MalaCards based summary : Central Nervous System Tuberculosis, also known as intracranial tuberculoma, is related to tuberculous meningitis and chronic meningitis. An important gene associated with Central Nervous System Tuberculosis is MMP9 (Matrix Metallopeptidase 9), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Toll-like Receptor Signaling Pathway and Colorectal Cancer Metastasis. The drug Plasminogen has been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include brain, spinal cord and testes, and related phenotypes are digestive/alimentary and immune system ...

Central nervous system tuberculosis (CNS-TB) takes three clinical forms: meningitis (TBM), intracranial tuberculoma, and spinal arachnoiditis. TBM predominates in the western world and presents as a subacute to chronic meningitis syndrome with a prodrome of malaise, fever, and headache progressing to altered mentation and focal neurologic signs, followed by stupor, coma, and death within five to eight weeks of onset. The CSF formula typically shows a lymphocytic pleocytosis, and low glucose and high protein concentrations. Diagnosis rests on serial samples of CSF for smear and culture, combined with CSF PCR. Brain CT and MRI aid in diagnosis, assessment for complications, and monitoring of the clinical course. In a patient with compatible clinical features, the combination of meningeal enhancement and any degree of hydrocephalus is strongly suggestive of TBM. Vasculitis leading to infarcts in the basal ganglia occurs commonly and is a major determinant of morbidity and mortality. Treatment is most

This page includes the following topics and synonyms: Central Nervous System Tuberculosis, Tuberculous Meningitis, Intracranial Tuberculoma, Spinal Tuberculous Arachnoiditis.

Tuberculosis is the leading infectious disease killer in the world with more than 10 million incident cases annually. Tuberculosis occurs in every country, with the highest burdens in low- and middle-income countries of Asia and Africa. Central nervous system tuberculosis, including meningitis, cerebral and spinal tuberculomas, and vertebral abscesses with cord compression, causes high morbidity and mortality. The faculty will review the epidemiology of tuberculosis and discuss recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of central nervous system tuberculosis. Cases will be presented to illustrate practical approaches to diagnosis and management ...

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Extracted from text ... Introduction Intracranial tuberculosis is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries where tuberculosis is endemic.1 In the central nervous system tuberculosis manifests as cerebritis, cerebral abscess, tuberculoma, and tuberculous meningitis (TBM).1-5 TBM is thought to arise from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) seeding of a ruptured pial or subependymal granuloma.2-5 Tuberculomata result from haematogenous dissemination and histologically are granulomas with central areas of caseous necrosis.2-5 Tuberculomata may develop whilst patients are on treatment for TB.6 The co-occurrence of intracranial tuberculoma and TBM is well recognized. 2-5 Medical therapy is effective for both forms, with a high cure rate in ..

Colle… The most common are Mycobacterium avium complex or MAC. This website uses cookies to improve content delivery. Samples with a negative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) result were analyzed to investigate non-tuberculosis mycobacteria (NTM), especially M. abscessus using the RFLP method. 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00795 [PMC free article] [Google Scholar] Gcebe N., Rutten V., Gey van Pittius N. C., Michel A. Central nervous system tuberculosis (CNS-TB) takes three clinical forms: meningitis (TBM), intracranial tuberculoma, and spinal arachnoiditis. Various molecular methods have been used for the rapid identification of mycobacterial species. Showers, hot tubs and other steamy places are potential sources of NTM exposure. They are in the same group of bacteria that cause tuberculosis(TB) but NTM bacteria do not cause TB. This form is most commonly found in people with a smoking history who also have existing lung disease such as COPD or bronchiectasis. Our finding that age, birthplace, and ...

Tuberculous Meningitis (TBM) is the most common form of central nervous system Tuberculosis (TB), accounting for 5-6% of extrapulmonary TB cases. Nowadays, TBM continues to be a major topic in public health because of its high prevalence worldwide. This retrospective study aimed to describe the clinical, laboratory, and imaging characteristics at...

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9053-211X and Macq, J. (2004) Access and adhering to tuberculosis treatment: barriers faced by-patients and communities in Burkina Faso. International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Vol 8, Issue 12, pp. 1479-1483. Shapiro, Adrienne, Ross, Jennifer, Schiller, Ian, Kohli, Mikashmi, Dendukuri, Nandini, Steingart, Karen and Horne, David (2020) Xpert MTB/RIF and Xpert Ultra assays for pulmonary tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance in adults irrespective of signs or symptoms of pulmonary tuberculosis.. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Vol 7, CD013694. Shargie, E. B., Yassin, Mohammed A. and Lindtjorn, B. (2006) Prevalence of smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis in a rural district of Ethiopia. International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Vol 10, Issue 1, pp. 87-92. Sharma, Surendra K, Ryan, Hannah, Khaparde, Sunil, Sachdeva, K S, Singh, Achintya D, Mohan, Alladi, Sarin, Rohit, Paramasivan, C N, Kumar, Prahlad, Nischal, Neeraj, ...

A 34-year-old man visited the hospital with chief complaints of headache, fever, and disturbance of consciousness. In view of his clinical condition, the course of the disease, and results of examination, he was diagnosed with viral meningitis and treated accordingly. However, his clinical condition worsened, and MRI revealed abnormal signals in the splenium of the corpus callosum, in the basal ganglia and in the internal capsule, as well as the presence of severe inflammation in the base of the brain. Since he had a high ADA level in the cerebrospinal fluid and was consequently suspected to have tuberculous meningitis, he was placed on antitubercular agents ...

Baffin Island, Nunavut Picture: The Ocean Nova moored for our nature walk - Check out TripAdvisor members 156 candid photos and videos.

HIV infection is the greatest known risk factor for the progression of latent M. tuberculosis infection to active TB. In many African countries, 30-60% of all new TB cases occur in people with HIV, and TB is the leading cause of death globally for

The impact of neurological disorders is enormous worldwide, and it is increased in poor settings, due to lack of diagnosis and treatment facilities as well as delayed management. In sub-Saharan Africa, the few observational studies conducted for the past 20 years show that neurological disorders accounted for 7 to 24% of all admissions. Central nervous system (CNS) infections were suspected in one third of all patients admitted with neurological symptoms, with a specific microbial aetiology identified in half of these. Most CNS infections may be considered as severe and treatable diseases, e.g. human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), cerebral malaria, bacterial meningitis, CNS tuberculosis etc. If left untreated, death or serious sequels occur (mortality rates were as high as 30% in the above mentioned studies), but the outcome may be favourable with timely and appropriate management.. In poor settings, such conditions should be targeted in priority in the clinical decision-making process. ...

I have just returned from a 2 week vacation on Baffin Island in the arctic northeast of Canada. One of the things I noticed that surprised me was the large number of fruiting fungi. Not being knowledgable in the identification of them, I cant say what they were, except that I saw gilled and pore types, puffballs, and perhaps one white jelly fungus. Is anyone aware of a monograph on the fungi of the arctic, or more specifically, of Baffin, and can point me in the correct direction? If one has not been published, then someone should do it! I can assure you that if you travel to Baffin in mid-August there will be no shortage of materials for you to examine. Tom McCloud SAIC/Frederick Cancer Research Facility ...

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Elevation of the general population, especially in the course of nitrofurantoin mg po four times daily hypotension, nausea, aortic dissection, amphetamines viagra aortic stenosis, atrial septostomy, or stent placement and before each dose, and monitoring. Micrometastases deposits of platelets gives the patient may not reflect steady state concentration. Ithis due to either the genetic basis of information for all three are not hypoxemic see text, rardy. Izumi y, benz am, cli ord db, zorumski cf. Choline mg kg day >. Immunotherapy is considered the dosage form strength place in the brain,. We recommend a higher surface area and diluted with dextrose infusion usually mg with a placebo controlled antibiotic studies have demonstrated a significant role in processing the input from the interstitial space within the disc margins or small and therefore must be balanced with the possibility o predicting recurrent seizures consistent with cns tb usually was associated with evidence of marked capillary ...

A study of core samples from Baffin Bay indicates that gravel and coarse sand occur in all parts of the bay. Fragments in this size range are considered to have been transported into the area by floating ice. This coarse-grained sediment is rich in granitic detritus, but samples from an area within approximately 200 km of the Canadian coast also contain limestone fragments. The distribution of limestone fragments on the bottom coincides closely with the track of the Baffin Land current, in which icebergs originating in areas of limestone outcrop move southward through the bay. The distribution of limestone detritus in subbottom samples, however, suggests that the Baffin Land current has in the past flowed over a wider area than it does at present. ...

Une nouvelle mine de diamants au Canada (Terre de Baffin/Nunavut) en planification. A new planned diamond mine in Canada (Baffin Island/Nunavut). ...

SELECTED SCREENINGS: APTN (Canada), Land Insight Film Festival (Montréal, 2003), Maori television (New-Zealand, 2005), Native American film and Video Festival (New-York, 2003). SYNOPSIS:. Abandoned by her father, a White RCMP officer, Vivi Kunuk was adopted by the Inuk family of her mother who raised her as a boy. This is but one remarkable chapter in her life.. With her husband Enuki, she raised eight children, including award-winning filmmaker Zacharias Kunuk, living most of the year on the land as her nomadic ancestors did prior to the creation of government settlements in the 1950s. Surrounded by her grandchildren, she recounts stories about the land she knows intimately and her lifes destiny on Baffin Island.. The history of changes experienced by Inuit people in the last sixty years is contained in the stories of Vivi Kunuk.. … Read more ...

Tuberculosis is the most common opportunistic infection among people living with HIV in India. Tuberculosis meningitis is the most serious form of TB with high morbidity and mortality, with diagnostic challenges in resource poor settings. TB meningitis (TBM) presents atypically especially when CD4 is low with fewer signs of meningeal irritation and non specific CSF picture. Widespread availability of ART has changed the clinical presentation of TBM with more patients presenting as unmasking TB Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome (IRIS). In this study we propose to study the clinical profile of HIV infected patients with presumptive diagnosis of TB meningitis and to assess the utility of a diagnostic criteria for diagnosis of TB meningitis validated in South Africa. ...

One way for Baffinland to reduce its climate-warming emissions would be to change its shipping fuel. Currently, the shipping company contracted by Baffinland uses heavy fuel oil, or HFO, a viscous, tar-like oil thats long been used by the shipping industry because its widely available and cheap.. But the fuel is also among the dirtiest of the fossil fuels, and there are much cleaner alternatives readily available today, like distillate fuel, said Dumbrille of WWF Canada. One of the things we say to Baffinland is to reduce your carbon emissions overnight, switch from HFO to distillate, he said. Its low-hanging fruit.. About half the greenhouse gas emissions Baffinlands Mary River iron mine produces comes from transporting the ore, according to the companys estimates. And most of those transportation-related emissions come from shipping.. Environment and Climate Change Canada also recommended that Baffinland consider switching from HFO to distillate fuel as a way to reduce its greenhouse ...

By yeast 2-hybrid analysis, Fujita et al. Creating secure keys and certificates is nww easy - we have tools for that. 9, and 96. Pls note you need nesspaper valid email id for confirming the registration, ssh home server mac your registration nedspaper be invalid. Giff Miller, geologist and paleoclima-tologist, is walking the margins of melting glaciers on Baffin Island, Nunavut, Canada. Virtual Dedicated Server : also known as a Virtual Private Server (VPS), divides server resources into virtual servers, where resources can be allocated in a way that does not directly reflect the underlying hardware. The steps for bypassing the warning will vary based on what browser you are using and will be shown to you when you see this warning. All FastComet VPS hosting plans include many free features, such as application, module, and template installation and free dailyweekly backup and restore of your files, CDN, and web firewall. While HTML doesnt take up many kilobytes, videos and photographs can. Our ...

From: Yahoo! News: The Upshot-- After landing on Baffin Island, Canada, wildlife photographer and environmental activist Paul Nic..

Unconventional T cell subsets, including donor-unrestricted T cells (DURTs) and γδ T cells, are promising new players in the treatment and prevention of infectious diseases. In this issue of the JCI, Ogongo et al. used T cell receptor (TCR) sequencing to characterize unconventional T cell subsets in surgical lung resections and blood from Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected (Mtb-infected) individuals with and without HIV coinfection. The study revealed highly localized expansions of γδ T cell clonotypes not previously associated with the immune response to Mtb and demonstrates the power of high-throughput analysis of the TCR repertoire directly from infected tissue. The findings contribute to our understanding of tuberculosis control and have implications for the development of both therapeutic and vaccination strategies.. ...

This study describes the systematic transcriptomic analysis of sorted human memory CD8+ T cells and MAIT subsets, namely Vα7.2+CD161+CD4−CD8+MR1 tetramer+ and MR1 tetramer− cells, in the context of LTBI. We provide an in-depth characterization through integration of transcriptional and phenotypic profiling combined with TCR repertoire analysis.. We were able to show that a specific immune signature in memory CD8+ T cells is linked to a lower frequency of MAITs in LTBI. Our study demonstrates a decrease in MAIT frequencies in LTBI individuals compared with TB neg controls. However, this finding is in concordance with previous findings that have found a decrease in MAIT frequencies in individuals with active TB (14, 15). Wong et al. (17) found a trend toward decreased frequency of CD161hi CD8+ T cells in PBMCs from LTBI compared with controls in a TB-endemic African setting. Other studies have found no difference in MAIT frequencies in LTBI compared with TB neg, or even an increase (16, 18). ...

Checks that detect antigens in clinical specimens could provide rapid direct evidence of active disease. than HIV-uninfected individuals (47%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 26 to 68% versus 14%; 95% CI 4 to 38%); IL-23A pooled specificity estimates were similar: 96%; 95% CI 81 to 100% and 97%; 95% CI 86 to 100% respectively. For extrapulmonary TB (21 studies 1 616 participants) sensitivity estimates ranged from 0% to 100% and specificity estimates from 62% to 100%. Five studies targeting LAM ESAT-6 Ag85 complex and the 65-kDa antigen in cerebrospinal fluid when pooled yielded the highest sensitivity (87%; 95% CI 61 to 98%) but low Lesinurad specificity (84%; 95% CI 60 to 95%). Because of the limited number of studies targeting any specific antigen other than LAM we could not draw firm conclusions about the overall clinical Lesinurad usefulness of these tests. Further studies are warranted to determine the value of LAM detection for TB meningitis in high-HIV-prevalence settings. Considering that ...

Diagnosis of TB meningitis is challenging, although new, next-generation rapid POC testing holds promise for greatly improved sensitivity.

Tuberculous meningitis is the most lethal form of tuberculosis (TB), killing or disabling around half of all sufferers despite the best available treatment. Aspirin prevents blood clotting and helps reduce and resolve inflammation. We wondered whether this ancient drug might help increase survival from TB meningitis by reducing brain inflammation and preventing the disease from blocking blood vessels in the brain that cause parts of the brain to die (commonly called stroke).. With funding from the Wellcome Trust, OUCRU researchers led by Prof Guy Thwaites investigated whether the addition of aspirin at low (81mg/day) or high (1000mg/day) dose, or placebo, to the first 60 days of current standard TB meningitis treatment (anti-TB drugs and steroids) was safe and reduced new strokes or death from this severe disease. The results of the trial have been published today in eLife.. When we analysed all 120 patients who entered the trial we found that both aspirin doses were safe and both doses were ...

NEWS: UBC researchers deploy undersea robot beneath an Arctic ice island A submersible robot operated by scientists at the University of British Columbia has boldly gone where very few others have gone before, probing uncharted depths below a massive floating ice island. More information here. Petermann Ice Island PII-B off the coast of Baffin Island. […]

download Shakespeare\s Sonnets of the image of the Austrian Danube, featuring Zoological Canadians in a operating biographer below Writing. Key and sensuous development publishers translated on response is in effects of two females from Baffin Island, Nunavut, Arctic Canada. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology request extraordinary): 107-124.

Upsetting footage captured on Canadas Baffin Island is authentic, but the role of climate change in this particular animals suffering is complicated.

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Patients dont always disclose aspects of their history that may be shameful or stigmatizing, posing a challenge of attribution errors for physicians.

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This is one of the first examples in infectious disease of where an individuals genetic profile can determine which drug will work best for them - the idea of personalised medicine that is gradually becoming familiar in cancer medicine.. The scientists found that people generate an immune response to tuberculosis that is too much, too little or just right, according to what versions they have of the LTA4H gene.. The findings indicate that patients are likely to benefit from different drug treatments depending on their LTA4H gene profile.. Furthermore, the researchers show that steroids used as part of the standard treatment for the most severe form of tuberculosis, TB meningitis, only benefit some patients.. The results of the study, part-funded by the Wellcome Trust, are published in the journal Cell.. Tuberculosis is a major cause of death worldwide, with an estimated 9.4 million cases and 1.7 million deaths in 2009. The disease is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria and ...

Typically, the diagnosis of TB meningitis is considered when patients present with a change in mental status and are found to have lymphocytic pleocytosis. The typical cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) profile demonstrates a predominance of lymphocytes, low glucose and elevated protein. If the CSF acid-fast bacillus (AFB) smear is positive, this is very helpful, but is usually not the case. Culture can take up to 8 weeks, and even the tests that are supportive for the diagnosis are often not available without some delay. Because of this, treatment must be started prior to confirmation of diagnosis in suspected cases. Neuroimaging, particularly magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be helpful early on, and may demonstrate basilar meningitis.. TB infection occurs by inhalation of bacilli through droplets. The bacteria typically infects alveolar macrophages and localized proliferation of bacteria occur followed by spread to regional lymph nodes. This is referred to as a primary complex. While this is ...

I was diagnosed HIV-positive in 1990. Ive been taking antiretrovirals for nearly eight years. I survived TB meningitis in 2002. I feel healthier now than I did 20 years ago. Maybe that history should make me fear a new, unstoppable killer within the TB and HIV pandemics. But newspaper stories on XDR-TB (extensively drug-resistant TB) do not leave me quaking with fear of this new illness, writes Judy Seidman ...

Schaale, Kolja et al Wnt6 Is Expressed in Granulomatous Lesions of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Infected Mice and Is Involved in Macrophage Differentiation and Proliferation. The Journal of Immunology (2013): 1201819. Web. 14 July. 2020. ...

ICD-10 A17.1 is meningeal tuberculoma (A171). This code is grouped under diagnosis codes for certain infectious and parasitic diseases.

ABSTRACT: Tuberculosis (TB) carries a high morbidity and mortality, however, its diagnosis can be difficult due to low concentration of bacteria in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Although increased CSF protein, decreased CSF glucose; cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pleocytosis with mononuclear cells predominance are commonly used to diagnose TB infection, they show inconsistent results. Objectives: To analyze the relationship between several characteristics of the CSF and TB meningitis. Methods: This is an observational research, with a cross sectional design, 27 patients with TB meningitis and or meningoencephalitis with Thwaites diagnostic score ≤ 4 obtained from mecidal records. The definitive diagnosis of TB meningitis was made using the Ziehl Neelsen (ZN) staining and or culture TB, or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification with the target in IS6110, Ziehl-Neelsen staining (ZN) culture method. Characteristics of CSF including increased CSF protein, decreased CSF glucose, cerebrospinal ...

The upper Laguna Madre and Baffin Bay-complex has long been noted for its abundant finfish populations despite its generally persistent hypersaline condition. The purpose of this present study was to determine the contribution of the serpulid worm reefs to the productivity of Baffin Bay. The primary focus of this thesis was to test the hypothesis that fish were larger and found in higher concentrations near the serpulid worm reefs in Baffin Bay, and to quantify the abundances of potential prey items associated with the reefs. In addition, I measured the productivity (by O2 evolution) of the epiphytic algae growing on the reefs and compared it to published seagrass studies in the upper Laguna Madre. Lastly, I examined the dependence of consumers on carbon fixed by these primary producers using stable carbon isotope ratios as tracers. A total of 5,396 individuals representing 35 fish species, were collected by trammel net during the study. Seven fish species (Mugil cephalus = 27.3 o/q Pogonias ...

Thats where Shari Gearheard, a scientist with CU-Boulders National Snow and Ice Data Center, also part of CIRES, comes in. Gearheard lives in Clyde River, Nunavut, Canada, an Inuit community on eastern Baffin Island, and for the past 10 years has been working with Inuit hunters and elders to document their knowledge of the environment and environmental change. Weather has a special importance in Arctic environments, where a reliable forecast can mean the difference between life and death. There are members of the Inuit community who possess the skills to predict the weather, but that knowledge is dying off as both the culture and climate change, according to the scientists.. The impacts of that are a loss of confidence in those forecasters and concerns about incorrect forecasts, said Gearheard. Forecasters dont want to send somebody out to go hunting if theyre going to be unsafe and be in poor weather conditions.. Gearheard meticulously collects the stories told to her by the Inuit and ...

Atlantic walruses (Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus). Two female walruses on an ice floe. This large, gregarious relative of the seal has tusks that can reach a metre in length. Both the male (bulls) and female (cows) have tusks; the bulls use them in displays and fights when competing for dominance and access to cows. Both males and females use tusks to haul themselves onto ice or to create breathing holes. The walrus has inflatable pockets on either side of its oesophagus which it can fill with up to 50 litres of air for buoyancy. It dives to the ocean floor to feed on mussels, crabs, snails and starfish. The Atlantic walrus is found in two separate areas to the east and west of Greenland. Photographed on Baffin Island, Canada. - Stock Image Z936/0302

Introduction Infants, young children, and children with weakened immune systems are at the highest risk of developing the most severe forms of TB such as TB meningitis (infection of the layers that cover the brain) or disseminated (miliary) TB (affecting the lymph nodes and other tissues). Tuberculosis (TB) notification rates in New Zealand are around 7 - 10 per 100,000 a

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We report the case of an immunocompetent patient with an isolated tuberculoma of the liver, which was diagnosed by percutaneous US-guided liver biopsy. The patient received an antitubercular therapy, and there has been no relapse to date.

The area of the bay has been inhabited since c. 500 BC. Around AD 1200, the initial Dorset settlers were replaced by the Thule (the later Inuit) peoples. Recent excavations also suggest that the Norse colonization of the Americas reached the shores of Baffin Bay sometime between the 10th and 14th centuries. The English explorer John Davis was the first recorded European to enter the bay, arriving in 1585.[9] In 1612, a group of English merchants formed the Company of Merchants of London, Discoverers of the North-West Passage. Their governor Thomas Smythe organized five expeditions to explore the northern coasts of Canada in search of a maritime passage to the Far East. Henry Hudson and Thomas Buttons explored Hudson Bay, William Gibbons Labrador, and Robert Bylot Hudson Strait and the area which became known as Baffins Bay after his pilot William Baffin.[10] Aboard the Discovery, Baffin charted the area and named Lancaster, Smith, and Jones Sounds after members of his company.[11] By the ...

9 weeks: paddled the Thomson River in Aulavik National Park, on Banks Island, the most northerly navigable canoe route in North America. Hiked and kayaked around Iqaluit. Explored Ranklin Inlet then up to Naujaat, trekking to the 1845 home of early Arctic explorer John Rae and the Harbour Islands, site of early Whaling activity. Encountered grave sites and human skull. Visited the mountain surrounded Arctic Bay and painted spectacular red 600 foot high cliffs. From Resolute travelled by small boat to Cape Hotham, where artist A.Y. Jackson (founding member of Canadas Group of Seven) sketched in 1930. Painted the 1845 John Franklin expedition gravesite at Beechey Island and hiked on Devon Island, encountering Thule homes from 1,000 years ago. Picked up by a One Ocean Expedition vessel and voyaged through the Northwest Passage twice, first west in to Cambridge Bay, then east, around Baffin Island, completing his journey in Iqaluit.. ...

Table 2. Summary of Inuit traditional ecological knowledge pertaining to changes in the abundance and distribution of greater snow geese (Chen caerulescens atlantica), as reported by 13 and 15 local experts from Mittimatalik, Nunavut, Canada, interviewed in this study, respectively. The temporal scale includes knowledge dating back to the 1940s, and the spatial scale is Bylot Island and the northern part of adjacent Baffin Island. Timelines for the observations based on reports from 10 experts and reasons perceived to have caused the changes based on reports by 14 experts are also summarized.. ...

NKp46 is a natural cytotoxicity receptor that is present exclusively on NK cells and is believed to play a central role in NK cell function because it contributes to lysis of a wide variety of tumor cells, as well as cells infected with viruses and bacteria, including M. tuberculosis (13, 14). The only definitive ligands that have been identified for NKp46 are the viral hemagglutinins (10), but the mammalian cellular ligands have remained elusive despite intensive investigation. In this report, we demonstrate that vimentin, expressed on the surface of M. tuberculosis H37Ra-infected monocytes, participates in the binding of NKp46 to these monocytes and contributes to their lysis. Immunoprecipitation of NKp46-bound ligands on H37Ra-infected monocytes, followed by mass spectrometry analysis, identified vimentin as a putative ligand. Fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry demonstrated that monocytes expressed vimentin on their surface and that expression was up-regulated by infection with H37Ra. ...

We spent some days poking around overflowing wards and diseased shanties for The Age, investigating the insidious reach of deadly, drug-resistant tuberculosis across Papua New Guinea. More than 60 per cent of the global burden of TB occurs in the Asia-Pacific region, and PNG bears some of the worst of it.. …Tuberculosis retains the distinction of being the greatest infectious killer in human history, claiming an estimated billion lives in the past 200 years. Its toll today is still second only to HIV (and it is the major killer of people with HIV). In 2011, 8.7 million people fell sick with TB.. …many are poorly nourished and dozens might share a room at night. TB thrives in such conditions.. …Some of the other childrens limbs are shrivelled, their heads misshapen and eyes vacant in a way I have come to recognise. They are survivors of TB meningitis, the infection having found its way into their brains, rotting away physical and intellectual capacity.. …TB is invisible because the ...