Novel findings regarding the mechanisms underlying NRPS and PKS evolution demonstrate how microorganisms could leverage their metabolic potential. Moreover, these findings could facilitate synthetic biology approaches leading to novel bioactive compounds. Ongoing advances in bioinformatics and next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies are driving the ...

Basic peptide antibiotic from Bacillus brevis. It exhibits broad-spectrum antibacterial activity and inhibits bacterial DNA synthesis.

Polyketide synthase (PKSs) and nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPSs) are large multimodular enzymes involved in biosynthesis of polyketide and peptide toxins produced by fungi. Furthermore, hybrid enzymes, in which a reducing PKS region is fused to a single NRPS module, are also responsible of the synthesis of peptide-polyketide metabolites in fungi. The genes encoding for PKSs and NRPSs have been exposed to complex evolutionary mechanisms, which have determined the great number and diversity of metabolites. In this study, we considered the most important polyketide and peptide mycotoxins and, for the first time, a phylogenetic analysis of both PKSs and NRPSs involved in their biosynthesis was assessed using two domains for each enzyme: β-ketosynthase (KS) and acyl-transferase (AT) for PKSs; adenylation (A) and condensation (C) for NRPSs. The analysis of both KS and AT domains confirmed the differentiation of the three classes of highly, partially and non-reducing PKSs. Hybrid PKS-NRPSs involved in

2002). Many members of this genus of Gram-positive, soil-dwelling bacteria have atypically large genes (>10 kb in size) encoding multimodular polyketide synthases and nonribosomal peptide synthetases that catalyze the biosynthesis of polyketide and nonribosomal peptide antibiotics, respectively (Bentley et al., 2002). The expression of the extraordinarily large genes encoding these mega-enzymes has long been a curiosity (Lipmann et al., 1971; Schwarzer et al., 2003). Three of the largest genes in. the S. coelicolor genome encode the nonribosomal peptide synthetases CDA PSI, CDA PSII, and CDA PSIII (Bentley et al., 2002). The cdaPSI gene (SCO3230) is the largest gene in S. coelicolor at 22 391 bp (Bentley et al., 2002). cdaPSII (SCO3231) and cdaPSIII (SCO3232) are 11 012 and 7253 bp in size, respectively (Bentley et al., 2002; http://strepdb.streptomyces.org.uk). Selleck Ceritinib The megaenzymes encoded by these genes catalyze the biosynthesis. of a cyclic lipopeptide called the ...

1KEZ: Crystal structure of the macrocycle-forming thioesterase domain of the erythromycin polyketide synthase: versatility from a unique substrate channel.

Non-ribosomally synthesized peptides have compelling biological activities ranging from antimicrobial to immunosuppressive and from cytostatic to antitumor. The broad spectrum of applications in modern medicine is reflected in the great structural diversity of these natural products. They contain unique building blocks, such as D-amino acids, fatty acids, sugar moieties, and heterocyclic elements, as well as halogenated, methylated, and formylated residues. In the past decades, significant progress has been made toward the understanding of the biosynthesis of these secondary metabolites by nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) and their associated tailoring enzymes. Guided by this knowledge, researchers genetically redesigned the NRPS template to synthesize new peptide products. Moreover, chemoenzymatic strategies were developed to rationally engineer nonribosomal peptides products in order to increase or alter their bioactivities. Specifically, chemical synthesis combined with peptide ...

Global Peptide Antibiotics Sales Market Report 2017 is a market research report available at US $4000 for a Single User PDF License from RnR Market Research Reports Library.

Source: Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2016 Sep 14. doi: 10.1002/anie.201607188. Abstract Macrocyclic compounds have received increasing attention in recent years.

Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01023 (0.00484 - 0.02165), b=3.01 (2.84 - 3.18), in cm Total Length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref. 93245 ...

Project Discovery provided an experience of career opportunities that I would not have thought of to teach in the classroom. At the end of it all, they may not be a waiter, but they could be the person seating a customer or bussing the table ...

Gramicidin S or Gramicidin Soviet is an antibiotic that is effective against some gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria as well as some fungi. It is a derivative of gramicidin, produced by the gram-positive bacterium Bacillus brevis. Gramicidin S is a cyclodecapeptide, constructed as two identical pentapeptides joined head to tail, formally written as cyclo(-Val-Orn-Leu-D-Phe-Pro-)2. That is to say, it forms a ring structure composed of five different amino acids, each one used twice within the structure. Another interesting point is that it utilizes two amino acids uncommon in peptides: ornithine as well as the atypical stereoisomer of phenylalanine. It is synthesized by gramicidin S synthetase. Gramicidin S biosynthetic pathway consists of two-enzyme of nonribosomal peptide synthases (NRPSs), gramicidin S synthetase I (GrsA) and gramicidin S synthetase II (GrsB), to give a product as a cyclic decapeptide. Within the biosynthetic pathway, there are total of five modules that specifically ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Optimization and Modeling of Process Parameters for Lipase Production by Bacillus brevis. AU - Rajendran, Aravindan. AU - Thangavelu, Viruthagiri. PY - 2012/1/1. Y1 - 2012/1/1. N2 - Statistical evaluation of fermentation conditions and nutritional factors by Plackett-Burman two-level factorial design followed by optimization of significant parameters using response surface methodology for lipase production by Bacillus brevis was performed in submerged batch fermentation. Temperature, glucose, and olive oil were found to be the significant factors affecting lipase production. Maximum lipase activity of 5.1 U ml -1 and cell mass of 1.82 g l -1 at 32 h were obtained at the optimized conditions of temperature, 33.7 °C; initial pH, 8; and speed of agitation, 100 rpm, with the medium components: olive oil, 13.73 ml l -1; glucose, 13.98 g l -1; peptone, 2 g l -1; Tween 80, 5 ml l -1; NaCl, 5 g l -1; CH 3COONa, 5 g l -1; KCl, 2 g l -1; CaCl 2·2H 2O, 1 g l -1; MnSO 4·H 2O, 0. 5 g l -1; ...

DNA synthesis in permeable cells of Bacillus brevis is almost completely dependent on the presence of ATP. Nevertheless, DNA synthesis in this system reflects primarily DNA repair rather than replication, as shown by the response to replication inhibitors, density shift experiments, and product size analysis. The apparent dependence of DNA synthesis on ATP was due to the stabilization of the deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate pools against degradation. These observations indicate that dependence of DNA synthesis on ATP is not a sufficient criterion for semiconservative DNA replication. ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Interdomain Communication between the Thiolation and Thioesterase Domains of EntF Explored by Combinatorial Mutagenesis and Selection. AU - Zhou, Zhe. AU - Lai, Jonathan R.. AU - Walsh, Christopher T T.. N1 - Funding Information: This research was supported by the National Institutes of Health (AI042738, GM020011, and GM047467). J.R.L. is supported by a post-doctoral fellowship from the Helen Hay Whitney Foundation. We thank Michael Fischbach, Ellen Yeh, and Hening Lin for helpful discussion and critical reading of this manuscript. PY - 2006/8. Y1 - 2006/8. N2 - Thiolation (T) domains are protein way stations in natural product assembly lines. In the enterobactin synthetase, the T domain on EntF is recognized in cis by its catalytic partners: the EntF condensation (C), adenylation (A), and thioesterase (TE) domains. To assess surface features of the EntF T domain recognized by C, A, and TE, regions of the EntF T domain were submitted to shotgun alanine scanning and Ent production ...

Human fatty acid synthase (FAS) is uniquely expressed at high levels in many tumor types. Pharmacological inhibition of FAS therefore represents an important therapeutic opportunity. The drug Orlistat, which has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration, inhibits FAS, induces tumor cell-s …

Harnessing the modular architecture of non-ribosomal peptide synthetases for combinatorial biosynthesis is a longstanding goal in chemical biology. Several recent reports illustrate how computational design and directed evolution can be used to tailor the specificity of these assembly-line enzymes.. ...

Kedua jenis sampah itu, direkayasa ulang (Reuse) , misalnya pada tong HDPE- ditambahi lobang aerasi dan instalasi pemipaan dengan hitungan cermat akan kapasitasnya menghasilkan sistim aerasi, menjaga porositas material organik, menjaga temperatur dan PH di dalamnya, sehingga dengan itu bisa dihitung bagi pemberian lingkungan mikro untuk perkembangan bakteri pengurai. Dan, dengan peranan aneka mineral dalam penggembur (bulking agent) akan mampu mengkondisikan lingkungan mikro (temperatur mesofilik 30 sd 60 derajat C, PH Netral 6-7, kelembaban 40 sd 60 % dan asupan oksigen maksimal) akan kondusif bagi bekerjanya mikroba probiotik (bakteri aktinomycetes- spesies aktinomyces naeslundii, Lactobacillus spesies delbrueckii, Bacillus Brevis, Saccharomyces Cerevisiae, yeast, fungi and Cellulolytic Bacillus Sp) . Konsorsium bakteri itu ada di pasaran dengan nama aktivator Green Phoskko® (GP-1) bermanfaat dalam melumat (RECYCLE) aneka bahan organik ...

Close The Infona portal uses cookies, i.e. strings of text saved by a browser on the users device. The portal can access those files and use them to remember the users data, such as their chosen settings (screen view, interface language, etc.), or their login data. By using the Infona portal the user accepts automatic saving and using this information for portal operation purposes. More information on the subject can be found in the Privacy Policy and Terms of Service. By closing this window the user confirms that they have read the information on cookie usage, and they accept the privacy policy and the way cookies are used by the portal. You can change the cookie settings in your browser. ...

Close The Infona portal uses cookies, i.e. strings of text saved by a browser on the users device. The portal can access those files and use them to remember the users data, such as their chosen settings (screen view, interface language, etc.), or their login data. By using the Infona portal the user accepts automatic saving and using this information for portal operation purposes. More information on the subject can be found in the Privacy Policy and Terms of Service. By closing this window the user confirms that they have read the information on cookie usage, and they accept the privacy policy and the way cookies are used by the portal. You can change the cookie settings in your browser. ...

Gramicidin je polipeptid, pri katerem se izmenjujeta L- in D-aminokisline (vse izmed njih imajo tudi hidrofobno stransko verigo), ki jih lahko zapišemo s splošno formulo: formil-L-X-Gly-L-Ala-D-Leu-L-Ala-D-Val-L-Val-D-Val-L-Trp-D-Leu-L-Y-D-Leu-L-Trp-D-Leu-L-Trp-etanolamin Aminokislini, označeni z X in Y, se pri različnih molekulah gramicidina razlikujeta. Obstajata valinska in izolevcinska različica vseh treh vrst gramicidina in X lahko predstavlja ali valin ali izolevcin. Y je pri gramicidinu A triptofan, gramicidinu B fenilalanin in gramicidinu C tirozin. Aminokisline si v verigi sledijo alternirajoče glede na stereokemično konfiguracijo (obliki D in L) aminokislin, kar je bistveno za tvorbo vijačnice beta. Veriga se tvori v hidrofobični notranjosti lipidnega dvosloja celice, kjer se tvori vijačnica beta. Vijačnica sama po sebi ni dovolj dolga, da bi se lahko raztezala čez celotno debelino membrane, ampak dimerizira, tako da tvori podolgovat kanal, ki prebada celično memrano. ...

(2,2-L-Serine)-gramicidin S | C48H84N12O12 | CID 195883 - structure, chemical names, physical and chemical properties, classification, patents, literature, biological activities, safety/hazards/toxicity information, supplier lists, and more.