INTERSPECIFIC MUTUALISTIC RELATIONSHIPS. Reciprocally beneficial interactions. Photo of clownfish & anemone from Wikipedia Photo of fig & fig wasps from http://www.zoology.ubc.ca. Mutualisms. Benefits that accrue to one or both mutualists: Cleaning Defense against enemies Slideshow 5720624 by imelda

MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS by DAVIS, GORDON B Publication: NEW YORK MC GRAW HILL 1974 . IX,482 Date: 1974 Availability: Items available: Symbiosis International University Central Library (1), Symbiosis International University Central Library (1), Symbiosis International University Central Library (1), Symbiosis International University Central Library (1), Symbiosis International University Central Library (1), Symbiosis International University Central Library (1), Symbiosis International University Central Library (1), Symbiosis International University Central Library (1), Symbiosis International University Central Library (1), Withdrawn (1), ...

Nodule primordia induced by rhizobial glycan mutants often remain uninfected. To identify processes involved in infection and organogenesis we used forward genetics to identify plant genes involved in perception and responses to bacterial glycans. To dissect the mechanisms underlying the negative plant responses to the Mesorhizobium loti R7AexoU and ML001cep mutants, a screen for genetic suppressors of the nodulation phenotypes was performed on a chemically mutagenized Lotus population. Two mutant lines formed infected nitrogen-fixing pink nodules, while five mutant lines developed uninfected large white nodules, presumably altered in processes controlling organogenesis. Genetic mapping identified a mutation in the cytokinin receptor Lhk1 resulting in an alanine to valine substitution adjacent to a coiled-coil motif in the juxta-membrane region of LHK1. This results in a spontaneous nodulation phenotype and increased ethylene production. The allele was renamed snf5, and segregation studies of ...

Host-symbiont cospeciation and reductive genome evolution have already been discovered in obligate endocellular insect symbionts, but simply no such example continues to be discovered from extracellular types. obligate endocellular insect symbionts. These results suggest that not really the endocellular circumstances themselves however the inhabitants genetic qualities of the vertically transmitted symbionts are most likely in charge of the peculiar hereditary traits of the insect symbionts. We suggested the designation Ishikawaella capsulata for the plataspid symbionts. The plataspid stinkbugs, wherein the host-symbiont organizations could be manipulated quickly, give a novel system that allows experimental methods to untouched areas of the insect-microbe mutualism previously. Furthermore, comparative analyses from the sister groupings, the endocellular as well as the extracellular would result in insights into the way the different symbiotic life-style have got affected their genomic ...

TY - CHAP. T1 - Scholarship and practice in industrial symbiosis. T2 - 1989-2014. AU - Chertow, Marian. AU - Park, Joo Young. PY - 2015/1/1. Y1 - 2015/1/1. N2 - Industrial symbiosis, a subfield of industrial ecology, engages traditionally separate industries and entities in a collaborative approach to resource sharing that benefits both the environment and the economy. This chapter examines the period 1989-2014 to take stock of industrial symbiosis. First, we look at the earliest days to discuss what inspired industrial symbiosis both in the scholarly literature and in practice. Next, we draw attention to certain dilemmas and sharpen the distinctions between industrial symbiosis and some related concepts such as eco-industrial parks and environmentally balanced industrial complexes. With regard to dissemination of industrial symbiosis ideas, we found that at the country level, China has now received the most attention in industrial symbiosis academic research and this continues to grow ...

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But the story can get more complicated. Imagine a symbiosis with four co-evolving partners: three of them are engaged in a mutualistic relationship, while the fourth one is a parasite. Thats the beautiful case of fungus-growing ants. In their underground nests, the ants grow a mushroom-like fungus by feeding it with plant materials or other organic matter. In turn, the fungus serves as food for the ants (yes, this is agriculture!). But every garden has its pests, and the ants farm is home for the Escovopsis mold. Escovopsis is a specialized pest, found only on the crop of farming ants. To battle the parasite, the ants combine special behaviors and microbial symbionts. These insects carry a bunch of antibiotic-producing actinomycetes in elaborate cuticular crypts, supported by unique exocrine glands. The symbiotic bacteria produce substances that specifically inhibit Escovopsis growth. Although initially identified as Streptomyces, the actinomycete symbionts appear to belong to the ...

Symbiosis (pl. symbioses) means living together. It describes close and long-term relationships between different species. The term was used by Albert Bernhard Frank to describe the mutualistic relationship in lichens. and by Anton de Bary in 1879, as the living together of unlike organisms.. A symbiont is an organism living in a relationship with another species in which one or both get benefits. When one species lives inside another species, or a microscopic symbiont lives inside the cells of a host, it is called an endosymbiont.. The relevance of symbiosis is its frequency and its evolutionary significance. There appear to be no higher plants or animals without symbionts. Those symbionts are of great importance to the larger organisms, who in most cases would be unable to live as they do without their symbionts. Mycorrhiza in higher plants, and gut flora in insects and vertebrates are examples. Humans are no exception.. Furthermore, most of these associations are between organisms not just ...

The Symbiosis Entrance Test is commonly known as SET. SET is the first step for the admission in Symbiosis Bachelor level in Law, Symbiosis Bachelor level in IT & Computer Applications, Symbiosis Bachelor level in Management, Symbiosis Bachelor degree in plan and Symbiosis bachelor degree in Science and Medical Technology.. Date ...

Although several species have been found that are thought to have moved from being mutual partners to free-living, the reduction in genome size and host dependency means that once a relationship with the host is established, it tends to remain (occasionally breaking down into parasitism). In fact, once becoming so established that the host carried part (or all) of the bacterial genome, mutualist relationships can often evolve into organellar relationships, where the bacteria become part of the surrounding host cell, and is unable to survive on its own. Established mutualistic bacteria often lose the mobile elements that helped them establish in the first place, and the genome begins to break down as unnecessary genes are slowly lost. ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - An AT mutational bias in the tiny GC-rich endosymbiont genome of Hodgkinia. AU - Van Leuven, James T.. AU - McCutcheon, John P.. PY - 2012/1/1. Y1 - 2012/1/1. N2 - The fractional guanine p cytosine (GC) contents of sequenced bacterial genomes range from 13% to 75%. Despite several decades of research aimed at understanding this wide variation, the forces controlling GC content are not well understood. Recent work has suggested that a universal adenine + thymine (AT) mutational bias exists in all bacteria and that the elevated GC contents found in some bacterial genomes is due to genome-wide selection for increased GC content. These results are generally consistent with the low GC contents observed in most strict endosymbiotic bacterial genomes, where the loss of DNA repair mechanisms combined with the population genetic effects of small effective population sizes and decreased recombination should lower the efficacy of selection and shift the equilibrium GC content in the ...

To address questions about how a healthy symbiosis is established and regulated and how environmental perturbations result in a breakdown of the symbiosis, I am examining the problem at two levels: the organismal level and the molecular level. At the organismal level, I am examining the onset of symbiosis in host species who are initially nonsymbiotic to determine when and how these hosts acquire their first complement of symbionts from the environment. At different stages of development, larvae are introduced to zooxanthellae from different sources and rates of infection are determined. At the molecular level, I am examining the role of p30, a protein unique to the symbiotic condition and thought to be involved in cell-cell signaling between symbiont and host. Using RNA in situ hybridization techniques, I will determine when, and in which cells, the p30 gene begins to be expressed after the onset of symbiosis in larvae. Using immunocytochemical techniques, I will determine the location of p30 ...

An S. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary (such as the symbiosis biol.2a-rev lab manual site bncollege.com title, abstract, and list of authors), clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the full-text. In particular, mutations in any of the symbiosis biol.2a-rev lab manual site bncollege.com vir genes as well as in two genes flanking virD4, msi and symbiosis biol.2a-rev lab manual site bncollege.com msi, allowed strain R7A to nodulate L.A recent study of Bu. Mar 16, · 2 National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, symbiosis biol.2a-rev lab manual site bncollege.com Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; 3 Collaborative Innovation Center of Crop Stress Biology, Institute of Plant Stress Biology, Henan symbiosis biol.2a-rev lab manual site bncollege.com University, Kaifeng, China.Cited by: The aphid, Schizaphis graminum, contains a prokaryotic, obligately ...

Symbiosis is a new development project for the transformation and requalification of a historical industrial area at the very heart of Milan through the construction of a new Business district, with a surface of 125.000 square meters of GLA, structures with high technological profile and maximum sustainability. Taking place on an enormous site, different components of Symbiosis will be launched gradually to keep pace with the market. The 1st phase of the program, 19,000 m² pre-let to Fastweb, has been launched in 2015 for a delivery planned in 2018. Located across from the Fondazione Prada, close to Bocconi University and Parco Sud in a booming district, the Symbiosis projects aim is to become a showcase for high-performance office concepts. Ideally, in tune with innovative companies looking for green buildings, Symbiosis offers flexible spaces to foster smart working and co-working.. Symbiosis is intended to be an innovative model of a building, combining productivity and well-being while ...

Symbiosis: Mutualism, Commensalism, and Parasitism, Symbiosis, Symbiosis In The Sea | JONATHAN BIRDS BLUE WORLD, 10 Incredible Organisms Working Together In Nature, Petran - Symbiosis, Symbiotic Relationships-Definition and Examples-Mutualism,Commensalism,Parasitism

Doctoral thesis (2016). For decades, the mutualistic relationship that ant and aphids may present has fascinated entomologists, as evidenced by the abundant literature on the subject. The principles of this interaction are ... [more ▼]. For decades, the mutualistic relationship that ant and aphids may present has fascinated entomologists, as evidenced by the abundant literature on the subject. The principles of this interaction are simple: as long as their colony remains, aphids provide ants with a stable and abundant source of sugars, honeydew. In exchange, ants tend aphid colonies and provide them cleaning and protection against various natural enemies. Nevertheless, some aspects of this relationship remain misunderstood. This is for example the case of the factors influencing the search and the discovery of a potential partner, first step to any potential mutualistic interaction. The role held by volatile chemical cues, called semiochemicals, in this relationship is also misunderstood. The ...

Symbiosis is an intimate association between two different organisms. In fact, most animals and plants live symbiotically with microorganisms. The larger organism is called the host and smaller organism or organisms the symbionts. Examples include bacterial colonization of the skin and digestive tract of animals and the roots of plants. For the microorganism, the benefits of the association can be a stable protective environment provided by the host. The bacteria may also obtain nutrients from the host. On the other hand, the symbionts can protect the host by making it more difficult for colonization by pathogenic bacteria. Some symbionts supply the host with nutrients that the host cannot synthesize themself nor obtain from their food.. The original definition of symbiosis by deBary (1879) did not include a judgment on whether the partners benefit or harm each other. Currently, most people use the term symbiosis to describe interactions between the symbiont and the host from which both ...

Figure 5.6 (Color figure follows p. 238.) Light and electron microscopy of the midgut sections of Megacopta punctatissima. (A) Thin crypt-bearing midgut section (TCM) . (B) Crypts of TCM, where numerous symbiont cells (asterisks) and thin epithelium are seen . (C) Swollen crypt-bearing midgut section (SCM) . (D) Crypt of SCM, where the matrix is secreted . In the main tract of the midgut, a number of symbiont cells (asterisks) are embedded in the matrix . (E) Brownish enlarged midgut end section (BEM) . (F) Crypts of BEM, whose cavity is filled with filament-like materials of the capsule envelope . Abbreviations: EP, epithelium; FM, filament-like material; GC, gut content . Bars show 50 ¡um in (A), (C), and (E), and 2 ¡urn in (B), (D), and (F) . (From Hosokawa, T., Kikuchi, Y., Meng, X .Y., and Fukatsu T. [2005] . FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 54: 471-477. With permission .). Figure 5.6 (Color figure follows p. 238.) Light and electron microscopy of the midgut sections of Megacopta punctatissima. (A) ...

Insofar as plants essentially trade carbohydrates [carbon compounds -- aka sugars -- generated from photosynthesis] for nutrients from animals or microbes in nitrogen fixation and ant-fed myrmecophily [ant-plant mutually beneficial relationships], the question naturally arises as to whether the same cost-benefit considerations and expected pattern of distribution apply to species with these associations as to carnivorous plants. With regard to nitrogen fixation, the answer is probably a qualified yes. Sunny, moist, nitrogen-poor conditions are most likely to favor nitrogen-fixing symbioses, as they do carnivores. However, the conditions favoring these two groups should differ in three important respects. First, because highly anaerobic [oxygen-deprived, as in bogs] conditions in the soil are inimical to nitrogen fixation in root nodules (Pate, 1986), nitrogen-fixing symbioses are more likely to occur in well-drained or seasonally arid sites than carnivores. Second, legumes and other ...

Insofar as plants essentially trade carbohydrates [carbon compounds -- aka sugars -- generated from photosynthesis] for nutrients from animals or microbes in nitrogen fixation and ant-fed myrmecophily [ant-plant mutually beneficial relationships], the question naturally arises as to whether the same cost-benefit considerations and expected pattern of distribution apply to species with these associations as to carnivorous plants. With regard to nitrogen fixation, the answer is probably a qualified yes. Sunny, moist, nitrogen-poor conditions are most likely to favor nitrogen-fixing symbioses, as they do carnivores. However, the conditions favoring these two groups should differ in three important respects. First, because highly anaerobic [oxygen-deprived, as in bogs] conditions in the soil are inimical to nitrogen fixation in root nodules (Pate, 1986), nitrogen-fixing symbioses are more likely to occur in well-drained or seasonally arid sites than carnivores. Second, legumes and other ...

Stirling-based Symbiosis Pharmaceutical Services has secured £1million of finance from Allied Irish Bank (GB) to support its 2020 growth strategy.. Symbiosis provides niche, sterile manufacturing services to global biotechnology and pharmaceutical company clients that are developing novel drug therapies and vaccines for use in clinical trials or the commercial market.. Symbiosiss facility at Stirling Innovation Park was purpose built in 2011 to manufacture deliberately small batches of clinical trial injectable drug products.. Since then, the company has grown significantly and has positioned itself to supply commercial pharmaceutical products and specialise in emerging medicinal technologies like Advanced Therapeutic Medicinal Products (ATMPs).. Allied Irish Bank (GB) will provide £1million of debt funding to enable physical, operational and commercial development of the business, including enhanced manufacturing output, improved business process efficiency and a strengthened IT ...

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The origin of energy-conserving organelles, the mitochondria of all aerobic eukaryotes and the plastids of plants and algae, is commonly thought to be the result of endosymbiosis, where a primitive eukaryote engulfed a respiring α-proteobacterium or a phototrophic cyanobacterium, respectively. While present-day heterotrophic protists can serve as a model for the host in plastid endosymbiosis, the situation is more difficult with regard to (the preceding) mitochondrial origin: Two chapters describe these processes and theories and inherent controversies. However, the emphasis is placed on the evolution of phototrophic eukaryotes: Here, intermediate stages can be studied and the enormous diversity of algal species can be explained by multiple secondary and tertiary (eukaryote-eukaryote) endosymbioses superimposed to the single primary endosymbiotic event. Steps crucial for the establishment of a stable, mutualistic relationship between host and endosymbiont, as metabolic symbiosis, recruitment of ...

Traditionally, virology has been focused in studying the pathogenic effect of viruses. In the recent years, however, this perception is changing and viruses are being studied as mutualistic

In all of the four species, the adult emergence rate without symbiont capsules was drastically reduced in comparison to that with symbiont capsules . In M.

Copper effect on photosynthetic performance, symbiotic efficiency and biosorption of rhizobia associated with Horse gram [Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc.]

Warinner commented that the meaning of the term pathogenic in the context of the oral microbiome has evolved as well. With respect to the microbiome as a whole, the word dysbiosis is more commonly applied, she said. Microbiomes are thought to generally evolve in mutualistic symbiosis with their hosts, but drastic shifts in behaviour or diet can cause microbial imbalances and initiate a state of dysbiosis, or dys‐symbiosis. This is generally described as a state of microbial imbalance in which the formerly mutualistic relationship between microbes and the host has turned harmful. Dental caries and periodontitis (gum disease) have been described as diseases of oral dysbiosis.. Although events such as the introduction of farming leave a clear signature on the oral microbiome, the specific casual factors need to be determined. The classical hypothesis has been that an increase in carbohydrates, that is wheat, barley or rice, impacted the microbiome, but in reality, there are lots of ...

A key process in nodule development is the developmental transition involving coordinated differentiation of plant and bacterial cells. This step is critical in generating the appropriate micro-environment for symbiotic nitrogen fixation, and involves a massive reprogramming of gene expression, with thousands of genes affected in successive waves. We are investigating how these late stages of nodule development are controlled, both by genome-wide approaches and in depth functional analyses of specific transcriptional regulators.. Indeterminate nodules are formed in M. truncatula and related legume species via persistent apical meristematic activity. The spatial zonation of subtending nodule cells corresponds to successive developmental stages, leading ultimately to the nitrogen-fixation zone. A particularly fruitful approach conducted by our team in the framework of a collaborative project involving all the LIPM teams working on the rhizobium-legume symbiosis (SYMbiMICS ANR-funded project), ...

Symbiotic bacteria are bacteria living in symbiosis with another organism or each other. For example, Zoamastogopera, found in the stomach of termites, enable them to digest cellulose. Symbiosis was first defined by Anton de Bary in 1869 in a work entitled Die Erscheinung der Symbiose in which he defined the term as namely, the living together of parasite and host. Associated with the term symbiosis are terms: mutualism, commensalism, parasitism, and amensalism. This may define or limit the type of living together of two organisms, be they plant, animal, protist or bacteria they practice. Some types of cyanobacteria are endosymbiont Certain plants establish a symbiotic relationship with bacteria, enabling them to produce nodules that facilitate the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia. In this connection, cytokinins have been found to play a role in the development of root fixing nodules. It appears that not only must the plant have a need for nitrogen fixing bacteria, but they ...

ARLINGTON Va. -- Researchers examining plants growing in the geotherm...The research was funded in part through the National Science Founda...Biologists Regina Redman of the University of Washington and Joan H...The researchers suggest that thermotolerance may occur through symb...The researchers grew sample plants with and without the symbiotic f...,Plant-fungal,symbiosis,found,in,high-heat,extreme,environment,biological,biology news articles,biology news today,latest biology news,current biology news,biology newsletters

Legume plants benefit from their symbiosis with rhizobial bacteria because the bacteria are able to fix molecular nitrogen and share it with the plant, allowing legumes to grow under nitrogen-limiting conditions. In exchange, the plant provides the rhizobia residing in root nodules with fixed carbon from photosynthesis. The interaction is complex and involves multiple layers of regulation by both partners. Genetic analysis of nodulation, initially begun because of the potential for agricultural improvement offered by understanding nitrogen-fixing symbioses, has revealed regulators relevant both to nodule formation and to nonleguminous plants (Kouchi et al., 2010).. The establishment of the symbiosis follows a similar pattern in most legumes. Legume roots secrete flavonoid signals into the rhizosphere. Rhizobia respond to flavonoids by producing a lipochitin oligosaccharide termed Nod factor. Perception of species-specific Nod factor by the compatible species of legume triggers Ca2+ spiking in ...

One such example is mycorrhizal fungi, which can be found at your typical garden supply store. Mycorrhizal fungi colonize the roots of plants, where they absorb mycelium, moisture and carbohydrates from the plant. In turn, they supply the plant with nutrients from the surrounding soil, making it easier for the plant to absorb essential minerals and also helping to protect it from harmful pathogens. The symbiotic relationship between mycorrhizal fungi and plants is one of the most prevalent on Earth, as it exists in more than 90 percent of all vascular land plants [source: New York Botanical Garden].. The phenomenon isnt limited to fungi, though. Rhizobium, a common type of soil bacteria, forms a similar relationship with soybean plants. By itself, the soybean plant cant fix nitrogen, so it depends on the rhizobium bacteria, which is found in the roots of the plant, to fix atmospheric nitrogen and make it available to the plant. In return, the bacteria, like mycorrhizal fungi, receive ...

SYMBIOSIS CONCEPT Symbiosis is a biological relationship in which two species live in close proximity to each other and interact regularly in such a way as to benefit one or both of the organisms. When both partners benefit, this variety of symbiosis is known as mutualism.

Rhizobium, Bradyrhizobium, and Azorhizobium species are able to elicit the formation of unique structures, called nodules, on the roots or stems of the leguminous host. In these nodules, the rhizobia convert atmospheric N2 into ammonia for the plant. To establish this symbiosis, signals are produced early in the interaction between plant and rhizobia and they elicit discrete responses by the two symbiotic partners. First, transcription of the bacterial nodulation (nod) genes is under control of the NodD regulatory protein, which is activated by specific plant signals, flavonoids, present in the root exudates. In return, the nod-encoded enzymes are involved in the synthesis and excretion of specific lipooligosaccharides, which are able to trigger on the host plant the organogenic program leading to the formation of nodules. An overview of the organization, regulation, and function of the nod genes and their participation in the determination of the host specificity is presented.. ...

Industrial symbiosis is a form of brokering to bring companies together in innovative collaborations, finding ways to use the waste from one as raw materials for another.. SYMBI project will contribute to improve the implementation of regional development policies and programmes related to the promotion and dissemination of Industrial Symbiosis and Circular Economy. It addresses 7 participating countries facing the need for policies alignment with the Circular Economy Strategy of the European Commission to transform Europe into a more competitive resource-efficient economy. INDUSTRIAL SYMBIOSIS looks at interactions between the environment, the economy and industry, and promotes the sharing of materials to minimize waste, following the example of a natural ecosystem, where everything is reused.. ...

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The oath of the Vayuputras by Tripathi, Amish Publication: New Delhi Westland Ltd 2013 . 575 , Novel Date: 2013 Availability: Items available: ELTIS & SIFIL library (1), Symbiosis Centre for Information Technology (1), Symbiosis Institute of Technology, Lavale hill base, Pune (1), Symbiosis School for Liberal Arts (1), ...

Symbiosis International University (Established Under section 3 of The UGC Act, 1956) Re-accredited by NAAC with A Grade SID is one of the premier design institutes of the country. The... (research)

The aim of this project is to understand the molecular mechanisms of plant flavonoids in nitrogen fixing symbioses of legumes. Flavonoids are a class of secondary plant metabolites that have a range of functions in signalling, defence, and gene and protein regulation. We are investigating how certain plant flavonoids control root symbioses as regulators of auxin transport in the plant and in the signalling between plants and microbes. We are using RNA interference, gene profiling and fluorescence microscopy to manipulate the flavonoid pathway and unravel their targets in plants.

Dive into the research topics of Move over, bacteria! viruses make their mark as mutualistic microbial symbionts. Together they form a unique fingerprint. ...

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Nitrogen fixing bacteria isolated from hot arid areas in Asia, Africa and America but from diverse leguminous plants have been recently identified as belonging to a possible new species of Ensifer (Si

Scale insects are commonly associated with obligate, intracellular microorganisms which play important roles in complementing their hosts with essential nutrients. Here we characterized the symbiotic system of Greenisca brachypodii, a member of the family Eriococcidae. Histological and ultrastructural analyses have indicated that G. brachypodii is stably associated with coccoid and rod-shaped bacteria. Phylogenetic analyses have revealed that the coccoid bacteria represent a sister group to the secondary symbiont of the mealybug Melanococcus albizziae, whereas the rod-shaped symbionts are close relatives of Arsenophonus symbionts in insects - to our knowledge, this is the first report of the presence of Arsenophonus bacterium in scale insects. As a comparison of 16S and 23S rRNA genes sequences of the G. brachypodii coccoid symbiont with other gammaprotebacterial sequences showed only low similarity (∼90%), we propose the name Candidatus Kotejella greeniscae for its tentative classification. ...

Symbiosis college of arts and commerce has always been able to maintain a good placement cell. Faculty 2. Psychology Course Structure . Symbiosis College of Arts and Commerce PG Admission 2021. Symbiosis College of Arts & Commerce was established in 1983. Symbiosis College of Arts and Commerce, Pune Download Brochure. It is the only Symbiosis college which comes under Pune University. There are three blocks of girls and four blocks for boys. Infrastructure Facilities at Symbiosis College of Arts & Commerce (SCAC), Pune. Symbiosis College Arts and Commerce -Department Of Marketing Search for Colleges near Pune on Joon Square. Symbiosis College of Arts and Commerce, Pune - Check all the courses offered by Symbiosis College of Arts and Commerce, Pune , fee structure, ranking, cut off and intake exam. Symbiosis college of arts and commerce fees are very nominal and affordable. If you are not a member, Register 9.4K likes. Read More: Symbiosis College of Arts and Commerce Admission 2021. Login. ...

Author: Devers, E. A. et al.; Genre: Journal Article; Published in Print: 2011; Open Access; Keywords: medicago-truncatula roots|br/|abiotic stress responses|br/|argonaute silencing complex|br/|plant development|br/|small rnas|br/|arabidopsis-thaliana|br/|glomus-intraradices|br/|gene-expression|br/|mirna targets|br/|phosphate homeostasis; Title: Stars and Symbiosis: MicroRNA- and MicroRNA*-Mediated Transcript Cleavage Involved in Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis

Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) is a root endosymbiosis between plants and glomeromycete fungi. It is the most widespread terrestrial plant symbiosis, improving plant uptake of water and mineral nutrients. Yet, despite its crucial role in land ecosystems, molecular mechanisms leading to its formation are just beginning to be unravelled. Recent evidence suggests that AM fungi produce diffusible symbiotic signals. Here we show that Glomus intraradices secretes symbiotic signals that are a mixture of sulphated and non-sulphated simple lipochitooligosaccharides (LCOs), which stimulate formation of AM in plant species of diverse families (Fabaceae, Asteraceae and Umbelliferae). In the legume Medicago truncatula these signals stimulate root growth and branching by the symbiotic DMI signalling pathway. These findings provide a better understanding of the evolution of signalling mechanisms involved in plant root endosymbioses and will greatly facilitate their molecular dissection. They also open the way to using

Author Summary Facultative mutualisms are relationships between two species that can live independently, but derive benefits when living together with their mutualistic partners. The facultative mutualism between rhizobial bacteria and legume plants contributes approximately half of all biologically fixed nitrogen, an essential plant nutrient, and is an important source of nitrogen to both natural and agricultural ecosystems. We resequenced the genomes of 44 strains of two closely related species of the genus Sinorhizobium that form facultative mutualisms with the model legme Medicago truncatula. These data provide one of the most complete examinations of genomic diversity segregating within microbial species that are not causative agents of human illness. Our analyses reveal that horizontal gene transfer, a common source of new genes in microbial species, disproportionately affects genes with direct roles in the rhizobia-plant symbiosis. Analyses of nucleotide diversity segregating within each species

Hamiltonella defensa has an extremely dynamic genome. It is relatively small, only 2.1 Mb with circular chromosome. It encodes 2,100 protein-coding genes, has a relatively large number of pseudogenes, and is littered with mobile DNA, insertion sequences, and phage remnants. Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) plays a role in its dynamic genome. An example of HGT at work in H. defensas genome is the fact that approximately half of H. defensas DNA comes from toxin-encoding bacteriophages called APSEs. APSEs are similar to lamda-like phages, which are bacterial viruses that infect E. coli (it has other similarities to the E. coli bacterium, including a similar number of pseudogenes). DNA from different strains of APSEs can be horizontally transferred to H. defensa. Depending on which strain of APSE H. defensa obtains its DNA from, the development stage at which the parasitoid wasps are killed varies. H. defensa is auxotrophic for 8 of its 10 essential amino acids. It relies on Buchnera, a primary ...

Hamiltonella defensa has an extremely dynamic genome. It is relatively small, only 2.1 Mb with circular chromosome. It encodes 2,100 protein-coding genes, has a relatively large number of pseudogenes, and is littered with mobile DNA, insertion sequences, and phage remnants. Horizontal gene transfer plays a role in its dynamic genome. Additionally, approximately half of H. defensas DNA comes from toxin-encoding bacteriophages called APSEs. APSEs are similar to lamda-like phages, which are bacterial viruses that infect E. coli. It has other similarities to the E. coli bacterium, including a similar number of pseudogenes. Depending on which strain of APSE H. defensa obtains its DNA from, the development stage at which the parasitoid wasps are killed varies. H. defensa is auxotrophic for 8 of its 10 essential amino acids. It relies on Buchnera, a primary endosymbiont of aphids, to synthesize these amino acids. However, despite H. defensas limited biosynthetic capabilities, it has considerably more ...

Cities are responsible for more than 60 percent of global energy consumption and three-fourth of world greenhouse gas emissions. Industrial and urban symbiosis can be an effective solution for resource recycling and energy conservation. Numerous studies (eg., Kawasaki, Japan) have verified the greenhouse gas emission reduction and economic benefits of industrial and urban symbiosis. However, the energy exchange between waste management and urban energy system and efficient cascade use of the energy are seldom taken into account. In fact, the coupling effect of urban symbiosis on the urban metabolism process needs to be further investigated. In this study, we propose and assess an urban symbiosis network by integrating the biomass power plant, the MSW treatment and district heating system. The purpose is to optimize symbiosis network as well as operational parameters (technology and scale effect etc.). In the proposed symbiosis network, biomass such as food waste, sewage sludge and waste woods ...

Ferrous oxygenated hemoglobins (Hb2+O2) autoxidize to ferric Hb3+, but Hb3+ is reduced to Hb2+ by enzymatic and non-enzymatic mechanisms. We characterized the interaction between the soybean ferric leghemoglobin reductase 2 (FLbR2) and ferric rice non-symbiotic Hb1 (Hb13+). Spectroscopic analysis showed that FLbR2 reduces Hb13+. Analysis by tryptophan fluorescence quenching showed that FLbR2 interacts with Hb13+, however the use of ITC and IEF techniques revealed that this interaction is weak. In silico modeling showed that predicted FLbR2 and native Hb13+ interact at the FAD-binding domain of FLbR2 and the CD-loop and helix F of Hb13+ ...

Many insect groups depend on ancient obligate symbioses with bacteria that undergo long-term genomic degradation due to inactivation and loss of ancestral genes. Sap-feeding insects in the hemipteran suborder Auchenorrhyncha show complex symbioses with at least two obligate bacterial symbionts, inhabiting specialized host cells (bacteriocytes). We explored the symbiotic relationships of the spittlebugs (Auchenorrhyncha: Cercopoidea) using phylogenetic and microscopy methods. Results show that most spittlebugs contain the symbionts Sulcia muelleri (Bacteroidetes) and Zinderia insecticola (Betaproteobacteria) with each restricted to its own bacteriocyte type. However, the ancestral Zinderia symbiont has been replaced with a novel symbiont closely related to Sodalis glossinidius (Enterobacteriaceae) in members of the ecologically successful spittlebug tribe Philaenini. At least one spittlebug species retains Sulcia and Zinderia, but also has acquired a Sodalis-like symbiont, possibly representing a ...

Previously, we reported that recA was probably lost in the early stage of RGE in Calyptogena clam symbionts [8]. The present study showed that some of the extant clam symbionts still have intact recA (Figure 2). We hypothesized that in the early phase of RGE of the clam symbionts before the loss of recA, large-sized deletions occurred due to RecA-dependent recombination [8]. This type of deletion requires repeated sequences larger than 200 bp, which have been depleted from the genomes of Rma and Vok [8, 19]. It is still not clear whether the genomes of the Calyptogena clam symbionts containing recA have large-sized (, 200 bp) repeated sequences. The presence of intact or of nearly intact recA and of mutY in clade II symbionts except for Rma suggests that the genomes of clade II symbionts are larger than those of clade I symbionts and that their RGE is in an earlier stage than in clade I symbionts. To resolve these questions, we must await their genome sequence analyses.. The coding region of ...

Moscatiello, R., Sello, S., Novero, M., Negro, A., Bonfante, P. and Navazio, L. (2014), The intracellular delivery of TAT-aequorin reveals calcium-mediated sensing of environmental and symbiotic signals by the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Gigaspora margarita. New Phytologist, 203: 1012-1020. doi: 10.1111/nph.12849 ...

Little, Ainslie E. F., Murakami, Takahiro, Mueller, Ulrich Gerhard, and Currie, Cameron Robert. 2006. ,a href=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.si.edu%2Fhandle%2F10088%2F8594,Defending Against Parasites: Fungus-Growing Ants Combine Specialized Behaviours and Microbial Symbionts to Protect Their Fungus Gardens,/a,. ,em,Biology Letters,/em,. 12–16. ,a href=https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2005.0371,https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2005.0371,/a ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Population dynamics of defensive symbionts in aphids. AU - Oliver, Kerry M.. AU - Campos, Jaime. AU - Moran, Nancy A.. AU - Hunter, Martha S.. PY - 2008/2/7. Y1 - 2008/2/7. N2 - Vertically transmitted micro-organisms can increase in frequency in host populations by providing net benefits to hosts. While laboratory studies have identified diverse beneficial effects conferred by inherited symbionts of insects, they have not explicitly examined the population dynamics of mutualist symbiont infection within populations. In the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum, the inherited facultative symbiont, Hamiltonella defensa, provides protection against parasitism by the wasp, Aphidius ervi. Despite a high fidelity of vertical transmission and direct benefits of infection accruing to parasitized aphids, Hamiltonella remains only at intermediate frequencies in natural populations. Here, we conducted population cage experiments to monitor the dynamics of Hamiltonella and of another common A. ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Polyamines as potential regulators of nutrient exchange across the peribacteroid membrane in soybean root nodules. AU - Whitehead, Lynne F.. AU - Tyerman, Stephen D.. AU - Day, David A.. PY - 2001. Y1 - 2001. N2 - The effect of cytoplasmic polyamines on peribacteroid membrane transport processes in soybean (Glycine max L.) was investigated. The concentration of free polyamines in soybean nodule cytoplasm has been estimated by others to be in the micromolar range. The H+-ATPase was inhibited by 37 and 54% by 200 μM spermidine and putrescine, respectively. Spermine applied to the cytoplasmic face of the peribacteroid membrane was found to inhibit both inward and outward currents through a non-selective cation channel permeable to ammonium (Kd 2.1 μM at - 100 mV). Malate transport into intact symbiosomes was reduced by 15-30% by 15 mM spermidine, cadaverine and putrescine. A non-specific stimulation of malate transport by polycations was found to occur at concentrations in the ...

Many plants allow intracellular accommodation of symbiotic microorganisms in order to improve nutrient uptake. The most ubiquitous example is vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM) which are specific organs contributed by plant roots and fungi [1]. VAM are probably as old as the common ancestor of all land plants [2] and most of them are described as generalist (i.e. many distantly related fungi can associate with a given plant). In contrast, only plants of the Fabaceae family (legumes), plus the Ulmaceae Parasponia, harbor nitrogen-fixing bacteria in specific root organs (nodules). A polyphyletic group of symbiotic bacteria collectively named rhizobia are able to trigger nodule organogenesis [3]. The legume-rhizobium symbiosis is characterized by host-symbiont specificity controlled by stringent partner recognition. As a result, only a limited range of bacteria can nodulate a given legume species. Despite their differences in levels of specificity, VAM and rhizobial symbioses exhibit the same ...

A major limitation to plant growth is the restricted access to nutrients in the soil. To improve nutrient acquisition, the majority of land plants enter a beneficial symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. The accommodation of fungal hyphae in roots requires the extensive transcriptional reprogramming of host cells. Several GRASdomain proteins, including NSP1 (NODULATION SIGNALLING PATHWAY 1), NSP2, and RAM1 (REQUIRED FOR ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZATION 1), have emerged as important transcriptional regulators during mycorrhization. Interaction studies suggest that these proteins form multicomponent complexes, raising the question whether they regulate similar or different mycorrhizal processes. Here, the functions of NSP1, NSP2 and RAM1 during AM development were investigated by detailed phenotypic and transcriptional analyses of the corresponding loss‐of‐function mutants. Global gene expression profiling of nsp1‐1 revealed that NSP1 is required for the expression of a large number of ...

Maize plants are well colonized with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), which contribute mineral nutrients absorption from soil. However little is known about their role in nitrogen (N) absorption especially from amino acids, which reach a considerable quantity in soils. This experiment was conducted to investigate N acquisition from amino acids through AMF symbiosis. AMF inoculation clearly increased the N content of maize supplied with amino acids (Glu, Ala and Pro). Further study of xylem sap revealed that the composition of amino acids was changed by AMF inoculation. These results indicate that AMF contribute N from amino acids, and may affect the nitrogen assimilation of host plants.

Attine ants live in symbiosis with a basidiomycetous fungus that they rear on a substrate of plant material. This indirect herbivory implies that the symbiosis is likely to be nitrogen deprived, so that specific mechanisms may have evolved to enhance protein availability. We therefore hypothesized that fungal proteinase activity may have been under selection for efficiency and that different classes of proteinases might be involved. We determined proteinase activity profiles across a wide pH range for fungus gardens of 14 Panamanian species of fungus-growing ants, representing eight genera. We mapped these activity profiles on an independently obtained molecular phylogeny of the symbionts and show that total proteinase activity in lower attine symbionts peaks at ca. pH 6. The higher attine symbionts that have no known free-living relatives had much higher proteinase activities than the lower attine symbionts. Their total in vitro proteinase activity peaked at pH values around 5, which is close to the pH

Infestation pattern of P. indica in barley roots. (a) By 8 dai, hyphae excessively occupy rhizodermal and cortical cells of the differentiation zone. The elongation zone is less colonized, with occasional intercellular subepidermal hyphal structures. The root cap is heavily infested with hyphae. (b-e) After penetration (arrows) fungal hyphae colonize the subepidermal layer. (b) To better visualize the position of hyphae in the z axis, a confocal laser scanning image consisting of 30 frames of adjacent focal planes (z axis) was displayed as a maximum projection with the fluorescent signal of the wheat germ agglutinin-stained fungal hyphae displayed in red for the upper (abaxial) 15 frames and in green for the lower (adaxial, subepidermal) 15 frames. (c and d) For visualization of plant cell walls, two close-up bright-field images of two different focal planes are superimposed with the respective frames of the fluorescence images. Intercellular hyphae start branching and proliferate within the ...

Genetically modified bacterial symbionts of arthropod disease vectors are potential tools for the delivery of proteins that interfere with pathogen development in the vector and may serve as a powerful complementary approach to control disease transmission [2]. Furthermore, the use of bacterial symbionts expressing foreign proteins in disease-carrying arthropods has also an intriguing potential for studying insect-pathogen interactions. The advent of Nanobody® technology has offered new prospects for the development of new effector molecules applicable for the paratransgenesis approach. These single-domain antigen-binding fragments represent exquisite targeting tools because of their small size (13-15 kDa) and stability properties [17, 22]. Despite the interest for a paratransgenesis approach in tsetse flies to control transmission of African trypanosomiasis, little progress has been made on the identification and expression of trypanosome-interfering proteins in the tsetse fly bacterial ...

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Although algal symbionts can become a source of reactive oxygen species under stressful conditions, symbiotic planulae of the coral Pocillopora damicornis are highly tolerant to thermal stress compared with non-symbiotic planulae of Acropora tenuis. As a first step to understand how P. damicornis planulae attain high stress tolerance, we compared the respiration rate and temperature dependence between symbiotic planulae of P. damicornis and non-symbiotic planulae of A. tenuis, as well as between larvae and adult branches within each species. Larvae and adult branches of both species had similar temperature dependency of respiration rate, with the temperature coefficient (Q10) values of about 2. Planula larvae of P. damicornis had a significantly lower respiration rate than that of A. tenuis larvae at 25-30 °C, but not at 32 °C, whereas adult branches of P. damicornis had a significantly higher respiration rate than that of A. tenuis branches at all temperatures. Thus, P. damicornis larvae appear to

Symbiotic associations with microorganisms are ubiquitously found in a variety of insects, which are rated among the important factors underpinning their adaptation, diversity, and prosperity (1⇓-3). Many bacterial symbionts are indispensable for growth, survival, and reproduction of their insect hosts via, for example, provisioning of essential nutrients like amino acids and vitamins, where the host and the symbiont are integrated into an almost inseparable biological entity (4, 5). In such obligate symbiotic associations, the symbiont genomes tend to exhibit conspicuous structural degeneration, massive gene losses, and drastic size reduction, which are attributable to relaxed natural selection acting on many symbiont genes no longer necessary for the permanent intrahost lifestyle, and also to accumulation of deleterious mutations driven by attenuated natural selection acting on the symbiont genomes due to strong population bottlenecks and restricted horizontal gene acquisitions associated ...

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The mechanisms whereby the endosymbiont Wolbachia impacts apoptosis in host cells have been poorly studied. Preferential infection and high accumulation. of Wolbachia in region 2a of the germarium [26] where the checkpoint is located in Drosophila was thought-provoking. We raised the question: Can bacteria Wolbachia in region 2a of the germarium affect the frequency of apoptosis there? Using MLN2238 fluorescence and transmission electron microscopy we compared germaria from ovaries of two D. melanogaster stocks infected with either the wMel or wMelPop strains with germaria from two uninfected counterparts. It was established that the presence of wMel did not alter apoptosis frequency in germaria from D. melanogaster Canton S. In contrast, the number of PLX4032 mw germaria containing apoptotic cells in the checkpoint was considerably increased. selleck compound in the wMelPop-infected flies as compared with their uninfected counterparts. Thus, evidence was obtained indicating that the virulent ...

In accordance with studies on pea aphids (Henter & Via 1995; Ferrari et al. 2001), we detected significant clonal variation for susceptibility to parasitoids in the peach potato aphid, M. persicae. In aphids, reduced susceptibility to parasitoids can be conferred by the endosymbiotic bacteria H. defensa and S. symbiotica (Oliver et al. 2003), yet neither of these secondary symbionts was detected in our collection of clones. Instead, we found that the one entirely resistant clone harboured R. insecticola. This secondary endosymbiont has so far not been implicated in defence against parasitoids, but it was shown to decrease susceptibility to a fungal pathogen and to affect host plant specialization in the pea aphid (Tsuchida et al. 2004; Scarborough et al. 2005). Our finding suggests that certain strains of R. insecticola may also provide protection against parasitoids, although the critical experiments of curing clone 5.15 from R. insecticola and/or transferring the symbiont to susceptible M. ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Population dynamics and rapid spread of Cardinium, a bacterial endosymbiont causing cytoplasmic incompatibility in Encarsia pergandiella (Hymenoptera. T2 - Aphelinidae). AU - Harris, L. R.. AU - Kelly, S. E.. AU - Hunter, M. S.. AU - Perlman, S. J.. N1 - Funding Information: We thank Josh Garcia, Tamica Montgomery, Hyomin Kim, Jen White, Amaranta Kozuch, Nick Doidge and Dan Fernandez for assistance in the lab and greenhouse; Pat Gregory, John Volpe, Rob McGregor and three anonymous reviewers for helpful suggestions and comments; and Amer Shreim, Laura Cowen, Finn Hamilton and Pavel Kratina for help with statistical analysis. This research was supported by an NSERC CGS to LH and an NSF DEB Grant (DEB-0542961) to MSH and SP. SP is a member of the Integrated Microbial Biodiversity Program of the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research.. PY - 2010/3. Y1 - 2010/3. N2 - Cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) is a common phenotype of maternally inherited bacterial symbionts of arthropods; in ...

Legumes are able to establish symbioses with nitrogen‐fixing soil bacteria called rhizobia, which enable them to grow in nitrogen‐poor soil. This symbiosis involves a complex interplay between host and bacterial partners, resulting in the formation of a novel organ, the root nodule, within which the microbial symbiont is accommodated and fixes nitrogen to the benefit of the host plant. Root nodule development is accompanied by major changes in gene expression, involving a number of regulatory transcription factor (TF) proteins which are presumed to coordinate gene expression changes during bacterial infection and nodule organogenesis. Recent genome wide analyses have revealed that legumes, as is the case for many plant species, possess a large number of TF families in which many members are specifically expressed during nodulation. Among these, the APETALA2/Ethylene Response Factor (AP2/ERF) family defined by the presence of a typical DNA binding domain of about 60 amino acids, is widely represented

Interactions among microbial symbionts have multiple roles in the maintenance of insect-microbe symbiosis. However, signals mediating microbial interactions have been scarcely studied. In the classical model system of bark beetles and fungal associates, fungi increase the fitness of insects. However, not all interactions are mutualistic, some of these fungal symbionts compete for sugars with beetle larvae. How this antagonistic effect is alleviated is unknown, and recent research suggests potential roles of bacterial symbionts. Red turpentine beetle (RTB), Dendroctonus valens LeConte, is an invasive pest in China, and it leads to wide spread, catastrophic mortality to Chinese pines. In the symbiotic system formed by RTB, fungi and bacteria, volatiles from predominant bacteria regulate the consumption sequence of carbon sources D-pinitol and D-glucose in the fungal symbiont Leptographium procerum, and appear to alleviate the antagonistic effect from the fungus against RTB larvae. However, active ...

Eukaryotes often form intimate endosymbioses with prokaryotic organisms. Cases in which these symbionts are transmitted cytoplasmically to host progeny create the potential for co-speciation or congruent evolution among the distinct genomes of these partners. If symbionts do not move horizontally between different eukaryotic hosts, strict phylogenetic congruence of their genomes is predicted and should extend to relationships within a single host species. Conversely, even rare host shifts among closely related lineages should yield conflicting tree topologies at the intraspecific level. Here, we investigate the historical associations among four symbiotic genomes residing within an aphid host: the mitochondrial DNA of Uroleucon ambrosiae aphids, the bacterial chromosome of their Buchnera bacterial endosymbionts, and two plasmids associated with Buchnera. DNA sequence polymorphisms provided a significant phylogenetic signal and no homoplasy for each data set, yielding completely and ...

The term symbiont plasticity describes the mechanisms by which symbiotic microbes adapt to changes in host development, immune responses, and the changing external environment. Jennifer Wernegreen, PhD, from the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole, MA, and Diana Wheeler, PhD, from the University of Arizona, in Tucson, use the example of mutualism between Blochmannia and their ant hosts to illustrate how the bacteria rely on genetic, ecological, and physiological means to maintain the functional flexibility that allows them to meet the needs of an ant colony rather than the individual ants that make up the colony. Their thought-provoking review of the impact of symbiotic lifestyle on genetic variation and microbial adaptation is entitled, Remaining Flexible in Old Alliances: Functional Plasticity in Constrained Mutualisms.. Adam Silver and Joerg Graf from the University of Connecticut, in Storrs, explore the role of virulence factors and specific toxins produced by members of the ...

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi associate with the majority of terrestrial plants, influencing their growth, nutrient uptake and defence chemistry. Conse

By Francis Galibert, Turlough M. Finan, Sharon R. Long, Alfred Pühler, Pia Abola, Frédéric Ampe, Frédérique Barloy-Hubler, Melanie J. Barnett, Anke Becker, Pierre Boistard, Gordana Bothe, Marc Boutry, Leah Bowser, Jens Buhrmester, Edouard Cadieu, Delphine Capela, Patrick Chain, Alison Cowie, Ronald W. Davis, Stéphane Dréano, Nancy A. Federspiel, Robert F. Fisher, Stéphanie Gloux, Thérèse Godrie, André Goffeau, Brian Golding, Jérôme Gouzy, Mani Gurjal, Ismael Hernandez-Lucas, Andrea Hong, Lucas Huizar, Richard W. Hyman, Ted Jones, Daniel Kahn, Michael L. Kahn, Sue Kalman, David H. Keating, Ernö Kiss, Caridad Komp, Valérie Lelaure, David Masuy, Curtis Palm, Melicent C. Peck, Thomas M Pohl, Daniel Portetelle, Bénédicte Purnelle, Uwe Ramsperger, Raymond Surzycki, Patricia Thébault, Micheline Vandenbol, Frank-J. Vorhölter, Stefan Weidner, Derek H. Wells, Kim Wong, Kuo-Chen Yeh, Jacques Batut. Science ...

Chemoautotrophic symbioses, in which endosymbiotic bacteria are the major source of organic carbon for the host, are found in marine habitats where sulfide and oxygen coexist. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of pH, alternate sulfur sources, and electron acceptors on carbon fixation and to investigate which form(s) of inorganic carbon is taken up and fixed by the gamma-proteobacterial endosymbionts of the protobranch bivalve Solemya velum. Symbiont-enriched suspensions were generated by homogenization of S. velum gills, followed by velocity centrifugation to pellet the symbiont cells. Carbon fixation was measured by incubating the cells with (14)C-labeled dissolved inorganic carbon. When oxygen was present, both sulfide and thiosulfate stimulated carbon fixation; however, elevated levels of either sulfide (|0.5 mM) or oxygen (1 mM) were inhibitory. In the absence of oxygen, nitrate did not enhance carbon fixation rates when sulfide was present. Symbionts fixed carbon most rapidly

Symbiosis International (Deemed University) participated in the Global India Education Forum at the 30thEuropean Association for International Educations Annual Conference which took place from September 11-14, 2018 in Geneva, Switzerland, to promote Internationalization of Indian Education. Dr. Vidya Yeravdekar, Pro-Chancellor, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), has been awarded the Exemplary Leader in Internationalization of Indian Education and Symbiosis International (Deemed University) was adjudged as the Most Promising University in West India. ...

As humans have evolved, microbes have always been their guests. And as microbial hosts, humans have developed microbe-controlling mechanisms (like the immune system) and have selected microbes that perform certain jobs for them. Humans and microbes thus depend on each other for survival - so can we gain a better understanding of how this symbiosis arose in the first place, and what might trigger a shift to a dysbiotic state?. Dr. Alejandro Frank (AF), a scientist at Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, in Mexico City (Mexico) recently addressed similar questions in a paper in Frontiers in Physiology, co-authored with Mexican colleagues, that proposed a mathematical model of the general mechanisms of holobiont evolution. In this interview, Frank tells Microbiome Times about his groups approach and how models like theirs could be used to increase knowledge of both symbiosis and dysbiosis and of microbe-host interactions for health.. What unique ...

Host-symbiont associations are widespread in nature and exhibit a variety of interactions ranging from parasitism to mutualism. Insects living on nutritionally unbalanced diets are prone to establish long-term mutualistic relationships with vertically transmitted intracellular bacteria (endosymbionts) that complement their diet, improve their metabolism and reproduction, and impact many host adaptive traits, including immunity and defense against pathogens [1-7]. While the metabolic, ecological and evolutionary features of these interactions have been well described [8-10], the mechanisms allowing the persistence of such associations remain largely unexplored. Beneficial bacteria are essential for the associations survival but represent a constant immune challenge for the host. Insect immunity must preserve endosymbionts and control their load and location while being able to cope with potential environmental infections by microbial intruders. This dilemma is more puzzling considering that both ...

p,Plants and mycorrhizal fungi form a mutualism in which plants donate carbon to the fungus and, in return, receive benefits such as increased nutrient uptake and water. Mycorrhizal fungi colonize plant roots, forming nutrient exchange structures. The fungi also colonize the soil by growing long strands of hyphae that forage for nutrients and attach plants, forming a common mycorrhizal network (CMN). Plants attached to a well-supported CMN will receive greater benefits than those attached to a lesser CMN because the more carbon donations the fungal partner receives, the more it can grow and colonize the soil, accessing hard to reach soil nutrients. Kin selection theory predicts that relatives should donate more carbon to the fungal partner than non-relatives because benefits gained by neighbouring relatives through the CMN lead to inclusive fitness gains. Thus, social environment, i.e. relatedness of the group, could affect the mycorrhizal mutualism. Moreover, the presence of mycorrhizal fungi ...

On average, a soybean crop needs 315 lb N per acre, about 60% of which (190 lb) goes to seed production and 40% (125 lb) goes to stover and roots. In most cases all of this need can be supplied from the environment and additional nitrogen isnt necessary. (In sandy or low organic soils or for yields over 70 bu/ac additional nitrogen may be recommended.) Soybeans fix nitrogen from the atmosphere when nitrogen-fixing rhizobia bacteria are present in the soil. Nitrogen fixation is a result of the symbiotic relationship between rhizobia and the soybean plant and is evident in nodules on soybean plant roots. Most studies show that between 50% and 60% of the nitrogen is from N fixation. A well nodulated plant should have five to seven nodules on the primary root. Checking for nodulation now can help you assess your field and make adjustments for the next crop; however, checking as early as two weeks after emergence allows you time to apply nitrogen during the season if plants are not developing ...

Bacterial symbionts may be used as vehicles for expressing foreign genes in arthropods. Expression of selected genes can render an arthropod incapable of transmitting a second microorganism that is pathogenic for humans and is an alternative approach to the control of arthropod-borne diseases. We discuss the rationale for this alternative approach, its potential applications and limitations, and the regulatory concerns that may arise from its use in interrupting disease transmission in humans and animals.

The main question motivating this study was whether the elimination of ancestral regulatory genes in reduced and rearranged symbiont genomes corresponds to less responsive transcriptional control or whether these organisms have novel mechanisms for regulating gene expression. Specifically, we addressed whether amino acid biosynthetic genes are subject to transcriptional regulation in response to changes in amino acid concentrations encountered by the hosts. The amino acid biosynthetic pathways, some of the best-studied systems of transcriptional regulation, show dramatic responses in E. coli and related bacteria; for example, the combined mechanisms of trp operon regulation in E. coli can effect a change in transcription rates of up to 500-fold (38). In B. aphidicola, amino acid biosynthesis is central to its symbiotic role, yet the underlying genes have lost most of their ancestral regulatory systems (Table 1). Expression of these genes is relevant to the ecology of aphids/B. aphidicola. For S. ...

Mycorrhizal fungi are critical members of the plant microbiome, forming a symbiosis with the roots of most plants on Earth. Most plant species partner with either arbuscular or ectomycorrhizal fungi, and these symbioses are thought to represent plant adaptations to fast and slow soil nutrient cycling rates. This generates a second hypothesis, that arbuscular and ectomycorrhizal plant species traits complement and reinforce these fungal strategies, resulting in nutrient acquisitive vs. conservative plant trait profiles. Here we analyzed 17,764 species level trait observations from 2,940 woody plant species to show that mycorrhizal plants differ systematically in nitrogen and phosphorus economic traits. Differences were clearest in temperate latitudes, where ectomycorrhizal plant species are more nitrogen use- and phosphorus use-conservative than arbuscular mycorrhizal species. This difference is reflected in both aboveground and belowground plant traits and is robust to controlling for ...