Trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (C6H3N3O9S) is an nitroaryl oxidizing acid. Due to its extreme oxidative properties, if mixed with reducing agents including hydrides, sulfides, and nitrides, it may begin a vigorous reaction that culminates in almost immediate detonation. The aromatic nitro compounds may explode in the presence of a base such as sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide even in the presence of water or organic solvents because of the explosive tendencies of aromatic nitro compounds which increase in the presence of multiple nitro groups. Not much is known about this compound, but it is used as a peptide terminal amino group neutralizer and is currently being investigated for its effects on the immune system. Its primary usage is primarily to neutralize peptide terminal amino groups in scientific research. Occasionally it is used as a detonator for certain other explosive compounds. It is also used to induce Crohns Disease in the colon of laboratory animals in order to model ...
Berberine is an isoquinoline alkaloid with multiple pharmacological actions, including anti-inflammatory activity. The aims of this study were to examine the effect of berberine on the mucosal healing process and to investigate whether berberine can inhibit the increased production of interleukin-8 in trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced colitis in rats. Berberine was administered orally for 3 days or 1 week at a dosage of 7.5 or 15 mg/kg/day. Tissue damage scores, body weight, colon wet weight, and colon wall thickness were measured, and myeloperoxidase activity in colon tissue was also examined. Histological lesions, morphological damage, and myeloperoxidase activity were reduced after 1 week of treatment with berberine at a dosage of 15 mg/kg/day. Furthermore, 1 week after trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid treatment, the production of interleukin-8 by cultured rectal mucosa or cardiac blood mononuclear cells with or without stimulation of lipopolysaccharide for 24 h was also analyzed by ...
Calcitriol Inhibits the Th1 and Promotes the Th2 Profile in Mice with TNBS Colitis. Th1 lymphocyte differentiation is known to be based on a sequence of cell-intrinsic and exogenous, DC-derived factors, including augmentation of the transcription factor T-bet following activation by DC-derived IL-12. The observed reduction of the Th1 mediators, especially after treatment with the combination of dexamethasone and calcitriol, was further confirmed by immunoblot analysis of the T-bet. The combined administration of calcitriol and dexamethasone led to a significant reduction of T-bet protein expression compared with dexamethasone monotherapy (P , 0.001 versus dexamethasone, Fig. 3, A and B). As a next step to assess a possible role of calcitriol and dexamethasone in promoting the Th2 subset, we analyzed IL-4 production as well as the relevant Th2 lineage commitment factor GATA3. Calcitriol significantly up-regulated IL-4, whereas dexamethasone alone did not cause any significant change in IL-4 ...
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This study assessed the role of iNOS in the acute and chronic phases of TNBS induced colitis by using mice genetically deficient in the inducible isoform of NOS. The results from this study clearly show a statistical increase in iNOS messenger RNA in wild type mice 72 hours after TNBS treatment which was maintained for seven days. Although there was always some increase in iNOS message at 24 hours this was difficult to detect adequately using the GeneQuant spectrophotometer and underscores the dramatic increase in iNOS at the later time points. An increase in iNOS protein was also measured by immunohistochemistry seven days post-TNBS. By 14 days in this model of colitis there was no detectable message for iNOS. Concurrent with the elevation in iNOS expression in wild type mice, we were able to show an increase in ulceration, diarrhoea, and stricture formation and a destruction of the mucosal architecture in colonic tissue. This increased macroscopic and microscopic damage was accompanied by a ...
Adrenomedullin (AM) is a biologically active peptide which has been tested as a new therapy for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in animal models and in patients with severe ulcerative colitis. We used an inducible knockout (KO) mouse model for AM to evaluate the effects of endogenous levels of this peptide on the development and degree of pathogenesis of IBD. Acute colitis was induced in mice of both sexes by rectal instillation of 3 mg 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) in 100 µL of 50% ethanol. Control mice received the same volume of saline in 50% ethanol. During the following 5 days, the weight and the disease severity index of all animals were recorded. After sacrifice, the inflammatory response was macroscopically assessed by analyzing the weight of the colon; by histomorphometrical analysis on histological sections; and by qRT-PCR determination of different inflammatory, adhesion, and regeneration molecules. TNBS administration caused a significantly more severe colitis in KO mice, and
TY - JOUR. T1 - Linaclotide - A secretagogue and antihyperalgesic agent - What next?. AU - Bharucha, A. E.. AU - Linden, D. R.. PY - 2010/3. Y1 - 2010/3. N2 - Ongoing clinical trials suggest that linaclotide, a first-in-class, 14-amino acid peptide guanylate cyclase-C (GC-C) receptor agonist and intestinal secretagogue is an effective treatment for chronic constipation. A study in this issue of the Journal suggests that linaclotide also has antihyperalgesic effects in three common rat models of inflammation- and stress-induced hypersensitivity (i.e., acute trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid colitis, water avoidance stress [WAS], and restraint-induced stress) but not in naïve animals. In mice, linaclotide at least partly reduces hyperalgesia via GC-C receptors. Dose-effect relationships of linaclotide were complicated and non-linear. This viewpoint discusses human clinical trials with linaclotide and the results of this study. Potential mechanisms and clinical significance of these findings are ...
TY - JOUR. T1 - CD45RC(high)CD4+ intestinal mucosal lymphocytes infiltrating in the inflamed colonic mucosa of a novel rat colitis model induced by TNB immunization. AU - Watanabe, Mamoru. AU - Hosoda, Yasuo. AU - Okamoto, Susumu. AU - Yamazaki, Motomi. AU - Inoue, Nagamu. AU - Ueno, Yoshitaka. AU - Iwao, Yasushi. AU - Ishii, Hiromasa. AU - Watanabe, Noriaki. AU - Hamada, Yoshiki. AU - Yamada, Takaya. AU - Suzuki, Tatsuo. AU - Hibi, Toshifumi. PY - 1998/7. Y1 - 1998/7. N2 - To clarify the role of CD4+ intestinal mucosal lymphocytes in chronic intestinal inflammation, we developed a new rat colitis model by immunization with 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNB) in an emulsion with an adjuvant followed by transrectal administration of a low dose of TNB. Moreover, we assessed the therapeutic effect of anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody (mAb) on this model. In concert with the development of serum anti-TNB Abs, transmural and segmental colitis that mimics some characteristics of human Crohns disease ...
Background and aims: Interleukin-12 (IL-12), a p35/p40 heterodimer, plays a pivotal rote in the immune response in Crohns disease (CD). Since IL-12 p40 dimers act as IL-12 antagonists, we assayed p40 dimer proteins to modulate chronic intestinal inflammation. Methods: We generated a fusion protein consisting of the IL-12(p40) subunit fused to the constant region of IgG2b. IL-12(p40)-IgG2b was tested in a murine 2,4,6,-trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (TNBS) colitis model and in lamina propria mononuclear cells (LPMNC) from patients with CD in vitro. Results: Dimeric IL-12(p40)-IgG2b fusion protein bound specifically to the IL-12 receptor. In concentrations ...
Recent studies show that colonic vitamin D receptor (VDR) signaling protects the mucosal epithelial barrier and suppresses colonic inflammation, but the underlying molecular mechanism remains to be fully understood. To investigate the implication of colonic VDR down-regulation seen in patients with inflammatory bowel disease, we assessed the effect of gut epithelial VDR deletion on colonic inflammatory responses in an experimental colitis model. In 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis model, mice carrying VDR deletion in gut epithelial cells (VDRf/f;Villin-Cre or VDRΔIEC) or in colonic epithelial cells (VDRf/f;CDX2-Cre or VDRΔCEC) developed more severe clinical colitis than VDRf/f control mice, characterized by more robust TH1 and TH17 responses, with greater increases in mucosal IFN-γ+, IL-17+ and IFN-γ+IL-17+ T cells ...
Proteinase-activated receptor-1 (PAR1), a G protein-coupled receptor activated by thrombin, is highly expressed in different cell types of the gastrointestinal tract. The activity of thrombin and of other proteinases is significantly increased in the colon of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients. Since PAR1 activation in tissues other than the gut provoked inflammation, we hypothesized that PAR1 activation in the colon is involved in the pathogenesis of IBD. Here, we demonstrate that PAR1 is overexpressed in the colon of IBD patients. In mice, intracolonic administration of PAR1 agonists led to an inflammatory reaction characterized by edema and granulocyte infiltration. This PAR1 activation-induced inflammation was dependent on B and T lymphocytes. Moreover, PAR1 activation exacerbated and prolonged inflammation in a mouse model of IBD induced by the intracolonic administration of trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS), while PAR1 antagonism significantly decreased the mortality and severity ...
We thank Professor Matuchansky1 for his interest in our recent study.2 The strain specificity of the anti-inflammatory capacity of peptidoglycan (PGN) derived from probiotic lactobacilli was indeed shown using the 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid colitis model and via the intraperitoneal route. We totally agree, however, that the relevant way of probiotic administration for clinical application is indeed the oral route. Related to this, it might be … ...
Faecalibacterium prausnitzii is an anti-inflammatory commensal bacterium identified on the basis of human clinical data. The mechanisms underlying its beneficial effects are still unknown. Gnotobiotic mice harboring F. prausnitzii (A2-165) and Escherichia coli (K-12 JM105) were subjected to 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced acute colitis. The inflammatory colitis scores and a gas chromatography-time of flight (GC/TOF) mass spectrometry-based metabolomic profile were monitored in blood, ileum, cecum, colon, and feces in gnotobiotic mice. The potential anti-inflammatory metabolites were tested in vitro. We obtained stable E. coli and F. prausnitzii-diassociated mice in which E. coli primed the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), allowing a durable and stable establishment of F. prausnitzii. The disease activity index, histological scores, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, and serum cytokine levels were significantly lower in the presence of F. prausnitzii after TNBS challenge. The ...
In normal adult physiology, intestinal smooth muscle cells (ISMC) are characterized as contractile and non-proliferative. Inflammation induces permanent changes to the intestine including hypertrophy of the smooth muscle layer largely due to smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation. While the consequences of this hyperplasia are largely unknown, increased muscularis mass may present permanent challenges to organ motility. Similar SMC hyperplasia is observed in other inflammatory pathologies including atherosclerosis and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) where SMC de-differentiate into a synthetic phenotype and the mitogens responsible for hyperplasia have been well studied. However, there are limited investigations of SMC mitogens in intestinal inflammation. The identification of these factors may be of critical importance in the case of intestinal strictures, whereby recurring inflammation can lead to bowel obstruction requiring surgical intervention. A novel, primary rat ISMC model was ...
In normal adult physiology, intestinal smooth muscle cells (ISMC) are characterized as contractile and non-proliferative. Inflammation induces permanent changes to the intestine including hypertrophy of the smooth muscle layer largely due to smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation. While the consequences of this hyperplasia are largely unknown, increased muscularis mass may present permanent challenges to organ motility. Similar SMC hyperplasia is observed in other inflammatory pathologies including atherosclerosis and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) where SMC de-differentiate into a synthetic phenotype and the mitogens responsible for hyperplasia have been well studied. However, there are limited investigations of SMC mitogens in intestinal inflammation. The identification of these factors may be of critical importance in the case of intestinal strictures, whereby recurring inflammation can lead to bowel obstruction requiring surgical intervention. A novel, primary rat ISMC model was ...
297863974 - EP 0859876 B1 20000105 - TIN PLATING ELECTROLYTE COMPOSITIONS - [origin: WO9714827A1] There is disclosed a composition suitable for use in a process for electroplating surfaces with tin, comprising: a) one or more acids selected from sulphuric acid, sulphamic acid, aryl sulphonic acids, alkyl sulphonic acids and alkanol sulphonic acids, b) one or more addition agents comprising a mono-, di- or tri-substituted phenol (each optionally alkyoxylated) or a mixture of two or more such compounds, in which at least one of the substituents includes a secondary, tertiary or quaternary nitrogen atom, c) a tin source and d) water. There is also disclosed a method of tin plating using the composition of this invention.[origin: WO9714827A1] There is disclosed a composition suitable for use in a process for electroplating surfaces with tin, comprising: a) one or more acids selected from sulphuric acid, sulphamic acid, aryl sulphonic acids, alkyl sulphonic acids and alkanol sulphonic acids, b) one or more
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The physiologic role of the μ opioid receptor (MOR) in gut nociception, motility, and secretion is well established. To evaluate whether MOR may also be involved in controlling gut inflammation, we first showed that subcutaneous administration of selective peripheral MOR agonists, named DALDA and DAMGO, significantly reduces inflammation in two experimental models of colitis induced by administration of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) or peripheral expansion of CD4+ T cells in mice. This therapeutic effect was almost completely abolished by concomitant administration of the opioid antagonist naloxone. Evidence of a genetic role for MOR in the control of gut inflammation was provided by showing that MOR-deficient mice were highly susceptible to colon inflammation, with a 50% mortality rate occurring 3 days after TNBS administration. The mechanistic basis of these observations suggests that the anti-inflammatory effects of MOR in the colon are mediated through the regulation of ...
In the present study, we demonstrated that daily administration of the probiotic, VSL#3, to mice in the 3-wk interval after recovery from an initial induction of TNBS-colitis and before a second induction of (recurrent) TNBS-colitis resulted in a milder form of recurrent TNBS-colitis. This protective activity was attributable to effects on mononuclear cells in the lamina propria, because it could be transferred by LPMC from probiotic-treated mice to naive mice. Moreover, this activity was due to IL-10-dependent regulatory cells, because it was associated with the production of IL-10, could be blocked by administration of anti-IL-10R, and was associated with the IL-10-dependent appearance of CD4+LAP+ cells that have previously been shown to have regulatory activity in CD4+CD45RBhigh-induced cell transfer (SCID) colitis model (15, 16). Finally, the relation between the regulatory cells and the protective effect was established by the fact that the protective activity was blocked by the ...
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94442-01-0 - SZQZZSQCYWQUBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N - 5-Amino-6-hydroxytoluene-3-sulphonic acid - Similar structures search, synonyms, formulas, resource links, and other chemical information.
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Mesenteric lymph node (mLN) CD103 (αE integrin)+ dendritic cells (DCs) induce regulatory T cells and gut tolerance. However, the function of intestinal CD103− DCs remains to be clarified. CD47 is the ligand of signal regulatory protein α (SIRPα) and promotes SIRPα+ myeloid cell migration. We first show that mucosal CD103− DCs selectively express SIRPα and that their frequency was augmented in the lamina propria and mLNs of mice that developed Th17-biased colitis in response to trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid. In contrast, the percentage of SIRPα+CD103− DCs and Th17 responses were decreased in CD47-deficient (CD47 knockout [KO]) mice, which remained protected from colitis. We next demonstrate that transferring wild-type (WT), but not CD47 KO, SIRPα+CD103− DCs in CD47 KO mice elicited severe Th17-associated wasting disease. CD47 expression was required on the SIRPα+CD103− DCs for efficient trafficking to mLNs in vivo, whereas it was dispensable on both DCs and T cells for Th17 ...
Dietary n‑3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) exerts anti‑inflammatory and immunoregulatory effects via downregulation of the innate and adaptive immune responses. However, the effect of dietary n‑3 PUFA on experimental Crohns Disease (CD) in rats and the underlying mechanisms are unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of n‑3 PUFA on CD induced by 2,4,6‑trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) in rats, and to determine the underlying mechanisms, including the peroxisome proliferator‑activated receptor (PPAR)‑γ and nuclear factor of activated T‑cells (NFAT) pathway. Sprague‑Dawley rats (n=90) were randomly assigned to the following groups: Control (intragastric distilled water); PUFA control (intragastric n‑3 PUFA, 20 mg/kg/day); trans‑fatty acid (TFA) control (intragastric TFA, 13 mg/kg/day); model (intragastric distilled water + TNBS); PUFA model (intragastric n‑3 PUFA, 20 mg/kg/day + TNBS); and TFA model (intragastric TFA, 13 mg/kg/day + TNBS). The ...
We show here that Nod2 signaling is important to maintain IELs in the intestine. Mice with Nod2 or Rip2 deletion lacked IELs, especially the unconventional TCRγδ+ IELs and CD8αα+TCRαβ+ IELs, in the small intestine and colon. In contrast, the lymphocytes in thymus, spleen, and liver remained normal. In Nod2−/− mice, the residual IELs displayed reduced proliferation and increased apoptosis. Furthermore, we found that Nod2 signaling maintained IELs via recognition of gut microbiota because supplementation of NOD2 agonist MDP recovered the IELs in gut microbiota-depleted mice. The loss of IELs in Nod2−/− mice was caused by the impaired expression of IL-15 in APCs, and supplementation of IL-15 rescued the IEL loss caused by Nod2 deletion. Importantly, recovery of IELs by adoptive transfer of IELs to Nod2−/− mice could reduce the susceptibility of the mice to TNBS-induced colitis. Thus, our results demonstrate a previously unrecognized role for Nod2 signaling in the homeostasis of ...
A single, non-guideline study published in 1966. A soil microorganism inoculum was used in an aerobic water-based medium at 25C. Duplicate flasks of a single test substance concentration, 75 mg/L hydroxybenzene sulfonic acid, were sampled and analyzed over 64 days for change in spectral absorbance as the measure of test substance presence. An abiotic control using HgCl2 was run in parallel. The time necessary for complete degradation was 32 days. The degradation was due to biological activity because no decreased absorbance was seen in the abiotic control. The half-life of the test substance under the conditions of this study would be less than 32 days. This is a non-guideline study, however, the study design is sufficiently representative and there are sufficient details to support a conclusion that the test substance, hydroxybenzene sulfonic acid is biodegradable under aerobic soil conditions. The study is considered to be of value in providing weight of evidence to support this conclusion. ...
A single, good quality (non-GLP) fish acute toxicity study is available for p-toluenesulfonic acid (CAS No. 104-15-4). The 96 hr LC50 is 500 mg/L which is equivalent to 325 mg active ingredient/L based on the test substance being 65% p-toluenesulfonic acid in water. The study was conducted in 1981 with a test substance with a 65% purity (in solution). The testing procedure was similar to OECD Guideline 203 except there was no analytical confirmation of the test concentration, and the test species was the Goldorfen which, while often used, is not a standard test species. The study was a 96 hour, static exposure to 10, 100 and 500 mg/L test substance. The test conditions were confirmed as valid. No mortality or behavior abnormalities were obsered at any of the exposure levels or in the controls.No toxicity was observed in the study. The 96 hr LC50 (and NOEC) are 500 mg/L which is equivalent to 325 mg active ingredient/L based on the test substance being 65% p-toluenesulfonic acid in water. ...
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice ...
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice ...
నెల్లూరు: మనుబోలు మండలం బద్వేలు క్రాస్‌రోడ్డు దగ్గర కారు బోల్తా, ముగ్గురికి గాయాలు,కర్నూలు: 16 వ రోజు జగన్ ప్రజా సంకల్ప యాత్ర,రంగారెడ్డి: మైలార్‌దేవ్‌పల్లిలో కింగ్స్‌ కాలనీలో ముస్తఫా అనే వ్యక్తిపై దుండగుల కాల్పులు,కడప: జగన్ సీఎం అయితే తన ఆస్తులు పెరుగుతాయి..చంద్రబాబు సీఎంగా ఉంటే ప్రజల ఆస్తులు పెరుగుతాయి: మంత్రి సోమిరెడ్డి,సిరిసిల్ల: అన్ని గ్రామాల్లో కేసీఆర్ గ్రామీణ ప్రగతి ...
Y TLRs. By using mice deficient for several TLRs we have obtained compelling evidence that FXR is a downstream effector of immune response triggered by TLR9. In addition, we have provided evidence that modulation of FXR by TLR-9 is mediated by the recruitment of interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-7, linking microbiota-sensing receptors to immune and metabolic signaling in the intestine.FXR in a murine model colitis induced by TNBS administration to wild type (C57BL/6) and TLR22/2, TLR42/2, TLR92/2 and MyD882/2 mice. As shown in Figure 2, analysis of mucosal damage score demonstrated that, with the exception of TLR42/2 mice which showed a less severe disease, the severity of the colitis was essentially similar in wild type, TLR22/2, TLR92/2 and MyD882/2 mice (Figure 2 A; n = 6;p,0.05). However, a tendency toward a development of more severe disease was observed in mice lacking TLR9, as demonstrated by higher colonic GDC-0917 cost myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity (Figure 2 B; n = 6, p,0.05) and TNFa ...
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SINGH, AV e SHARMA, Naresh Kumar. Characterisation and applications of synthesised cation exchanger guar gum sulphonic acid (GSA) resin for removal and recovery of toxic metal ions from industrial wastewater. Water SA [online]. 2011, vol.37, n.3, pp.295-302. ISSN 1816-7950.. The chemically modified guar gum sulphonic acid (GSA) resin was used for removal and pre-concentration of Zn2+, Cd2+, Fe2+, Pb2+ and Cu2+ ions in aqueous solutions and steel industry effluent from Jodhpur, India. This type of ion exchange resin represents a new class of hybrid ion exchangers with higher stability, reproducibility and selectivity for toxic metal ions. The characterisation of the resin was carried out by determining the ion exchange capacity, elemental analysis, FT-IR spectra and thermal analysis (TGA). The distribution coefficients (Kd) of toxic metal ions were determined for different pH values. The adsorption of different metal ions on GSA resin follows the order: Cu2+ , Fe2+ , Zn2+ , Cd2+ , Pb2+. The ...
SINGH, AV y SHARMA, Naresh Kumar. Characterisation and applications of synthesised cation exchanger guar gum sulphonic acid (GSA) resin for removal and recovery of toxic metal ions from industrial wastewater. Water SA [online]. 2011, vol.37, n.3, pp.295-302. ISSN 1816-7950.. The chemically modified guar gum sulphonic acid (GSA) resin was used for removal and pre-concentration of Zn2+, Cd2+, Fe2+, Pb2+ and Cu2+ ions in aqueous solutions and steel industry effluent from Jodhpur, India. This type of ion exchange resin represents a new class of hybrid ion exchangers with higher stability, reproducibility and selectivity for toxic metal ions. The characterisation of the resin was carried out by determining the ion exchange capacity, elemental analysis, FT-IR spectra and thermal analysis (TGA). The distribution coefficients (Kd) of toxic metal ions were determined for different pH values. The adsorption of different metal ions on GSA resin follows the order: Cu2+ , Fe2+ , Zn2+ , Cd2+ , Pb2+. The ...
An acidic aqueous hydrogen peroxid solution is provided, with improved disinfectant activity. Concentrated solutions preferably contain up to about 8% and as-used concentrations contain about 0.5% peroxide. The solution also contains from 0.1 to 5.0% of at least one acid compound, e.g. phosphoric and/or a phosphonate with from 1 to 5 phosphonic acid groups, and from 0.02 to 5% of at least one anionic surfactant. The surfactant is selected from C8 to C16-alkyl aryl sulphonic acids, sulphonated C12 to C22 carboxylic acids, C8 to C22-alkyl diphenyl oxide sulphonic acids, naphthalene sulphonic acids, C8 to C22 alkyl sulphonic acids, and alkali metal and ammonium salts thereof, and alkali metal C8 to C18 alkyl sulphates, and mixtures thereof. Most preferably the solution has an emulsifier, e.g. a salt of an alkylated diphenyl oxide. The solution may also contain corrosion inhibitors and/or lower alcohols.
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6-Amino-5-hydroxynaphthalene-1-sulphonic acid | C10H9NO4S | CID 68449 - structure, chemical names, physical and chemical properties, classification, patents, literature, biological activities, safety/hazards/toxicity information, supplier lists, and more.
Supplementary MaterialsSupplementary?information 41598_2019_52295_MOESM1_ESM. present research provide novel insight that GLP-1 receptor agonist liraglutide has a neuroprotective effect in the WS rat model. MRI analysis revealed that medullary volume increased with age in all experimental groups (Fig.?2b) (F(1,24)?=?125.12, p? ?0.0001 (age). There was also an age effect in EPS (F(1,24)?=?7.91, p? ?0.05 (age) (Fig.?2c). Open in […]. Read More ». ...
What are the causes of microscopic damage after concussion? Cell Miscommunication ,Neurotoxins and Inflammation can all play a part.
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Although epidemiologic and experimental evidence strongly indicates chronic inflammation as a risk factor for cancer, it remains unclear how chronic inflammation contributes carcinogenesis. Here we show that deletion of PPARδ diminishes colonic inflammation by reducing infiltration of immune cells via downregulation of pro-inflammatory chemokines and cytokine in a mouse model of colon inflammation. These chemokines are responsible for recruitment of leukocytes from the circulation to local inflammatory sites. Our results further reveal that COX-2 is a downstream target of PPARδ and COX-2-derived PGE2 stimulates macrophages to produce pro-inflammatory chemokines and cytokine. PGE2 is a crucial mediator of colorectal carcinogenesis. More importantly, loss of PPARδ attenuated colonic inflammation-associated adenoma growth in two mouse models of inflammation-associated colorectal cancer. Our results demonstrate that PPARδ promotes chronic colonic inflammation and colitis-associated ...
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Gronbach, Kerstin; Flade, Isabell; Holst, Otto; Lindner, Buko; Ruscheweyh, Hans Joachim; Wittmann, Alexandra; Menz, Sarah; Schwiertz, Andreas; Adam, Patrick; Stecher, Baerbel; Josenhans, Christine; Suerbaum, Sebastian; Gruber, Achim D.; Kulik, Andreas; Huson, Daniel; Autenrieth, Ingo B.; Frick, Julia-Stefanie ...
1,4-dihydroquinazoline-4-sulfonic acid | C8H8N2O3S | CID 582558 - structure, chemical names, physical and chemical properties, classification, patents, literature, biological activities, safety/hazards/toxicity information, supplier lists, and more.
102415-55-4 - KRFAVSHDVRABPO-CIVUBGFFSA-N - Adenosine-5-triphosphoro-gamma-1-(5-sulfonic acid)naphthyl ethylamidate - Similar structures search, synonyms, formulas, resource links, and other chemical information.
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terephthalylidene dicamphor sulfonic acid: structure given in first source; abreviated as TDSA; FDA approved 2006 as component of Anthelios SX along with avobenzone and octocrylene
During a workout, particularly one involving intense strength training, your muscles experience normal microscopic damage that breaks down muscle fiber. Following an exercise session, the protein you ...
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