TLR9 [ENSP00000353874]. Toll-like receptor 9; Key component of innate and adaptive immunity. TLRs (Toll-like receptors) control host immune response against pathogens through recognition of molecular patterns specific to microorganisms. TLR9 is a nucleotide-sensing TLR which is activated by unmethylated cytidine-phosphate-guanosine (CpG) dinucleotides. Acts via MYD88 and TRAF6, leading to NF-kappa-B activation, cytokine secretion and the inflammatory response. Controls lymphocyte response to Helicobacter infection (By similarity). Upon CpG stimulation, induces B-cell proliferation, activation, survival and antibody production.. Synonyms: TLR9, TLR9p, hTLR9, C3W5P5, Q9NR96 .... Linkouts: STRING Pharos UniProt ...

Page contains details about 3-tocopherol-modified 1826 CpG oligonucleotide micelle-SIINFEKL conjugates . It has composition images, properties, Characterization methods, synthesis, applications and reference articles : nano.nature.com

Our results reveal that the TLR 9 ligand, CpG DNA, is the most potent signal that cooperates with CD8 T cells for the induction of IL-12p70. This is consistent with the observation that CpG DNA is a powerful stimulator of Th1 responses (38). This indicates that unmethylated CpG DNA motifs found in the genomes of bacteria and DNA viruses are a critical component for CD8 T cells to prime DC IL-12p70. The preferential ability of memory CD8 T cells to prime DCs for IL-12p70 production has important implications for the induction of cell mediated immunity during secondary immune responses. The high frequency of Ag-specific memory CD8 T cells, and their rapid recruitment to lymphoid organs or site of infection facilitates the early interaction of memory CD8 T cells with Ag-bearing DCs. Interacting memory CD8 T cells, in conjunction with TLR 9 stimulation of DCs that could occur during infection with viruses or intracellular bacteria that possess unmethylated CpG DNA within their genomes would hence ...

Microbial DNA sequences containing unmethylated CpG dinucleotides activate Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9). We have found that TLR9 is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages. Because there is no precedent for immune receptor signaling in the ER, we investigated how TLR9 is activated. We show that CpG DNA binds directly to TLR9 in ligand-binding studies. CpG DNA moves into early endosomes and is subsequently transported to a tubular lysosomal compartment. Concurrent with the movement of CpG DNA in cells, TLR9 redistributes from the ER to CpG DNA-containing structures, which also accumulate MyD88. Our data indicate a previously unknown mechanism of cellular activation involving the recruitment of TLR9 from the ER to sites of CpG DNA uptake, where signal transduction is initiated.

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DNA from bacteria has stimulatory effects on mammalian immune cells, which depend on the presence of unmethylated CpG dinucleotides in the bacterial DNA. In contrast, mammalian DNA has a low frequency of CpG dinucleotides, and these are mostly methylated; therefore, mammalian DNA does not have immun …

Oligodeoxyribonucleotides containing CpG motifs (CpG ODNs) are widely used for activation of immune cells, such as human PBMCs, murine splenocytes or isolated immune cells, e.g., B cells and pDCs. They also activate signalling in TLR9-expressing recombinant cell lines. ODN 1826 strongly activates murine TLR9. It is a B-class ODN for activation of B cells, induction of Il-6 secretion, and activation of NF-kB-signalling pathways. - Belgique

Oligodeoxyribonucleotides containing CpG motifs (CpG ODNs) are widely used for activation of immune cells, such as human PBMCs, murine splenocytes or isolated immune cells, e.g., B cells and pDCs. They also activate signalling in TLR9-expressing recombinant cell lines. ODN 1826 strongly activates murine TLR9. It is a B-class ODN for activation of B cells, induction of Il-6 secretion, and activation of NF-kB-signalling pathways. - USA

Dendritic cells (DCs) play important roles in immune recognition of invading pathogens during infections. They bridge the two branches of innate and adaptive immunity and are thought to be unique in their capacity to prime naive T cell responses. DCs act as sentinels, responding to evolutionary-conserved microbial structures as indicators of infection, using pattern recognition receptors. TLRs are the best characterized group of pattern recognition receptors that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns such as LPS, peptidoglycans, flagellin, lipoteichoic acid, or unmethylated CpG DNA, and they can stimulate activation of the innate immune system (1, 2). As a result, DCs change their activation state, gaining immunostimulatory capacity hallmarked by reinforced migratory homing to secondary lymphoid tissues, increased Ag processing and presentation, expression of costimulatory molecules, and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. These activation-associated changes enable DCs to prime ...

A prominent functional feature of classical CD8α+ DC is IL-12 production in response to microbial challenge (13, 14). We previously reported that after mice were injected with Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoite extract only CX3CR1− CD8α+ DC, but not CX3CR1+ CD8α+ DC, produce IL-12 (28). This difference could result from a general inability of the latter cells to produce IL-12 or their lack of the specific Toxoplasma sensor TLR11 (30). To address this issue, we sorted CX3CR1+ CD8α+, CX3CR1− CD8α+, and CD8α− cDC and exposed them in vitro to a Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) agonist. As seen in Fig. 2C, C-phosphate-G (CpG) stimulation in the presence of accessory cytokines induced IL-12 production as measured by secretion of the p70 subunit specifically by classical CD8α+ but not CX3CR1+ CD8α+ or CD8α− cDC. Interestingly, however, the TLR9 stimulus boosted production of the p40 subunit (indicative of IL-23) by all the populations tested, confirming the TLR9 responsiveness of the cells (Fig. ...

InvivoGen offers a wide range of high-quality TLR9 ligands in three classes: CpG ODN, inhibitory ODNs and immunostimulatory bacterial DNA. All of these ligands that mimic unmethylated CpG are functionally validated in hTLR9 cells. Some CpG ODNs are available with sterility and endotoxin certificatio

Plasmacytoid dendritic cell precursors (pDCs) play a key role at the interface of innate and acquired immunity in anti-viral responses by sensing viral infectio...

CpG oligodeoxynucleotide treatment enhances innate resistance and acquired immunity to African trypanosomes.by Harris TH, Mansfield JM, Paulnock DM. MiniManuscript.

Toll Like Receptor Family (TLR) - Drugs in Development, 2021 provides in depth analysis on Toll Like Receptor Family (TLR) targeted pipeline therapeutics. The report provides comprehensive information complete with Analysis by Indications, Stage of Development, Mechanism of Action (MoA), Route of Administration (RoA) and Molecule Type. The report also covers the descriptive pharmacological action of the therapeutics, its complete research and development history and latest news and press releases. Additionally, the report provides an overview of key players involved in Toll Like Receptor Family (TLR) targeted therapeutics development and features dormant and discontinued projects. The report analyses the pipeline products across relevant therapy areas under development targeting Toll Like Receptor Family (TLR).. The report helps in identifying and tracking emerging players in the market and their portfolios, enhances decision making capabilities and helps to create effective counter strategies ...

Our findings clearly indicate that Spi-B is specifically required for development of human pDCs. These data add to observations that mice deficient for ICSBP/IRF-8 lack pDCs and CD8α+ DCs (13). Thus, both the ETS factor Spi-B and the IRF factor ICSBP/IRF-8 appear to be essential for pDC development. Interestingly, the ETS and IRF factors can cooperatively assemble on composite ETS-IRF DNA (EICE) elements, which were initially discovered in the immunoglobulin light chain enhancers but have later been found in promoters and enhancers of B lymphoid and myeloid genes (27). Similar to PU.1 and IRF-4, Spi-B and ICSBP/IRF-8 assemble in an ETS-IRF ternary complex of which the crystal structure was resolved recently (27). Given that both ICSBP/IRF-8 and Spi-B are required for pDC development, the structural data of Escalante et al. (27) make it very likely that Spi-B and ICSBP/IRF-8 cooperate in controlling pDC development.. Recent data have made clear that pDCs can develop both from Flt3+ lymphoid as ...

Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) containing unmethylated CpG motifs act as immune adjuvants, accelerating and boosting antigen-specific immune responses. CpG motifs promote the induction of Th1 and pro-inflammatory cytokines and support the maturation/activation of professional antigen presenti …

The well-known Toll like receptor 9 (TLR9) agonist CpG ODN has shown promising results as vaccine adjuvant in preclinical and clinical studies, however its in vivo stability and potential systemic toxicity remain a concern. In an effort to overcome these issues, different strategies have been explored including conjugation of CpG ODN with proteins or encapsulation/adsorption of CpG ODN into/onto liposomes. Although these methods have resulted in enhanced immunopotency compared to co-administration of free CpG ODN and antigen, we believe that this effect could be further improved. Here, we designed a novel delivery system of CpG ODN based on its conjugation to serve as anchor for liposomes. Thiol-maleimide chemistry was utilised to covalently ligate model protein with the CpG ODN TLR9 agonist. Due to its negative charge, the protein conjugate readily electrostatically bound cationic liposomes composed of 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DSPC), cholesterol and ...

The recent discovery of an ancient family of toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the immune system has substantially enhanced the potential for a variety of therapies, for both failing immune systems, which leaves the body open to infection or over-active ones, which can lead to chronic inflammation. Signaling by Toll-Like Receptors provides a comprehensive review of important techniques in molecular biology, cell biology, biochemistry, genetics, and immunology and their critical application to the study of toll-like receptor structure, biological function, and the intracellular signaling triggered by these receptors, as well as the high promise for uncovering effective pharmaceutica ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Identification of plasmacytoid pre-dendritic cells by one-color flow cytometry for phenotype screening. AU - Magyarics, Zoltan. AU - Csillag, Aniko. AU - Pazmandi, Kitti. AU - Rajnavolgyi, Eva. AU - Bacsi, Attila. PY - 2008/3/1. Y1 - 2008/3/1. N2 - Plasmacytoid pre-dendritic cells (pDCs) are able to prime and polarize naive T-cells, while also having an important effector function in antiviral immunity through the rapid and robust production of interferon-α. The main setback of pDCs investigation is the rarity and ex vivo fragility of these cells. Relative simple, reliable, and accurate methods for phenotypic analysis and functional studies of pDCs without isolation would be a great deal of interest. Fresh whole blood samples were analyzed by two-color and one-color flow cytometric pDC-identification assays. The changes in the surface expression of CD62L and HLA-DQ on pDCs in whole blood samples after 24-h treatment with imiquimod, a toll-like receptor 7 agonist, were analyzed. ...

While many cell types produce type I IFN in vitro when exposed to double-stranded (ds)RNA and some RNA viruses, a specialized leukocyte is responsible for the IFN-α production induced by a wider spectrum of agents, including viruses, bacteria, protozoa, certain cell lines, and also unmethylated CpG-DNA (6-8). This major IFN-α-producing cell (IPC) was early on designated natural IPC (NIPC) and subsequent work (for a review see reference 6) revealed that NIPCs were infrequent (∼0.1% of PBMCs) but very productive on a per cell basis (∼10 pg IFN-α per cell). The expression of the IFN-α/β genes induced in NIPCs was markedly dependent on costimulation (priming) of the cells by cytokines, in particular IL-3, GM-CSF, and type I IFNs. These cells lacked lineage specific surface antigens, but expressed MHC class II (for a review, see reference 6). The NIPCs were shown to express, e.g., CD4, CD36, CD40, CD44, CD45RA, and CD83, but lacked CD80, CD86, and CD11c, suggesting they were immature DCs ...

Statins enhance toll-like receptor 4-mediated cytokine gene expression in astrocytes: implication of Rho proteins in negative feedback regulation.: Toll-like re

Lynch MD, Smith AG, De Gobbi M, Flenley M, Hughes J, Vernimmen D, Ayyub H, Sharpe JA, Sloane-Stanley JA, Sutherland L et al.. 2012. An interspecies analysis reveals a key role for unmethylated CpG dinucleotides in vertebrate Polycomb complex recruitment.EMBO J. 31(2):317-29. ...

This webpage describes Toll-Like Receptors present in mice and humans and their corresponding ligands, adapter proteins, and accessory molecules. The website also provides a comprehensive distribution list of TLRs expression in both mouse and human cells. BioLegend develops and manufactures world-class, cutting-edge immunological reagents for biomedical research, offered at an outstanding value.

This webpage describes Toll-Like Receptors present in mice and humans and their corresponding ligands, adapter proteins, and accessory molecules. The website also provides a comprehensive distribution list of TLRs expression in both mouse and human cells. BioLegend develops and manufactures world-class, cutting-edge immunological reagents for biomedical research, offered at an outstanding value.

BOMFIM, G. F.... Toll-like receptor 4 inhibition reduces vascular inflammation in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Life Sciences 122 n. p. 1-7 FEB 1 2015. Artigo Científico.

DI-fusion, le Dépôt institutionnel numérique de lULB, est loutil de référencementde la production scientifique de lULB.Linterface de recherche DI-fusion permet de consulter les publications des chercheurs de lULB et les thèses qui y ont été défendues.

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Original kegg element: gene;27;hsa:3439 hsa:3440 hsa:3441 hsa:3442 hsa:3443 hsa:3444 hsa:3445 hsa:3446 hsa:3447 hsa:3448 hsa:3449 hsa:3451 hsa: ...

摘 要：Toll样受体4(TLR4)是固有免疫系统中能够识别病原相关分子模式的受体家族成员，可识别革兰氏阴性菌的脂多糖(LPS)而在细菌感染性疾病的发生中起重要作用。近年来越来越多的研究发现，TLR4还广泛参与病毒感染性疾病的发生和病毒的免疫逃逸，由于其信号转导通路的独特性和细胞定位的可变性，再次引起人们极大的研究兴趣。该文将介绍TLR4的生物学特性、信号转导通路及TLR4与病毒感染的最新研究进展 ...

TLR2 (толл-подобный рецептор 2, CD282) - мембранный белок, входящий в группу толл-подобных рецепторов, обеспечивающих функционирование врождённого иммунитета. TLR2 так же как TLR1 распознаёт патоген-связанные молекулярные структуры грам-положительных бактерий, включая пептидогликаны, липотейхоевую кислоту, некоторые компоненты микобактерий и зимозан клеточной стенки дрожжей. ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Toll-like receptor modulation in cardiovascular disease. T2 - A target for intervention?. AU - Földes, Gábor. AU - von Haehling, Stephan. AU - Anker, Stefan D.. PY - 2006/8. Y1 - 2006/8. N2 - Toll-like receptors (TLRs) form a family of pattern recognition receptors that have emerged as key mediators of innate immunity. These receptors sense invading microbes and initiate the immune response. TLR-mediated inflammation is an important pathogenic link between innate immunity and a diverse panel of clinical disorders. Among the processes in which TLRs play a role are cardiovascular disorders such as cardiac ischaemia, coronary artery disease, ventricular remodelling, cancer angiogenesis or transplant rejection. From these, many important opportunities for disease modification through TLR signalling manipulation can be imagined. Their role as potential targets for therapeutic intervention is just beginning to be appreciated and this article reviews the current status of these ...

Differential expression of Toll-like receptor (TLR) by conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) and plasmacytoid DC (pDCs) has been suggested to influence the type o

Abstract. CpG ODN are being actively investigated as cancer vaccine adjuvants because they mature plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) into potent antigen-presen

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is one of the most prevalent autoimmune diseases. It is characterized by chronic inflammation of the joint leading to its destruction. Although the initiating cause remains elusive, environmental factors and genetic background are known to contribute to the etiology of RA. The role of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in innate immunity and their ability to recognize microbial products has been well characterized. TLRs are able to recognize endogenous molecules released upon cell damage and necrosis, and are present in RA synovial fluid. Although it appears unlikely that a pathogen underlies the pathogenesis or progression of RA, the release of endogenous TLR ligands during inflammation may activate TLRs and perpetuate the disease. An increasing body of circumstantial evidence implicates TLR signaling in RA, although, at present, their involvement is not defined comprehensively. Targeting individual TLRs or their signaling transducers may provide a more specific therapy ...

Pattern recognition underpins innate immunity; the accurate identification of danger, including infection, injury, or tumor, is key to an appropriately targeted immune response. Pathogen detection is increasingly well defined mechanistically, but the discrimination of endogenous inflammatory triggers remains unclear. Tenascin-C, a matrix protein induced upon tissue damage and expressed by tumors, activates toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-mediated sterile inflammation. Here we map three sites within tenascin-C that directly and cooperatively interact with TLR4. We also identify a conserved inflammatory epitope in related proteins from diverse families, and demonstrate that its presence targets molecules for TLR detection, while its absence enables escape of innate immune surveillance. These data reveal a unique molecular code that defines endogenous proteins as inflammatory stimuli by marking them for recognition by TLRs.

Buy anti-Tlr3 antibody, Rabbit Toll-like Receptor 3 (TLR3) Polyclonal Antibody-NP_942086.1 (MBS194448) product datasheet at MyBioSource, Primary Antibodies. Application: Western Blot, Immunohistochemistry

TY - JOUR. T1 - Signatures of balancing selection in toll-like receptor (TLRs) genes - novel insights from a free-living rodent. AU - Kloch, Agnieszka. AU - Wenzel, Marius A.. AU - Laetsch, Dominik R.. AU - Michalski, Olek. AU - Bajer, Anna AU - Behnke, Jerzy M.. AU - Welc-Falȩciak, Renata. AU - Piertney, Stuart B.. N1 - Correction to: Scientific Reports https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-26672-2, published online 30 May 2018 The work was supported by grant no. DEC-2012/07/B/NZ8/00058 from the Polish National Science Centre to A.K. Field studies were funded by grant MNiI 2P04C09827 „Badania naturalnych źródeł zarażenia mikropasożytów patogennych dla człowieka to AB. We are thankful to Dr. hab W. Babik who provided access to an Illumina MiSeq platform, and to K. Dudek who prepared the Nextera library. Special thanks to A. Biedrzycka for her valuable comments on the final version of the manuscript. We also would like to thank two anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments that ...

The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to Pharmacology. TLR2 - Toll-like receptor family. Detailed annotation on the structure, function, physiology, pharmacology and clinical relevance of drug targets.

Research proven purified goat polyclonal TLR-3 (Toll-like receptor3)/CD283 antibody. Designed for immune response research. Excellent for western blotting, DIRECT Elisa and related applications.

Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9), a naturally existing immune regulatory site, not only takes part in enhancing anti-tumor immunity but also promoting the ..

Buy STLR-2 elisa kit, Horse Soluble Toll-Like Receptor 2 ELISA Kit-NP_620055.1 (MBS017160) product datasheet at MyBioSource, ELISA Kits

Home , Papers , Lysozyme elicits pain during nerve injury by neuronal Toll-like receptor 4 activation and has therapeutic potential in neuropathic pain. ...

Use QIAGEN microbial DNA extraction kits for efficient lysis and high yields of high-quality DNA, preventing bias in your microbiome analyses

Methods Totally 9 mouse strains were studied including NZB, NZW, NZBW F1, MRL/lpr, MRL/Mp, BXSB/Mp, BXSB.B6.Yaa, B6.SLE1.2.3 and C57BL/6. Spleen, thymus, bone marrow and lymph node pDCs were collected from mice in different disease stages by using Nycodenz enrichment and sorting systems. Human pDCs from healthy donor and SLE patients were isolated by using BDCA4 beads selection. Mouse pDCs were stimulated with ODN2216 and Poly U for Tlr9 and Tlr7 respectively. Human pDCs were stimulated with ODN2216 and R837 for Tlr9 and Tlr7 respectively. After 18 hour for human and 36 hour for mouse, supernatant was collected for ELISA test. IFNa, TNFa, and IL6 were tested. ...

TLRs (Toll Like Receptors) are a central element in the innate immune response and are involved in recognizing and defending against invading pathogens found as individual transmembrane units or in pairs along with a range of accessory signaling molecules

Complete information for TLR8 gene (Protein Coding), Toll Like Receptor 8, including: function, proteins, disorders, pathways, orthologs, and expression. GeneCards - The Human Gene Compendium

Complete information for TLR7 gene (Protein Coding), Toll Like Receptor 7, including: function, proteins, disorders, pathways, orthologs, and expression. GeneCards - The Human Gene Compendium

Felhívjuk felhasználóink figyelmét arra, hogy a DEA Egyetemi IP és Könyvtári számítógépek elérési szintű dokumentumai kizárólag oktatási, kutatási, valamint saját tanulási célokra használhatóak fel, azt nem oszthatják meg az interneten és nem terjeszthetik. A dokumentum és a pdf megjelenítő védelmének megkerülése (másolás, nyomtatás, letöltés korlátozása) tilos ...

Gene target information for TLR9 - toll like receptor 9 (human). Find diseases associated with this biological target and compounds tested against it in bioassay experiments.

Sljedeća plovila dodaju se na popis plovila koja podliježu mjerama ograničavanja iz Priloga XIV. Uredbi (EU) 2017/1509 pod naslovom „B. Plovila kojima je zabranjen ulazak u luke:. „9. Naziv: CHON MYONG 1 Dodatne informacije IMO broj: 8712362. 10. Naziv: AN SAN 1 Dodatne informacije IMO broj: 7303803. 11. Naziv: YU PHYONG 5 Dodatne informacije IMO broj: 8605026. 12. Naziv: SAM JONG 1 Dodatne informacije IMO broj: 8405311. 13. Naziv: SAM JONG 2 Dodatne informacije IMO broj: 7408873. 14. Naziv: SAM MA 2 Dodatne informacije IMO broj: 8106496. 15. Naziv: YU JONG 2 Dodatne informacije IMO broj: 8604917. 16. Naziv: PAEK MA Dodatne informacije IMO broj: 9066978. 17. Naziv: JI SONG 6 Dodatne informacije IMO broj: 8898740. 18. Naziv: CHON MA SAN Dodatne informacije IMO broj: 8660313. 19. Naziv: NAM SAN 8 Dodatne informacije IMO broj: 8122347. 20. Naziv: YU SON Dodatne informacije IMO broj: 8691702. 21. Naziv: WOORY STAR Dodatne informacije 22. Naziv: ASIA BRIDGE 1 Dodatne informacije IMO broj: ...

Antiviral inte immunity depends on the combition of parallel pathways triggered by virus detecting proteins in the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family and…

Host and Pathogen Sensory Systems as Targets for Therapeutic Intervention The Roles of Toll-Like Receptor 9 and PhoPQ in Host and Pathogen Defense Mechanisms. Биохимия, биофизика VDM Verlag Dr. Müller (2008-12-05) - ISBN-13: 978-3-8364-9112-9 ...

후성유전학(後成遺傳學, 영어: epigenetics) 또는 후생유전학(後生遺傳學)은 DNA의 염기서열이 변화하지 않는 상태에서 이루어지는 유전자 발현의 조절인 후생유전적 유전자 발현 조절을 연구하는 유전학의 하위 학문이다. 이를 매개하는 분자적 수준의 이해는 아직 완벽하지 않지만, 일반적으로 CpG 염기서열 가운데 사이토신 염기에 특이적으로 일어나는 DNA 메틸화와 히스톤 단백질의 변형에 의해 조절되는 크로마틴 구조의 변화에 두 가지의 메커니즘(기제)이 주요한 역할을 하는 것으로 알려져 있다.[1] 유전학에서, 후성유전학은 세포가 어떻게 영향을 미치는지 그리고 유전자를 불규칙적으로(때때로) 바꾸는 외부 또는 환경요인으로부터 초래된 세포 및 생리학적 표현 특성의 다양성을 연구하는 학문이다. 따라서, 후성유전학 연구는 세포의 전사적인 잠재성 ...