Methane is metabolized principally by methanotrophs and methanogens in the global carbon cycle. Methanotrophs consume methane as the only source of carbon, while methanogens produce methane as a metabolic byproduct. Methylotrophs, which are microorganisms that can obtain energy for growth by oxidizing one-carbon compounds, such as methanol and methane, are situated between methanotrophs and methanogens. Methanogens can obtain energy for growth by converting a limited number of substrates to methane under anaerobic conditions. Three types of methanogenic pathways are known: CO2 to methane [MD:M00567], methanol to methane [MD:M00356], and acetate to methane [MD:M00357]. Methanogens use 2-mercaptoethanesulfonate (CoM; coenzyme M) as the terminal methyl carrier in methanogenesis and have four enzymes for CoM biosynthesis [MD:M00358]. Coenzyme B-Coenzyme M heterodisulfide reductase (Hdr), requiring for the final reaction steps of methanogenic pathway, is divided into two types: cytoplasmic HdrABC in ...

Catalyzes the conversion of AMP and phosphate to adenine and ribose 1,5-bisphosphate (R15P). Exhibits phosphorylase activity toward CMP and UMP in addition to AMP. Functions in an archaeal AMP degradation pathway, together with R15P isomerase and RubisCO.

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This article explores the beginning of the terrain beyond filing a mechanics lien-the terrain covered by two little Latin words: lis pendens.

The numerous stems of Cotyledon pendens Cliff Cotyledon will quickly form a curtain of draping foliage, reaching up to 2 feet in length. The pointed, oval leaves range in color from lime green to dusty blue, courtesy of a coating of powdery farina on the newest leaf sets. The margins of the leaves will flush a rich

Staphylothermus marinus is a marine organism that was isolated from hydrothermal sediment off the the coast of Vulcano Island in Italy. It can also be found from black smokers on the ocean floor. In a rich medium, Staphylothermus marinus grows in an optimum temperature of 92 degrees Celsius, but when nutrients are sparce, the optimum temperature drops to 85 degrees Celsius. For growth in a lab, a complex nutrient source is needed for optimum growth. The morphology of the Staphylothermus marinus can differ depending on the nutrients available. When nutrients are plentiful, Staphylothermus marinus grow as giant cells in a slightly irregular coccus shape with diameters up to 15 mm. Low nutrient concentrations produce little cells with diameters ranging from 0.5 to 1.0 mm. Up to 100 of these cells can cluster together to form grape-like groups. S. marinus is related to Aeropyrum pernix, Hyperthermus butylicus, and Ignicoccus hospitalis. (5) Describe the appearance, habitat, etc. of the organism, ...

Uncurated}} {{Biorealm Genus}} ==Classification== ===Higher order taxa=== Archaea; Crenarchaeota; Thermoprotei; Desulfurococcales; Desulfurococcaceae; Staphylothermus ===Species=== Staphylothermus marinus NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy] ==Description and significance== Staphylothermus marinus is a hyperthermophilic, marine organism that was isolated from naturally heated sediment on the beach of Vulcano Island, Italy in 1986. It can also be found from black smokers on the ocean floor. In a rich medium, Staphylothermus marinus grows in an optimum temperature of 92 degrees Celsius, but when nutrients are sparce, the optimum temperature drops to 85 degrees Celsius. For growth in a lab, a complex nutrient source is needed for optimum growth. (1) The morphology of the Staphylothermus marinus can differ depending on the nutrients available. When nutrients are plentiful, ...

Biotin (vitamin H or vitamin B7) is the essential cofactor of biotin-dependent carboxylases, such as pyruvate carboxylase and acetyl-CoA carboxylase. Mammals cannot synthesize biotin, while in bacteria, fungi, and plants it is synthesized from pimelate thioester through different pathways. In E. coli and many organisms, pimelate thioester is derived from malonyl-ACP. The pathway starts with the methylation to malonyl-ACP methyl ester, followed by the fatty acid chain elongation cycle to form pimeloyl-ACP methyl ester, which is then demethylated to form pimeloyl-ACP [MD:M00572]. Pimeloyl-ACP is converted to biotin through the final four steps in the biotin bicyclic ring assembly, which are conserved among biotin-producing organisms [MD:M00123]. In B. subtilis, biotin is derived from pimeloyl-ACP formed by oxidative cleavage of long-chain acyl-ACPs [MD:M00573]. Some bacteria synthesize biotin from pimeloyl-CoA derived from pimelate [MD:M00577]. Biotin is covalently attached to biotin-dependent ...

ID D7D8S0_STAHD Unreviewed; 420 AA. AC D7D8S0; DT 10-AUG-2010, integrated into UniProtKB/TrEMBL. DT 10-AUG-2010, sequence version 1. DT 11-DEC-2019, entry version 32. DE SubName: Full=ABC-2 type transporter {ECO:0000313,EMBL:ADI32166.1}; GN OrderedLocusNames=Shell_1062 {ECO:0000313,EMBL:ADI32166.1}; OS Staphylothermus hellenicus (strain DSM 12710 / JCM 10830 / BK20S6-10-b1 / OS P8). OC Archaea; Crenarchaeota; Thermoprotei; Desulfurococcales; OC Desulfurococcaceae; Staphylothermus. OX NCBI_TaxID=591019 {ECO:0000313,EMBL:ADI32166.1, ECO:0000313,Proteomes:UP000002573}; RN [1] {ECO:0000313,Proteomes:UP000002573} RP NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA]. RC STRAIN=DSM 12710 / JCM 10830 / BK20S6-10-b1 / P8 RC {ECO:0000313,Proteomes:UP000002573}; RG US DOE Joint Genome Institute; RA Lucas S., Copeland A., Lapidus A., Cheng J.-F., Bruce D., Goodwin L., RA Pitluck S., Davenport K., Detter J.C., Han C., Tapia R., Larimer F., RA Land M., Hauser L., Kyrpides N., Mikhailova N., Anderson I.J., Woyke ...

In the context of tuberculosis (TB) resurgence, isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT) is increasingly promoted, but concerns about the risk for development of isoniazid-resistant tuberculosis may hinder its widespread implementation. We conducted a systematic review of data published since 1951 to assess the effect of primary IPT on the risk for isoniazid-resistant TB. Different definitions of isoniazid resistance were used, which affected summary effect estimates; we report the most consistent results. When all 13 studies (N = 18,095 persons in isoniazid groups and N = 17,985 persons in control groups) were combined, the summary relative risk for resistance was 1.45 (95% confidence interval 0.85-2.47). Results were similar when studies of HIV-uninfected and HIV-infected persons were considered separately. Analyses were limited by small numbers and incomplete testing of isolates, but findings do not exclude an increased risk for isoniazid-resistant TB after IPT. The diagnosis of active TB should be