TY - JOUR. T1 - Altered gene expression profiles by sodium/iodide symporter gene transfection in a human anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cell line using a radioactive complementary dna microarray. AU - Gol Choe, Jae. AU - Kim, Yu Ri. AU - Kim, Ki Nam. AU - Choo, Hyo Jung. AU - Shin, Jae Hoon. AU - Lee, Yong Jin. AU - Chung, June Key. AU - Kim, Meyoung Kon. PY - 2005/12. Y1 - 2005/12. N2 - The sodium/iodide symporter (NIS) is a membrane glycoprotein that mediates active I uptake during the treatment of cancer of the thyroid gland and extrathyroidal tissues. NIS gene transfection, a gene-therapy modality, has been introduced in many types of cancer, such as prostate cancer and breast cancer, and has demonstrated a high potential for the treatment of non-thyroidal cancers. To investigate the pattern of NIS gene expression and provide evidence of its beneficial effects in human anaplastic cancer ARO cells by using a radioactive complementary DNA (cDNA) microarray.. AB - The sodium/iodide symporter ...

Noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features (NIFTP) is an indolent thyroid tumor that was previously classified as an encapsulated follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma, necessitating a new classification as it was recognized that encapsulated tumors without invasion have an indolent behavior, and may be over-treated if classified as a type of cancer. Definition of noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features (NIFTP): A noninvasive neoplasm that arises from the thyroid follicular cells (cells that normally make thyroid hormone), showing a predominantly follicular growth pattern and with nuclear features of papillary thyroid carcinoma. There are several specific inclusion and exclusion criteria (see below). When these are met, this tumor has an extremely low malignant potential. Abbreviations: NIFTP: Noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features EFVPTC: Encapsulated follicular variant of ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Comprehensive genetic characterization of human thyroid cancer cell lines. T2 - A validated panel for preclinical studies. AU - Landa, Iñigo. AU - Pozdeyev, Nikita. AU - Korch, Christopher. AU - Marlow, Laura A.. AU - Smallridge, Robert Christian. AU - Copland, John A III. AU - Henderson, Ying C.. AU - Lai, Stephen Y.. AU - Clayman, Gary L.. AU - Onoda, Naoyoshi. AU - Tan, Aik Choon. AU - Garcia-Rendueles, Maria E.R.. AU - Knauf, Jeffrey A.. AU - Haugen, Bryan R.. AU - Fagin, James A.. AU - Schweppe, Rebecca E.. PY - 2019/1/1. Y1 - 2019/1/1. N2 - Purpose: Thyroid cancer cell lines are valuable models but have been neglected in pancancer genomic studies. Moreover, their misidentification has been a significant problem. We aim to provide a validated dataset for thyroid cancer researchers. Experimental Design: We performed next-generation sequencing (NGS) and analyzed the transcriptome of 60 authenticated thyroid cell lines and compared our findings with the known genomic defects ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Sonographic findings predictive of central lymph node metastasis in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma. T2 - Influence of associated chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis on the diagnostic performance of sonography. AU - Yoo, Yeon Hwa. AU - Kim, Jeong Ah. AU - Son, Eun Ju. AU - Youk, Ji Hyun. AU - Kwak, Jin Young. AU - Kim, Eun Kyung. AU - Park, Cheong Soo. PY - 2013/12/1. Y1 - 2013/12/1. N2 - Objectives-To analyze sonographic findings suggesting central lymph node metastasis of papillary thyroid carcinoma and to evaluate the influence of associated chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis on the diagnostic performance of sonography for predicting central lymph node metastasis. Methods-A total of 124 patients (101 female and 23 male; mean age, 47.5 years; range, 21-74 years) underwent sonographically guided fine-needle aspiration in central lymph nodes from January 2008 to July 2011. Sonographic features of size, shape, margin, thickening of the cortex, cortical echogenicity, presence of ...

Mutation of the BRAF gene is common in thyroid cancer. Follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma is a variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma that has created continuous diagnostic controversies among pathologists. The aims of this study are to (1) investigate whether follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma has a different pattern of BRAF mutation than conventional papillary thyroid carcinoma in a large cohort of patients with typical features of follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma and (2) to study the relationship of clinicopathological features of papillary thyroid carcinomas with BRAF mutation. Tissue blocks from 76 patients with diagnostic features of papillary thyroid carcinomas (40 with conventional type and 36 with follicular variant) were included in the study. From these, DNA was extracted and BRAF V600E mutations were detected by polymerase chain reaction followed by restriction enzyme digestion and sequencing of exon 15. Analysis of the data indicated ...

Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma, which is one of the most aggressive, malignant tumors in humans, results in an extremely poor prognosis despite chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The present study was designed to evaluate therapeutic effects of radiation by glycerol on p53-mutant anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cells (8305c cells). To examine the effectiveness of glycerol in radiation induced lethality for anaplastic thyroid carcinoma 8305c cells, we performed colony formation assay and apoptosis analysis. Apoptosis was analyzed with Hoechst 33342 staining and DNA ladder formation assay. 8305c cells became radiosensitive when glycerol was added to culture medium before X-ray irradiation. Apoptosis was induced by X-rays in the presence of glycerol. However, there was little apoptosis induced by X-ray irradiation or glycerol alone. The binding activity of whole cell extracts to bax promoter region was induced by X-rays in the presence of glycerol but not by X-rays alone. These findings suggest that glycerol is

TY - JOUR. T1 - Involvement of cysteine-rich protein 61 in the epidermal growth factor-induced migration of human anaplastic thyroid cancer cells. AU - Chin, Li Han. AU - Hsu, Sung Po. AU - Zhong, Wen-Bin. AU - Liang, Yu Chih. PY - 2016. Y1 - 2016. N2 - Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is among the most aggressive types of malignant cancer. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of ATC, and patients with thyroid carcinoma typically exhibit increased cysteine-rich protein 61 (Cyr61). In this study, we found that EGF treatment induced cell migration, stress fiber formation, Cyr61 mRNA and protein expressions, and Cyr61 protein secretion in ATC cells. The recombinant Cyr61 protein significantly induced cell migration; however, inhibition of Cyr61 activity by a Cyr61-specific antibody abrogated EGF-induced cell migration. EGF treatment also affected epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related marker protein expression, as evidenced by an increase in vimentin and ...

An individual with 2 first-degree relatives who have or have had non-medullary thyroid cancer or a documented diagnosis of non-medullary thyroid cancer and one living relative with documented non-medullary thyroid cancer. (Note: as this is a familial study, subjects do not need to present with the disease.). OR. Any member of an affected family. (Note: for this study, an affected family is defined as a family having 2 or more 1st degree relatives with a documented diagnosis of FNMTC.). ...

While cancer can be a terrifying word, the most common kinds of thyroid cancer often have a good prognosis. There are five kinds of thyroid cancer: papillary thyroid cancer, follicular thyroid cancer, Hurthle cell cancer, medullary thyroid cancer, and anaplastic thyroid cancer. The most common form of thyroid cancer is papillary thyroid cancer which represents about 85% of all thyroid cancers. Papillary thyroid cancer generally carries a good prognosis. Follicular thyroid and Hurthle cell cancer represent about 10% of all thyroid cancers. Medullary and Anaplastic thyroid cancers are much more rare making up ,5% of all thyroid cancers.. Treatment for thyroid cancer requires the surgical removal of the thyroid cancer and sometimes the whole thyroid gland. Associated lymph nodes may also be removed if indicated. Approximately 8 weeks after the thyroid removal some patients will receive radioactive iodine if it is indicated. Thyroid replacement hormone will now be needed for life. If you have been ...

Department of Internal Medicine 4, Saitama Medical School, 38 Morohongo, Moroyama, Iruma-gun, Saitama 350-0495, Japan. Zinc at concentrations of 150, microM or higher induced necrosis as well as apoptosis in thyroid cancer cell lines. Necrosis was induced by zinc in a dose-dependent manner, whereas apoptosis did not increase at higher concentrations of zinc. The expression of the antiapoptotic protein phosphorylated Bad was markedly increased, whereas the expression of the proapoptotic proteins Bax and Bad decreased following Zn(2+) exposure. Zn(2+) induced rapid degradation of IkappaB, and an increase in the binding of nuclear transcription factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB). These observations indicate that antiapoptotic pathways were activated in thyroid cancer cells following exposure to Zn(2+). This may be a self-defence mechanism against apoptosis and may underlie the general resistance of thyroid cancer cells to apoptotic stimuli. Zinc may be a potential cytotoxic agent for the treatment of ...

|i|Background.|/i| Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is a form of thyroid cancer with high risk of cervical lymph node metastasis. |i|Aim.|/i| The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence and the predictive factors for occult ipsilateral central lymph node (CLN) metastasis in the patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma. |i|Methods.|/i| A total of 916 PTC patients (1017 lesions) undergoing central lymph node dissection in our hospital from 2005 to 2011 were enrolled. The relationship between CLN metastasis and clinical factors such as gender, age, tumor size, tumor number, capsule invasion, and tumor location was analyzed. |i|Results.|/i| Occult CLN metastasis was observed in 52.41% (533/1017) of PTC lesions, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that age ≤ 35 years, tumor size > 1.5 cm, present capsule invasion/extracapsular invasion, and tumor located in upper/middle pole/whole lobe were risk factors of CLN metastasis. |i|Conclusions.|/i| Tumor located in upper

Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma is fatal if unresectable. However, improved survival has been reported after gross total resection and multimodality therapy. In this report, we describe the contrast-enhanced high-resolution CT characteristics of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma in 57 patients. Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma presented as a large neck mass with necrosis in 82% of cases. The tumors demonstrated common extrathyroidal extension (91%). Sixty-two percent of tumors demonstrated calcification. Visceral space invasion involved the esophagus (62%), trachea (57%), and larynx (29%). Carotid artery encasement was present in 42%, and 43% involved the internal jugular vein. Sixty-three percent had lateral compartment lymphadenopathy; 58% of these nodes were necrotic, and 11% were cystic. No metastatic nodes had calcification. Central compartment lymphadenopathy was seen in 56% of cases, and lateral retropharyngeal lymphadenopathy was detected in 12%. Knowledge of these imaging features aids in guiding ...

Introduction: We report an unusual case of adenocarcinoma of lung metachronous with stage IVA papillary thyroid carcinoma. The two tumors are morphologically similar; and the later presence of lung mass could clinically masquerade as metastatic thyroid carcinoma. We discuss the challenges in clinical, imaging and pathologic diagnosis. Case Report: A 64-year-old non-smoking female had a thyroidectomy and neck lymph node dissection for a stage IVA tumor with pathologic findings of one 2 mm microcarcinoma of left thyroid and six positive cervical lymph nodes. The post-surgical I131 whole body scan was negative and thyroglobulin is suppressed and stable (

Rapid progression contributes to treatment failure in anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) patients. In a preliminary study, we demonstrated that some hematopoietic factors may be involved in the progression of ATC. The adaptor protein LNK, which is a negative regulator of hematopoietic cytokine signalling, has been studied extensively in malignant hematopoietic cells. However, there are few studies on LNK in solid tumours. Real-time PCR, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and western blot analysis of LNK were performed on ATC cells, differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) cells and normal thyroid cells. In vitro assays (including pull-down, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), co-IP, MTT and colony formation) were performed to validate the effect of LNK on ATC progression and elucidate the molecular mechanisms. Compared with DTC cells and normal thyroid cells, ATC cells exhibit overexpression of LNK. In addition, LNK overexpression results in increased proliferation of ATC cells. Conversely, LNK

A collision tumor involving a tracheal sarcomatoid carcinoma and a papillary thyroid carcinoma has never been reported in the literature. A 78-year-old female presented with a large neck mass and hoarseness. A fine needle aspiration demonstrated papillary thyroid carcinoma. Imaging revealed a right thyroid mass invading into the tracheal lumen with bulky ipsilateral lymphadenopathy. The patient underwent a total thyroidectomy, tracheal resection, and central and right neck dissections. Pathology demonstrated a tracheal sarcomatoid carcinoma invading the right thyroid, which had multifocal papillary thyroid carcinoma with central and lateral neck metastases. The patient subsequently received adjuvant chemoradiotherapy and radioactive iodine. We present a case of a tracheal sarcomatoid carcinoma colliding with a papillary thyroid cancer. Treatment modalities should address the most aggressive tumor, while being tailored to clinical picture, tumor histology, and patient preferences.

Introduction: The commonest metastases to the thyroid are from renal cell carcinomas (RCC) and 23 48% of all thyroid metastases are RCCs. They may occur many years after RCC excision, the longest reported latent period being 20 years. Sunitinib (SUN), a multiple targeted anti-cancer drug, is increasingly used for RCC therapy but may cause thyroid dysfunction in some usually hypothyroidism. We report a patient who presented with thyroid metastases 21 years after RCC excision, who developed biphasic thyroid dysfunction during SUN therapy.. Case presentation: A 76-year-old woman who had a nephrectomy for RCC 21 years before, and was on no relevant medication, presented with an enlarging right thyroid nodule. She had a thyroid lobectomy following inadequate FNAC of the nodule. Histology revealed metastatic clear cell renal carcinoma. CT scans revealed possible pancreatic and ovarian metastases but no recurrence at the original site. She was started on SUN for disseminated disease, after ...

Persistent RET activation is a frequent event in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC). In these cancers, RET activates the ERK/MAPK, the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and the JAK/STAT3 pathways. Here, we tested the efficacy of a JAK1/2- inhibitor, AZD1480, in the in vitro and in vivo growth of thyroid cancer cell lines expressing oncogenic RET. Thyroid cancer cell lines harboring RET/PTC1 (TPC-1), RET M918T (MZ-CRC1) and RET C634W (TT) alterations, as well as TPC-1 xenografts, were treated with JAK inhibitor, AZD1480. This inhibitor led to growth inhibition and/or apoptosis of the thyroid cancer cell lines in vitro, as well as to tumor regression of TPC-1 xenografts, where it efficiently blocked STAT3 activation in tumor and stromal cells. This inhibition was associated with decreased proliferation, decreased blood vessel density, coupled with increased necrosis. However, AZD1480 repressed the growth of STAT3- deficient TPC-1 cells in vitro and in vivo, demonstrating that its effects

OBJECTIVE: The role of routine central lymph node dissection (CLND) for clinically central lymph node negative (CN0) papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC) remains uncertain. We aim to determine the predictive factors for central lymph node metastasis (CLNM) in papillary thyroid microcarcinoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 273 patients diagnosed with clinically central lymph node negative PTMC from 2014 to 2016 were included. The predictive risk factors for CLNM were analyzed with respect to age, sex, tumor size, tumor multifocal, lymphadenectasis of lateral neck, capsular invasion, extra capsular spread (ECS), coexistence of chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis (Hashimoto thyroiditis, HT) and nodular goiter (NG), BRAFV600E mutation and subtype of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC ...

Studies on genetic susceptibility for thyroid cancer could have important relevance to understand the etiology of this pathology. Thus, association studies aimed to identify genes for thyroid cancer risk have been recently published (9-12), although no specific genes for thyroid cancer susceptibility have yet been described. Our previous study, using the BAT-40 marker in a case-control study, indicated that the chromosome 1p12-13 is related to thyroid cancer susceptibility (13). Therefore, in the present study, we aimed to map the susceptibility loci on this region. In this context, we have scanned a region of ∼2.4 Mb surrounding the BAT-40 marker by genotyping six single-nucleotide polymorphisms in a Spanish population. This study has allowed us to identify in our population two independent genetic susceptibility loci on chromosome 1p12.. Association analysis using a case-control design showed a strong association between the rs2145418 marker and thyroid cancer incidence, and similar results ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - PD-1 Blockade in Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma. AU - Capdevila, Jaume. AU - Wirth, Lori J.. AU - Ernst, Thomas. AU - Ponce Aix, Santiago. AU - Lin, Chia Chi. AU - Ramlau, Rodryg. AU - Butler, Marcus O.. AU - Delord, Jean Pierre. AU - Gelderblom, Hans. AU - Ascierto, Paolo A.. AU - Fasolo, Angelica. AU - Führer, Dagmar. AU - Hütter-Krönke, Marie Luise. AU - Forde, Patrick M.. AU - Wrona, Anna. AU - Santoro, Armando. AU - Sadow, Peter M.. AU - Szpakowski, Sebastian. AU - Wu, Hongqian. AU - Bostel, Geraldine. AU - Faris, Jason. AU - Cameron, Scott. AU - Varga, Andreea. AU - Taylor, Matthew. PY - 2020/8/10. Y1 - 2020/8/10. N2 - PURPOSE: Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma is an aggressive malignancy that is almost always fatal and lacks effective systemic treatment options for patients with BRAF-wild type disease. As part of a phase I/II study in patients with advanced/metastatic solid tumors, patients with anaplastic thyroid carcinoma were treated with spartalizumab, a humanized ...

The incidence of thyroid cancer, the most common endocrine malignancy, continues to increase steadily during the past few decades worldwide [1, 2]. The majority of thyroid cancer types are classified as: follicular epithelial cell-derived papillary thyroid cancer (PTC), follicular thyroid cancer (FTC), anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC), and para-follicular C-cell derived medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) [3]. The prognosis of patients with thyroid cancer is closely correlated with local invasion outside the thyroid capsule and the development of distant metastases [4]. Therefore, dissecting the molecular mechanisms underlying thyroid cancer invasion and metastasis is still imperative and may put new insight into the clinical treatment of thyroid cancer.. Human tumor-associated calcium signal transducer 2 (TACSTD2), also known as trophoblast cell-surface antigen 2 (Trop2), is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein originally identified in human placental trophoblastic tissue [5]. As a cell surface ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - New therapeutic options for advanced forms of thyroid cancer. AU - Bernet, Victor. AU - Smallridge, Robert. PY - 2014/6. Y1 - 2014/6. N2 - Introduction: While the vast majority of patients with thyroid cancer have an excellent prognosis, those with more aggressive courses experience significant morbidity and mortality. Advanced forms of thyroid cancer are typically refractory to standard therapy. Numerous agents with potential usefulness in the treatment of advanced thyroid cancer have recently come under study. Areas covered: This article reviews agents identified through a systematic review of the scientific literature as being under investigation for treatment of advanced thyroid cancer. A search of both PubMed and the NCI Clinical Trials website was performed to identify such agents having reached Phase II or III testing. Improved understanding of cancer cell signaling pathways has led to the identification of , 500 kinases as potential therapeutic targets. Additional agents ...

The survival rate of anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is still very poor due to its fast growth and high metastatic potential. Currently, no effective treatment is available. The active form of vitamin D3, 1α,25(OH)2D3, has been shown to have a anti-metastatic effect in pre-clinical studies, however induction of hypercalcemia hampered its clinical application. The new class of less-calcemic vitamin D analog, 19-nor-2α-(3-hydroxypropyl)-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (MART-10), is much more potent than 1α,25(OH)2D3 to repress cancer growth and metastasis in a variety of cancers. In this study, we demonstrated that both 1α,25(OH)2D3 and MART-10 could effectively inhibit the migration and invasion of ATC cells, 8305C and 8505C, with MART-10 much more potent than 1α,25(OH)2D3. The anti-metastatic effect of 1α,25(OH)2D3 and MART-10 on ATC cells is mediated by reversal of cadherin switch (upregulation of E-cadherin and downregulation of N-cadherin), which led to the attenuation of EMT process, and decrease

A comprehensive analysis of MNG1, TCO1, fPTC, PTEN, TSHR, and TRKA in familial nonmedullary thyroid cancer: Confirmation of linkage to TCO1. About 5% of nonmedullary thyroid cancer is familial. These familial nonmedullary thyroid cancer cases are characterized by an earlier age of onset, more aggressive phenotype, and in some families a high propensity to benign thyroid disease. Little is known about the genes conferring predisposition to nonmedullary thyroid cancer. Three loci have been identified through genetic linkage: MNG1 on 14q32, TCO1 on 19p13.2, and fPTC on 1p21. In addition to these putative genes, a number of loci represent candidate familial nonmedullary thyroid cancer predisposition genes by virtue of their involvement in sporadic disease (TRKA), their role in benign disease (TSHR), and because they underlie syndromes with a risk of nonmedullary thyroid cancer (PTEN). To evaluate the roles of MNG1, TCO1, fPTC, PTEN, TSHR, and TRKA in familial nonmedullary thyroid cancer, we have ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Tumor immune microenvironment characteristics of papillary thyroid carcinoma are associated with histopathological aggressiveness and BRAF mutation status. AU - Means, Casey. AU - Clayburgh, Daniel. AU - Maloney, Lauren. AU - Sauer, David. AU - Taylor, Matthew H.. AU - Shindo, Maisie. AU - Coussens, Lisa. AU - Tsujikawa, Takahiro. PY - 2019/1/1. Y1 - 2019/1/1. N2 - Background: Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) follows an indolent course; however, up to 30% of patients develop recurrent disease requiring further treatment. Profiling PTC immune complexity may provide new biomarkers for improved risk prediction. Methods: Immune complexity profiles were quantitatively evaluated by multiplex immunohistochemistry (mIHC) in archived tissue sections from 39 patients with PTC, and were assessed for correlations with aggressive histopathological features based on the presence of lymphovascular invasion and/or extrathyroidal extension, and BRAF V600E mutational status. Results: mIHC ...

Sorafenib (Nexavar), is a multikinase inhibitor, which has demonstrated both antiproliferative and antiangiogenic properties in vitro and in vivo, inhibiting the activity of targets present in the tumoral cells (c-RAF [proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase], BRAF, (V600E)BRAF, c-KIT, and FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3) and in tumor vessels (c-RAF, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor [VEGFR]-2, VEGFR-3, and platelet-derived growth factor receptor β). Sorafenib was initially approved for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma and advanced renal cell carcinoma. Experimental studies have demonstrated that sorafenib has both antiproliferative and antiangiogenic properties in vitro and in vivo, against thyroid cancer cells. Furthermore, several completed (or ongoing) studies have evaluated the long-term efficacy and tolerability of sorafenib in patients with papillary, follicular and medullary aggressive thyroid cancer. The results of the different studies showed good clinical ...

Inclusion Criteria: - Histologically confirmed locally advanced or metastatic thyroid cancer - Measurable disease - Normal blood pressure (if history of hypertension, blood pressure must be controlled with medication) - Evidence of disease progression within 6 months before starting study (for differentiated thyroid cancer subjects) - Evidence of disease progression within 6 months before starting study OR symptomatic disease (for medullary thyroid cancer subjects) - Not a candidate for surgical resection, external beam radiotherapy, radioiodine therapy, or other local therapy - At least 18 years of age Exclusion Criteria: - Undifferentiated/anaplastic thyroid cancer - Untreated or symptomatic brain metastases - Prior malignancy, unless cured with treatment and no evidence of disease for greater than or equal to 3 years before starting study (history of thyroid cancer, in situ cervical cancer, or basal cell cancer of skin are exceptions) - Myocardial infarction or any unstable cardiac condition ...

Objective: To assess predictors of well-differentiated thyroid cancer (WDTC) persistence/recurrence. Design: This was a retrospective chart review of thyroid carcinoma patients seen 1979-2007 in a Boston, Massachusetts-area multispecialty group. Of 1,025 patients, 431 met eligibility criteria. Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess predictors (gender, age, ethnicity, tumor size, surgical histology) of WDTC persistence/recurrence (elevated thyroglobulin levels with negative thyroglobulin-antibodies; or positive imaging). Local extension of disease and lymph node involvement could not be assessed. Results: Mean age at initial surgery (n = 431, 74% women, 79% Caucasian) was 45.8 \(\pm\) 13.5(SD) years. Mean tumor (papillary, 91%; follicular, 5%; Hurthle cell, 2%; \(\ge\)1 type, 2%) size was 2.5 \(\pm\) 1.6(SD) cm. Most tumors were unifocal (57%) and \(\ge\)1 cm (89%). Over 2,600 person-years of follow-up, persistence/recurrence occurred in 52 patients (12%) 4.3 years (median; range ...

Thyroid cancer, the commonest of endocrine malignancies, continues increasing in incidence being the 5th more prevalent cancer among women in the United States in 2012. Familial thyroid cancer has become a well-recognized, unique, clinical entity in patients with thyroid cancer originating from follicular cells, that is, nonmedullary thyroid carcinoma. Hereditary nonmedullary thyroid cancer may occur as a minor component of familial cancer syndromes (familial adenomatous polyposis, Gardners...

Wee1 is a kinase that regulates the G2/M progression by the inhibition of CDK1, which is critical for ensuring DNA damage repair before initiation of mitotic entry. Targeting Wee1 may be a potential strategy in the treatment of anaplastic thyroid cancer, a rare but lethal disease. The therapeutic effects of adavosertib, a Wee1 inhibitor for anaplastic thyroid cancer was evaluated in this study. Adavosertib inhibited cell growth in three anaplastic thyroid cancer cell lines in a dose-dependent manner. Cell cycle analysis revealed cells were accumulated in the G2/M phase. Adavosertib induced caspase-3 activity and led to apoptosis. Adavosertib monotherapy showed significant retardation of the growth of two anaplastic thyroid cancer tumor models. The combination of adavosertib with dabrafenib and trametinib revealed strong synergism in vitro and demonstrated robust suppression of tumor growth in vivo in anaplastic thyroid cancer xenograft models with BRAF V600E mutation. The combination of ...

The study objective is to analyze the mutation profile of the tall cell variant (TCV) of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). Materials and methods. The main inclusion criteria according to the WHO classification (2017) was PTC composed of at least 30 % of tall cells. Genetic examination was conducted using the FoundationOne CDx assay (USA) with median depth of coverage of |500x. This study included 5 patients (1 man and 4 women) with a mean age of 52.6 years (range: 48-56 years). The tumor size varied between 0.4 x 0.5 cm and 11.0 x 9.0 cm. All patients have undergone surgical treatment: hemithyroidectomy for patient No. 1 with a small tumor (pT1b); thyroidectomy for patient No. 2 (pT3b); extensive thyroidectomy with the removal of paratracheal tissue for patients No. 3, 4, and 5 (No. 3 - pT3bN0; No. 4 - pT3bN1b; No. 5 - pT3bN1b). Three out of the five patients also had adenomatous goiter. The mean follow-up time was 3.4 to 5.2 years. Results. Tumors in all patients were characterized by low mutational

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has given Priority Review designation to the New Drug Application for lenvatinib mesylate as a treatment for progressive radioactive iodine-refractory differentiated thyroid cancer. Lenvatinib is an oral multiple receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor with a unique binding mode that selectively inhibits the kinase activities of vascular endothelial growth factor receptors, in addition to other proangiogenic and oncogenic pathway-related tyrosine kinases thought to be involved in tumor proliferation.. Priority Review designation is granted when the FDA believes the drug has the potential to provide a significant improvement in safety or effectiveness of the treatment, prevention, or diagnosis of a serious condition.. Lenvatinib was previously granted Orphan Drug designation for use in various types of thyroid cancer in the United States, Japan, and Europe. It is currently under investigation in thyroid, hepatocellular, endometrial, non-small cell lung ...

This study aims to determine the functional roles of microRNA-34b-5p (miR-34b) in the suppression of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. We used hydration-of-freeze-dried-matrix (HFDM) formulated liposomes (liposome-loaded miR-34b) for effective delivery of miR-34b to anaplastic thyroid carcinoma in vitro and in vivo. Real time polymerase chain was used to determine the level of miR-34b. Immunocytochemistry, Western blot and ELISA were carried out to determine the effect of this manipulation on VEGF-A expression. In addition, an in vivo xenotransplantation mouse model was used to investigate the functional roles of overexpression of miR-34b in the carcinoma. In anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cells, miR-34b expression was low and significant overexpression (p , 0.05) was noted following transfection with liposome-loaded miR-34b. The miR-34b overexpressed thyroid carcinoma cell lines showed reduction in VEGF-A protein expression, decreased cell proliferation, decreased wound healing, reduced cell cycle ...

Though most types of thyroid cancer are cured by surgery and adjuvant radio- iodine therapy and TSH suppression, patients with radio-iodine refractory thyroid carcinoma as well as with medullary thyroid carcinoma, a neuroendocrine malignancy that does not express iodine transporter, are difficult to treat because of the lack of effective systemic treatment. Therefore, there is an urgent need of novel therapeutic measures for these patients. Thyroid cancer is frequently associated to the oncogenic conversion of protein kinases such as RET (medullary thyroid cancer) and BRAF (papillary and undifferentiated thyroid cancer). Therefore, protein kinase small molecule inhibitors (PKI) have been considered as promising novel agents for the treatment of thyroid carcinoma. Compounds that revealed good RET and BRAF activity both in clinical (vandetanib for RET) and in pre-clinical (vemurafenib for BRAF) settings have been identified. Recently, vandetanib was approved for patients with medullary thyroid ...

Objective: Describe a case of a patient diagnosed with papillary thyroid carcinoma by a retropharyngeal tumor.. Methods: A 46-year-old male was referred from the otorhinolaryngology consult to our department with the post-operative diagnosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma, with 6 months history of upper airway dyspnea and dysphagia to solids. Physical examination: right side adenopathies, not painful on palpation. No goitre. Laryngoscopy: hypertrophy of right posterior pharyngeal wall, epiglottis with rotation. Glotis was permeable. Mobile vocal cords. Pyriform sinus free. Cervical and thoracic TC: right retropharyngeal and internal jugular adenopathic conglomerates. Subcentimetrical mediastinal lymph nodes. Nasopharyngeal MRI: right retropharyngeal paracentral mass rejecting adjacent structures. FNA of cervical lymph node: lymph node with metastases of papillary thyroid carcinoma.. Results: Surgical treatment is decided. Transcervical excision was performed in right parapharyngeal tumor, ...

Anaplastic thyroid cancer arises from cells of the thyroid, which are normally involved in production and secretion of thyroid hormones, thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). Anaplastic thyroid tumor is always considered as stage IV. Genes involved in the pathogenesis of follicular thyroid cancer include P53 and BRAF. ...

Through a transcriptome microarray analysis, we have isolated Anterior gradient protein 2 (AGR2) as a gene up-regulated in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). AGR2 is a disulfide isomerase over-expressed in several human carcinomas and recently linked to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Here, we analyzed the expression of AGR2 in PTC and its functional role. Expression of AGR2 was studied by immunohistochemistry and real time PCR in normal thyroids and in PTC samples. The function of AGR2 was studied by knockdown in PTC cells and by ectopic expression in non-transformed thyroid cells. The role of AGR2 in the ER stress was analyzed upon treatment of cells, expressing or not AGR2, with Bortezomib and analyzing by Western blot the expression levels of GADD153. PTC over-expressed AGR2 at mRNA and protein levels. Knockdown of AGR2 in PTC cells induced apoptosis and decreased migration and invasion. Ectopic expression of AGR2 in non-transformed human thyroid cells increased migration and invasion and

Background: Recent decades have seen a rise in the incidence of well-differentiated (mainly papillary) thyroid carcinoma around the world. In Germany, the age-adjusted incidence of well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma in 2010 was 3.5 per 100 000 men and 8.7 per 100 000 women per year. Method: This review is based on randomized, controlled trials and multicenter trials on the treatment of well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma that were retrieved by a selective literature search, as well as on three updated guidelines issued in the past two years. Results: The recommended extent of surgical resection depends on whether the tumor is classified as low-risk or high-risk, so that papillary microcar cinomas, which carry a highly favorable prognosis, will not be overtreated. More than 90% of localized, well-differentiated thyroid carcinomas can be cured with a combination of surgery and radioactive iodine therapy. Radio active iodine therapy is also effective in the treatment of well-differentiated ...

Surgery of well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma: the pendulum swings back in the central neck. Endocr Pract. 2010 Sep-Oct; 16(5):913-7 ...

Aschebrook-Kilfoy B, Ward MH, Sabra MM, Devesa SS. Thyroid cancer incidence patterns in the United States by histologic type, 1992-2006. Thyroid 2011;21(2):125-34. https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.2010.0021. Lang BH, Yih PCL, Shek TWH, Wan KY, Wong KP, Lo CY. Factors affecting the adequacy of lymph node yield in prophylactic unilateral central neck dissection for papillary thyroid carcinoma. J Surg Oncol 2012;106(8):966-71. https://doi.org/10.1002/jso.23201. American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts & Figures 2016. Atlanta: American Cancer Society; 2016 [cited 2016 November 10]. Available from: https://old.cancer.org/acs/groups/content/@research/documents/document/acspc-047079.pdf. Cooper D, Doherty G, Haugen B, Kloos R, Lee S, Mandel S, et al. American Thyroid Association (ATA) guidelines task force on thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer. Revised American thyroid association management guidelines for patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer. Thyroid ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Obatoclax overcomes resistance to cell death in aggressive thyroid carcinomas by countering Bcl2a1 and Mcl1 overexpression. AU - Champa, Devora. AU - Russo, Marika A.. AU - Liao, Xiao Hui. AU - Refetoff, Samuel. AU - Ghossein, Ronald A.. AU - Di Cristofano, Antonio. PY - 2014/10/1. Y1 - 2014/10/1. N2 - Poorly differentiated tumors of the thyroid gland (PDTC) are generally characterized by a poor prognosis due to their resistance to available therapeutic approaches. The relative rarity of these tumors is a major obstacle to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms leading to tumor aggressiveness and drug resistance, and consequently to the development of novel therapies. By simultaneously activating Kras and deleting p53 (Trp53) in thyroid follicular cells, we have generated a novel mouse model that develops papillary thyroid cancer invariably progressing to PDTC. In several cases, tumors further progress to anaplastic carcinomas. The poorly differentiated tumors are ...

Tumor invasiveness is directly related to the ability of tumor cells to migrate and invade surrounding tissues, usually degrading extracellular matrix. Despite significant progress in the knowledge about migration and invasion, there is much more to elucidate about their regulatory mechanisms, especially in cancer cells. MicroRNAs (miRs) were recently described as important regulators of migration. Differential expression of miRs in cancer is frequently associated with progression, invasion and metastasis. In papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), miR-146b-5p is highly expressed and positively correlated to the degree of malignancy. This study aimed to investigate the role of miR-146b-5p on the migratory and invasive behaviors of thyroid cells, using a non tumor rat thyroid follicular cell line (PCCl3) transfected with the miR-146b-5p genomic region, and two PTC cell lines (TPC-1 and BCPAP, bearing distinct oncogenic backgrounds), which express high levels of miR-146b-5p, after miR-146b inhibition by

Results: In 12 out of 4314 cases (0.27%) suspicious FNAB results were found. Suspicious thyroid lesion results were found in 9 patients (8 F, 1 M), aged 46-73 (average 56 years) followed up for 3-57 months after RT: papillary cancer in two patients, Hürthle cell tumour in one patient, and suspicious cells in two patients (with benign lesions on postoperative histopathology). Two patients refused surgery (a suspicion of papillary cancer in one case and suspicious cells in FNAB in the second case). A follicular tumour in FNAB was suspected in two cases (no data about the first, and the second with lung cancer was not operable). In the remaining 3 cases FNAB revealed lymph node metastases due to other cancers ...

Although conventional histology and FNA are considered as gold standards, the pathologists are confronted with difficulties in reaching an accurate differential diagnosis between benign and malignant thyroid nodules. To improve disease identification, immunohistochemical markers, such as cytokeratin-19 (CK19) and galectin-3, have been proposed and their efficiencies for thyroid cancer diagnosis have been evaluated. CK19 is the smallest member of cytokeratin family and belongs to the intermediate filaments. Several studies reported that CK19 expression is strong and diffuse in papillary carcinoma and absent or low in benign thyroid lesions (8,9,15-17). Galectin-3, a structurally unique member of galectin family with an N-terminal tail composed of nine collagen-like repeats and a peptide with sites for Ser phosphorylation (39), is anti-apoptotic, associated with the pathogenesis of well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma (7,10-14). However, these markers have shown some limitations because ...

1.A study by Kim et al evaluated the efficacy and safety of radiofrequency ablation for localized small recurrent thyroid cancers less than 2 cm by comparing them with those at repeat surgery.. 2. 73 patients with recurrent thyroid cancer who had been treated with (RFA) or repeat surgery.. 3. Recurrence-free survival rates and post-treatment complication rates were compared between RFA and reoperation groups.. 4.The 1- and 3-year recurrence-free survival rates and post-treatment hoarseness rates were comparable for RFA and reoperation groups.. 5. Post-treatment hypocalcemia occurred exclusively in the reoperation group.. 6 RFA may be an effective and safe alternative to repeat surgery in patients with locally recurrent small thyroid cancers.. Kim JH et al. Radiology. 2015;276(3):909-918.. RFA can also be used in combination with External beam to shrink thyroid cancer and relieve airway obstruction as seen in this case from Dr.JH Bek for Seoul Korea.. ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - The role of positron emission tomography/computed tomography in the management of recurrent papillary thyroid carcinoma. AU - Nahas, Zayna. AU - Goldenberg, David. AU - Fakhry, Carol. AU - Ewertz, Marjorie. AU - Zeiger, Martha. AU - Ladenson, Paul W.. AU - Wahl, Richard. AU - Tufano, Ralph P.. PY - 2005/2/1. Y1 - 2005/2/1. N2 - Objectives/Hypothesis: The aim of the study was to evaluate the role of combined positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) fusion imaging in the detection and management of recurrent papillary thyroid cancer. Study Design: A retrospective analysis of 33 patients with suspected recurrent papillary thyroid carcinoma who had undergone PET/CT was performed. PET/CT was compared with standard imaging techniques in each patient to determine whether PET/CT contributed to the therapeutic management plan. Histopathological findings were correlated to PET/CT in patients who imderwent surgery. Methods: The senior author reviewed the charts of 33 ...

Second of a new series of Mini-Editorials in Thyroid News. While accounting for only 1% of solid malignancies, thyroid carcinoma is the most common malignancy of the endocrine system. The majority are patients with well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma of follicular cell origin who are cured with adequate surgical management and radioiodine therapy. However, some thyroid malignancies, such as medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) or poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma, frequently metastasize, precluding patients from a curative resection.. The molecular bases of differentiated thyroid carcinoma, MTC, and anaplastic thyroid cancer are well characterized and the critical genetic pathways involved in the development of specific tumor histological types have been elucidated. Of primary importance has been the recognition of key oncogenic mutations such as BRAF, RET and RAS in papillary (PTC) and RET in medullary (MTC) carcinomas. These genes code for kinases that activate signalling through the ...

Six patients experienced voice change immediately after RFA. Voice change was recovered in 5 patients. One patient without recovery was treated with vocal cord medialization. All 6 patients with voice change had tumors in the level VI. There were no other significant complications, and most of the patients tolerated the RFA procedure well. Although some patients reported a burning sensation, pain, or both, the symptoms were relieved by reducing the RF power or stopping the ablation for several seconds.. In conclusion, RFA can be effective in treating loco-regional, recurrent, and well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma in patients at high surgical risk.. ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Peripheral location and infiltrative margin predict invasive features of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma. AU - Lee, Woo Kyung. AU - Lee, Jandee. AU - Kim, Hyunji. AU - Lee, Seul Gi. AU - Choi, Sun Hyung. AU - Jeong, Seonhyang. AU - Kwon, Hyeong Ju. AU - Jung, Sang Geun. AU - Jo, Young Suk. PY - 2019. Y1 - 2019. N2 - Objective: Tumor location in papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC) might determine tumor outgrowth from the thyroid gland. However, the clinical implications of tumor location and minimal extrathyroid extension (mETE) have not been well elucidated. We aimed to investigate the relationship between tumor location and mETE to predict the aggressiveness of PTMC. Methods: A total of 858 patients with PTMC were grouped according to tumor location on ultrasonography: central (cPTMC) and peripheral PTMC (pPTMC). PTMC without mETE (PTMC-mETE(-)) was divided further according to margin shape: encapsulated (E-) or infiltrative (I-). To understand the molecular biologic ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Clinicopathologic features and outcomes in patients with diffuse sclerosing variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma. AU - Akaishi, Junko. AU - Sugino, Kiminori. AU - Kameyama, Kaori. AU - Masaki, Chie. AU - Matsuzu, Kenichi. AU - Suzuki, Akifumi. AU - Uruno, Takashi. AU - Ohkuwa, Keiko. AU - Shibuya, Hiroshi. AU - Kitagawa, Wataru. AU - Nagahama, Mitsuji. AU - Shimizu, Kazuo. AU - Ito, Koichi. PY - 2015/7/5. Y1 - 2015/7/5. N2 - Background: Diffuse sclerosing variant (DSV) of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is a rare variant more common among younger patients. Materials and methods: Excluding patients with microcarcinoma, 5848 patients with PTC underwent initial surgery between 1995 and 2011. Twenty-two patients (0.4 %) were histologically diagnosed with DSV, of whom 20 (91 %) were ,45 years old. We compared clinicopathologic characteristics and outcomes between patients with DSV and those with classical PTC ,45 years old. Univariate analysis by the Kaplan-Meier method in ...

A series of 41 poorly differentiated follicular carcinomas of the thyroid gland without histopathological features of medullary or papillary carcinoma and 9 cases of undifferentiated thyroid carcinoma of the small cell type (diagnosed between 1967 and 1983) were investigated immunohistochemically. Two poorly differentiated follicular carcinomas showed a considerable number of calcitonin-positive cells in addition to the weakly thyroglobulin-positive tumor cells. One of these cases revealed several areas with calcitonin-positive tumor cells with additional squamous metaplasia with keratinization. No medullary carcinomas could be demonstrated among the 9 cases previously diagnosed as undifferentiated thyroid carcinomas of the small cell type. From the epidemiological point of view the application of immunohistochemistry does not significantly increase the proportion of medullary carcinomas detected in our endemic goiter area. The incidence of medullary carcinoma remains surprisingly low when ...

Premenopausal women are at highest risk for papillary and follicular thyroid carcinoma, implicating a role for estrogens in thyroid cancer. The expression of estrogen receptors α and β (ER), the effects of estradiol (E2), selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) 4-hydroxytamoxifen and raloxifene, and ER subtype selective agonists were examined in NPA87 and KAT5 papillary and WRO follicular thyroid carcinoma cell lines. All three thyroid cancer cell lines expressed full-length ERα and ERβ proteins with cytoplasmic localization that was unaffected by E2. ICI 182,780 (Fulvestrant, an ER antagonist), and inhibitors of non-genomic E2-activated MAPK and PI3K signaling blocked E2-induced cell proliferation. SERMs acted in a cell line-specific manner. No E2-induced estrogen response element (ERE)-driven reporter activity was observed in transiently transfected thyroid cancer cells. However, E2 increased transcription of established endogenous E2-target genes, i.e., cathepsin D in WRO and ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Cytologic features of infarcted thyroid papillary carcinoma induced by fine needle aspiration. AU - Jang, Se Min. AU - Jun, Young Jin. AU - Na, Woong. AU - Jang, Ki Seok. AU - Paik, Seung Sam. PY - 2010/1/1. Y1 - 2010/1/1. KW - Aspiration biopsy, fine-needle. KW - Carcinoma, papillary. KW - Infarction. KW - Thyroid neoplasms. UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=78650508591&partnerID=8YFLogxK. M3 - Letter. C2 - 21053614. AN - SCOPUS:78650508591. VL - 54. SP - 1082. EP - 1083. JO - Acta Cytologica. JF - Acta Cytologica. SN - 0001-5547. IS - 5. ER - ...

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Despite the importance of a low-iodine diet (LID) for thyroid cancer patients preparing for radioactive iodine (RAI) therapy, few studies have evaluated dietary intake during LID. This study evaluated the amount of dietary iodine intake and its major food sources during a typical diet and during LID periods for thyroid cancer patients preparing for RAI therapy, and examined how the type of nutrition education of LID affects iodine intake. SUBJECTS/METHODS: A total of 92 differentiated thyroid cancer patients with total thyroidectomy were enrolled from Seoul National University Hospital. All subjects completed three days of dietary records during usual and low-iodine diets before |TEX|$^{131}I$|/TEX| administration. RESULTS: The median iodine intake was |TEX|$290{\mu}g/day$|/TEX| on the usual diet and |TEX|$63.2{\mu}g/day$|/TEX| on the LID. The major food groups during the usual diet were seaweed, salted vegetables, fish, milk, and dairy products and the consumption of these

It remains controversial whether patients with papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC) benefit from total thyroidectomy (TT) or thyroid lobectomy (TL). We aimed to investigate the impact of extent of surgery on the prognosis of patients with unilateral PTMC. Patients were obtained from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database from 2004 to 2015. Cancer-specific survival (CSS) and overall survival (OS) were evaluated by Cox regression and Kaplan-Meier curves with propensity score matching. Of 31167 PTMC patients enrolled, 22.2% and 77.8% of which underwent TL and TT, respectively. Patients with TT were more likely to be younger, females, present tumors of multifocality, extrathyroidal extension, cervical lymph node metastasis (CLNM), distant metastasis, and receive radioactive iodine (RAI) compared with those receiving TL. The multivariate Cox regression model showed that TT was not associated with an improved CSS and OS compared with TL with hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval

Hurthle cell tumors are an infrequent neoplasm of the thyroid gland in adults. Hurthle cell tumors represent 4. 5% to 10% of all primary thyroid epithelial neoplasms in the foreign literature. It has been known as Hurthle cell tumor since Ewing was the first to use this term in 1928. Tumor occurring in an infant was described by Symmers(1941) and Morrow(1945). The authors experienced a case of congenital Hurthle cell tumor of the thyroid gland in a 2 months old boy. He was admitted to the pediatric surgical department because of a growing mass in the neck since birth. Ultrasonogram showed a huge lobulated homogenous solid mass with medium level echogenicity in the region of the thyroid gland. Subtotal thyroidectomy of right lobe and total thyroidectomy of left lobe were done. The specimen measures 2x3x1.5 cm and 7x3x3 cm, respectively. It was an encapsulated, yellow gray firm and solid mass. The cut surface was smooth, glistening and homogenous. Microscopicully, the tumor was composed of tightly ...

Treatment with sorafenib in patients with progressive metastatic medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) is well tolerated and resulted in disease control.

Thyroid carcinoma is a common endocrine malignancy worldwide, accounting for approximately 1% of all diagnosed cancers and about 91.5% of the malignancies of head and neck. However, differentiating malignant thyroid nodules from benign ones remains a diagnostic challenge. Thus, novel molecular markers that enable non-invasive diagnostics for malignant thyroid nodules are urgently needed. In the present study, a metabonomic investigation based on liquid chromatography-LTQ Orbitrap mass spectrometry was employed for serum metabolic profiling of 30 cases of papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTC), 80 cases of nodular goiters (benign thyroid nodules) and 30 cases of healthy controls. According to the results of multivariate statistical data analysis, the significantly changed metabolites among these three groups were defined. It was found that most of these metabolites decreased in the sera of both malignant and benign thyroid cases due to the increased metabolic rate, which is in accordance with ...

Welcome to the ValueMD Albums. Thyroid Ultrasound. Images: WK 1 THYROID Transverse, WK 1 THYROID Papillary thyroid cancer | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org Sonographic ap, WK 1 THYROID Colloid cyst, WK 1 THYROIDAdenomatous goiter. A well-circumscribed isoechoic mass (calipers) with rim-type smo, WK 1 THYROID Thyroid Nodules Surgery + Biopsy FNA, WK 1 THYROIDBenign thyroid adenoma, WK 1 THYROID Biopsy proven papillary carcinoma of thyroid- Right lobe with microcalcifications, WK 1 THYROID Papillary carcinoma of thyroid- Left lobe with increased vascular flow, WK 1 THYROID The thyroid gland is under the control of the pituitary gland, a small gland the size o, WK 1 THYROID adenomatous nodule Thyroid Ultrasound, Thyroid Ultrasound - Normal., Thyroid Gland Ultrasound Image (normal) with labels., WK 1 THYROID ultrasound image multinodular goitre with ectopic thyroid tissue, Large Thyroid Nodule, Thyroid nodule. transverse plane. lots of other thyroid images from ultrasound-images.com,

TY - JOUR. T1 - A comparison of medullary thyroid carcinoma and thyroid adenocarcinoma in dogs. T2 - a retrospective study of 38 cases.. AU - Carver, J. R.. AU - Kapatkin, Amy. AU - Patnaik, A. K.. PY - 1995/7. Y1 - 1995/7. N2 - The medical records of 38 dogs with thyroid neoplasia that were treated by surgical excision of the tumor, or had an incisional biopsy performed as a diagnostic procedure, were reviewed. Of the 38 dogs, 21 (55%) had resectable tumors, whereas 17 (45%) had an incisional biopsy as the tumors were nonresectable. All dogs had an initial diagnosis of thyroid carcinoma. The type of carcinoma was confirmed in 33 dogs by histological and immunohistochemical examination. Twelve dogs (36%) had medullary thyroid carcinoma, and 21 dogs (64%) had thyroid adenocarcinoma. Of the 12 dogs with medullary thyroid carcinoma, 10 (83%) had resectable tumors. Of the 10, three (30%) had at least a 1-year survival. None had radiographic evidence of metastasis at the time of surgery. Of the 21 ...

What is the best surgical treatment for papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC)? Background: Surgeons have debated whether to perform a total or

Medullary thyroid cancer. This type of thyroid cancer accounts for about 4 percent of all thyroid cancers. Medullary thyroid cancer begins in the parafollicular cells or C cells. This type of thyroid cancer is easier to control if it is found and treated early, before it spreads to other parts of the body. There are two types of medullary thyroid cancer: sporadic medullary thyroid cancer and familiar medullary thyroid cancer (FMTC). Because familiar medullary thyroid cancer tends to run in families, screening tests for genetic abnormalities in the blood cells may be conducted ...

Nuclear retinoid receptors (RARs) upon a ligand binding act as all-trans retinoic acid-inducible transcription factors interacting as conditional heterodimers with nuclear retinoid X (rexinoid) receptors (RXRs). The disruption of retinoic acid (RA) signalling pathways is believed to underlie the etiology of a number of malignancies. RAR and RXR ligands are known to play role in reprogramming several tumour cells, and thus the development of appropriate ligands with reduced teratogenic and other side effects are still highly required. In this study, we have investigated expression pattern of retinoid receptor subtypes (RARalpha, RARbeta, RARgamma) and retinoid X nuclear receptor subtypes (RXRalpha, RXRbeta, RXRgamma) in three different human organ malignancies, i) thyroid papillary carcinoma, ii) breast cancer, and iii) renal carcinoma.. ...

Aim: Differentiation of thyroid nodules, either as benign or malignant, is a real diagnostic challenge. Inflammation has an important role in development of the malignancy. Therefore, inflammatory markers are associated with malignant thyroid nodules. Platelet /lymphocyte ratio (PLR) is also one of the novel inflammatory indices derived from hemogram tests. We hypothesized whether PLR was associated with malignant thyroid nodules. For this purpose, we compared PLR levels of the patients with benign thyroid nodules to the PLR of the subjects with malignant nodules.. Methods: The subjects who visited outpatient internal medicine clinics of our institution with a diagnosis of thyroid nodule were enrolled to the present retrospective study. According to the examination of the fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) specimen of the nodules, patients grouped into benign or malignant nodule groups. PLR of groups were compared.. Results: Median PLR values of the benign and malignant thyroid nodule groups ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Interplay between Ret and Fap-1 regulates CD95-mediated apoptosis in medullary thyroid cancer cells. AU - Nicolini, Valentina. AU - Cassinelli, Giuliana. AU - Cuccuru, Giuditta. AU - Bongarzone, Italia. AU - Petrangolini, Giovanna. AU - Tortoreto, Monica. AU - Mondellini, Piera. AU - Casalini, Patrizia. AU - Favini, Enrica. AU - Zaffaroni, Nadia. AU - Zunino, Franco. AU - Lanzi, Cinzia. PY - 2011/10/1. Y1 - 2011/10/1. N2 - Emerging evidence suggests that Ret oncoproteins expressed in medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) might evade the pro-apoptotic function of the dependence receptor proto-Ret by directly impacting the apoptosis machinery. Identification of the molecular determinants of the interplay between Ret signaling and apoptosis might provide a relevant contribution to the optimization of Ret-targeted therapies. Here, we describe the cross-talk between Ret-M918T oncogenic mutant responsible for type 2B multiple endocrine syndrome (MEN2B), and components of death ...

Purpose: While the molecular basis of hereditary medullary thyroid cancer (HMTC) has been well defined, little is known about the molecular pathogenesis of sporadic medullary thyroid cancer (SMTC). In addition, microRNAs (miRNAs) have been shown to be important diagnostic and prognostic markers in cancer but have not been defined in MTC. Our aim was to study the miRNA profile of MTC to identify prognostic biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets.. Experimental Design: MiRNA microarray profiling was carried out in fresh frozen tissues from patients with SMTC (n = 12) and HMTC (n = 7). Differential expression of three miRNAs was confirmed in a validation cohort of SMTC and HMTC samples (n = 45) using quantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR and correlated with clinical outcomes. The functional role of a selected miRNA was investigated in vitro in the human medullary thyroid carcinoma cell line (TT cells) using cell proliferation assays and Western blotting analysis.. Results: MiRs-183 and 375 ...

BACKGROUND The indications and extent of cervical lymph node dissection in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) are still being debated. The aim of this study was to analyze the patterns of cervical lymph node metastasis in the lateral and central compartment and related factors and suggest the optimal extent of lateral and central neck dissection for PTC patients with clinical lateral lymph node metastasis. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed 72 patients with unilateral PTC who underwent therapeutic lateral neck dissections with concomitant total thyroidectomy and central neck dissection between January 2001 and December 2009. RESULTS The 72 patients underwent 79 sides of therapeutic lateral neck dissection. The most frequent metastatic level in the ipsilateral lateral compartment was level IV (75.0%), followed by level III (69.4%), level II (56.9%) and level V (20.8%). Multiple level metastases were common (77.8%) and were correlated with tumor size (≥ 10 mm). The central compartment lymph node

Follicular thyroid carcinoma comprises about 25% of all thyroid cancers, and its malignancy generally exceeds that of papillary carcinoma. It spreads relatively early to distant sites such as bone, lungs, and liver by invasion of blood vessels, and regional lymph nodes are usually involved only late. Production of thyroid hormones is almost exclusively associated with the follicular histologic type. In many reported cases the production of thyroid hormones by metastases has been sufficient to cause hyperthyroidism. One of these cases was that of a patient with T3 thyrotoxicosis (1).. We describe here a patient having metastatic follicular thyroid carcinoma with ...

Familial medullary thyroid cancer (FMTC) is a type of medullary thyroid cancer. About 25% of the reported cases of medullary thyroid cancer are FMTC. FMTC most commonly includes MEN 2A (multiple endocrine neoplasia). Patients with familial medullary thyroid cancer are usually treated with a total thyroidectomy, which is a removal of all or part of the thyroid gland, as well as radiation therapy or chemotherapy ...

The study by Zevallos et al., aimed to determine if the increased thyroid cancer incidence observed corresponded with a similar increase in the use of diagnostic investigations. Thyroid ultrasound and fine needle aspiration. This was achieved by examining the Veterans Affairs health system records. The number of cases of thyroid cancer and the numbers of diagnostic investigations performed in the period between the years 2000 and 2012 were compared. At the commencement of the study in 2000, the incidence of thyroid cancer was 10.3 cases per 100,000 people. In comparison, at the studys conclusion in 2012, the incidence of thyroid cancer was 21.5 cases per 100,000 people.. As with the incidence of thyroid cancer during the study period, the use of ultrasound and fine needle aspiration biopsy also exhibited an increase. In 2000, the rate of thyroid ultrasound was 125.6 per 100,000 people, which had increased to 572.1 per 100,000 people in 2012. Similarly, in 2000 the rate of fine needle ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Somatic deletions and mutations in the Cowden disease gene, PTEN, in sporadic thyroid tumors. AU - Dahia, Patricia L.M.. AU - Marsh, Debbie J.. AU - Zheng, Zimu. AU - Zedenius, Jan. AU - Komminoth, Paul. AU - Frisk, Tony. AU - Wallin, Goran. AU - Parsons, Ramon. AU - Longy, Michel. AU - Larsson, Catharina. AU - Eng, Charis. PY - 1997/11/1. Y1 - 1997/11/1. N2 - The majority of familial medullary thyroid neoplasms are associated with germ-line mutations of the RET proto-oncogene, yet very little is known about the mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of familial and sporadic nonmedullary thyroid tumors. A subset of thyroid tumors have loss of heterozygosity of chromosome 10q22-23, a region harboring the gene responsible for Cowden disease, an autosomal dominant hamartoma syndrome associated with thyroid and breast tumors. PTEN/MMAC1/TEP1 codes for a dual- specificity phosphatase and is likely a tumor suppressor gene. We sought to determine the PTEN status in a series of ...

We used US to assess for nodule growth and morphological change in 202 benign thyroid nodules with a mean follow-up of 21 months. However, this study did not show any association between US change and nodule growth. The natural history of benign thyroid nodules, particularly with respect to nodule growth, has been evaluated by only a few studies that demonstrated that nodule growth rarely equated to malignancy [2-5]. In addition, a variety of morphological abnormalities have been previously seen on US in benign nodules during follow-up [10,11]. However, the relationship between morphological change and nodule volume change has rarely been probed. In a study that evaluated US features of benign thyroid nodules, hypoechogenicity was proposed as an independent factor for predicting nodule growth at 15% increases in volume [4]. Another study investigating the effect of FNA on nodule volume showed no statistically significant relationship between the absolute or percent change in thyroid nodule size ...

To identify serum biomarkers of papillary thyroid cancer. Prospective analysis was performed of banked tumor and serum specimens from 99 patients with thyroid masses. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was employed to measure levels of five serum proteins previously demonstrated to be up-regulated in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC): angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1), cytokeratin 19 (CK-19), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1), chitinase 3 like-1 (YKL-40), and galectin-3 (GAL-3). Serum levels were compared between patients with PTC and those with benign tumors. A total of 99 patients were enrolled in the study (27 men, 72 women), with a median age of 54 years. Forty-three patients had PTC and 58 cases were benign tumors. There were no statistically significant differences when comparing all five different biomarkers between PTC and other benign thyroid tumors. The p-values were 0.94, 0.48, 0.72, 0.48, and 0.90 for YKL-40, Gal-3, CK19, TIMP-1, and Ang-1, respectively. Serum levels of four of the

Falls Church, Virginia. Sep. 22, 2012-A spectrum of disparities exist in the surgical management of well-differentiated thyroid cancer, according to new data presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the American Thyroid Association (ATA) in Québec City, Québec, Canada.. Current ATA guidelines for well-differentiated thyroid cancer recommend therapeutic neck dissection for clinically involved or metastatic disease and prophylactic central neck dissection for advanced tumors. However, even with established guidelines in place, the surgical management of cervical nodes varies greatly.. A team of researchers led by Katherine Hayes, MD, of Emory University in Atlanta, Ga., reviewed data on 127,192 patients with papillary and follicular thyroid cancer who were treated surgically from 1998 to 2009 to identify disparities in the extent of lymph node dissection during thyroidectomy. Variables examined included patient age, race, gender, insurance status and education level, hospital classification, ...

We report for the first time a synchronous papillary and follicular thyroid carcinoma in a 12-year-old girl presenting with a large (5 cm diameter) left thyroid nodule, an increased left and right upper pole technetium tracer uptake at scintigraphy and hyperthyroidism. The uptake at the right lobe was explained by the crossing of the left nodule to the right site of the neck at Computed Tomography (CT) scanning. Although thyroid nodules are less common in children than in adults, there is more vigilance required in children because of the higher risk of malignancy. According to literature, about 5% of the thyroid nodules in adults are malignant versus 20-26% in children. The characteristics of 9 other pediatric cases with a differentiated thyroid carcinoma presenting with a toxic nodule, which have been reported during the last 20 years, are summarized. A nodular size of more than 3.5 cm and female predominance was a common finding. The presence of hyperthyroidism in association with a hyperfunctioning

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Warthin-like variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (WLV-PTC) is a recently described rare variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma with favorable prognosis. We present a rare case of WLV-PTC in a 29-year-old female patient with graves disease along with emphasis on the difficulty of positive diagnosis both clinically and histologically since the association of thyroid nodules with Graves disease is not common and this variant of thyroid cancer is frequently misdiagnosed with other subtypes.

A patient with an apparent sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma was tested for RET germline mutations by Sanger sequencing of RET exons 10, 11, and 13-16. The patient was heterozygous for two known mutations causative of Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia type 2 disorder, and both mutations were within codon 620 of RET exon 10, c.1859G > T (p.C620F) and c.1860C > G (p.C620W). In order to determine if these adjacent mutations were in cis or in trans, an unlabeled probe method and high-resolution melting analysis were utilized. The mutations were confirmed to occur in cis, representing a novel mutation, c.1859_1860delinsTG (p.C620L). Sanger sequencing of parental samples did not identify any changes at codon 620, so the p.C620L mutation is also de novo. The early age of onset for medullary thyroid carcinoma and the presence of lymph node metastasis in this patient suggests individuals with the p.C620L mutation should be treated and screened (for pheochromocytomas and parathyroid hyperplasia) as Multiple

Medullary thyroid carcinoma comprises less than 10% of all thyroid cancers. This specific type has significant diagnostic importance due to its aggressive nature and close association with multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes. Approximately 10% to 20% cases affected by medullary thyroid carcinoma are familial. In the majority of cases nodal metastases are present at the moment of diagnosis ...

Results: CD56 expression was significantly higher in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) (conventional and follicular variants) compared to other categories of follicular thyroid lesions, and it was significantly higher in the follicular variant of papillary carcinoma compared to follicular adenomas (FA) and hyperplastic nodules (HN). A bivariate analysis showed that the malignancy in follicular thyroid lesions was significantly associated with higher CD56 expression and older patients age. Both parameters were used to build a logistic regression model and equation for prediction of malignancy in follicular thyroid lesions. On the application of the equation to the studied cases, it was found to conform to their diagnostic nature ...

Article discusses medullary thyroid cancer basics. Learn about common medullary thyroid cancer symptoms and treatments, such as thyroidectomy.

I just had my thyroid surgery. When can I have my radioactive iodine treatment?. In order for the radioactive iodine treatment to be effective and destroy any remaining thyroid tissue, the levels of TSH, secreted by the pituitary gland must rise to elevated levels. TSH, also known as thyroid stimulating hormone, stimulates the thyroid cells to take up the radioactive iodine. For the levels of TSH to rise, the levels of thyroid hormone must have dropped to very low levels. As thyroid hormone has a long half life, it takes many weeks for levels to drop and TSH levels to rise. Accordingly, the earliest time interval that radioactive iodine can be effectively administered is 4 weeks after surgery (complete removal of the thyroid) if the patients has stopped taking all thyroid hormone supplements. To avoid prolonged hypothyroidism, some patients will use Thyrogen. Others will take Cytomel (T3), which must be stopped ~ 14 days prior to the radioactive iodine treatment. Hence, although many patients ...

Part 1 Low Risk Differentiated Thyroid Cancer: Preoperative diagnosis -- Chapter 1 A patient with a single thyroid nodule suspicious for follicular neoplasm according to the Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology: molecular evaluation -- Part 2 Low Risk Differentiated Thyroid Cancer: Initial management: extent of surgery and use of radioactive iodine therapy -- Chapter 2 A case of a small (1 to 2 cm) papillary thyroid cancer in a young patient: lobectomy vs. total thyroidectomy -- Chapter 3 The decision-making process for prophylactic central neck dissection in a patient presenting with nodular thyroid disease suspicious for malignancy on cytology assessment: role of preoperative ultrasound and molecular marker testing -- Chapter 4 Incidentally discovered micropapillary thyroid cancer -- Chapter 5 Completion thyroidectomy in a patient with low risk papillary cancer -- Chapter 6 A case of multifocal micropapillary thyroid cancer -- Chapter 7 A papillary thyroid cancer with minimal ...

Medullary Thyroid Cancer Treatment for children is a lifesaving process. Learn more about Medullary Thyroid Cancer risk factors, symptoms, and treatment.

Image:Medullary thyroid carcinoma - low mag.jpg, Low magnification micrograph of medullary thyroid carcinoma,ref, Medullary thyroid cancer ...

This nonrandomized, parallel-assignment, phase 2, open-label clinical trial will assess the efficacy and safety of pembrolizumab (Keytruda) in patients with medullary thyroid cancer. Patients aged ≥18 years who have recurrent or metastatic medullary thyroid cancer, and for whom surgery is not a curative option, may be eligible for enrollment if other criteria are met. Participants with or without previous vaccine therapy will receive pembrolizumab.. The primary outcome measure is to determine whether administering a PD-1 inhibitor to patients with medullary thyroid cancer will permit a modest fraction to be able to experience a ≥50% decline in calcitonin levels or have a partial or complete response on imaging. The secondary outcome measures are to determine the impact of previous therapeutic cancer vaccination on response rates, evaluate immune responses in each cohort, evaluate changes in carcinoembryonic antigen and calcitonin kinetics, evaluate impact on PFS and OS, and evaluate the ...

Following up this article.. Malignant and possible malignant thyroid tumor of Fukushima children increased from 58 to 75 cases [URL]. Malignant and possible malignant thyroid tumor cases increased from 75 to 90 at the end of this March. Fukushima prefectural government announced on 5/19/2014.. Among 90 cases, 50 cases were confirmed as thyroid cancer.. The youngest child was 6 years old, the oldest child was 18 years old when 311 took place.. However the committee of experts stated it is hard to assume there is a connection with Fukushima nuclear accident.. http://www.pref.fukushima.lg.jp/uploaded/attachment/65174.pdf. http://ceron.jp/url/news.goo.ne.jp/article/jiji/nation/jiji-140519X151.html. ...

Dr. Keshab Paudel answered: Please see below: Papillary and follicular thyroid cancers are referred to as differentiated thyroid...

Introduction: Genomic instability has been proposed to play a role in cancer development and can occur through different mechanisms including telomere association and telomere loss. Studies carried out in our unit have demonstrated that familial papillary thyroid cancer (fPTC) patients display an imbalance, at the germinal level, in telomere-telomerase complex. Aim: We aimed to verify whether familial fPTC patients show an increased spontaneous chromosome fragility. Methods: To this purpose, we compared telomeric fusions and associations as well as other chromosomal fragility features by conventional and molecular cytogenetic analyses, in phytohemagglutinin stimulated T-lymphocytes from fPTC patients, unaffected family members, sporadic papillary thyroid cancer patients, and healthy subjects. Results: We demonstrate that fPTC patients have a significant increase in spontaneous telomeric associations and telomeric fusions compared with healthy subjects and sporadic cases in the frame of an ...

Diagnosis of benign and malignant lesions of thyroid by FNAC and AgNO3, 978-3-659-71714-7, Benign thyroid nodules are common in adults and thyroid malignancy is the most common malignancy of endocrine system. Papillary thyroid carcinoma and follicular thyroid carcinoma are often curable and prognosis is good if identified in early stage.To avoid unnecessary surgery Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is used as a diagnostic tool to differentiate benign nodule from malignant nodule. To improve the diagnostic accuracy of FNAC ,silver nitrate staining technique is applied. Smear from patients is stained with silver nitrate and nucleolar organising regions (segments of DNA) were stained as brown/black spots called AgNORs. Neoplastic and non-neoplastic lesions are differentiated by this technique. A total number of 119 cases were subjected to FNAC. Most cases occurred in females(94%) Maximum number of cases were seen in age group 21 to 30 years. There was significant higher AgNORs score in malignant

TY - JOUR. T1 - Angiography effectively supports the diagnosis of hepatic metastases in medullary thyroid carcinoma. AU - Ésik, Olga. AU - Szavcsur, Péter. AU - Szakáll, Szabolcs. AU - Bajzik, Gábor. AU - Repa, Imre. AU - Dabasi, Gabriella. AU - Füzy, Márton. AU - Szentirmay, Zoltán. AU - Perner, Ferenc. AU - Kásler, Miklós. AU - Lengyel, Zsolt. AU - Trón, Lajos. PY - 2001/6/1. Y1 - 2001/6/1. N2 - BACKGROUND. Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) belongs in the group of neuroendocrine tumors with early lymphatic and hepatic dissemination. A high rate of undetectable metastases is hypothesized to be responsible for the frequent mismatch between the apparent relatively small tumor burden and the elevated plasma tumor marker level. METHODS. Thirty-six MTC patients with residual/recurrent biochemical signs (elevated basal calcitonin level) and/or characteristic general symptoms (diarrhea and/or flushing) were systematically examined by conventional radiology, wholebody 18F-deoxyglucose ...

Purpose: To study the safety of prophylactic level VII nodal dissection regarding hypoparathyroidism (temporary and permanent) and vocal cord dysfunction (temporary and permanent) and its impact on disease free survival. Materials and Methods: This prospective study concerned 63 patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma with N0 neck node involvement (clinically and radiologically) in the period from December 2009 to May 2013. All patients underwent total thyroidectomy and prophylactic central neck dissection including levels VI and VII lymph nodes in group A (31 patients) and level VI only in group B (32 patients). The thyroid gland, level VI and level VII lymph nodes were each examined histopathologically separately for tumor size, multicentricity, bilaterality, extrathyroidal extension, number of dissected LNs and metastatic LNs. Follow-up of both groups, regarding hypoparathyroidism, vocal cord dysfunction and DFS, ranged from 6-61 months. Results: The mean age was 34.8 and 34.3, female predominance

Purpose: To study the safety of prophylactic level VII nodal dissection regarding hypoparathyroidism (temporary and permanent) and vocal cord dysfunction (temporary and permanent) and its impact on disease free survival. Materials and Methods: This prospective study concerned 63 patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma with N0 neck node involvement (clinically and radiologically) in the period from December 2009 to May 2013. All patients underwent total thyroidectomy and prophylactic central neck dissection including levels VI and VII lymph nodes in group A (31 patients) and level VI only in group B (32 patients). The thyroid gland, level VI and level VII lymph nodes were each examined histopathologically separately for tumor size, multicentricity, bilaterality, extrathyroidal extension, number of dissected LNs and metastatic LNs. Follow-up of both groups, regarding hypoparathyroidism, vocal cord dysfunction and DFS, ranged from 6-61 months. Results: The mean age was 34.8 and 34.3, female