TY - JOUR. T1 - CDH1 is a specific marker for undifferentiated spermatogonia in mouse testes. AU - Tokuda, Masutaka. AU - Kadokawa, Yuzo. AU - Kurahashi, Hiroki. AU - Marunouchi, Tohru. PY - 2007/1/1. Y1 - 2007/1/1. N2 - In the mammalian testis, spermatogenesis is initiated from a subset of stem cells belonging to undifferentiated type A spermatogonia. In spite of the biologic significance of undifferentiated type A spermatogonia, little is known about their behavior and properties because of a lack of specific cell surface markers. Here we show that CDH1 (previously known as E-cadherin) is expressed specifically in undifferentiated type A spermatogonia in the mouse testis. Histologic analysis showed that CDH1-positive cells had all the characteristics of undifferentiated type A spermatogonia. Whole-mount immunohistochemistry showed that CDH1-positive cells made clusters mainly comprising one, two, four, or eight cells. They survived after administration of the cytotoxic agent busulfan to mice, ...

Looking for abdominal testis? Find out information about abdominal testis. or , one of a pair of glands that produce the male reproductive cells, or sperm sperm or spermatozoon , in biology, the male gamete , corresponding to the... Explanation of abdominal testis

This illustration depicts the vasculature of the testes. The inset, top right, provides an overview showing of the origin of the testicular arteries from the aorta and their course towards the testes. The main illustration shows the vasculature of the testes in more detail with the testes sectioned to show a lateral superior view. The testicular a. (shown black in both figures for emphasis) is the primary blood supply for the testes. It divides into 2-4 capsular arteries at the mediastinum of the testes that pierce through the visceral layer of tunica vaginalis. They then give off a centripetal aa. that feed each lobule in the testes. The 3 different layers of the spermatic cord are depicted in the upper left of the main image. The illustration also shows two areas where anastomoses occur at the head and the tail of the epididymis to provide collateral circulation to the testes. ...

Normally testicles develop in the abdomen, near the kidney, and descend through the abdominal wall, then through the inguinal canal, and enter the scrotum. Cryptorchidism (or undescended testes) is a condition seen in newborns when one or both of the male testes have not passed down into the scrotal sac. Thirty percent of cases are bilateral (involve both testes).. Undescended testes may occur for several reasons. Known causes may include hormonal disorders, abdominal wall disorders, and chromosomal defects. Retractile testes can occur in boys where the testicle descended completely but a muscle reflex causes a testicle to move back and forth from the scrotum to the groin.. ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - The effect of experimental cryptorchism on the isozymes of lactate dehydrogenase in mouse testes. AU - Goldberg, Erwin. AU - Hawtrey, Christopher. PY - 1968/1/1. Y1 - 1968/1/1. N2 - Unilateral cryptorchism produced by experimental retention of one testis in the abdomen of the mouse results in a rapid decrease in the weight of that testis. At the same time the specific activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) decreases to 70% of the normal value. The sperm‐specific isozyme, LDH‐X, declines from 41% of the total activity to only 16% after eleven days in the abdomen. All LDH‐X activity is lost by post‐operative day 24. The relative proportion of the other isozymes of LDH increase following the operation. LDH‐5, absent from the mature testis, is detectable in the cryptorchid testis at post‐operative day 28 and represents 15% of the total LDH activity. These observations provide further support of the suggestion that LDH‐X is only found in the testes when meiosis is ...

Among pregnant women ibuprofen is one of the most frequently used pharmaceutical compounds with up to 28% reporting use. Regardless of this, it remains unknown whether ibuprofen could act as an endocrine disruptor as reported for fellow analgesics paracetamol and aspirin. To investigate this, we exposed human fetal testes (7-17 gestational weeks (GW)) to ibuprofen using ex vivo culture and xenograft systems. Ibuprofen suppressed testosterone and Leydig cell hormone INSL3 during culture of 8-9 GW fetal testes with concomitant reduction in expression of the steroidogenic enzymes CYP11A1, CYP17A1 and HSD17B3, and of INSL3. Testosterone was not suppressed in testes from fetuses younger than 8 GW, older than 10-12 GW, or in second trimester xenografted testes (14-17 GW). Ex vivo, ibuprofen also affected Sertoli cell by suppressing AMH production and mRNA expression of AMH, SOX9, DHH, and COL2A1. While PGE2 production was suppressed by ibuprofen, PGD2 production was not. Germ cell transcripts POU5F1, TFAP2C,

TY - JOUR. T1 - Expression of heat shock factor 2 in mouse testis. T2 - Potential role as a regulator of heat-shock protein gene expression during spermatogenesis. AU - Sarge, K. D.. AU - Park-Sarge, O. K.. AU - Kirby, J. D.. AU - Mayo, K. E.. AU - Morimoto, R. I.. N1 - Copyright: Copyright 2007 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.. PY - 1994. Y1 - 1994. N2 - We have examined the expression and function of heat shock transcription factor 2 (HSF2) in spermatogenic cells of mouse testis. The results of in situ RNA hybridization analysis, RNA filter hybridization, and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis indicate that HSF2 mRNA expression in testis is subject to developmental and cell type- dependent, as well as stage-dependent, regulation. Localized expression of HSF2 mRNA in testis first appears between Day 14 and Day 21 of postnatal development. In adult testis, HSF2 mRNA is found at highest levels in spermatocytes and round spermatids. Immunocytochemical staining and ...

There are approximately 8,800 new diagnosis of testis cancer each year, which account for 0.5% of all new cancer diagnoses. Most testis tumors present with a painless mass or swelling in the testis. The patients exam typically reveals a firm, nontender testis mass. Men between 20 and 34 years of age are at highest risk of testis cancer, with decreasing risk over time.. An abnormal testicular exam will trigger a full workup including tumor markers (HCG, AFP, B-HCG), testicular ultrasound and cross-sectional imaging (CT or MRI) to evaluate for metastatic disease. Unless bulky metastatic disease is seen, the patient will need to undergo radical orchiectomy. During this procedure, the affected testis will be removed through an incision in the groin as to not violate or disturb the lymphatic channels in the scrotum. The pathologist will evaluate for the type of tumor cells present which, in conjunction with postoperative tumor marker levels, will determine further therapy.. Testis cancers are ...

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of selection for increased size of testes on semen and testis characteristics. Boars from a line selected for increased size of testes at 150 d of age (TS, n = 25) and a randomly selected control line (C, n = 18) were used. Semen was collected three times per week for 3 wk (TRT1) then daily for 3 wk (TRT2) beginning when boar age averaged 276 d. It was followed by a 4-wk period of one collection per week and then the TRT1-TRT2 sequence was repeated. After 64 collections, boars were castrated and testes were evaluated for sperm numbers. Volume of semen, percentage of motile sperm cells, and percentage of abnormal cells in the semen did not differ (P | .05) between lines. Concentration of sperm cells in the semen was greater for TS boars at TRT 1 (35.0 million cells/mL, P | .10) and TRT 2 (29.5 million cells/mL, P | .01). Number of sperm cells per ejaculate was greater for TS boars (6.1 and 4.3 billion cells for TRT 1 and TRT 2, respectively; P | .05

NLRP3 in somatic non-immune cells of rodent and primate testes NLRP3 is part of the NLRP3 inflammasome and a global sensor of cellular damage. It was recently discovered in rodent Sertoli cells. We investigated NLRP3 in mouse, human and non-human primate (marmoset and rhesus macaque) testes, employing immunohistochemistry. Sertoli cells of all species expressed NLRP3, and the expression preceded puberty. In addition, peritubular cells of the adult human testes expressed NLRP3. NLRP3 and associated genes (PYCARD, CASP1, IL1B) were also found in isolated human testicular peritubular cells and the mouse Sertoli cell line TM4. Male infertility due to impairments of spermatogenesis may be related to sterile inflammatory events. We observed that the expression of NLRP3 was altered in the testes of patients suffering from mixed atrophy syndrome, in which tubules with impairments of spermatogenesis showed prominent NLRP3 staining. In order to explore a possible role of NLRP3 in male infertility, ...

The aim of the present study was stereological evaluation of testes of azoospermic animal model using busulfan in rat. Three groups of male adult rats were used in this study. The first group was injected by single dose of busulfan (10 mg kg-1) and their testes were removed on day 35 post injection. The second group received double doses of busulfan with 21 days interval and their testes were removed on day 35 after the second injection. The testes of the third group were removed without busulfan therapy. In 10 circular transverse sections of tubules stained with hematoxylin-eosin, stereological parameters were measured. The testes were rated for its spermatogenic potential on a modified spermatogenic scale of 0 to 6. Cellular (germinal epithelium) diameter and area of the seminiferous tubules, total diameter and cross sectional area of the tubules of the seminiferous tubules in rats that received double doses of busulfan were less than the rats in single dose of busulfan and control groups (p | 0.05).

TY - JOUR. T1 - Endocrine tests in phenotypic children with bilateral impalpable testes can reliably predict congenital anorchism. AU - Levitt, Selwyn B.. AU - Sobel, Edna H.. AU - Kogan, Stanley J.. AU - Mortimer, Robin H.. AU - Schneider, Keith M.. AU - Engel, Rainer M E. AU - Becker, Jerrold M.. PY - 1978. Y1 - 1978. N2 - Congenital anorchism is a rare condition. Bilateral impalpable undescended testes are relatively common by comparison. Surgical exploration has been regarded as the final arbiter between anorchism and bilateral cryptorchism. Exploration has not proved completely reliable in making this differentiation. Endocrine studies, particularly the human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) stimulation test together with measurements of basal plasma gonadotropins, can reliably exclude functioning testicular tissue. Eleven fully evaluated and operated cases support this contention. In the specific clinical setting of a normal phenotypic male child with a 46XY karyotype and no müllerian ...

The homeostasis of self-renewal and differentiation in stem cells is strictly controlled by intrinsic signals and their niche. We conducted a large-scale RNA interference (RNAi) screen in Drosophila testes and identified 221 genes required for germline stem cell (GSC) maintenance or differentiation. Knockdown of these genes in transit-amplifying spermatogonia and cyst cells further revealed various phenotypes. Complex analysis uncovered that many of the identified genes are involved in key steps of protein synthesis and degradation. A group of genes that are required for mRNA splicing and protein translation contributes to both GSC self-renewal and early germ cell differentiation. Loss of genes in protein degradation pathway in cyst cells leads to testis tumor with overproliferated germ cells. Importantly, in the Cullin 4-Ring E3 ubiquitin ligase (CRL4) complex, we identified multiple proteins that are critical to GSC self-renewal. pic/DDB1, the linker protein of CRL4, is not only required for ...

To quantitatively assess the histological and ultrastructural changes resulting from aging in the human testis. Age-related histological and ultrastructural changes were evaluated using light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and immunohistochemistry on 41 testicular samples obtained from elderly men and, respectively, assigned to group A (n = 20), 54-69 years old or group B (n = 21), 70-89 years old. Testicular samples derived from 17 young men were used for control. The numbers of Sertoli cells in the aged groups were significantly lower than that in the controls (p | 0.05). With the exception of the Sertoli cell ratios (germ cells/Sertoli cells) of spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes, results showed lower levels of the Sertoli cell ratios of round spermatids and elongated spermatids in the elderly men compared with the young men (p | 0.05). A similar degenerative pattern of the organelles was shown in germ cells and Sertoli cells in the aging testes under TEM.

1. We have purified membrane-associated Ins(1,4,5)P3/Ins(1,3,4,5)P4 5-phosphatases from bovine testis and human erythrocytes by chromatography on several media, including a novel 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate affinity column. 2. The enzymes have apparent molecular masses of 42 kDa (testis) and 70 kDa (erythrocyte), as determined by SDS/PAGE, and affinities for Ins(1,4,5)P3 of 14 microM and 22 microM respectively. 3. The two enzymes hydrolyse both Ins(1,4,5)P3 and Ins(1,3,4,5)P4 and are therefore type I Ins(1,4,5)P3 5-phosphatases [nomenclature of Hansen, Johanson, Williamson and Williamson (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 17319-17326]. 4. On chromatofocusing, the partially purified testicular enzyme migrates as two peaks of activity, with pI values of about 5.8 and 5.5. The erythrocyte enzyme exhibits only the latter peak. 5. The testis 5-phosphatase is labile at 37 degrees C, but its activity can be maintained in the presence of 50 mM phorbol dibutyrate (PdBu). After PdBu treatment, a third form of the ...

Cryptorchidism (or undescended testes) is a condition seen in newborns when one or both of the male testes have not passed down into the scrotal sac. About 10% of cases involve both testes. Cryptorchidism is more commonly seen in premature males because the testes do not descend from the abdomen to the scrotal sac until the seventh month of fetal development. ...

The tumor suppressor protein p53 is considered a guardian of genome integrity, regulating the induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in response to irradiation to block the transmission of teratogenic mutations to progeny cells. We examined the function of p53 in highly radiosensitive tissues, the developing brain and mature testis, using a small fish model, medaka (Oryzias latipes). Medaka offer advantages as a vertebrate model system, as the transparency and small size of the embryos enables clear detection of apoptotic cells in the developing brain. In addition, the simple architecture of medaka testes enables more precise identification of the differentiating spermatogenic stages compared with mammals. We found that in irradiated p53-deficient embryonic brain, diminished induction of apoptosis facilitated tissue regeneration earlier compared to irradiated wild-type embryos, which remained structural abnormalities in the retina at hatching. Moreover, the prominent delay in apoptotic induction

The objective of this study was to assess macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of the testes in unilaterally cryptorchid dogs (n=16 and n=13, respectively). An additional goal was to measure and compare plasma levels of testosterone between the cryptoid (n=13) and control dogs (n=16). The size and weight of the retained tested were lower (P ,0.01) compared with the descended testes in the unilaterally cryptoid dogs of different breeds, but there was no difference between the inguinal and abdominal cryptoid testes (P ,0.01). Spermatogenesis was significantly suppressed in the cryptorchid testes compared with the contralateral testes of the unilaterally cryptorchid dogs. The number of Leydig cells was higher (P ,0.01) in the cryptorchid than in scrotal testes. Plasma concentration of testosterone did not vary (P ,0.1) between the cryptoid and control dogs. Normal endocrine function could be maintained in the cryptorchid dogs, despite the smaller testicular size of the retained testes ...

Pluripotency of spermatogonial stem cells from adult mouse testis. Guan, Kaomei; Nayernia, Karim; Maier, Lars S.; Wagner, Stefan; Dressel, Ralf; Jae Ho Lee; Nolte, Jessica; Wolf, Frieder; Manyu Li; Engel, Wolfgang; Hasenfuss, Gerd // Nature;4/27/2006, Vol. 440 Issue 7088, p1199 Embryonic germ cells as well as germline stem cells from neonatal mouse testis are pluripotent and have differentiation potential similar to embryonic stem cells, suggesting that the germline lineage may retain the ability to generate pluripotent cells. However, until now there has been no... ...

This paper investigates mechanisms of sperm competition by comparing reproductive characteristics across 74 butterfly species. Testis size scales with body size and, after controlling for this allometry, relative testis size increases with risk of sperm competition, as defined by female mating frequency. Both eupyrene (fertilizing) and apyrene (non-fertile) sperm lengths correlate positively with body size. After controlling for body size, relative eupyrene sperm lengths are greater in species where males experience higher risks of sperm competition. These results suggest that sperm competition in butterflies selects for increased investment in spermatogenesis, and specifically longer fertilizing sperm. Because longer sperm may be faster and more powerful, eupyrene sperm may therefore compete energetically, and are not selected to be minimally sized to maximize numbers for a purely raffle-based sperm competition mode. Apyrene sperm lengths are not affected directly by risk of encountering rival ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - In situ localization of rat testis-specific calcineurin B subunit isoform β1 in the developing rat testis. AU - Miyamoto, Kazuhiro. AU - Matsui, Hideki. AU - Tomizawa, Kazuhito. AU - Kuwata, Yoshihiro. AU - Itano, Toshifumi. AU - Tokuda, Masaaki. AU - Hatase, Osamu. PY - 1994/9/15. Y1 - 1994/9/15. N2 - In situ localization and developmental changes in expression of testis-specific calcineurin B subunit isoform β1 was examined in rat testis. Two different sizes of mRNA signal, 4.0 kb and 0.9 kb, were detected by Northern blot hybridization. Both signals were expressed synchronously with the start of meiosis at 3 weeks after birth, and increased depending on the maturation of spermatogenesis. In situ hybridization using non-radioactive riboprobes showed that the β1 mRNA was specifically localized to spermatocytes where meiosis occurs but none or very little was observed in spermatogonia, spermatids, Sertoli or Leydig cells.. AB - In situ localization and developmental changes in ...

The germinal epithelium is the innermost layer of the testicle. Germinal epithelium is also known as the wall of the seminiferous tubule within the testes. The cells in the epithelium are connected via tight junctions. One may observe two types of cell in the germinal epithelium: The large Sertoli cells (which are not dividing) function as supportive cells to the developing sperm. The second cell type are the cells belonging to the spermatogenic cell lineage. These develop to eventually become sperm cells (Spermatozoon). Typically the spermatogenic cells will make four to eight layers in the germinal epithelium.[1] ...

Pdgfr-alpha mediates testis cord organization and fetal Leydig cell development in the XY gonad.: During testis development, the rapid morphological changes ini

The primitive sex cords continue to proliferate and penetrate deep into the medulla, forming the testis cords. This occurs due to the presence of testis-determining factor (TDF), encoded by the SRY gene.. The testis cords in the hilum of the develop gonad eventually form the rete testis, which is a network which connects the seminiferous tubules to the efferent ducts.. By the fourth month of development the testis cords are solid (without lumen) and composed of primitive germ cells and Sertoli cells, the latter of which are derived from the surface epithelium of the gonadal ridge.. The testis cords remain solid until puberty, at which point they are hollowed out, giving them a lumen. At this point the testis cords have become the seminiferous tubules, which carry the sperm cells to the rete testis.. ...

Medimachine dissociation of human testicular tissues results in a cell suspension enriched for SALL4-positive undifferentiated spermatogonia.

Cryptorchidism or undescended testicles involves the failure of the testes to descend permanently in their terminal scrotal position [80]. The estimated incidence at birth is 2-3.4% [7,17,81], although up to one-third of the cases resolve spontaneously during the first 3 months [81]. Seventy-five percent of the cases are usually unilateral and the undescended testes can be palpated in the inguinal canal [82]. Etiology is not clear, although a variety of risk factors such as defects in specific genes, prematurity, low birth weight, intrauterine growth restriction, alcohol consumption, and maternal smoking have been suggested [26,80,81,83-86]. The main complications include reduced fertility, an increased risk of testicular cancer, and the possibility of associated abnormalities. Evidence suggests that both the location and the time of cryptorchidism correlate with the loss of germ cells and Leydig cells [87]. Paternity rates are similar in case of unilateral cryptorchidism, but significantly ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Stimulation of protein synthesis in round spermatids from rat testes by lactate. AU - Nakamura, Masahisa. AU - Hino, Akiya. AU - Yasumasu, Ikuo. AU - Kato, Junzo. PY - 1981/4. Y1 - 1981/4. N2 - Lactate markedly increased the rate of [3H]leucine incorporation into the protein of isolated round spermatids (steps 1-8) from rat testes. Four kinds of hexoses, glucose, fructose, galactose, and monnose, also stimulated [3H]leucine incorporation, but to much lesser extents than lactate. Ribose had no effect. The glucose-induced stimulation of protein synthesis was entirely suppressed by iodoacetate and NaF, whereas iodoacetate and NaF were without effect on the lactate-induced increase in protein synthesis. Lactate stimulated both protein synthesis and ATP production in the spermatids. However, both of these stimulatory effects of lactate were completely blocked by DNP and rotenone. Rotenone entirely blocked oxygen consumption, as expected, whilst DNP enhanced it additively with lactate. ...

Tumor antigen P815AB is recognized by cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) on mouse mastocytoma P815. This antigen is encoded by P1A, a gene activated in several tumors but silent in normal tissues except for testis and placenta. Notwithstanding the expression of P1A in testis, we found that male mice mounted P815AB-specific CTL responses as efficiently as females. The responding males remained fertile and no autoimmune lesions were observed in their testes. By immunohistochemistry with a rabbit antiserum directed against the P1A protein, we identified spermatogonia as the testicular cells expressing P1A. The absence of MHC class-I molecules on spermatogonia could be one of the mechanisms of protection against testicular autoimmunity, as the antigenic peptide should not be displayed at the cell surface. Human genes MAGE, BAGE and GAGE, which also code for tumor antigens recognized by autologous CTL, are not expressed in normal tissues other than testis. The results obtained in mice with antigen P815AB ...

The reduction of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone in the testis is catalyzed by Δ4-5α-reductase (EC 1. 3.1.4). Dihydrotestosterone is reduced further to 5α-androstane-3α, 17β-diol. The 5α-reductase is the rate-limiting step in the conversion of testosterone to androstanediol. The in vitro activity of this enzyme in the rat testis is notably elevated in prepubertal animals but decreases to low levels in the mature rat. Previous in viv~ studies have indicated that gonadotropins may regulate the activity of 5α-reductase in the rat testis. In this work, in vitro and..:in vivo experiments have been performed in order to study the role of gonadotropins and cyclic nucleotides in the regulation of testicular 5α-reductase in the rat. The 5α-reductase activity has been determined in testicular tissue from rats 5 to 60 days of age using an in vitro assay. The level of activity was low in the neonatal rat. The levels were increased at 20 days of age with a peak activity at about day 30. In the ...

Mammalian spermatogenesis consists of many cell types and biological processes and serves as an excellent model for studying gene regulation at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. identified five major regulatory mechanisms termed transcript only, transcript degradation, translation repression, translation de-repression, and protein degradation based on changes in protein level relative to changes in mRNA level at the mitosis/meiosis transition and the meiosis/post-meiotic development transition. We found that post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms are related to the generation of piRNAs and antisense transcripts. Our results provide a valuable inventory of proteins produced during mouse spermatogenesis and contribute to elucidating the mechanisms of the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression in mammalian spermatogenesis. Spermatogenesis in animals is usually a complex yet tightly regulated developmental process that involves many cell types. Similar to other ...

Introduction: Sertoli cells support germ cell development in the testis via an elaborate network of cell junctions that confers structural, communicating, and signaling support. However, Sertoli cell junctions and cytoskeletons are the target of environmental toxicants. Because germ cells rely on Sertoli cells for the provision of structural/functional/nutritional support, exposure of males to toxicants leads to germ cell exfoliation due to Sertoli cell injuries. Interestingly, the molecular mechanism(s) by which toxicants induce cytoskeletal disruption that leads to germ cell exfoliation is unclear, until recent years, which are discussed herein. This information can possibly be used to therapeutically manage toxicant-induced infertility/subfertility in human males. Areas covered: In this review, we provide a brief update on the use of Sertoli cell system developed for rodents and humans in vitro, which can be deployed in any research laboratory with minimal upfront setup costs. These systems can be

Neonatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol DES leads to the alteration of gene expression in the testis in the long term. NCBI, 2004.

Mammalian spermatogenesis is certainly a complicated differentiation process that occurs in many stages in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. attained from entire testes to end up being separated with a water lean. The STA-PUT technique, exhibited right here, uses a linear BSA gradient and basic sedimentation to individual spermatogenic cells centered on size and mass6-9. The STA-PUT technique offers many advantages over the additional two most broadly utilized strategies to individual spermatogenic cell types: FACS and elutriation10-13. The STA-PUT equipment needs just many items of specific glassware put together in a chilly space or huge refrigerator. Therefore, it is usually much less costly than using a cell sorter or an elutriator. The STA-PUT technique produces higher quantities of cells per cell type and testis than can become categorized by FACS in a similar period framework, although the chastity of each cell 158013-43-5 supplier populace is usually not really as high as those ...

De novo point mutations arise predominantly in the male germline and increase in frequency with age, but it has not previously been possible to locate specific, identifiable mutations directly within the seminiferous tubules of human testes. Using microdissection of tubules exhibiting altered expression of the spermatogonial markers MAGEA4, FGFR3, and phospho-AKT, whole genome amplification, and DNA sequencing, we establish an in situ strategy for discovery and analysis of pathogenic de novo mutations. In 14 testes from men aged 39-90 y, we identified 11 distinct gain-of-function mutations in five genes (fibroblast growth factor receptors FGFR2 and FGFR3, tyrosine phosphatase PTPN11, and RAS oncogene homologs HRAS and KRAS) from 16 of 22 tubules analyzed; all mutations have known associations with severe diseases, ranging from congenital or perinatal lethal disorders to somatically acquired cancers. These results support proposed selfish selection of spermatogonial mutations affecting growth factor

T4 -- See Thyroxine.. TeBG -- See Testosterone-estradiol-binding Globulin.. Termination -- The ending of a pregnancy by choice by induced labor (resulting in a live birth or stillbirth) or abortion. See Abortion.. Teratogen -- Any substance capable of causing malformations in a developing embryo.. TESA -- See Testicular Sperm Aspiration.. TESE -- See Testicular Sperm Extraction.. Testes -- The two male sexual glands contained in the scrotum. They produce the male hormone testosterone and the male reproductive cells (sperm).. Testicle -- The male gonad. It produces sperm and male sex hormones.. Testicular Biopsy -- A minor surgical procedure used to take a small sample of testicular tissue for microscopic examination; a test used to diagnose male fertility problems when no other means is available (this is because the biopsy procedure itself may cause testicular damage).. Testicular Enzyme Defect -- A congenital enzyme defect that prevents the testes from responding to hormonal stimulation. Will ...

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5.1.1 Testis (Interactive Diagram) -What are the principal functional compartments of the testis? -What are the functions of the testis? -What is cryptorchidism and what are its consequences? -What is the blood-testis barrier? -What is the function of androgen-binding protein and where is it synthesized ...

5.1.1 Testis (Interactive Diagram) -What are the principal functional compartments of the testis? -What are the functions of the testis? -What is cryptorchidism and what are its consequences? -What is the blood-testis barrier? -What is the function of androgen-binding protein and where is it synthesized ...

A presença, em altas concentrações, de nitrogênio, em suas diversas formas, causada pela descarga de efluentes em corpos receptores, pode causar diversos, e sérios, problemas ambientais. O tratamento biológico oferece uma alternativa para a eliminação deste contaminante, onde, uma das etapas consiste na nitrificação do efluente através de bactérias nitrificantes conhecidas como Nitrosomonas e Nitrobacter. Testes de nitrificação em batelada foram realizados afim de estabelecer-se parâmetros a serem adotados em testes de atividade específica de bactérias nitrificantes. Os testes de nitrificação foram realizados, utilizando-se, como substrato, efluentes sintético e de uma unidade frigorífica da Sadia, e como inóculo, um lodo coletado de uma estação de tratamento de esgotos da CASAN em Florianópolis,SC. Os testes foram conduzidos em reatores em batelada confeccionados em vidro e posteriormente em garrafas de PET de 2L, onde foram controlados os seguintes fatores: temperatura ...

KSman I Have seen on a few of Your post that once intratesticular testosterone levels reach a higher level an AI is ineffective, as Im a little confused? From my findings an AI should reduce aromatase by large percentage( dose depending ), in other words if 1 mg of arimidex isnt reducing aromatase,raise dosage accordingly to a level to effectively lower aromatase at the cell or blood serum estrogen levels. Please understand that Im not doubting your words or findings, Im trying to find an ...

R. Alvarenga, G Avelar, S. Lacerda, Ap Satie, Dominique Mahé, et al.. Spontaneous in vitro seminiferous tubule formation from human isolated testis cells. V Workshop on Male Reproductive Biology (V WMRB), Dec 2015, Sao Paulo, Brazil. ⟨hal-02435234⟩ ...

Undescended Testes and Retractile Testes - Learn about the causes, symptoms, diagnosis & treatment from the MSD Manuals - Medical Consumer Version.

Cadmium (Cd) is an environmental toxicant and an endocrine disruptor in humans and rodents. Several organs (e.g., kidney, liver) are affected by Cd and recent studies have illustrated that the testis is exceedingly sensitive to Cd toxicity. More important, Cd and other toxicants, such as heavy metals (e.g., lead, mercury) and estrogenic-based compounds (e.g., bisphenols) may account for the recent declining fertility in men among developed countries by reducing sperm count and testis function. In this review, we critically discuss recent data in the field that have demonstrated the Cd-induced toxicity to the testis is probably the result of interactions of a complex network of causes. This is likely to involve the disruption of the blood-testis barrier (BTB) via specific signal transduction pathways and signaling molecules, such as p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). We also summarize current studies on factors that confer and/or regulate the testis sensitivity to Cd, such as Cd ...

Brief answer: Needs immediate surgery. Detailed answer: Hi, welcome to HCM. In your child, there is microphallus and both testis are undescended and are in inguinal region, this will need immediate surgery as undescended testis may lead to complications in future. It can lead to carcinoma. I...

Extensive studies have shown that estrogenic endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) can disrupt testis differentiation and even cause feminization in vertebrates. However, little is known about the mechanisms by which estrogenic EDCs disrupt testis differentiation. Here, we employed Xenopus laevis, a model amphibian species sensitive to estrogenic EDCs, to explore the molecular and cellular events by which 17β-estradiol (E2) disrupts testis differentiation and causes feminization. Following waterborne exposure to E2 from stage 45/46, genetically male X. laevis were confirmed to undergo testis differentiation inhibition and ovary differentiation activation at stages 52 and 53, ultimately displaying gonadal feminization at stage 66. Using a time-course RNA sequencing approach, we then identified thousands of differentially expressed transcripts (DETs) in genetically male gonad-mesonephros complexes at stages 48, 50 and 52 (the window for testis differentiation) between E2 treatment and the ...

0VS94ZZ is a billable procedure code used to indicate the performance of reposition right testis, percutaneous endoscopic approach. Code valid for the year 2021

Structure. The glandular structure of the testis consists of numerous lobules. Their number, in a single testis, is estimated by Berres at 250, and by Krause at 400. They differ in size according to their position, those in the middle of the gland being larger and longer. The lobules (Fig. 91149) are conical in shape, the base being directed toward the circumference of the organ, the apex toward the mediastinum. Each lobule is contained in one of the intervals between the fibrous septa which extend between the mediastinum testis and the tunica albuginea, and consists of from one to three, or more, minute convoluted tubes, the tubuli seminiferi. The tubules may be separately unravelled, by careful dissection under water, and may be seen to commence either by free cecal ends or by anastomotic loops. They are supported by loose connective tissue which contains here and there groups of interstitial cells containing yellow pigment granules. The total number of tubules is estimated by Lauth at 840, ...

Undescended testes is when one or both of the male testes have not passed down into the scrotal sac. This is a condition seen in some newborn baby boys.

Undescended testes is when one or both of the male testes have not passed down into the scrotal sac. This is a condition seen in some newborn baby boys.

The environmental niche of the spermatogonial stem cell pool is critical to ensure the continued generation of the germ cell population. To study the consequences of an aberrant testicular environment in cryptorchidism we used a mouse model with a deletion of Rxfp2 gene resulting in a high intra-abdominal testicular position. Mutant males were infertile with the gross morphology of the cryptorchid testis progressively deteriorating with age. Few spermatogonia were identifiable in 12 month old cryptorchid testes. Gene expression analysis showed no difference between mutant and control testes at postnatal day 10. In three month old males a decrease in expression of spermatogonial stem cell (SSC) markers Id4, Nanos2, and Ret was shown. The direct counting of ID4+ cells supported a significant decrease of SSCs. In contrast, the expression of Plzf, a marker for undifferentiated and differentiating spermatogonia was not reduced, and the number of PLZF+ cells in the cryptorchid testis was higher in three month

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TY - JOUR. T1 - Stem Cell Defects in ATM-Deficient Undifferentiated Spermatogonia through DNA Damage-Induced Cell-Cycle Arrest. AU - Takubo, Keiyo. AU - Ohmura, Masako. AU - Azuma, Masaki. AU - Nagamatsu, Go. AU - Yamada, Wakako. AU - Arai, Fumio. AU - Hirao, Atsushi. AU - Suda, Toshio. PY - 2008/2/7. Y1 - 2008/2/7. N2 - Mammalian spermatogenesis is maintained by stem cell capacity within undifferentiated spermatogonial subpopulation. Here, using a combination of surface markers, we describe a purification method for undifferentiated spermatogonia. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that this population is composed of Plzf-positive cells and exhibits quiescence and the side population phenotype, fulfilling general stem cell criteria. We then applied this method to analyze undifferentiated spermatogonia and stem cell activity of Atm-/- mice. Atm-/- testis shows progressive depletion of undifferentiated spermatogonia accompanied by cell-cycle arrest. In Atm-/- undifferentiated spermatogonia, a ...

Non-visible Testis (Cryptorchidism). External genitals in a toddler with a non-visible testis of the right side. The left testis is visible and palpable in the corresponding scrotum. The right testis is neither visible nor palpable in the scrotum. The diagnosis is cryptorchidism of the right side. First of all, the history and the clinical examination can possibly tell which type of cryptorchidism is present. Because the right scrotum is smaller than the left, the right testis must (if present at all) always lie above the scrotum. Notice the relatively high position of the left testis within the left scrotum. ...

Activin production and signaling must be strictly regulated for normal testis development and function. Inhibins are potent activin inhibitors; mice lacking the inhibin-α gene (Inha-/- mice) cannot make inhibin and consequently have highly elevated activin and FSH serum concentrations and excessive activin signaling, resulting in somatic gonadal tumors and infertility. Dose-dependent effects of activin in testicular biology have been widely reported; hence, we hypothesized that male mice lacking one copy of the Inha gene would produce less inhibin and have an abnormal reproductive phenotype. To test this, we compared hormone concentrations, testis development, and sperm production in Inha+/+ and Inha+/- mice. Serum and testicular inhibin-a concentrations in adult Inha+/- mice were approximately 33% lower than wild type, whereas activin A, activin B, FSH, LH, and T were normal. Sixteen-day-old Inha+/- mice had a mixed phenotype, with tubules containing extensive germ cell depletion juxtaposed to ...

Germ cell development involves formation of the spermatogenic or oogenic lineages from the bipotential primordial germ cells. Signaling mechanisms in the fetal testis and ovary determine whether germ cells enter the male or female developmental pathway, respectively. These signaling processes underpin an important phase of germ cell development, disruption of which can lead to failed germ cell function resulting in infertility or the formation of germ cell tumours. In this study we have developed a small molecule screening protocol combined with flow cytometry to identify signaling pathways that direct male-specific development of germ cells. Here we provide a detailed method for this screening protocol, which we have used to identify signaling pathways important for male germ cell development. This method will be of particular use in screening inhibitors of signaling pathways, endocrine disruptors or other chemicals for their ability to disrupt testis and germ cell development, thereby providing

Development of spermatozoa in adult mammalian testis during spermatogenesis involves extensive cell migration and differentiation. Spermatogonia that reside at the basal compartment of the seminiferous epithelium differentiate into more advanced germ cell types that migrate toward the apical compartment until elongated spermatids are released into the tubule lumen during spermiation. Apical ectoplasmic specialization (ES; a testis-specific anchoring junction) is the only cell junction that anchors and maintains the polarity of elongating/elongated spermatids (step 8-19 spermatids) in the epithelium. Little is known regarding the signaling pathways that trigger the disassembly of the apical ES at spermiation. Here, we show that secreted Frizzled-related protein 1 (sFRP1), a putative tumor suppressor gene that is frequently down-regulated in multiple carcinomas, is a crucial regulatory protein for spermiation. The expression of sFRP1 is tightly regulated in adult rat testis to control spermatid ...

A spermatogonial stem cell (SSC) is a subtype of undifferentiated spermatogonium. During foetal development gonocytes develop from primordial germ cells and following this SSCs develop from gonocytes in the testis. SSCs are the early precursor for spermatozoa and are responsible for the continuation of spermatogenesis in adult mammals. The stem cells are capable of dividing into more SSCs which is vital for maintaining the stem cell pool. Alternatively they go on to differentiate into spermatocytes, spermatids and finally spermatozoa. One SSC is the precursor for multiple spermatozoa and therefore SSCs are much less numerous in the testes than cells undergoing spermatogenesis. In Humans Undifferentiated spermatogonia can be split into 2 groups; A Dark (Ad) and A Pale (Ap) Ad spermatogonia are reserve stem cells. These cells are capable of dividing to produce more SSCs but usually do not. Ap spermatogonia are actively dividing to maintain the stem cell pool. B1-B4 spermatogonia encompass the ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Effects of follicle-stimulating hormone and testosterone on receptors of follicle-stimulating hormone in the testis of the immature Japanese quail. AU - Tsutsui, Kazuyoshi. AU - Ishii, Susumu. PY - 1978. Y1 - 1978. N2 - Binding of radioactive rat follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) to a particulate fraction of testicular homogenate of Japanese quail cockerels increased progressively with age when the cockerels were reared under long-day photoperiods from the day of hatch. The binding per unit weight of tissue (density of binding) showed a rapid increase from Day 23 to 29. It showed a decrease during the period between Days 29 and 36 when active spermatogenesis took place. The binding per testes (total binding) increased during the period from Day 23 to 36, Both density of binding and total binding remained low in cockerels reared under short-day photoperiods. Injections of testosterone to short-day cockerels at 1.0 mg/day for 3 days increased the density of binding 1.3-fold, but ...

A male aged 45 years p/w Swelling in Right Testes since 3 months and recent onset Pain Abdomen and Weight loss.... On examimation, his Right testes was swollen and spermatic cord was thickened... Rest Hepatomegaly was present... *Vitals* BP- 110/70mmHg PR- 88/min

The objective of this study was to describe the histology and histomorphometry of testis and epididymisof muntjac (Muntiacus muntjak muntjak) during hard antler period. The tissues of the testis and epididymisof an adult male muntjac were processed for histological examination and stained with haematoxylineosine(HE). The parenchyma of muntjacs testis during hard antler period showed tubuli seminiferi waslined with germinal epithelium: spermatogonia, spermatocyte, spermatid that differentiated intospermatozoa. Sertoli cells were found among the germinal cells. In addition, Leydig cells were foundaround the blood vessel of interstitial tissue along with macrophages. Diameter of the seminiferous tubuleand epithelial thickness were 176,60±7,06 ?m and 50,27±3,62 ?m respectively. The epididymal duct wassubdivided into three segments: caput, corpus and cauda. They were lined predominantly withpseudostratified columnar epithelium which was varied in its thickness. The largest diameter of ...

Continued From Above... the testes to a tremendous length (perhaps as much as a mile between the two testes) within more than 200 compartments divided by fibrous septa of the tunica albuginea. Stem cells on the exterior of the tubules divide through mitosis then proceed inward and transform on the interior walls of the seminiferous tubules, giving rise to the germinal sperm cells (spermatogonia), which slowly flow through the seminiferous tubes for up to 60 days or more toward the central tubule on the way to the web-like rete testes at the upper back of the testes and then through the efferent ductules to the epididymis for storage on the exterior of the testes. Along the way, the maturing sperm cells receive nutrients and raw materials from the vascular Sertoli cells located in the tubule walls until they become mature primary sperm cells (spermatozoa). Spermatozoa are not entirely complete in their maturation upon leaving the seminiferous tubules, having still to develop the tails that give ...

In contrast to many other genes containing a CpG island, the testis-specific H2B (TH2B) histone gene exhibits tissue-specific methylation patterns in correlation with gene activity. Characterization of the methylation patterns within a 20-kb segment containing the TH2A and TH2B genes in comparison with that in a somatic histone cluster revealed that: (i) the germ cell-specific unmethylated domain of the TH2A and TH2B genes is defined as a small region surrounding the CpG islands of the TH2A and TH2B genes and (ii) somatic histone genes are unmethylated in both liver and germ cells, like other genes containing CpG islands, whereas flanking sequences are methylated. Transfection of in vitro-methylated TH2B, somatic H2B, and mouse metallothionein I constructs into F9 embryonal carcinoma cells revealed that the CpG islands of the TH2A and TH2B genes were demethylated like those of the somatic H2A and H2B genes and the metallothionein I gene. The demethylation of those CpG islands became ...

Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a nephrotoxin and carcinogen that is associated with Balkan endemic nephropathy and urinary tract tumors. OTA crosses the placenta and causes adducts in the liver and kidney DNA of newborns. Because the testis and kidney develop from the same embryonic tissue, we reasoned that OTA also may cause adducts transplacentally in the testis. We tested the hypothesis that acute exposure to OTA, via food and via exposure in utero, causes adducts in testicular DNA and that these lesions are identical to those that can be produced in the kidney and testis by the consumption of OTA. Adult mice received a single dose of OTA (from 0-1,056 µg/kg) by gavage. Pregnant mice received a single i.p. injection of OTA (2.5 mg/kg) at gestation day 17. DNA adducts were determined by 32P-postlabeling. Gavage-fed animals sacrificed after 48 hours accumulated OTA in kidney and testis and showed DNA adducts in kidney and testis. Some OTA metabolites isolated from the tissues were similar in both organs

Spermatogenesis, which is the complex and highly regulated process of producing haploid spermatozoa, involves testis-specific transcripts. Recent studies have discovered that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are novel regulatory molecules that play important roles in various biological processes. However, there has been no report on the comprehensive identification of testis-specific lncRNAs in mice. We performed microarray analysis of transcripts from mouse brain, heart, kidney, liver and testis. We found that testis harbored the highest proportion of tissue-specific lncRNAs (11%; 1607 of 14,256). Testis also harbored the largest number of tissue-specific mRNAs among the examined tissues, but the proportion was lower than that of lncRNAs (7%; 1090 of 16,587). We categorized the testis-specific lncRNAs and found that a large portion corresponded to long intergenic ncRNAs (lincRNAs). Genomic analysis identified 250 protein-coding genes located near (≤ 10 kb) 194 of the loci encoding testis-specific

This study examined the effect of GnRH-antagonist (GnRH-A)-induced gonadotrophin withdrawal on numbers of germ cells in adult cynomolgus monkeys and aimed to identify the site of the earliest spermatogenic lesion(s) produced. Animals received either GnRH-A (Cetrorelix; 450 μg kg−1 day−1 s.c.; n = 5) or vehicle (control, n = 4) for 25 days. One testis was removed on day 16 and the other testis on day 25. The optical disector stereological method was used to estimate germ and Sertoli cell numbers per testis. After GnRH-A treatment for 16 days, the number of type A spermatogonia was unchanged; however, type B spermatogonia (15% of control), preleptotene + leptotene + zygotene (15% control) and pachytene (55% control) spermatocytes were all reduced (P ,0.05). By day 25, these cells were further reduced together with step 1-6 spermatids (38% control; P , 0.05). More mature germ cells were unaffected. The proportion of type A pale spermatogonia at stages VII-XII was reduced (P ,0.05) in ...

D-Aspartic acid (D-Asp) and nitric oxide (NO) are two biologically active molecules playing important functions as neurotransmitters and neuromodulators of nerve impulse and as regulators of hormone production by endocrine organs. We studied the occurrence of D-Asp and NO as well as their effects on testosterone synthesis in the testis of boar. This model was chosen for our investigations because it contains more Leydig cells than other mammals. Indirect immunofluorescence applied to cryostat sections was used to evaluate the co-localization of D-Asp and of the enzyme nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in the same Leydig cells. D-Asp and NOS often co-existed in the same Leydig cells and were found, separately, in many other testicular cytotypes. D-Asp level was dosed by an enzymatic method performed on boar testis extracts and was 40+/-3.6 nmol/g of fresh tissue. NO measurement was carried out using a biochemical method by NOS activity determination and expressed as quantity of nitrites produced: it ...

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The synthesis of androgen-binding protein by cultured Sertoli cells is increased by insulin, retinol, follitropin and testosterone. Only follitropin will stimulate an increase in cyclic AMP in these cells, yet each agent individually increased the synthesis of androgen-binding protein in short-term cultures. For long-term culture of Sertoli cells follitropin, testosterone, insulin, and retinol appeared to act synergistically to prolong the ability of the cells to secrete androgen-binding protein. These are the first reported results which suggest an action of insulin and retinol directly on Sertoli cells even though the importance of both factors in male reproduction is known.. ...

Failure of the testis to reach the scrotum by birth affects more than 5% of newborn boys. Premature infants may be born before testicular descent has been completed (about 35 weeks gestation) or descent may be slightly delayed until just after birth. If one or both of the testes have not reached the scrotum by three months after normal gestation, the boy can be diagnosed with congenital undescended testis and will need treatment.. Picture credit: © HartPhotography/Dollar Photo Club. Model used for illustrative purposes only.. ...

Objective: To evaluate the effect of the levels of IGF-Ⅰin the epididymis and the expression of IGF-Ⅰ in the testis of adult male rat after the administration of cyclophosphamide.Methods: Ninety-six male adult rats(8 weeks age)were divided into 6 groups.The doses given to the rats of the groups 1 to 5 were 10,20,40,80 and 100 mg/(kg·d),respectively.The remaining group was served as control.All those rats were sacrificed and IGF-I were quantitatively determined by ELISA techniques 2 and 4 weeks after the administration of the drug(by gastric fudge).Immunohistochemical SP technique was used to examine expression of IGF-I in rat testis. Results: The levels of cell factors(IGF-I)in the epididymis of the rats were gradually reduced with the increasing time and dose after administration of the drug.In the mean time the expression of IGF-I in the tissues of the testis of those rats were also gradually reduced.Conclusion: In the time of oligozoospermia/azoospermia induced by the administration of

We examined in detail the differentiation of Sertoli, fetal Leydig and germ cells in XX transgenic fetal gonads at 14.5 dpc. We first performed immunofluorescence for AMH, a marker of Sertoli cell differentiation and a direct transcriptional target of SOX9 (De Santa Barbara et al., 1998), and for HSD3β, a steroidogenic enzyme expressed by fetal Leydig cells. The presence of cells expressing AMH or HSD3β confirmed that both Sertoli and fetal Leydig cells had formed in the sex-reversed XX Dmrt1 transgenic testes, as in wild-type XY testes but not XX ovaries (Fig. 2A-D). These results were confirmed by qRT-PCR (Fig. 2I,O).. We next assayed the expression of additional Sertoli and fetal Leydig cell marker genes using qRT-PCR. Genes involved in the differentiation of Sertoli (Sox8, Sox10, Ptgds and Dhh) and fetal Leydig (Star, Cyp11a1, Insl3 and Cyp17a1) cells were consistently upregulated in XX transgenic testes, as compared with wild-type ovaries (Fig. 2J-N,P; supplementary material Fig. S2A,B). ...

Apoptosis and the subsequent clearance of dying cells occurs throughout development and adult life in many tissues. Failure to promptly clear apoptotic cells has been linked to many diseases. ELMO1 is an evolutionarily conserved cytoplasmic engulfment protein that functions downstream of the phosphatidylserine receptor BAI1, and, along with DOCK1 and the GTPase RAC1, promotes internalization of the dying cells. Here we report the generation of ELMO1-deficient mice, which we found to be unexpectedly viable and grossly normal. However, they had a striking testicular pathology, with disrupted seminiferous epithelium, multinucleated giant cells, uncleared apoptotic germ cells and decreased sperm output. Subsequent in vitro and in vivo analyses revealed a crucial role for ELMO1 in the phagocytic clearance of apoptotic germ cells by Sertoli cells lining the seminiferous epithelium. The engulfment receptor BAI1 and RAC1 (upstream and downstream of ELMO1, respectively) were also important for Sertoli-cell

Synonyms for ectopia testis in Free Thesaurus. Antonyms for ectopia testis. 3 words related to ectopia: posture, attitude, position. What are synonyms for ectopia testis?

PDE8B, a cAMP-specific PDE, is highly expressed in testis.Genetic aberrations in cAMP-signaling predispose to endocrine tumors and fertility. Testes isolated from wild-type(WT) and Pde8b-/-(knock-out(KO)) mice at 6,9, and 12months(n=3-8/group).Pde8b-/- testis revealed regressive changes in seminiferous tubules(ST),containing increased atrophied tubules, 12 months (WT:0±0.001%vs.KO:11±0.012%),ST diameter significantly decreased(WT: 209.3±6.65um vs. KO: 169.6±4.22um). Atrophied tubules resembled Sertoli-cell only(SCO) syndrome. Sox9-immunostaining: significantly higher numbers of Sertoli cells(SC) in Pde8b-/-testes(KO:27.68±0.15vs.WT:19.20±0.05_Sox9+cells/tubule);SC in Pde8b-/- testes are maintained in immature state.Since spermatogonial differentiation/accumulation of spermatogonia in ST has been shown to induce germ cell death, hypothesized that germ-cell loss resulted from increased apoptosis due to accumulation of spermatogonia undergoing defective spermatogenesis.TUNEL to assess cell ...

The presence of the HGF/Met system in the testicular myoid cells was first discovered by our group. However, the physiological role of this pathway remains poorly understood. We previously reported that HGF increases uPA secretion and TGF-β activation in cultured tubular fragments and that HGF is maximally expressed at Stages VII-VIII of the seminiferous epithelium cycle, when myoid cell contraction occurs. It is well known that the HGF/Met pathway is involved in cytoskeletal remodeling; moreover, the interaction of uPA with its receptor, uPAR, as well as the activation of TGF-β have been reported to be related to the actin cytoskeleton contractility of smooth muscle cells. Herein, we report that HGF induces actin cytoskeleton remodeling in vitro in isolated myoid cells and myoid cell contraction in cultured seminiferous tubules. To better understand these phenomena, we evaluated: (1) the regulation of the uPA machinery in isolated myoid cells after HGF administration; and (2) the effect of uPA or

Aim: The role of alkaline phosphatase in cell metabolism and regulation is essential and cuts across cell proliferation, division, cell death, membrane transport and DNA cleavage. This study addresses the role and importance of alkaline phosphates (ALP) and Placenta Alkaline phosphatase (PLAP) in the cells of germinal epithelium of male Rat testes following induced lead (Pb) toxicity and rejuvenation by Selenium (Se) and Zinc (Zn) treatment. Method: Adult Sprague-Dawley Rats (males) were divided into 4 groups of 15 animals each and were treated as thus; Group 1: Normal saline and serves as the control, Group 2: 100 mg/Kg BW of Pb only, Group 3: 100 mg/Kg BW of Pb and 2.25 mg/Kg each of Se and Zn and group 4 received 2.25 mg.Kg each of Se and Zn only. The duration of treatment was 56 days following which the animals were sacrificed by the 57th day and testes fixed in Bouins fluid. Result: Pb induced toxicity could be apoptotic involving ROS activation of NO-dependent apoptotic pathway or ...

Seasonal variations in the morphometric analysis of the testis, variations in testosterone production, and occurrence of pathological spermatozoa in the brown hare ( Lepus europaeus ) were studied. In evaluating the relative volume of germinal epithelium, interstitium and lumen in hare testis we...

Objective: The glucose-reducing effects of troxerutin was previously proven. This study was conducted to evaluate troxerutin effect on testicular structure and spermatozoid parameters in type-1 diabetic adult male rats. Materials and Methods: Fifty male Wistar rats were randomly classified into 5 groups as follows: control (C), troxerutin (T), diabetic (DM), troxerutin-treated DM (DT) and insulin-treated DM (DI). Testicular structure, apoptosis, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant activity, and spermatozoid parameters were assessed 4 weeks after initiation of the interventions. Results: The results revealed that diabetes caused testicular stereological changes and significantly increased blood glucose level, testicular MDA content and apoptosis but decreased insulin level, testicular GPX activity, and sperm parameters compared to controls (p Conclusion: Taken together, troxerutin, comparable to insulin, effectively improved DM-induced testicular dysfunction and sperm parameters in diabetic rats and these

Presentation Authors: Russell Hayden*, Anna Mielnik, Peter Schlegel, Darius Paduch, New York, NY. Introduction: Chromatin-modifying complexes (CPCs) play a critical role in epigenetic gene regulation and are thought to implement global genetic programs. Several long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been found to interact with CPCs to help guide these complexes to appropriate gene targets, the most notable examples being Xist and HOTAIR. In this study, we attempted to identify CPC associated lncRNAs that were differentially expressed among men with Sertoli Cell Only Syndrome (SCO) and men with normal spermatogenesis.. Methods: Testis biopsies were obtained during testicular sperm extraction for infertility. RNA-seq was performed on testis biopsies from 11 men with SCO and 10 with normal spermatogenesis using the Illumina HiSeq2000 platform. Reads were mapped using the STAR Aligner v2.5 against human genome hg38. Raw counts were normalized with Limma v3.6. Differentially expressed lncRNAs were then ...

View details of top undescended testis hospitals in Delhi NCR. Get guidance from medical experts to select best undescended testis hospital in Delhi NCR

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to determine the accuracy of ultrasonography for the diagnosis of testis rupture after scrotal trauma and its sensitivity and specificity for testis rupture, tunica albuginea breach, testicular hematoma, testis avulsion, epididymis injuries, and hematocele. METHODS: Between 1996 and 2006, 33 patients underwent surgical exploration for blunt scrotal trauma. All these patients had an emergency scrotal ultrasonography with the use of a 7.5 or 10 MHz linear transducer. Ultrasonographic findings were compared with surgical findings to calculate sensitivity and specificity of ultrasonography for each type of lesion. RESULTS: Of 33 patients, 16 presented a testis rupture. Testis rupture was in all cases suspected ultrasonographically by the loss of contour of the testis and heterogeneous parenchyma. Tunica albuginea breach was visualized in only 8 patients. Sensitivity and specificity of ultrasound for testis rupture were 100% and 65%, respectively. Moreover,

TY - JOUR. T1 - Immunoregulatory activity in adult rat testicular interstitial fluid: relationship with intratesticular CD8+ lymphocytes following treatment with ethane dimethane sulfonate and testosterone implants. AU - Hedger, Mark. AU - Wang, Jian. AU - Lan, Hui Y. AU - Atkins, Robert C. AU - Wreford, Nigel G. PY - 1998. Y1 - 1998. M3 - Article. SP - 935. EP - 942. JO - Biology of Reproduction. JF - Biology of Reproduction. SN - 0006-3363. ER - ...

In 2015, it is estimated that 8400 U.S. men were diagnosed with testis cancer and 380 men died from testis cancer. Testis cancer is most commonly...

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The title of my Ph.D. thesis was Bioinformatic Analysis of Gene Families in Mouse and Human Spermatogenesis. Initially we determined gene expression profiles during the development of spermatogenesis in newborn mice. I wrote a data integration system to incorporate data from differnt sources including Differential Display, DNA array, and in situ hybridization data. We were able to show that the first wave of spermatogenesis was constituted of three major clusters of expression originating from Sertoli cells, Pachytene germ cells, and spermatids - and that all genes expressed could be associated to one or more of these clusters. This made it possible to determine the germ cell composition of the growing testis from total RNA and work is still ongoing to utilize this to located disrupted germ cell populations that may be caused by hormone like agents such as phthalates, parabenes, and pesticides - leading to impaired testicular function ...

Although the cause of testicular cancer is unknown, both congenital and acquired factors have been associated with tumor development. The strongest association has been with the cryptorchid testis. Approximately 7-10% of testicular tumors develop in patients who have a history of cryptorchidism; seminoma is the most common form of tumor these patients have. However, 5-10% of testicular tumors occur in the contralateral, normally descended testis. The relative risk of malignancy is highest for the intra-abdominal testis (1 in 20) and is significantly lower for the inguinal testis (1 in 80). Placement of the cryptorchid testis into the scrotum (orchiopexy) lowers the risk of malignancy if it is performed prior to the age of 13 (Pettersson et al, 2007). ...

Supplement In the early stages of spermatogenesis, the undifferentiated male germ cells (spermatogonia) divide mitotically and give rise to new spermatogonia. Some of the spermatogonia carry on the next stages to become spermatocytes, which in turn differentiate into mature sperm cells. In humans, the spermatogonia are found in the basal compartment of seminiferous tubules of the male reproductive system. ...

We previously demonstrated polymorphism of a mouse salivary protein which, because of its ability to bind androgen, we designated androgen binding protein (ABP) and its structural gene, Androgen bindi

TY - JOUR. T1 - Mutation frequency and type during ageing in mouse seminiferous tubules. AU - Martin, Sandra L.. AU - Hopkins, Craig L.. AU - Naumer, Anne. AU - Dollé, Martijn E T. AU - Vijg, Jan. PY - 2001. Y1 - 2001. N2 - Mutations arise in the germline by errors of replication, recombination and repair, and the movement of transposable elements. Transgenic mice bearing reporter genes such as lacZ have proven useful for measurements of spontaneous and induced mutation frequencies, as well as studies of the effects of ageing. In this study, testicular DNA from lacZ transgenic mice was examined for age-related effects on mutation frequency and type. The recovered transgene was tested for simple substitutions and rearrangements including transposition of endogenous mobile elements. There was no evidence for either an age-related accumulation of mutations, or for the insertion of retrotransposons into the lacZ reporter gene in the testis. We conclude that the frequency of retrotransposition of ...

In a 2-year carcinogenicity study in rats, an evaluation was made of the male reproductive system. Only control and high dose animals were evaluated at 12 months, and no significant differences were noted at this time point. Effects were noted in the testes, epididymis and seminal vesicles in all animals at 24 months, with a trend for higher incidence in the treated groups. An increase in interstitial cell tumours of the testes in the mid and high dose males at the 12 and 24 months was observed in this study. Therefore, it is possible that the effects observed on the testes may be secondary to an effect of the Leydig cell tumours. It should also be considered that the effects noted in the male reproductive system are only observed in animals at 24 months and, therefore, may be secondary to the natural ageing process of rats rather than a specific effect on the male reproductive system. In addition to these points, as indicated above, no effect on the male reproductive system and no effects on ...

Serious testicular injuries are relatively uncommon, but testicular injury can be painful. Read this to find out what steps you can take to protect yourself from injury.

Serious testicular injuries are relatively uncommon, but testicular injury can be painful. Read this to find out what steps you can take to protect yourself from injury.

Dr. Turner: This is like asking which child you love the most! I will give a general response highlighting three areas in no particular order: 1) a line of research on the epididymis showing directly that maintenance of the intraluminal microenvironment requires non-androgen testicular products, e.g. ABP and, further, that local factors within the epididymis also are important for the regulation of gene expression and epithelial function, much of which occurs in an intraregional, segmental fashion; 2) a line of research in dog and rat models showing that, contrary to popular teaching, the effects of varicocele are not due to reduced testicular blood flow and not due to reflux down the spermatic vein, but instead are caused by increased testicular blood flow, increased intratesticular temperature and reduced intratesticular androgen concentrations; 3) a line of research showing that the permanent loss of spermatogenesis induced by testicular torsion is really an ischemia/reperfusion injury ...

BackgroundInfertility affects ∼20% of couples in Europe and in 50% of cases the problem lies with the male partner. The impact of damaged DNA originating in the male germ line on infertility is poorly understood but may increase miscarriage. Mouse models allow us to investigate how deficiencies in DNA repair/damage response pathways impact on formation and function of male germ cells. We have investigated mice with deletions of ERCC1 (excision repair cross-complementing gene 1), MSH2 (MutS homolog 2, involved in mismatch repair pathway), and p53 (tumour suppressor gene implicated in elimination of germ cells with DNA damage).Principal FindingsWe demonstrate for the first time that depletion of ERCC1 or p53 from germ cells results in an increased incidence of unrepaired DNA breaks in pachytene spermatocytes and increased numbers of caspase-3 positive (apoptotic) germ cells. Sertoli cell-only tubules were detected in testes from mice lacking expression of ERCC1 or MSH2 but not p53. The number of sperm

There was a slight increase in endocrine disturbance in the group receiving two testis transplants. This was due to the fact that the chances for a well-developed graft were doubled by the increase in the number of testes transplanted. In this experiment some of the grafts were attached to the intestine. These were the largest and healthiest observed in the entire investigation (fig. 19), yet none of. them had any apparent effect upon the endocrine system. The grafts resemble the typical cryptorchid testis of the rat; spermatogenesis proceeds to the spermatocyte stage, at which time the spermatocytes move to the lumen of the seminiferous tubules where they degenerate. This degeneration takes place here earlier than in. the grafts in the neck (figs. 18 and 20), probably because of the higher temperature. There is considerably more space between the seminiferous tubules than in grafts in the neck region (compare figs. 18 and 19), but there is not much difierence in the actual amount of ...

We found that Tas1r3 and Gnat3 are expressed in haploid spermatids in testis. We also detected mRNAs for Tas1r3 and Tas1r2 in mature spermatozoa stored in the epididymis. These data are in agreement with previous reports showing GNAT3, TAS1R1, TAS1R2, and TAS1R3 in testis and in sperm (27⇓⇓-30). It is noteworthy that TAS2R receptors that respond to bitter compounds in taste cells also are expressed in these postmeiotic cells (47, 48). It thus appears that many signaling molecules originally identified in taste cells are expressed also in male reproductive organs, where their function is currently unknown.. We found that the combined absence of Tas1r3 and Gnat3 genes results in male transmission ratio distortion, where the double-null haplotype is not transmitted to progeny from males, although the same haplotype is freely transmitted from females. Although this phenomenon can be due to the absence or functional impairment of sperm of a particular haplotype, our data indicate that TAS1R3 and ...

Background: Testicular torsion is a medical emergency with catastrophic sequelae that deserves the same treatment considerations and concerted efforts in research as...