Complete DiGeorge anomaly (cDGA) is a congenital disorder characterized by athymia. Without successful treatment, children remain immunodeficient and usually die by age 2 years. In complete DiGeorge subjects, thymus transplantation with and without immunosuppression has resulted in diverse T cell development and good T cell function. The purpose of this Phase I/II study is to continue thymus transplantation safety and efficacy research for the treatment of complete DiGeorge anomaly. Until thymus transplantation is FDA approved as standard care for DiGeorge anomaly, research study participation is the only means by which a patient may have access to this potentially life-saving procedure.. This protocol includes 4 groups: one for subjects who do not require immunosuppression; and 3 immunosuppression groups for subjects with different T cell function levels to be suppressed adequately.. Eligible subjects undergo thymus transplantation and an allograft biopsy. Protocol specified studies continue ...
TY - JOUR. T1 - MicroRNAs Regulate Thymic Epithelium in Age-Related Thymic Involution via Down-or Upregulation of Transcription Factors. AU - Xu, Minwen. AU - Zhang, Xiaoli. AU - Hong, Ruiyun. AU - Su, Dong Ming. AU - Wang, Liefeng. N1 - Funding Information: This work was partially supported by grants from the Higher Education Foundation of Jiangxi Provincial (KJLD2090), the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province (20132BAB205032), and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31260279 and 31660256) to Liefeng Wang. Publisher Copyright: © 2017 Minwen Xu et al.. PY - 2017. Y1 - 2017. N2 - Age-related thymic involution is primarily induced by defects in nonhematopoietic thymic epithelial cells (TECs). It is characterized by dysfunction of multiple transcription factors (TFs), such as p63 and FoxN1, and also involves other TEC-associated regulators, such as Aire. These TFs and regulators are controlled by complicated regulatory networks, in which microRNAs (miRNAs) act as a key ...
Complete DiGeorge anomaly is a congenital disorder characterized by athymia. Without successful treatment, children remain immunodeficient and usually die by age 2 years. In infants with complete DiGeorge anomaly and no T cells, thymus transplantation without immunosuppression resulted in diverse T cell development and good T cell function. Some infants with no thymus have some T cells that presumably developed extrathymically; these T cells can reject a thymus graft. The purpose of this study is to design better immunosuppression use for complete DiGeorge anomaly subjects who have some T cells and different T cell function levels. This protocol includes 3 immunosuppression regimens to allow subjects with different T cell function levels to be suppressed adequately.. DiGeorge infants who have successful thymus transplants but remain with hypoparathyroidism must go to the clinic for frequent calcium levels and to the hospital for calcium infusions; these infants are at risk for seizures from low ...
T-cell receptor excision circle levels after allogeneic stem cell transplantation are predictive of relapse in patients with acute myeloid leukemia and myelodys
SPIRITUAL SIGNIFICANCE OF YOUR THYMUS GLAND / HEART CHAKRA - a lymphoid organ situated in the neck of vertebrates which produces T-lymphocytes for the immune system. The human thymus becomes much smaller at the approach of puberty.
Implantation of pieces of human fetal liver and thymus into SCID mice results in the development of a human thymus-like organ, in which sustained lymphopoiesis is reproducibly observed. In this model, T cell development can be experimentally manipulated. To study the influence of thymic selection on the development of the human T cell repertoire, the T cell receptor (TCR) V beta gene repertoire of double-positive (CD4+CD8+) and single-positive (CD4+CD8- and CD4-CD8+) T cells was analyzed in the SCID-hu thymus using a multiprobe ribonuclease protection assay. TCR diversity in double-positive SCID-hu thymocytes was found to be comparable with that present in the thymus of the fetal liver donor, did not change with time, and was independent of the origin of the thymus donor. Thymic selection in SCID-hu thymus induces changes in V beta usage by the single-positive CD4+ or CD8+ T cells comparable with those previously reported for single-positive cells present in a normal human thymus. Finally, ...
Cell surface markers of mouse thymic dendritic cells have been studied by flow cytometry after isolation by collagenase digestion, separation of the low-density cell fraction and differential adherence. The dendritic cell preparation had a purity of , 90%, the contaminating population being essentially composed of thymocytes, macrophages constituting ,1%. Dendritic cells displayed high forward and low-intermediate side angle scatter, and expressed high levels of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and class II molecules, the heat-stable antigen (HSA), the adhesion molecules Pgp-1 (CD44), LFA-1, ICAM-1 and low levels of Mac-1 and the leukocyte common antigen CD45. Thymic dendritic cells are negative for the stem cell antigen-2 (Sca-2), the B cell-specific form of CD45 (B220), the mouse macrophage markers Fc receptor and F4/80, and the granulocyte marker Gr-1. However, although they do not express the T cell markers Thy-1, CD2, CD3, CD4 and CD5, 20%-30% of dendritic cells are positive ...
Lecture (ca. 1907?) on the anatomy, physiology, diseases, and conditions of the thymus gland. The lecture is part of a set on the thorax and its component structures (see list at 2009.10.357). The lectures were part of the curriculum of the American School of Osteopathy in Kirksville, Missouri, and may have been compiled for a planned but unpublished book. The series author(s) drew heavily from standard medical textbooks of the era, to an extent that would be unacceptable today; possible source books that have been identified include James M. Anders, A Text-Book of the Practice of Medicine; Robley Dunglison, A Dictionary of Medical Science; Arthur R. Edwards, A Treatise on the Principles and Practice of Medicine; William Pepper, A Text-Book of the Theory and Practice of Medicine; and A.A. Stevens, A Manual of the Practice of Medicine. Such reliance on medical authors stands in stark contrast with the pains usually taken by early osteopathic writers to distance osteopathic practice from ...
Approach and Results-Septic stress induces glucocorticoids production which triggers thymocyte apoptosis. Here, we used scavenger receptor BI (SR-BI)-null mice, which are completely deficient in inducible glucocorticoids in sepsis, to investigate the regulation of thymocyte apoptosis in sepsis. Cecal ligation and puncture induced profound thymocyte apoptosis in SR-BI+/+ mice, but no thymocyte apoptosis in SR-BI−/− mice because of lack of inducible glucocorticoids. Unexpectedly, supplementation of glucocorticoids only partly restored thymocyte apoptosis in SR-BI−/− mice. We demonstrated that high-density lipoprotein (HDL) is a critical modulator for thymocyte apoptosis. SR-BI+/+ HDL significantly enhanced glucocorticoid-induced thymocyte apoptosis, but SR-BI−/− HDL had no such activity. Further study revealed that SR-BI+/+ HDL modulates glucocorticoid-induced thymocyte apoptosis via promoting glucocorticoid receptor translocation, but SR-BI−/− HDL loses such regulatory activity. ...
TY - JOUR. T1 - The serum factor from patients with ulcerative colitis that induces T cell proliferation in the mouse thymus is interleukin-7. AU - Watanabe, Mamoru. AU - Watanabe, Noriaki. AU - Iwao, Yasushi. AU - Ogata, Haruhiko. AU - Kanai, Takanori. AU - Ueno, Yoshitaka. AU - Tsuchiya, Masaharu. AU - Ishii, Hiromasa. AU - Aiso, Sadakazu. AU - Habu, Sonoko. AU - Hibi, Toshifumi. PY - 1997/9/4. Y1 - 1997/9/4. N2 - The disturbance of immune regulatory T cells is related to the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis. Here we demonstrated and characterized the serum factor from ulcerative colitis patients that induced proliferation of intrathymic T cells. The factor isolated from the patient sera by a combination of gel filtration and anion-exchange chromatography induced proliferation of CD4+CD8- intrathymic T cells in the organ-cultured embryonic mouse thymus. Purification and amino acid sequence analysis of the serum factor demonstrated that the N-terminal 12 sequence was homologous to that of ...
We have used an in vitro system to study the effects of major histocompatibility complex class I binding peptides on thymic development. Fetal thymus lobes from mice deficient in the class I light chain (beta 2 microglobulin or beta 2 M-/-) were cultured for 10 d in vitro, during which time T cell precursors develop into mature T cells. In these organ cultures, as in the adult or neonatal beta 2 M-/- thymus, CD8+ mature T cells did not develop, demonstrating that the mature T cells seen during early murine thymic development are the result of the positive selection process. To these cultures we added various class I binding peptides with or without a source of exogenous beta 2M. CD8+ T cells developed to various degrees only in the presence of beta 2M and peptides. Using peptide mixtures of differing complexity, we showed that the efficiency of this process is dependent more on peptide complexity than on peptide concentration. These data argue for a specific role for peptides in the process of ...
Background Homeostatic mechanisms to maintain the T cell compartment diversity indicate an ongoing process of thymic activity and peripheral T cell renewal during human life. These processes are expected to be accelerated after childhood thymectomy and by the influence of cytomegalovirus (CMV) inducing a prematurely aged immune system. The study aimed to investigate proportional changes and replicative history of CD8+ T cells, of recent thymic emigrants (RTEs) and CD103+ T cells (mostly gut-experienced) and the role of Interleukin-(IL)-7 and IL-7 receptor (CD127)-expressing T cells in thymectomized patients compared to young and old healthy controls. Results Decreased proportions of naive and CD31 + CD8+ T cells were demonstrated after thymectomy, with higher proliferative activity of CD127-expressing T cells and significantly shorter relative telomere lengths (RTLs) and lower T cell receptor excision circles (TRECs). Increased circulating CD103+ T cells and a skewed T cell receptor (TCR) ...
Until fairly recently very little was known about the receptors, ligands, and molecular signals necessary for thymocyte emigration. Earlier work showed that expression of the catalytic subunit of pertussis toxin in thymocytes inhibited their emigration, pointing toward the involvement of a Gαi protein-coupled receptor (31). Studies of egress from fetal thymic organ cultures suggested that CCR7 plays a role in the neonatal period (32), but in the adult, thymocytes emigrate independently of CCR7 despite having an impaired cortex-to-medulla migration (1, 2, 14). Chemorepulsion or fugetaxis has also been proposed to have a role in thymic emigration. In in vitro assays, CXCR4-expressing thymocytes move away from the thymus in a stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1)-dependent manner (33). The disruption of SDF-1/CXCR4 interactions by genetic deficiency or pharmacological antagonism with AMD3100 led to decreased migration in fetal thymic organ culture. In vivo treatment with AMD3100 in newborn mice ...
Total body irradiation (TBI) damages hematopoietic cells in the bone marrow and thymus; however, the long-term effects of irradiation with aging remain unclear. In this study, we found that the impact of radiation on thymopoiesis in mice varied by sex and dose but, overall, thymopoiesis remained suppressed for ≥12 mo after a single exposure. Male and female mice showed a long-term dose-dependent reduction in thymic cKit+ lymphoid progenitors that was maintained throughout life. Damage to hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in the bone marrow was dose dependent, with as little as 0.5 Gy causing a significant long-term reduction. In addition, the potential for T lineage commitment was radiation sensitive with aging. Overall, the impact of irradiation on the hematopoietic lineage was more severe in females. In contrast, the rate of decline in thymic epithelial cell numbers with age was radiation-sensitive only in males, and other characteristics including Ccl25 transcription were unaffected. Taken ...
Deletion of the transcriptional modulator Cited2 in the mouse results in embryonic lethality, cardiovascular malformations, adrenal agenesis, cranial ganglia fusion, exencephaly, and left-right patterning defects, all seen with a varying degree of penetrance. The phenotypic heterogeneity, observed on different genetic backgrounds, indicates the existence of both genetic and environmental modifiers. Mice lacking the LIM domain-containing protein Lmo4 share specific phenotypes with Cited2 null embryos, such as embryonic lethality, cranial ganglia fusion, and exencephaly. These shared phenotypes suggested that Lmo4 may be a potential genetic modifier of the Cited2 phenotype. Examination of Lmo4-deficient embryos revealed partially penetrant cardiovascular malformations and hypoplastic thymus. Examination of Lmo4;Cited2 compound mutants indicated that there is a genetic interaction between Cited2 and Lmo4 in control of thymus development. Our data suggest that this may occur, in part, through control of
Negative selection eliminates thymocytes bearing autoreactive T cell receptors (TCR) via an apoptotic mechanism. We have cloned an inhibitor of NF-kappa B, I kappa BNS, which is rapidly expressed upon TCR-triggered but not dexamethasone- or gamma irradiation-stimulated thymocyte death. The predicted protein contains seven ankyrin repeats and is homologous to I kappa B family members. In class I and class II MHC-restricted TCR transgenic mice, transcription of I kappa BNS is stimulated by peptides that trigger negative selection but not by those inducing positive selection (i.e., survival) or nonselecting peptides. I kappa BNS blocks transcription from NF-kappa B reporters, alters NF-kappa B electrophoretic mobility shifts, and interacts with NF-kappa B proteins in thymic nuclear lysates following TCR stimulation. Retroviral transduction of I kappa BNS in fetal thymic organ culture enhances TCR-triggered cell death consistent with its function in selection.. ...
Neural crest (NC)-derived mesenchyme has previously been shown to play an important role in the development of fetal thymus. Using Wnt1-Cre and Sox10-Cre mice crossed to Rosa26(eYfp) reporter mice, we have revealed NC-derived mesenchymal cells in the adult murine thymus. We report that NC-derived cells infiltrate the thymus before day 13.5 of embryonic development (E13.5) and differentiate into cells with characteristics of smooth muscle cells associated with large vessels, and pericytes associated with capillaries. In the adult organ at 3 mo of age, these NC-derived perivascular cells continue to be associated with the vasculature, providing structural support to the blood vessels and possibly regulating endothelial cell function.
During embryogenesis, the thymus and inferior parathyroid glands develop from the third pharyngeal pouch and migrate to their definite position. During this process, several anatomic variations may arise, with the thyroid being one of the most common sites of ectopic implantation for both organs. Here, we report the case of a young female patient, who underwent total thyroidectomy for papillary carcinoma of the thyroid. The patients history was remarkable for disorders of the genitourinary system. Histologic examination revealed the presence of well-differentiated intrathyroidal thymic tissue, containing an inferior parathyroid gland. While each individual entity has been well documented, this is one of the few reports in which concurrent presentation is reported. Given the fact that both the thymus and the inferior parathyroid are derivatives of the same embryonic structure (i.e. the third pharyngeal pouch), it is speculated that the present condition resulted from a failure in separation and ...
During embryogenesis, the thymus and inferior parathyroid glands develop from the third pharyngeal pouch and migrate to their definite position. During this process, several anatomic variations may arise, with the thyroid being one of the most common sites of ectopic implantation for both organs. Here, we report the case of a young female patient, who underwent total thyroidectomy for papillary carcinoma of the thyroid. The patients history was remarkable for disorders of the genitourinary system. Histologic examination revealed the presence of well-differentiated intrathyroidal thymic tissue, containing an inferior parathyroid gland. While each individual entity has been well documented, this is one of the few reports in which concurrent presentation is reported. Given the fact that both the thymus and the inferior parathyroid are derivatives of the same embryonic structure (i.e. the third pharyngeal pouch), it is speculated that the present condition resulted from a failure in separation and ...
The concentration of T-cell receptor rearrangement excision DNA circles (TRECs) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) is currently known to be a marker of recent thymic emigrants. We evaluated the hypothesis that TREC values would be lower in childhood T-cell hematopoietic malignancies than …
The thymus is a complex cellular structure made up of several interdependent cell types and is the primary site for T cell development. A population of fetal thymic epithelial cells (TEC), marked by MTS20 and MTS24, when grafted in vivo can generate a functional thymus containing all thymic epithelial cells and is capab,e of supporting T cell differentiation. Further analysis using in vivo grafting experiments have determined the endoderm as the sole origin for all major thymic epithelial subsets. These findings suggest the possibility that a bipotent thmic epithelial progenitor cell (TEPC) gives rise to both cortical and medullary epithelial compartments. The first ai of this study was to address whether bipotent mouse TEPC give rise to both medullary and cortical epithelial cell populations and to begin to establish a model of TEC differentiation through ontogeny. Its second aim was to start to define condidtions for maintaining functionally undifferentiated RTEPC in vitro. Finally, as little ...
ATCC ® Normal Human Primary Renal Cortical Epithelial Cells, when grown in Renal Epithelial Cell Basal Media supplemented with Renal Epithelial Cell Growth Kit components, provide an ideal cell system to propagate renal epithelial cells in low serum (0.5% FBS) conditions. The cells are cryopreserved in the first passage to ensure the highest viability and plating efficiency. ATCC ® Primary Cell Solutions™ cells, media, supplements and reagents are quality tested together to guarantee optimum performance and reliability.
Myasthenia gravis is caused by a problem with the signals sent between the nerves and the muscles.. Its an autoimmune condition, which means its the result of the immune system (the bodys natural defence against infection) mistakenly attacking a healthy part of the body.. In myasthenia gravis, the immune system damages the communication system between the nerves and muscles, making the muscles weak and easily tired.. Its not clear why this happens, but its been linked to issues with the thymus gland (a gland in the chest thats part of the immune system).. Many people with myasthenia gravis have a thymus gland thats larger than normal. Around 1 in 10 people have an abnormal growth of the thymus called a thymoma. ...
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More than 50 years ago, Miller (107) conducted seminal studies on the immunological function of the thymus using neonatally thymectomized mice. The importance of this primary lymphoid organ was quickly established, as the thymus provides a unique microenvironment in which T cells or T lymphocytes undergo development, differentiation and clonal expansion during the physiological development of the immune system. In recent years, there has been a marked interest in the association between the immune system and the thymus, generating results that confirmed that the thymus was endowed with an immune function. The immune system has evolved to mount an effective defense against pathogens and to minimize deleterious immune-mediated inflammation caused by commensal microorganisms, immune responses against self and environmental antigens, and metabolic inflammatory disorders. It appears that Treg cell-mediated suppression serves as a vital mechanism in the negative regulation of immune-mediated ...
Results RCAN1-TG mice display T cell developmental defects in the thymus and peripheral immune tissues. Thymic cellularity is reduced by substantial losses of mature CD4 and CD8 thymocytes and medullary epithelium. In peripheral immune organs T lymphocytes are reduced in number and exhibit reduced proliferative capacity and aberrant cytokine production. These T cell defects are stem cell intrinsic in that transfer of wild type bone marrow into RCAN1-TG recipients restored medullary thymic epithelium and T cell numbers in the thymus, spleen and lymph nodes. However, bone marrow transplantation failed to improve T cell function, suggesting an additional role for RCAN1 in the non-haemopoietic compartment.. ...
Immunologic dysfunction was recently found to be one of the most important mechanisms underlying the initiation and development of atherosclerosis. Thymus involution can contribute to immune disturbance and disequilibrium of T-cell subsets. This study aimed to explore whether recent thymic emigration (RTE) is impaired in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD)....
TY - JOUR. T1 - INFLUENCE OF THE THYMUS ON ADRENOCORTICAL HYPERACTIVITY IN. AU - FACHET, J.. AU - VALLENT, K.. AU - Palkóvits, M.. AU - ACS, Z.. PY - 1964. Y1 - 1964. UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=78651150870&partnerID=8YFLogxK. UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=78651150870&partnerID=8YFLogxK. M3 - Article. C2 - 14239404. AN - SCOPUS:78651150870. VL - 20. SP - 281. EP - 287. JO - Acta Medica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. JF - Acta Medica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. SN - 0001-5989. ER - ...
The objective of this thesis was to investigate the effects of the somatotrope GH/IGF-1 axis upon the thymus. This work included two parts: 1. Translational research study: Thymus function in adult GH deficiency (AGHD) with and without GH treatment Background: Despite age-related adipose involution, T cell generation in the thymus (thymopoiesis) is maintained beyond puberty in adults. In rodents, growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and GH secretagogues reverse agerelated changes in thymus cytoarchitecture and increase thymopoiesis. GH administration also enhances thymic mass and function in HIV-infected patients. Until now, thymic function has not been investigated in adult GH deficiency (AGHD). The objective of this clinical study was to evaluate thymic function in AGHD, as well as the repercussion upon thymopoiesis of GH treatment for restoration of GH/IGF-1 physiological levels. Methodology/Principal Findings: Twenty-two patients with documented AGHD were enrolled in ...
The thymus is a complex epithelial organ in which thymocyte development is dependent upon the sequential contribution of morphologically and phenotypically distinct stromal cell compartments. It is these microenvironments that provide the unique combination of cellular interactions, cytokines, and chemokines to induce thymocyte precursors to undergo a differentiation program that leads to the generation of functional T cells. Despite the indispensable role of thymic epithelium in the generation of T cells, the mediators of this process and the differentiation pathway undertaken by the primordial thymic epithelial cells are not well defined. There is a lack of lineage-specific cell-surface-associated markers, which are needed to characterize putative thymic epithelial stem cell populations. This review explores the role of thymic stromal cells in T-cell development and thymic organogenesis, as well as the molecular signals that contribute to the growth and expansion of primordial thymic epithelial cells.
Oleh : Nurjaman. Thymus gland is the important organ in immunity, especially in producing lymphocyte T cells. Prostaglandin is an antigenic substance that functions as a mitogen.. The aim of this to determine the influence of Prostaglandin as mitogen on the thymus gland of aged male rabbits and young male rabbits.. Forty male rabbits were divided into two groups, the firs group consists of twenty aged male rabbits and the second group consists of twenty young rabbits . The twenty aged rabbits were divided randomly into two groups (group I = 10 rabbits, group II = 10 rabbits). The twenty young rabbits were divided randomly into two groups (group I = 10 rabbits, group II = 10 rabbits). Before the experiment began, all rabbits were observed for one week for adaptation. After adaptation all rabbits were injected with prostaglandin intra musculary, 1.5 mg for each aged rabbit and 0.75 mg for each young rabbit. One week after injection all rabbits of group I (aged and young rabbits) were killed and ...
When your body is experiencing stress, it depletes stores of vitamins B and C quickly. Multivitamins, particularly stress formulas, include B vitamins in combination with vitamin C to assist the body with stress-coping mechanisms.. Vitamin B complex is necessary for anxiety and stress relief. These include vitamin B5, required by the thymus gland; B12, needed for the appropriate functioning of the nerve system; niacin for the production of serotonin that promotes a steady state of mind; and pantothenic acid for keeping stress hormones.. Vitamin C helps the adrenal glands react to stress by launching corticoids, which are hormones that trigger the battle or flight reaction. Scientists at the University of Alabama in Huntsville put lab rats under stress and discovered vitamin C decreased the levels of physical and psychological stress, including weight loss, enhancement of adrenal glands and size decrease of the thymus gland and the spleen.. ...
The Src-family and Syk/ZAP-70 family of protein tyrosine kinases (PTK) are required for T cell receptor (TCR) functions. We provide evidence that the Src-family PTK Lck is responsible for regulating the constitutive tyrosine phosphorylation of the TCR zeta subunit in murine thymocytes. Moreover, ligation of the TCR expressed on thymocytes from Lck-deficient mice largely failed to induce the phosphorylation of TCR-zeta, CD3 epsilon, or ZAP-70. In contrast, we find that the TCR-zeta subunit is weakly constitutively tyrosine phosphorylated in peripheral T cells isolated from Lck-null mice. These data suggest that Lck has a functional role in regulation of TCR signal transduction in thymocytes. In peripheral T cells, other Src-family PTKs such as Fyn may partially compensate for the absence of Lck. ...
Signaling through the Notch1 receptor is essential for T cell development in the thymus. Stromal OP9 cells ectopically expressing the Notch ligand Delta-like1 mimic the thymic environment by inducing hemopoietic stem cells to undergo in vitro T cell development. Notch1 is also expressed on Pax5-/- pro-B cells, which are clonable lymphoid progenitors with a latent myeloid potential. In this study, we demonstrate that Pax5-/- progenitors efficiently differentiate in vitro into CD4+CD8+ alphabeta and gammadelta T cells upon coculture with OP9-Delta-like1 cells. In vitro T cell development of Pax5-/- progenitors strictly depends on Notch1 function and progresses through normal developmental stages by expressing T cell markers and rearranging TCRbeta, gamma, and delta loci in the correct temporal sequence. Notch-stimulated Pax5-/- progenitors efficiently down-regulate the expression of B cell-specific genes, consistent with a role of Notch1 in preventing B lymphopoiesis in the thymus. At the same ...
Hypergravity provokes a temporary reduction in CD4+CD8+thymocyte number and a persistent decrease in medullary thymic epithelial cell frequency in mice ...
Project ReportCharacterization of micro RNAs (mir 146a, 10a and 34a) involved in the thymic epithelial cell development Autoimmune diseases occur when the body...
T cells, like all other white blood cells involved in innate and adaptive immunity, are formed from multipotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in the bone marrow (see [link]). However, unlike the white blood cells of innate immunity, eventual T cells differentiate first into lymphoid stem cells that then become small, immature lymphocytes, sometimes called lymphoblasts. The first steps of differentiation occur in the red marrow of bones ([link]), after which immature T lymphocytes enter the bloodstream and travel to the thymus for the final steps of maturation ([link]). Once in the thymus, the immature T lymphocytes are referred to as thymocytes.. The maturation of thymocytes within the thymus can be divided into tree critical steps of positive and negative selection, collectively referred to as thymic selection. The first step of thymic selection occurs in the cortex of the thymus and involves the development of a functional T-cell receptor (TCR) that is required for activation by APCs. ...
Mammalian ontogenesis and postnatal histogenesis involves the dynamic and appropriate interaction of two growth related phenomena: progression and regression. The thymus gland is the organ of the mammalian body that exhibits the most profound involution during normal postnatal histogenesis. Involution of the thymus can be compared to similarly regressive processes during the ontogeny of holometabolic insects, as well as to the spontaneous regression of neoplasms. It can be expected that in the future a better understanding of neoplastic regression will result from the comparison of ontogenetic processes from taxonomically far-removed regressive processes, and the evaluation of various factors that promote progression and regression ...
TY - JOUR. T1 - The selection of lymphocytes in the thymus. AU - Fabbi, M.. PY - 1995. Y1 - 1995. N2 - The thymus is the main site of T cell maturation. Upon seeding, thymus T cell precursors undergo a complex series of maturational events that involve antigen receptor gene assembly by somatic recombination of gene segments. This process is largely stochastic, therefore a mechanism must exist to shape this antigen receptor repertoire in order to achieve both self restriction (defined as the capacity of a T cell to recognise a peptide antigen in the context of self major histocompatibility complex molecules and self tolerance. This outcome is ensured via selection processes that promote the expansion of those thymocytes that see antigen(s) only in the context of self major histocompatibility gene products. In contrast, those cells that do not fulfill these recognition requirements or that recognise auto antigens with high affinity are deleted. This review will focus on the development of the ...
Abstract Thymocyte development is tightly regulated, requiring successful transit of cells through several developmental stages and checkpoints prior to thymic egress. Each checkpoint of thymocyte development, involves induction or repression of a particular set of genes. Disruptions in gene regulation leads to developmental arrest, a failure to generate T cells and deficits in adaptive immunity. Gene expression is coordinated by transcriptional activators, repressors, and chromatin modifiers. In general, histone acetylation promotes gene expression while histone deacetylation leads to repression. We investigated the role of histone deacetylase-3 (HDAC3) in T cell development using CD2-icre conditional knockout (HDAC3- cKO) mice. Although T cells co-express several HDAC family members during development, these other HDAC family members cannot compensate for the loss of HDAC3 as HDAC3-cKO mice have a block in T cell development at the DP stage due to an inability to undergo positive selection. ...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Establishment of the Major Compatibility Complex-Dependent Development of CD4+ and CD8+ T Cells by the Cbl Family Proteins. AU - Huang, Fang. AU - Kitaura, Yasuyuki. AU - Jang, Ihn Kyung. AU - Naramura, Mayumi. AU - Kole, Hemanta H H.. AU - Liu, Liping. AU - Qin, Haiyan. AU - Schlissel, Mark S S.. AU - Gu, Hua. PY - 2006/10. Y1 - 2006/10. N2 - Casitas B cell lymphoma (Cbl) proteins are negative regulators for T cell antigen receptor (TCR) signaling. Their role in thymocyte development remains unclear. Here we show that simultaneous inactivation of c-Cbl and Cbl-b in thymocytes enhanced thymic negative selection and altered the ratio of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Strikingly, the mutant thymocytes developed into CD4+- and CD8+-lineage T cells independent of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), indicating that the CD4+- and CD8+-lineage development programs are constitutively active in the absence of c-Cbl and Cbl-b. The mutant double-positive (DP) thymocytes exhibited ...
This 5 year competing application describes an opportunity to explore the long term outcomes of thymus transplantation in detail, with particular focus on the r...
in Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1996), 88(12), 824-31. BACKGROUND: Split-dose irradiation (1.75 Gy given weekly for 4 weeks) of C57BL/Ka mice induces the emergence of preleukemic cells (PLCs). These cells develop into leukemic cells after a latency period of ... [more ▼]. BACKGROUND: Split-dose irradiation (1.75 Gy given weekly for 4 weeks) of C57BL/Ka mice induces the emergence of preleukemic cells (PLCs). These cells develop into leukemic cells after a latency period of 3-6 months. The survival and transformation of PLCs are dependent on radiation-induced alterations of the thymic epithelium and of resident lymphocyte (i.e., thymocyte) subpopulations in the thymus. PLCs can be eliminated, concomitantly with the restoration of the thymus, by grafting bone marrow cells immediately after the last irradiation. Our hypothesis was that any agent able to restore the thymus after leukemogenic irradiation would exert the same effects as a bone marrow graft. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha ...
Preterm labor and infections are the leading causes of neonatal deaths worldwide. During pregnancy, immunological cross talk between the mother and her fetus is critical for the maintenance of pregnancy and the delivery of an immunocompetent neonate. A precise understanding of healthy fetomaternal i …
Introduction Juvenile idiopathic arthritis is a heterogeneous T cell-mediated autoimmune disease with symptoms of premature aging of the immune system (immunosenescence). The present work is an investigation of immunosenescence parameters, such as quantity of naive and CD28- T cells, T cell receptor excision circles, relative telomere length and alterations of peripheral T cell replication, and was performed via comparison of a case of acute exacerbation of juvenile idiopathic arthritis against six patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis with disease remission and six age-matched healthy donors over a follow-up course of 12 months. Case presentation Phenotypical T cell characterization and intracellular interferon γ, tumor necrosis factor α, and interleukin 2 production were studied in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from seven patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis and six healthy control donors, with findings determined by flow cytometry. T cell receptor excision circles and ...
From the facts stated in this paper it is evident that the thymus gland of mammals contains a substance which is capable of producing tetany when fed to the larvæ of certain species of salamanders (Ambystoma opacum and Ambystoma maculatum). As long as the larvæ have not developed their own thymus glands, they are able, by means of some mechanism, to counterbalance the tetanic action of the thymus substance introduced in their food. When, however, the secretion from their own thymus glands is added to the thymus material introduced with the food, this mechanism of preventing tetany becomes inadequate and tetany ensues. In the larva of a third species of salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum, this mechanism will prevent tetany even when the larvæ are fed on thymus.. In mammals the parathyroids are known to prevent tetany and are supposed either to absorb the tetany-producing substance and thus prevent its action or to change it into another non-toxic substance. It is at least probable that in the ...
Full Text - In our previous study, we found that low thymic output and short telomere length were associated with a higher risk of tumor in elderly cancer patients. Here, we aimed to examine in depth the impact of immunological and biological senescence and immune activation on disease outcome in elderly patients with colorectal cancer (CRC).Peripheral blood samples from 81 CRC patients were studied for immune activation, immune senescence and recent thymic emigrant(RTE) CD4 and CD8 cells by flow cytometry. T-cell receptor rearrangement excision circle (TREC) levels and telomere lengths were measured by real-time PCR. Plasma levels of microbial translocation markers, LPS and sCD14, were quantified by ELISA. While TREC levels and telomere length were not prognostic of disease outcome, high percentages of immune senescent and immune activated CD8 cells were associated with a higher risk of a negative event (relapse, progression, or death) in all studied patients and disease relapse in I-III staged
Enter Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. Because SIDS is defined as the death of a previously healthy baby, and because extremely poor babies are generally unhealthy, SIDS is basically a condition limited to middle- and upper-class babies. At the time, poor babies dying was not unusual enough to merit special attention.. When doctors began dissecting babies who died of SIDS in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, they found these well-to-do babies had big thymuses. Of course, these big thymuses were actually normal-sized, healthy thymuses that had not been shrunk by the stress of poverty. But the doctors compared them to the thymuses of the poor they had autopsied and said Aha! SIDS is caused by an enlarged thymus! These enormous thymus glands are compressing the babies tracheas while they sleep, suffocating them! They even came up with a name for the supposed condition - Status thymicolymphaticus.. ...
A healthy immune system produces T cells that can recognize and react against foreign molecules (antigens) to protect against infection, while leaving normal host cells with self antigens undamaged. All T cells are produced in the thymus from blood stem cells that originate in the bone marrow and migrate through the blood circulation to the thymus. During aging, the thymus shrinks in size (involutes) and T cell production is limited, causing a poorly functioning immune system. T cell production and immune recovery is also slow and incomplete after bone marrow transplantation in older patients. In previous studies we showed that the thymus grows rapidly and T production is very robust in new-born mice. We also showed that during the new-born period, a growth factor called Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) is made at high levels in the thymus. When VEGF is inhibited in new-borns, T cell production falls, suggesting that this molecule plays an important role in thymic growth during this ...
Various molecular mechanisms have been suggested to be involved in dexamethasone induced thymocyte apoptosis. In this study we show that pharmacological inhibition of cytoplasmic PLA2 in mouse thymocytes for 18 h with arachidonyl trifluoromethyl ketone (AACOCF3) (10μM) and palmitoyl trifluoromethyl ketone (PACOCF3) (10 μM) induced a drastic increase of thymocyte apoptosis comparable to that observed following Dex (10-7 M) treatment, while inhibition of secretory PLA2 with p-bromophenacyl bromide (pBPB) (20 μM) did not. AACOCF3-induced thymocyte apoptosis, similarly to Dex-induced thymocyte apoptosis, was eliminated by cell pre-treatment with the PI-PLCβ inhibitor, U73122, but not by the PC-PLC inhibitor D609. These observations were corroborated by the ability of AACOCF3, like Dex, to induce a rapid and transient increase in DAG generation. In addition, AACOCF3-induced apoptosis involved the activation of the acidic sphingomyelinase (aSMase) but not of the neutral sphingomyelinase (nSMase), ...
Lymphocyte T-Cell Immunomodulator (LTCI) is an immune regulating polypeptide which is a potent regulator of CD-4 lymphocyte production and function. It increases lymphocyte numbers and Interleukin-2 (IL-2) production in animals. Prior to 1960 the thymus gland, which lies in the cervical thoracic area, was thought to be of little importance. In adult animals the thymus is almost non-existent because it atrophies as animals reach adulthood. It was observed, however, that when pre-adolescent animals are thymectomized they experience a variety of maladies including increased incidence of infection, failure to grow, neuromuscular disorders, cancer, etc., collectively known as wasting disease. The greater susceptibility to infection was shown to be directly attributable to a dramatic decrease in peripheral blood lymphocytes in thymectomized animals. By 1964 it had been demonstrated that regulatory factors extracted from the thymus gland could prevent many of the manifestations of wasting disease. ...
A common feature seen in acute infections is a severe atrophy of the thymus. This occurs in the murine model of acute Chagas disease. Moreover, in thymuses from Trypanosoma cruzi acutely infected mice, thymocytes exhibit an increase in the density of fibronectin and laminin integrin-type receptors, with an increase in migratory response ex vivo. Thymic epithelial cells (TEC) play a major role in the intrathymic T cell differentiation. To date, the consequences of molecular changes promoted by parasite infection upon thymus have not been elucidated. Considering the importance of microRNA for gene expression regulation, 85 microRNAs (mRNAs) were analyzed in TEC from T. cruzi acutely infected mice. The infection significantly modulated 29 miRNAs and modulation of 9 was also dependent whether TEC sorted out from the thymus exhibited cortical or medullary phenotype. In silico analysis revealed that these miRNAs may control target mRNAs known to be responsible for chemotaxis, cell adhesion, and cell death.
Twenty-two patients with CD4+cell counts 200 cells/L after 12 months of stable highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART; immunologic nonresponders) were randomly assigned to receive subcutaneous low-dose prolonged intermittent interleukin (IL) 2 in addition to HAART (n = 12) or to continue HAART alone (n = 10). At 48 weeks of follow-up, no IL-2related serious adverse events and no significant differences in plasma human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) RNA level were observed in the 2 groups. A higher incidence of HIV-related clinical events was observed among patients receiving HAART alone (3/10) than among subjects receiving HAART plus IL-2 (0/12). Significant increases in CD4+, naive, and CD4+CD7+ cells and plasma levels of IL-7 were observed in patients receiving IL-2 versus patients receiving HAART alone. A significant increase in cell turnover did not lead to a decrease in the frequency of T cell receptor excision circles, which remained stable. Rather, increased numbers of T cell ...
Following Infants with Low Lymphocytes program. As discussed at the 2016 CIS annual meeting, the Following Infants with Low Lymphocytes: FILLing the Gap registry is now online https://usidnet.org/fill/. The CIS, in collaboration with the United States Immunodeficiency Network and the Jeffrey Modell Foundation have now established a registry to longitudinally collect key clinical and laboratory data, including diagnosis, treatment and outcomes for infants found to have T cell lymphopenia (TCL) as detected by newborn screening using the T cell receptor excision circle assay. This resource will make possible determination of the relative frequency and natural history of TCL as well as the other known causes of low lymphocytes. This registry will collect longitudinal (retrospective and prospective) clinical and immunological data that is already being generated in the course of clinical care to define the status over time of this group of infants and others born with low T cells including the ...
STUDIES ON THE MECHANISM OF ACTION OF GLUCOCORTICOIDS IN RAT THYMUS CELLS IN VITRO: EXAMINATION OF CORTISOL AND CORTISONE BINDING IN VARI-OUS TISSUES AND THE IDENTIFICATION AND EXTRACTION OF AN INTRACELLULAR PHYSIOLOGICAL GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Charles R. Wira DARTMOUTH COLLEGE Hanover, New Hampshire May 1970 ...
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Akt/protein kinase B (PKB) plays a critical role in the regulation of metabolism, transcription, cell migration, cell cycle progression, and cell survival. The existence of viable knockout mice for each of the three isoforms suggests functional redundancy. We generated mice with combined mutant alleles of Akt1 and Akt3 to study their effects on mouse development. Here we show that Akt1-/- Akt3+/- mice display multiple defects in the thymus, heart, and skin and die within several days after birth, while Akt1+/- Akt3-/- mice survive normally. Double knockout (Akt1-/-) Akt3-/-) causes embryonic lethality at around embryonic days 11 and 12, with more severe developmental defects in the cardiovascular and nervous systems. Increased apoptosis was found in the developing brain of double mutant embryos. These data indicate that the Akt1 gene is more essential than Akt3 for embryonic development and survival but that both are required for embryo development. Our results indicate isoform-specifi
TY - JOUR. T1 - Bone marrow-derived cells are essential for intrathymic deletion of self-reactive T cells in both the host- and donor-derived thymocytes of fully allogeneic bone marrow chimeras. AU - Yoshikai, Y.. AU - Ogimoto, M.. AU - Matsuzaki, G.. AU - Nomoto, K.. PY - 1990. Y1 - 1990. N2 - The fate of self-reactive T cells was examined in both the host- and donor-derived thymocytes of fully allogeneic bone marrow (BM) chimeras of two strain combinations of AKR/J (H-2(k), IE+, Thy-1.1, Mls-1a2b) and C57BL/6 (H-2b, IE-, Thy-1.2, Mls-1b2b). Sequential appearance of host- and donor-derived T cells occurred in the thymus of both AKR → B6 and B6 → AKR chimeras in which 5 x 106 of T cell-depleted BM cells were used to reconstitute recipients lethally irradiated with 950 rad. Thymocytes bearing Vβ6(high), which recognize MHC class II IE-binding Ag encoded by Mls-1a allele, were detected in neither host- nor donor-derived thymocytes of AKR-B6 chimeras in which Mls-1a and IE were expressed only ...
Fifty-eight human thyroid glands obtained at autopsy from fetuses with proven retrosternal thymus were systematically studied for the presence of intrathyroidal thymic tissue. The latter was found in one thyroid lobe in each of three fetuses (5.1%). It was located in a subcapsular position in two cases (3.4%) and lying deep in thyroid tissue in one (1.7%). Our findings would support a IV-V pharyngeal pouch origin for some accessory thymic tissue and would provide an explanation of the histogenesis of intrathyroid thymomas.
Looking for online definition of spindle epithelial tumour with thymus like differentiation in the Medical Dictionary? spindle epithelial tumour with thymus like differentiation explanation free. What is spindle epithelial tumour with thymus like differentiation? Meaning of spindle epithelial tumour with thymus like differentiation medical term. What does spindle epithelial tumour with thymus like differentiation mean?
Looking for online definition of thymus polypeptides in the Medical Dictionary? thymus polypeptides explanation free. What is thymus polypeptides? Meaning of thymus polypeptides medical term. What does thymus polypeptides mean?
Abstract: Activity of key enzymes of pentosephosphate pathway glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and transketolase was similar in extracts of thymus and mesenteric lymphatic ganglia. Within four weeks after dissection of vagus nerve at the level of thyroid gland the specific activity of G6PD and the total activity of the enzymes metabolizing ribose-5-phosphate were not altered in the tissue studied. The transketolase activity was inhibited in thymus tissue and lymphoid cells after right-side vagotomy. The pH-dependence of the transketolase reaction was studied in thymus extracts. After vagotomy the enzymatic activity was lower at all the pH values as compared with controls; the enzyme optimum activity was found at pH 7.5-7.8 ...
Eberle, P O. Persistent low thymic activity and non-cardiac mortality in children with chromosome 22q11.2 microdeletion and partial DiGeorge syndrome. 2009, University of Zurich, Faculty of Medicine. ...
APECED gained a unique position among the autoimmune diseases, because it is the only known monogenetic autoimmune diseases with full gene penetration.. The AIRE gene (autoimmune regulator) is 13 kb long and has 14 exons. The main protein coded by this gene contains 545 amino acids and was named the AIRE protein. The AIRE protein seems to function predominantly as a transcriptional activator and it may control autoimmunity by promoting ectopic expression of peripheral tissue-restricted antigens in medullary epithelial cells of the thymus. Even though the relationship between AIRE gene and APECED is clear, other factors may play a role in a patients phenotype as well. HLA II class, CTLA-4 polymorphism, and APECED association were suggested by recent research, which has also found several examples of AIRE mutations behaving in a dominant fashion.. The following is the circumstantial and indirect evidence that APECED is an autoimmune disease:. Circumstantial Evidence:. ...
In vitro studies using highly purified calf thymus RNA polymerase II and a fragment spanning the first intron of H3.3 as template DNA have demonstrated the existence of a strong transcription termination site consisting of thymidine stretches. In this study, nuclear run-on experiments have been performed to assess the extent to which transcription elongation is blocked in vivo using DNA probes corresponding to region 5 and 3 of the in vitro termination sites. These studies suggest that H3.3 expression is stimulated following the inhibition of DNA synthesis through the elimination of the transcription elongation block. Interestingly, both the in vivo and in vitro experiments have revealed that the transcriptional block/termination sites are positioned immediately downstream of a 73 bp region that has been over 90% conserved between the chicken and human H3.3 genes. The extreme conservation of this intronic region suggests a possible role in maintaining cis-acting function. Electrophoretic ...
CD4+ Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells belong to a distinct T cell lineage which develops in the thymus and is essential for the prevention of self-reactivity by suppressing peripheral auto-reactive T cells that escape thymic negative selection. IL-2/IL-2R signaling is crucial and non-redundant for the development of thymic Treg cells, as well as the homeostasis and competitive fitness of peripheral Treg cells. The central role of IL-2 in Treg biology is exemplified by the uncontrolled massive lymphoproliferation associated with IL-2-/-, IL-2Rα-/- and IL-2Rβ-/- mice which typically die by 4-12 week of age. It is noteworthy that a restored normal percentage and number of peripheral Treg cells in Bim-/- IL-2-/- mice did not rescue these mice from severe autoimmunity. Instead, additional IL-2 was still required for the proper functioning of peripheral Bim-/- IL-2-/- Treg cells. Consistently, in the current studies, we found that the development of thymic Treg cells was blocked with mostly CD4+ CD25-
TY - JOUR. T1 - Characterization of lymphoid cell lines from murine spleen which can localize in thymus. AU - ONeill, H C. AU - De Cello, G. AU - ONeill, T J. PY - 1992/2. Y1 - 1992/2. N2 - Several murine lymphoid cell lines have been tested for specific capacity to localize in thymus. These are all continuous, cloned Radiation leukemia virus-induced cell lines which have a common phenotype resembling lymphoid stem cells or immature T cells. Since each of these cell lines has a cloning efficiency approaching 100%, the number of cells which enters thymus during a 3 h homing assay has been estimated by limit dilution cloning analysis taking into account extra-binomial variation caused by individual mice. Only two out of seven of these cell lines have been found to have this specific property. These two cell lines, 16C1 and 5C2B, have been characterized as immature lymphoid cells, bearing no rearrangement at the TCR gamma and beta loci, and having the phenotype of CD3+CD4-CD8-, immature T cells. ...
During thymocyte development, progression from T cell receptor (TCR) to TCR rearrangement is normally mediated with a CD3-linked pre-TCR made up of the TCR string paired with pre-TCR (pT). routine, downregulate surface pre-TCR rapidly, and be little relaxing pre-T cells finally, prior to the onset of TCR gene appearance. A.S., Oslo, Norway) combined to the next mAbs: anti-TCR/ (BMA031 [guide 22]; supplied by Dr. R. Kurrle, Behringwerke AG, Marburg, Germany); anti-TCR/ (TCR1 [guide 23]; supplied by Dr. M. Brenner, Brigham and Womens Medical center, Boston, MA); anti-CD19 (A.S.), anti-CD56 (Leu-19; A.S.), and Compact disc4+Compact disc8?CD3? thymocytes had been then sorted from your CD8-depleted pool with anti-CD4Ccoated beads (A.S.), as explained (15). Cells in the former subset (referred to as large TCR/? DP thymocytes) were either CD3? or CD3low. Isolation of the CD3? cells (referred to as large CD3? DP thymocytes) was performed by depletion of CD3low cells with anti-CD3Ccoated magnetic beads ...
Background: In addition to neurons, all components of the neurovascular unit (NVU), such as glial, endothelial, and basal membranes, are destroyed during traumatic brain injury (TBI). Previous studies have shown that excessive stimulation of calpain is crucial for cerebral injury after traumatic insult. The objective of this study was to investigate whether calpain activation participated in NVU disruption and edema formation in a mouse model of controlled cortical impact (CCI). Methods: One hundred and eight mice were divided into three groups: the sham group, the control group, and the MDL28170 group. MDL28170 (20 mg/kg), an efficient calpain inhibitor, was administered intraperitoneally at 5 min, 3 h, and 6 h after experimental CCI. We then measured neurobehavioral deficits, calpain activity, inflammatory mediator levels, blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption, and NVU deficits using electron microscopy and histopathological analysis at 6 h and 24 h after CCI. Results: The MDL28170 treatment ...
Galectin-1, a member of a family of carbohydrate binding proteins, is synthesized by thymic epithelial cells in normal juvenile thymus, and mediates adhesion of immature T cells to thymic epithelium....
|span style=font-family:Times,serif;font-size:9pt;>The HIS51 monoclonal antibody specifically binds to the rat Thy-1 antigen (CD90) expressed by hematopoietic stem cells, early myeloid and erythroid cells, immature B lymphocytes in the bone marrow and peripheral lymphoid organs, thymocytes, recent thymic emigrants (a subset of CD45RC- peripheral T cells), neurons, glomerular mesangial cells, endothelium at inflammatory sites, mast cells, and bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. Rat dendritic epidermal T cells (DEC) are Thy-1-negative. CD90 is a GPI-anchored membrane glycoprotein of the Ig superfamily which is involved in signal transduction. In addition, there is evidence in the mouse that CD90 mediates adhesion of thymocytes to thymic stroma. HIS51 antibody cross-reacts with the mouse Thy-1.1 alloantigen of the AKR/J and PL strains, but not Thy-1.2 found on most strains. In the mouse, CD90 is found on thymocytes, most peripheral T lymphocytes, some intraepithelial T lymphocytes (IEL, DEC),
The amazing progress of mans knowledge is progressively uncovering the unknown and destroying misconceptions in physiology and the experimental sciences.. For example, it was once thought that some of the organs of the body were of no use. But modern science, after much analysis and research, has demonstrated specific uses for each of them, and in the future, when research tools have been further developed; more important functions will surely be discovered. We shall mention some examples to show what we mean.. 1. The thymus is a small gland located in the mediastinum in front of the windpipe and behind the ribs. The specific function of the thymus had been unclear, and previous scientists had thought it to be a superfluous organ. But today it is known that the thymus plays an important role in resistance and defence against foreign substances that attack the body. The thymus gland produces lymphocytes and its fundamental use is in the making of anti-bodies that defend and protect the body ...
The amazing progress of mans knowledge is progressively uncovering the unknown and destroying misconceptions in physiology and the experimental sciences.. For example, it was once thought that some of the organs of the body were of no use. But modern science, after much analysis and research, has demonstrated specific uses for each of them, and in the future, when research tools have been further developed; more important functions will surely be discovered. We shall mention some examples to show what we mean.. 1. The thymus is a small gland located in the mediastinum in front of the windpipe and behind the ribs. The specific function of the thymus had been unclear, and previous scientists had thought it to be a superfluous organ. But today it is known that the thymus plays an important role in resistance and defence against foreign substances that attack the body. The thymus gland produces lymphocytes and its fundamental use is in the making of anti-bodies that defend and protect the body ...
The T lymphocyte or T cell is mature in thymus. T Lymphocyte is also called cytotoxic (poisonous cell) or killer T lymphocyte. The T cell kill directly all the cell having specific antigen on it is surface which has been recognized by T cells. The helper T lymphocyte controls the strength and quality of all immune responds. Mature lymphocyte cell flow constantly in blood toward thymus gland and back into the blood to monitor the body from invader substances continuously ...
The human T cell receptor for antigen (Ti) has recently been identified on IL-2 dependent T cell clones as a 90 kd disulfide-linked heterodimer comprised of one 49-51 kd alpha (alpha) and one 43 kd beta (beta) chain. These subunits are noncovalently associated with a monomorphic 20-25 kd T3 molecule. Here, we produce monoclonal antibodies to a human tumor (REX) derived from an earlier stage of thymic differentiation in order to determine whether clonotypic structures are expressed and to define the ontogeny of Ti. The results of SDS-PAGE and peptide map analyses indicate that an homologous T3-associated heterodimer is synthesized and expressed by REX. This glycoprotein shares several peptides in common with clonotypic structures on an IL-2 dependent T cell clone. In addition, similar Ti related molecules appear during intrathymic ontogeny in parallel with surface T3 expression. The latter findings provide the structural basis for the immunological competence observed exclusively within the T3+ thymocyte
The human T cell receptor for antigen (Ti) has recently been identified on IL-2 dependent T cell clones as a 90 kd disulfide-linked heterodimer comprised of one 49-51 kd alpha (alpha) and one 43 kd beta (beta) chain. These subunits are noncovalently associated with a monomorphic 20-25 kd T3 molecule. Here, we produce monoclonal antibodies to a human tumor (REX) derived from an earlier stage of thymic differentiation in order to determine whether clonotypic structures are expressed and to define the ontogeny of Ti. The results of SDS-PAGE and peptide map analyses indicate that an homologous T3-associated heterodimer is synthesized and expressed by REX. This glycoprotein shares several peptides in common with clonotypic structures on an IL-2 dependent T cell clone. In addition, similar Ti related molecules appear during intrathymic ontogeny in parallel with surface T3 expression. The latter findings provide the structural basis for the immunological competence observed exclusively within the T3+ thymocyte
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Journal of Immunology Research is a peer-reviewed, Open Access journal that provides a platform for scientists and clinicians working in different areas of immunology and therapy. The journal publishes research articles, review articles, as well as clinical studies related to classical immunology, molecular immunology, clinical immunology, cancer immunology, transplantation immunology, immune pathology, immunodeficiency, autoimmune diseases, immune disorders, and immunotherapy.
TY - JOUR. T1 - Thymic function in HIV infection.. AU - Hazra, Rohan. AU - Mackall, Crystal. PY - 2005/2. Y1 - 2005/2. N2 - Current models hold that CD4+ depletion occurs as a result of direct and indirect effects of HIV, which both kill peripheral CD4+ cells and prevent adequate regeneration. Although age-associated involution diminishes thymic reserve and HIV is clearly thymotoxic, clinical trials have nonetheless shown that large proportions of patients who sustain adequate control of viral replication with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) will demonstrate some evidence for thymic-dependent immune reconstitution, which is associated with improved immune competence. Furthermore, patients with insufficient or absent immune reconstitution following HAART generally lack evidence for thymopoiesis. Current studies are focused on improving our understanding of the causes for thymic failure in HIV infection. Recent work has demonstrated that some HIV strains, especially those that are ...
Video articles in JoVE include An IL-8 Transiently Transgenized Mouse Model for the In Vivo Long-term Monitoring of Inflammatory Responses, fMRI Mapping of Brain Activity Associated with the Vocal Production of Consonant and Dissonant Intervals, Methodology for the Study of Horizontal Gene Transfer in Staphylococcus aureus, Working with Auditory HEI-OC1 Cells, Intravascular Delivery of Biologics to the Rat Kidney, Simultaneous Quantification of T-Cell Receptor Excision Circles (TRECs) and K-Deleting Recombination Excision Circles (KRECs) by Real-time PCR, From a 2DE-Gel Spot to Protein Function: Lesson Learned From HS1 in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia, Bone Marrow-derived Macrophage Production, Simple and Efficient Technique for the Preparation of Testicular Cell Suspensions, A Caenorhabditis elegans Model System for Amylopathy Study.
Abstract: In presence of adenosine (10(-7)-10(-6) M) content of nuclear 3H-hydrocortisone-receptor complexes was increased in rat thymus lymphocytes, while amount of these complexes was decreased in cytosol of these cells. DEAE-cellulose chromatography of the 3H-hydrocortisone-receptor complexes demonstrated that adenosine 1.10(-6) M altered the ratio between active and non-active forms of the hormone-receptor complex. Adenosine appears to regulate transformation and translocation of the glucocorticoid-receptor complexes into the cell-target nuclei cAMP-dependent apparatus ...
Takei, F; Levy, J G.; and Kilburn, D G., Effect of adult thymectomy on tumour immunity in mice. (1978). Subject Strain Bibliography 1978. 3949 ...
Wong, W.F.; Kohu, K.; Chiba, T.; Sato, T.; Satake, M. (2011) Interplay of transcription factors in T-cell differentiation and function: the role of Runx. Immunology, 132 (2). pp. 157-164. ISSN 0019-2805. Wong, W.F.; Nakazato, M.; Watanabe, T.; Kohu, K.; Ogata, T.; Yoshida, N.; Sotomaru, Y.; Ito, M.; Araki, K.; Telfer, J.; Fukumoto, M.; Suzuki, D.; Sato, T.; Hozumi, K.; Habu, S.; Satake, M. (2010) Over-expression of Runx1 transcription factor impairs the development of thymocytes from the double-negative to double-positive stages. Immunology, 130 (2). pp. 243-253. ISSN 0019-2805. ...
BACKGROUND: Real-time PCR is increasingly being adopted for RNA quantification and genetic analysis. At present the most popular real-time PCR assay is based on the hybridisation of a dual-labelled probe to the PCR product, and the development of a signal by loss of fluorescence quenching as PCR degrades the probe. Though this so-called TaqMan approach has proved easy to optimise in practice, the dual-labelled probes are relatively expensive. RESULTS: We have designed a new assay based on SYBR-Green I binding that is quick, reliable, easily optimised and compares well with the published assay. Here we demonstrate its general applicability by measuring copy number in three different genetic contexts; the quantification of a gene rearrangement (T-cell receptor excision circles (TREC) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells); the detection and quantification of GLI, MYC-C and MYC-N gene amplification in cell lines and cancer biopsies; and detection of deletions in the OPA1 gene in dominant optic ...
Desert hedgehog is a negative regulator of CD44-CD25+ double negative T lymphocytes developmental stage in thymic differentiation
To study the development of these immune cells in the context of gut microbes, researchers monocolonized germ-free mice with a model human commensal, Bacteroides fragilis, and demonstrated that this single species of bacteria could restore the development of PLZF+ innate and innate-like lymphocytes in the thymus of infant mice.. In further proof-of-concept studies, they showed that a mutant B. fragilis lacking expression of Polysaccharide A (PSA) was unable to do the same, suggesting that specific microbial antigens could regulate this early life developmental process.. A similar deficit in these cells was observed in mutant mice that lacked the expression of Toll like receptor 2, a receptor that recognizes bacteria and bacterial components, including B. fragilis PSA, to initiate host protective immune responses.. To understand how this microbial message was delivered to developing thymic cells, Jains group used a novel mouse model to track the migration of cells from the colon to the thymus. ...
A meta-analysis has identified risk factors for myasthenia crisis in patients with myasthenia gravis following surgery to remove their thymus gland.
The adrenal glands increase and the thymus and secondary reproductive organs decrease in weight when mice are placed in groups. These changes in weight are related to the size of the population or group and presumably are a reaction to sociopsychological pressures. If such a presumption is correct, reserpine should diminish the differences in the organ weights of grouped and of isolated mice. Grouped and isolated male mice were given 40-50 µg of reserpine (Serpasil, Ciba) per day in their drinking water and the results compared with those from similar numbers of grouped and isolated mice without reserpine. The average number of fights per 10-minute interval per day was 51.4% less in the treated than in the untreated mice for the first 3 days after grouping. Grouped mice, treated and untreated, had heavier adrenals and lighter thymus glands and secondary reproductive organs than their isolated controls. Treatment of grouped mice with reserpine was accompanied by a 5% lower adrenal weight, 28% ...
The male essence you might say is testosterone. But remember that male bodies also carry significant amounts of oestrogen. Since we dont really understand why its there, the boffins have tended to say its unimportant. But when I was a medical student they said that about the thymus gland - we now know it is one of the most important organs in the body and regulates T-cells (T for thymus!).. Similarly, women have traces of testosterone. Amongst other things, it drives their libido, so its pretty important to us guys.. Testosterone gets a bad press. Its supposed to make us harsh, aggressive and insensitive. Im sure it does - in excess. But lack of it leads to torpor, depression and negativity. Thats not having a feminine side; its sickness. The fact is, we need testosterone.. Not the least because it protects us from heart disease. For years the stupid myth was that since women have fewer heart attacks, testosterone causes cardiovascular disease. Probably it raises blood pressure, ...
The CD38 antigen is a 45 kDa single chain type II integral membrane glycoprotein, with the NH2-terminus inside the cytoplasm. CD38 is an enzyme with several activities such as NAD glycohydrolase, ADP ribosylcyclase and cyclic ADP ribose hydrolase. CD38 is expressed on activated T and B lymphocytes, NK cells, monocytes, plasma cells and medullary thymocytes. CD38 expression appears to depend on the differentiation and activation of the cell. In the B cell lineage, CD38 is expressed in early stages of B-cell ontogeny, lost during maturation and re-expressed upon terminal differentiation to plasma cells. Similarly, CD38 is expressed on thymocytes and at a high level on activated T cells. Most mature resting lymphocytes of both B and T lineages do not express the CD38 antigen. CD38 is widely used as a marker to study T and B lymphocyte activation. *Alexa Fluor and Pacific Blue are registered trademarks of Molecular Probes, Inc ...
The induction of hematopoietic mixed chimerism, defined as the coexistence of donor and recipient hematopoietic cells, could be an approach to induce robust central tolerance. This strategy capitalizes on the use of nonmyeloablative hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) prior to injection of myogenic stem cells from the donor HST (Parker et al. 2008). In this study two irradiated GRMD dogs with established full or partial chimerism first achieved at 11-26 months, were injected with donor-specific muscle-derived cells. The recipient dogs were transiently immunosuppressed with cyclosporine for 40 days. Local dystro-phin expression, up to 6.5% of normal levels, was sustained for periods up to 24 months post injection. This strategy is promising, as novel developments in the area of nonmyeloablative HSCT are ongoing for other cell-based therapies for benign diseases. Induction of central tolerance by intrathymic injection of viral vectors has been tested in rodents, and offers alternatives ...
OysterMax® can help boost your immune system - its high organic zinc content can stimulate the thymus gland to produce thymulin. Thymulin regulates T-cells and T4 Helper cells which are key to the bodys immune defense system. A strong immune system can help offset the common cold and influenza.