Roots show positive hydrotropism in response to moisture gradients, which is believed to contribute to plant water acquisition. This article reviews the recent advances of the physiological and molecular genetic studies on hydrotropism in seedling roots of Arabidopsis thaliana. We identified MIZU-KUSSEI1 (MIZ1) and MIZ2, essential genes for hydrotropism in roots; the former encodes a protein of unknown function, and the latter encodes an ARF-GEF (GNOM) protein involved in vesicle trafficking. Because both mutants are defective in hydrotropism but not in gravitropism, these mutations might affect a molecular mechanism unique to hydrotropism. MIZ1 is expressed in the lateral root cap and cortex of the root proper. It is localized as a soluble protein in the cytoplasm and in association with the cytoplasmic face of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes in root cells. Light and ABA independently regulate MIZ1 expression, which influences the ultimate hydrotropic response. In addition, MIZ1 ...

To observe root system development, soybean plants (Glycine max) were grown in root boxes that were set horizontally to reduce the effect of gravity. Along with the root system development, the two-dimensional distribution of soil water content in the root boxes was measured continuously by the time domain reflectometry (TDR) method. Root system development and its morphological architecture were strongly affected by the positions of the water supply. It is suggested that root hydrotropism plays the dominant role in root system development. In addition to root hydrotropism, the importance of root compensatory growth is suggested. A combined model of root system development and soil water flow considering root hydrotropism and compensatory growth was used to simulate root system development and soil water flow. The morphological architecture of root systems and the distribution of soil water content obtained in the experiment were successfully explained by the model simulation. These results ...

In metazoans, directed cell movement in response to a chemical gradient (chemotaxis), plays a vital role in embryogenesis, postnatal development and immunity. Moreover, the survival of many single-celled organisms depends on their ability to detect and move in response to chemical stimuli. The related phenomenon, directed cell growth in response to a chemical gradient (chemotropism), is also essential in many species. In mammals, chemotropism is integral to axon guidance (Hong and Nishiyama, 2010; Tojima et al., 2011) and angiogenesis (English et al., 2001; Basile et al., 2004). Pollen tube guidance is also a chemotropic process (Palanivelu and Preuss, 2000; Kim et al., 2004), and there is an increasing appreciation for the role of chemotropism in the life cycles of fungal species, including plant and human pathogens (Snetselaar et al., 1996; Daniels et al., 2006).. Many chemosensing cells express G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) to detect the presence of the extracellular signaling molecules ...

Hydrotropism is a genuine response of roots to a moisture gradient to avoid drought. An experimental system for the induction of hydrotropic root response in petri dishes was designed by pioneering groups in the field. This system uses split agar plates containing an osmolyte only in a region of the plate in order to generate a water potential gradient. Arabidopsis seedlings are placed on the MS agar plate so that their root tips are near the junction between plain MS medium and the region supplemented with the osmolyte. This elicits a hydrotropic response in Arabidopsis roots that can be measured as the root curvature angle.. ...

Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of Quantification of thigmotropism (contact sensing) of Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis. Together they form a unique fingerprint. ...

Thigmotropism Definition - In plant biology, any type of tropism is a plants physical response to some sort of external stimuli, such as water,...

When a plant grows in a particular direction in response to an external stimulus. Shoots grow towards light, known as phototropism. Roots grow in the direction of gravity, called geotropism, and towards water, called hydrotropism. And vines and tendrils coil around other plants in response to contact, known as thigmotropism. Tropisms enable plants to alter their growth, helping them get what they need from their environment.. ...

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the causative agent of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). A large number of AIDS patients show evidence of neurologic involvement, known as AIDS-related subacute encephalopathy, which has been correlated with the presence of HIV in the brain. In this study, two genetically distinct but related viruses were isolated from one patient from two different sources in the central nervous system: brain tissue and cerebrospinal fluid. Both viruses were found to replicate in peripheral blood lymphocytes, but only virus from brain tissue will efficiently infect macrophage/monocytes. The viruses also differ in their ability to infect a brain glioma explant culture. This infection of the brain-derived cells in vitro is generally nonproductive, and appears to be some form of persistent or latent infection. These results indicate that genetic variation of HIV in vivo may result in altered cell tropisms and possibly implicate strains of HIV with glial cell ...

This science printable reviews the response of plants to a stimulus. Students will complete statements about tropisms and identify the stimulus and response in each illustration.

Retroviruses are attractive gene-delivery systems because this is how they make a living. What cells a virus will enter are determined by viral proteins on its surface. This determines the tropism of a virus. Different viruses have different tropisms. Many […]. Read More ». ...

Doxorubicin (5 mg kg-1) was administered intravenously to C57 mice bearing subcutaneous B16F10 melanomas, distributing into the tumour with an area under the concentration-time curve (0-48 h; AUC) of 8.7 micrograms h g-1. Injection of doxorubicin-N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) copolymer conjugate, containing 5 mg of doxorubicin equivalent per kg, mediated an AUC for free doxorubicin (i.e. doxorubicin released from the conjugate) of 15.2 micrograms h g-1 and for total doxorubicin (i.e. free plus conjugated) of 149.1 micrograms h g-1. An increased dose of doxorubicin-HPMA copolymer conjugate (18 mg of doxorubicin equivalent per kg) produced AUC values of 40.1 micrograms h g-1 and 671.7 micrograms h g-1 for free and total doxorubicin respectively. Hence administration of doxorubicin-HPMA copolymer conjugate achieved rises of 1.7- to 4.6-fold in tumour AUC (free doxorubicin) and 17.19 to 77.0-fold in tumour AUC (total doxorubicin). HPMA copolymers bearing fluorescein isothiocyanate accumulated in

TY - JOUR. T1 - Differential matrix rigidity response in breast cancer cell lines correlates with the tissue tropism. AU - Kostic, Ana. AU - Lynch, Christopher D.. AU - Sheetz, Michael. PY - 2009/7/23. Y1 - 2009/7/23. N2 - Metastasis to a variety of distant organs, such as lung, brain, bone, and liver, is a leading cause of mortality in the breast cancer patients. The tissue tropism of breast cancer metastasis has been recognized and studied extensively, but the cellular processes underlying this phenomenon, remain elusive. Modern technologies have enabled the discovery of a number of the genetic factors determining tissue tropism of malignant cells. However, the effect of these genetic differences on the cell motility and invasiveness is poorly understood. Here, we report that cellular responses to the mechanical rigidity of the extracellular matrix correlate with the rigidity of the target tissue. We tested a series of single cell populations isolated from MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line in ...

A fundamental aspect of Wolbachia-host interactions is the type of tissue preferentially infected by the bacteria. We have previously shown that Wolbachia tropism to the stem cell niches in the female Drosophila ovaries is important for vertical transmission, and that this tropism is ubiquitous across the Drosophila genus. Furthermore, closely related Wolbachia strains tend to display the same patterns of tropism in the ovary, indicating the importance of maintaining this phenotype for vertical transmission [14].. If the major role of niche tropism is related to Wolbachia transmission, evolutionary theory predicts that there should be reduced selective pressure to maintain niche tropism in males, since Wolbachia is not transmitted through the sperm. Patterns of Wolbachia niche tropism in the filarial nematode (B. malayi, D. immitis, L. sigmondontis, M. unguiculatus, and O. dewittei japonica) support this concept, where Wolbachia colonization of the distal tip cell (the nematode equivalent of the ...

To our knowledge, our study was one of the largest international studies, particularly focusing on an Asian population, addressing the role of facet joint tropism in relation to lumbar levels with DS and its occurrence at adjacent segments. Findings from the study indicated that tropism was present more often at the level of a L4-L5 DS than at its non-DS levels. Similar tropism rates were noted at adjacent levels in relation to a L5-S1 DS and at higher rates at adjacent levels in relation to a L3-L4 DS. However, tropism was also noted in the immediate and distal adjacent non-DS levels in relation to the DS segment, ranging in prevalence from 33 to 60 %. More specifically, in the setting of DS levels with L3-L4 or L5-S1, the immediate adjacent and more distal levels had similar tropism rates between each other. Additional analysis also showed no relationship between tropism with patient demographics, such as age, sex-type and BMI.. As described by Kirkaldy-Willis et al., [32] the spines ...

Looking for online definition of -tropism in the Medical Dictionary? -tropism explanation free. What is -tropism? Meaning of -tropism medical term. What does -tropism mean?

in Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (2011), 66(2), 265-72. BACKGROUND: Determination of HIV-1 tropism is a pre-requisite to the use of CCR5 antagonists. This study evaluated the potential of population genotypic tropism tests (GTTs) in clinical practice, and the ... [more ▼]. BACKGROUND: Determination of HIV-1 tropism is a pre-requisite to the use of CCR5 antagonists. This study evaluated the potential of population genotypic tropism tests (GTTs) in clinical practice, and the correlation with phenotypic tropism tests (PTTs) in patients accessing routine HIV care. METHODS: Forty-nine consecutive plasma samples for which an original Trofile(TM) assay was performed were obtained from triple-class-experienced patients in need of a therapy change. Viral tropism was defined as the consensus of three or more tropism calls obtained from the combination of two independent population PTT assays (Trofile Biosciences, San Francisco, CA, USA, and Virco, Beerse, Belgium), population GTTs and GTTs based ...

The Saccharomyces Genome Database (SGD) provides comprehensive integrated biological information for the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Background Inferring viral tropism from genotype is a fast and inexpensive alternative to phenotypic testing. While being highly predictive when performed on clonal samples, sensitivity of predicting...

Does HIV-1 tropism change in patients during virological suppressive therapy. . Biblioteca virtual para leer y descargar libros, documentos, trabajos y tesis universitarias en PDF. Material universiario, documentación y tareas realizadas por universitarios en nuestra biblioteca. Para descargar gratis y para leer online.

Thank you for this post. The issue of tropism testing is likely to get increasing attention in the coming months as CCR5 inhibitors move forward in clinical development. By way of background for...

FIG. 1. (A) Adhesion (black) and invasion (white) of O26 strains with respect to Caco-2 tissue culture cells. (B) Adhesion (black) and invasion (white) of O26 strains with respect to HEp-2 tissue culture cells. NCTC12900 was used as a control strain for both cell lines. Results are presented as the means ± standard deviations from the means. Asterisks indicate strains for which the numbers of organisms adhered to/invaded were statistically significant (P , 0.05) compared to what was found for NCTC12900. ...

Cancer, Cell, Cytokines, Future, Infection, Infections, Interferons, Necrosis, Prevalence, Role, Specificity, Tissue, Treatment, Tropism, Understanding, Viral Tropism, Virus

View Notes - 38-pldevresponmod from BIOL V04 at Ventura College. Plant Developmental Responses Phototropism positive Gravitropism positive negative Thigmotropism Old Fig. 36.11 Sun rising over

Gradient-directed cell migration (chemotaxis) and growth (chemotropism) are processes that are essential to the development and life cycles of all species. Cells use surface receptors to sense the shallow chemical gradients that elicit chemotaxis and chemotropism. Slight asymmetries in receptor activation are amplified by downstream signaling systems, which ultimately induce dynamic reorganization of the cytoskeleton. During the mating response of budding yeast, a model chemotropic system, the pheromone receptors on the plasma membrane polarize to the side of the cell closest to the stimulus. Although receptor polarization occurs before and independently of actin cable-dependent delivery of vesicles to the plasma membrane (directed secretion), it requires receptor internalization. Phosphorylation of pheromone receptors by yeast casein kinase 1 or 2 (Yck1/2) stimulates their internalization. We showed that the pheromone-responsive Gβγ dimer promotes the polarization of the pheromone receptor by ...

Receptor binding and subsequent cell-mediated internalization or disassembly are the initial steps in virus replication. Cell surface molecules that participate in this process are the primary determinants of virus tissue tropism. Monoclonal antibody blockade, immunoprecipitation, and DNA transfection were used to identify decay accelerating factor as a major cell attachment receptor for coxsackieviruses B1, B3, and B5. However, expression of human decay acceleration factor on the surface of nonpermissive murine fibroblasts led only to virus attachment without subsequent replication, and it was concluded that an additional cellular cofactor(s) is required to facilitate cell entry and subsequent replication.

|jats:title|Key Points|/jats:title| |jats:p|Zoonotic P cynomolgi switches red cell tropism for reticulocytes expressing Trf1 (CD71+) and DARC (CD234+). In the human host, P cynomolgi displays an almost identical rheopathobiology to P vivax.|/jats:p|

Key clinical studies for HIV coreceptor antagonists have used the phenotyping-based Trofile test. Meanwhile various simpler-to-do genotypic tests have become available that are compatible with standard laboratory equipment and Web-based interpretation tools. However, these systems typically analyze only the most prominent virus sequence in a specimen. We present a new diagnostic HIV tropism test not needing DNA sequencing. The system, XTrack, uses physical properties of DNA duplexes after hybridization of single-stranded HIV-1 env V3 loop probes to the clinical specimen. Resulting heteroduplexes possess unique properties driven by sequence relatedness to the reference and resulting in a discrete electrophoretic mobility. A detailed optimization process identified diagnostic probe candidates relating best to a large number of HIV-1 sequences with known tropism. From over 500 V3 sequences representing all main HIV-1 subtypes (Los Alamos database), we obtained a small set of probes to determine ...

Tropism definition, an orientation of an organism to an external stimulus, as light, especially by growth rather than by movement. See more.

SeraCare is a trusted partner and worldwide supplier to the diagnostic testing industry, advancing the development of clinical genomics, molecular, and serological diagnostics. Check out how our product, Seraseq® HIV-1 Drug Resistance and Tropism Reference Material v2 (MF40) 1 x 1 mL can help with research, development, validation, and lab testing.

Tropism causes back pain as the facet joint pairs of the vertebra (spinal bone) dont line up. Innate Wisdom offers gentle chiropractic Cox Technic for relieving pain.

The purpose of this study is to measure viral tropism over time in subjects with X4-tropic or non-phenotypeable virus while receiving standard of care therapy. This is an observational study. No investigational treatment will be administered through this study ...

Allergy-Free Gardening by Thomas Leo Ogren. Revolutionary Guide to Healthy Landscaping. With OPALS, the Ogren Plant Allergy Scale.

When using AAV for precise neuronal targeting consider AAV tropism and administration route, cell-type specific expression, and combining different approaches to increase targeting specificity further.

Viral vectors have been available in various fields such as medical and biological research or gene therapy applications. Targeting vectors pseudotyped with distinct viral envelope proteins that influence cell tropism and transfection efficiency is a useful tool not only for examining entry mechanisms or cell tropisms but also for vaccine vector development. Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is an excellent candidate for development as a pseudotype vector. A recombinant VSV lacking its own envelope (G) gene has been used to produce a pseudotype or recombinant VSV possessing the envelope proteins of heterologous viruses. These viruses possess a reporter gene instead of a VSV G gene in their genome, and therefore it is easy to evaluate their infectivity in the study of viral entry, including identification of viral receptors. Furthermore, advantage can be taken of a property of the pseudotype VSV, which is competence for single-round infection, in handling many different viruses that are either difficult

Host tropism is the infection specificity of certain pathogens to particular hosts and host tissues. This type of tropism explains why most pathogens are only capable of infecting a limited range of host organisms. Researchers can classify pathogenic organisms by the range of species and cell types that they exhibit host tropism for. For instance, pathogens that are able to infect a wide range of hosts and tissues are said to be amphotropic. Ecotropic pathogens, on the other hand, are only capable of infecting a narrow range of hosts and host tissue. Knowledge of a pathogens host specificity allows professionals in the research and medical industries to model pathogenesis and develop vaccines, medication, and preventative measures to fight against infection. Methods such as cell engineering, direct engineering and assisted evolution of host-adapted pathogens, and genome-wide genetic screens are currently being used by researchers to better understand the host range of a variety of different ...

TrendTerms displays relevant terms of the abstract of this publication and related documents on a map. The terms and their relations were extracted from ZORA using word statistics. Their timelines are taken from ZORA as well. The bubble size of a term is proportional to the number of documents where the term occurs. Red, orange, yellow and green colors are used for terms that occur in the current document; red indicates high interlinkedness of a term with other terms, orange, yellow and green decreasing interlinkedness. Blue is used for terms that have a relation with the terms in this document, but occur in other documents ...

Tropism causes back pain as the facet joint pairs of the vertebra (spinal bone) dont line up. Dr. Le's Chiropractic & Wellness, L.L.C. offers gentle chiropractic Cox Technic for relieving pain.

Mouse Liver Stem Cell Media (Serum Free Medium or Medium with Serum). This product is tissue tested including Stem Cells and is available as 500ml sterile filtered unit. The product is also available as a pack of 6, 500ml unit sizes ...

Choosing to participate in a study is an important personal decision. Talk with your doctor and family members or friends about deciding to join a study. To learn more about this study, you or your doctor may contact the study research staff using the contacts provided below. For general information, Learn About Clinical Studies. ...

Introduction: Look at the picture. Why are all pansy flowers faced the same direction? I checked them in the morning, noon time and even in the afternoon. It seems they are all looking at the sun. Even though I first noticed that in the Pansy flowers, it is not limited to pansies and viola. All flowers move. Some are just more noticeable. ...

There is now little doubt that individuals who are well-adjusted, socially stable, and well-integrated into their communities are at significantly lower risk for disease and premature mortality than those who are more unstable, impulsive, isolated, and alienated. The reasons for these associations, …

Keywords: HIV; Herpes; Host Factors; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Innate Immunity; Infection; Viruses; Restriction; Cyclophilin; TRIM5; Tetherin; Tropism; Gene ...

The power of L systems goes beyond their capability to generate realistic images of plants […] they also provide a model of their operation, including processes such as tropisms, abscission, signal propagation, or watering. -Roberto S. Ferrero There is a number of applications in which L systems plays an important role as a biological model: ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Relationship between HIV coreceptor tropism and disease progression in persons with untreated chronic HIV infection. AU - Goetz, Matthew Bidwell. AU - Leduc, Robert. AU - Kostman, Jay R.. AU - Labriola, Ann M.. AU - Lie, Yolanda. AU - Weidler, Jodi. AU - Coakley, Eoin. AU - Bates, Michael. AU - Luskin-Hawk, Roberta. PY - 2009/3. Y1 - 2009/3. N2 - OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of HIV coreceptor tropism (CRT) on the relative risk of progression to a composite outcome of CD4 count ĝ‰Currency sign350 cells per microliter, treatment initiation, or death. METHODS: CRT assays were performed after study closure in baseline samples obtained from enrollees in a prospectively monitored cohort of treatment-naive adults with ĝ‰¥450 CD4 cells per microliter and ĝ‰¥1000 HIV-1 RNA copies per milliliter. RESULTS: Dual/mixed (D/M) and R5 CRT were detected in 32 and 282 patients, respectively. The baseline CD4 count (617 versus 694 cells/μL; P ≤ 0.05) differed in patients with D/M ...

Gilroy S, Masson P (Eds.). Plant Tropisms. Ames, Iowa: Blackwell Publishing, 240 pp., October 2007. (PIs: S. Gilroy, P. Masson) Note: Most chapters in this book are authored by current or former PIs. The chapters are: (1) Valster AH, Blancaflor EB. Mechanisms of gravity perception in higher plants; (2) Harrison BR, Morita MT, Masson PH, Tasaka M. Signal transduction in gravitropism; (3) Muday GK, Rahman A. Auxin transport and the integration of gravitropic growth; (4) Mullen JL, Kiss JZ. Phototropism and its relationship to gravitropism; (5) Monshausen GB, Swanson SJ, Gilroy S. Touch sensing and thigmotropism; (6) Cassab GI. Other tropisms and their relationship to gravitropism; (7) Braun M, Hemmersbach R. Single-cell gravitropism and gravitaxis; (8) Correll MJ, Kiss JZ. Space-based research on plant tropisms; (9) Brown CS, Sederoff HW, Davies E, Ferl RJ, Stankovic B. Plan(t)s for space exploration. ...

Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) can cause transplacental infection and death in fetal lambs. This study investigates the pathogenesis of FMDV infection in ovine fetuses using in-situ hybridization (ISH) to detect viral transcripts in tissue and real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays to quantify the fetal cytokine response to infection. FMDV ribonucleic acid (RNA) was localized mainly to the heart and skeletal muscles of fetuses and was only occasionally expressed in the lingual epithelium, demonstrating that FMDV has a different tissue tropism in the fetus compared with that in adult sheep. There was early expression of genes encoding anti-viral cytokines (IFN-alpha and IFN-beta) in fetuses at 2 and 4 days post-infection (dpi), followed by a marked rise in the transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes (IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha and IL-1 alpha) from 7 to 18 dpi, particularly in the heart. The degree of cytokine mRNA expression correlated with fetal ...

XEROPLANTS - plants that live adapted to very dry environment. Adaptations:. 1) Stomata - many have fewer which are sunken decreasing exposure to air currents so less H2O is lost by transpiration. Some xerophytes only open their stomata at night when its dark and cooler to limit H2O loss by transpiration. 2) Leaves - some have small leaves to reduce the surface area which will reduce H2O loss by transpiration. Others have vertically orientated leaves to decrease the surface area exposure to light and heat and decrease H2O lost. Other have roled leaves to prevent H2O loss and maintain humid air around the stomata. This prevents exposure to air current and reduces the water potential gradient. They also reduce surface area of the leaf that is exposed to heat, light and waind which will reduce transpiration further.. 3) Cuticle - many xerophytes have thick waxy cuticles again to prevent H2O loss. 4) Stem - some have hairs convering stem. They help shade and cool the plant leading to a reduced rate ...

The above tropism is a polarized light microscope image of adipic acid, (CH2)4(COOH)2. The nearly 2.5 billion kg of adipic acid produced each year is mostly used as a monomer for the production of nylon. Other major uses involve polymers. It is a monomer for production of Polyurethane and it is used in making PVC. The image above was captured using a microscope digital camera adapter and a standard digital camera ...

The cellular tropism of the SARS-CoV-2 virus affects several aspects of infection, such as the spread of the virus within and between hosts, tissue pathology, immune control mechanisms, and the response to treatment with promising antiviral drugs.

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