Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency (SSADHD), also known as 4-hydroxybutyric aciduria or gamma-hydroxybutyric aciduria, is a rare autosomal recessive disorder of the degradation pathway of the inhibitory neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid, or GABA. The disorder has been identified in approximately 350 families, with a significant proportion being consanguineous families. The first case was identified in 1981 and published in a Dutch clinical chemistry journal that highlighted a person with a number of neurological conditions such as delayed intellectual, motor, speech, and language as the most common manifestations. Later cases reported in the early 1990s began to show that hypotonia, hyporeflexia, seizures, and a nonprogressive ataxia were frequent clinical features as well. SSADH deficiency is caused by an enzyme deficiency in GABA degradation. Under normal conditions, SSADH works with the enzyme GABA transaminase to convert GABA to succinic acid. Succinic acid can then be ...

Objective: To study cortical excitability, electroencephalography patterns, nerve conduction velocity, and sleep patterns, in succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSADH) deficiency, a rare autosomal recessive pediatric neurotransmitter disease associated with elevated levels of brain gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), the major inhibitory neurotransmitter. The clinical phenotype includes mental retardation, epilepsy, and neuropsychiatric manifestations.. Study Population: Patients with SSADH deficiency, parents of patients (who are obligate heterozygotes), and healthy volunteers.. Design: This is a natural history study in which subjects will have a series of neurophysiological tests. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive technique that allows for measures of cortical excitation and inhibition. Electroencephalography (EEG) measures baseline brain electrical activity. Nerve conduction studies measure the speed of conduction of impulses by peripheral nerves. Polysomnography ...

GABA is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. It modulates the activity of several neurotransmitters including dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine. GABA is synthesized in a single step from its precursor glutamate by glutamic acid decarboxylase. GABA is metabolized by successive transamination and oxidation to yield succinic semialdehyde and succinic acid respectively via the catalyzing effects of GABA transaminase. The succinic semialdehyde can be converted into either succinic acid by SSADH or to GHB by the enzyme succinic semialdehyde reductase.[7] The absence of SSADH leads to a 30-fold increase of GHB and a 2-4 fold increase of GABA in the brains of patients with SSADH deficiency as compared to normal brain concentrations of the compounds. Elevations of GHB have been shown to induce spike and wave activity similar to that seen in generalized absence epilepsy in animal models as well, which has motivated researchers to increase their knowledge on the ...

GABA is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. It modulates the activity of several neurotransmitters including dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine. GABA is synthesized in a single step from its precursor glutamate by glutamic acid decarboxylase. GABA is metabolized by successive transamination and oxidation to yield succinic semialdehyde and succinic acid respectively via the catalyzing effects of GABA transaminase. The succinic semialdehyde can be converted into either succinic acid by SSADH or to GHB by the enzyme succinic semialdehyde reductase.[7] The absence of SSADH leads to a 30-fold increase of GHB and a 2-4 fold increase of GABA in the brains of patients with SSADH deficiency as compared to normal brain concentrations of the compounds. Elevations of GHB have been shown to induce spike and wave activity similar to that seen in generalized absence epilepsy in animal models as well, which has motivated researchers to increase their knowledge on the ...

Hello, I am looking for a protocol to detect succinate semialdehyde content in yeast cells after heat stress by not using HPLC, could anybody offer some suggestions? Best regards Juxiang Cao ...

Shop Probable succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase ELISA Kit, Recombinant Protein and Probable succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase Antibody at MyBioSource. Custom ELISA Kit, Recombinant Protein and Antibody are available.

Chen, L. and D. Vitkup (2006). Predicting genes for orphan metabolic activities using phylogenetic profiles. Genome Biol 7(2): R17.. Feist, A. M., C. S. Henry, et al. (2007). A genome-scale metabolic reconstruction for Escherichia coli K-12 MG1655 that accounts for 1260 ORFs and thermodynamic information. Mol Syst Biol 3(121).. Fuhrer, T., L. Chen, et al. (2007). Computational prediction and experimental verification of the gene encoding the NAD+/NADP+-dependent succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol.. Kharchenko, P., L. Chen, et al. (2006). Identifying metabolic enzymes with multiple types of association evidence. BMC Bioinformatics 7(177).. Kharchenko, P., D. Vitkup, et al. (2004). Filling gaps in a metabolic network using expression information. Bioinformatics 20 Suppl 1: I178-I185.. Noguchi, Y., Y. Nakai, et al. (2004). The energetic conversion competence of Escherichia coli during aerobic respiration studied by 31P NMR using a circulating ...

Persistent 4-hydroxybutyric aciduria (gamma-hydroxybutyric aciduria).. Documented succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase enzyme deficiency.. Patients will be at least 12 years old.. Be enrolled in the taurine study at CNMC.. EXCLUSION CRITERIA:. Pregnancy or lactation.. Patients with a history of other significant medical disorders.. Patients requiring treatment with drugs known to affect the GABAergic system, including vigabatrin, barbiturates, and benzodiazepines.. Hearing loss. The effect of TMS on hearing is not fully known. Patients will be screened with an Audiometer.. Abnormal platelets or coagulation studies suggesting increased risk for lumbar puncture or TMS. Exclusions for MRI and MRS: pacemakers or other implanted electrical devices, brain stimulators, some types of dental implants, aneurysm clips (metal clips on the wall of a large artery), metallic prostheses (including metal pins and rods, heart valves, and cochlear implants), permanent eyeliner, implanted delivery pump, or shrapnel ...

By Judith Van Dongen, WSU Spokane Office of Research. Scientists at Washington State University are leading a new study that will take them one step closer to making treatment options available to patients with a rare inherited disease.. Researchers Jean‑Baptiste Roullet and Mike Gibson of the WSU College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences are conducting a natural history study of patients with succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency (SSADHD).. SSADHD is a genetic disorder that is most commonly diagnosed in young children; it disrupts the metabolism of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-a neurotransmitter that serves to inhibit the activity of nerve cells in the brain-and causes a wide range of neurological symptoms that include developmental delays, motor control problems, absence of speech, and seizures. A natural history study collects health information to understand how a disease develops over time in the absence of treatment.. Funding for the study comes from a $3.2 million grant ...

We describe the rapid and sensitive detection of 4-hydroxybutyric acid, which is a marker compound for succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSADH) deficiency. Urinary 4-hydroxybutyric acid and 3,4-dihydroxybutyric acid were targeted, quantified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after simplifie …

From GenBANK (gi:120777): GabD of E. coli catalyzes the reaction: succinate semialdehyde + NADP(+) + H2O = succinate + NADPH, involved in the 4-aminobutyrate (GABA) degradation pathway. GabD belongs to the aldehyde dehydrogenases family ...

GHB is thought to be extensively metabolized by alcohol dehydrogenase and/or succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase. Metabolic precursors to GHB, gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) and 1,4 butanediol are also readily available as substances of abuse. Endogenous GHB is also a produce to GABA metabolism, and concentrations of 0-6.6 mg/L have been reported. Oral doses of approximately 2.5 g (1 teaspoon of GHB powder) dissolved in water, produce urine GHB concentrations of 29 mg/L in a 100 kg man.. Studies also indicate peak urine GHB concentrations of 100 mg/L following a 100 mg/kg oral dose, and no detectable drug in the urine by 12 hours. Less than 5% of an oral dose is eliminated unchanged in urine. To distinguish between endogenous and exogenous GHB, a reporting cutoff of 10 µg/mL is suggested.. How do I collect the urine and send in a specimen? ...

Coughlin CR 2nd, Tseng LA, Abdenur JE, Ashmore C, Boemer F, Bok LA, Boyer M, Buhas D, Clayton PT, Das A, Dekker H, Evangeliou A, Feillet F, Footitt EJ, Gospe SM Jr, Hartmann H, Kara M, Kristensen E, Lee J, Lilje R, Longo N, Lunsing RJ, Mills P, Papadopoulou MT, Pearl PL, Piazzon F, Plecko B, Saini AG, Santra S, Sjarif DR, Stockler-Ipsiroglu S, Striano P, Van Hove JLK, Verhoeven-Duif NM, Wijburg FA, Zuberi SM, van Karnebeek CDM. Consensus guidelines for the diagnosis and management of pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy due to a-aminoadipic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2020 Nov 16. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 33200442 ...

This protein belongs to the aldehyde dehydrogenase family of proteins. This gene encodes a mitochondrial NAD(+)-dependent succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase. A deficiency of this enzyme, known as 4-hydroxybutyricaciduria, is a rare inborn error in the metabolism of the neurotransmitter 4-aminobutyric acid (GABA). In response to the defect, physiologic fluids from patients accumulate GHB, a compound with numerous neuromodulatory properties. Two transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been identified for this gene.

4ITA: Structural Basis for a Cofactor-dependent Oxidation Protection and Catalysis of Cyanobacterial Succinic Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase.

SWISS-MODEL Template Library (SMTL) entry for 5klm.1. Crystal structure of 2-hydroxymuconate-6-semialdehyde derived intermediate in NAD(+)-bound 2-aminomuconate 6-semialdehyde dehydrogenase N169D

Residues 1 to 131 (E-value = 9.7e-37) place NG1997 in the Semialdhyde_dh family which is described as Semialdehyde dehydrogenase, NAD binding domain (PF01118 ...

Catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of glyoxylate to glycolate as well as succinic semialdehyde (SSA) to gamma-hydroxybutyrate in vitro. May function in redox homeostasis and play a role in oxidative stress tolerance by detoxifying glyoxylate and SSA generated in glycolate metabolism and GABA metabolism, respectively.

para-Nitrophenol (PNP) is a highly toxic compound with threats to mammalian health. The pnpE-encoded γ-hydroxymuconic semialdehyde dehydrogenase catalyzes the reduction of γ-hydroxymuconic semialdehyde to maleylacetate in Pseudomonas sp. strain WBC-3, playing a key role in the catabolism of PNP to Krebs cycle intermediates. However, the catalyzing mechanism by PnpE has not been well understood. Here we report the crystal structures of the apo and NAD bound PnpE. In the PnpE-NAD complex structure, NAD is situated in a cleft of PnpE. The cofactor binding site is composed of two pockets. The adenosine and the first ribose group of NAD bind in one pocket and the nicotinamide ring in the other. Six amino acids have interactions with the cofactor. They are C281, E247, Q210, W148, I146 and K172. Highly conserved residues C281 and E247 were identified to be critical for its catalytic activity. In addition, flexible docking studies of the enzyme-substrate system were performed to predict the interactions

2,4-Dihydroxy-hept-trans-2-ene-1,7-dioate , , 2,4-dihydroxyhept-2-ene-1,7-dioic acid , aldolase , 4.1.3.- , Search GenBank, 1170 hits on Apr. 03, 2012 , ExPASy , , v Pyruvate + Succinic semialdehyde ...

N-acetyl-gamma-glutamyl-phosphate reductaseN-acetyl-L-glutamate 5-semialdehyde + NADP+ + phosphate = N-acetyl-5-glutamyl phosphate + NADPH ...

InterPro provides functional analysis of proteins by classifying them into families and predicting domains and important sites. We combine protein signatures from a number of member databases into a single searchable resource, capitalising on their individual strengths to produce a powerful integrated database and diagnostic tool.

Accepted name: N6-acetyl-β-lysine transaminase. Reaction: 6-acetamido-3-aminohexanoate + 2-oxoglutarate = 6-acetamido-3-oxohexanoate + L-glutamate. Other name(s): ε-acetyl-β-lysine aminotransferase. Systematic name: 6-acetamido-3-aminohexanoate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase. Comments: A pyridoxal-phosphate protein.. Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number: 71768-10-0. References: 1. Bozler, G., Robertson, J.M., Ohsugi, M., Hensley, C. and Barker, H.A. Metabolism of L-β-lysine in a Pseudomonas: conversion of 6-N-acetyl-L-β-lysine to 3-keto-6-acetamidohexanoate and of 4-aminobutyrate to succinic semialdehyde by different transaminases. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 197 (1979) 226-235. [PMID: 44448]. ...

The body of this dissertation is focused on understanding the pathomechanisms and paving the way for new treatment paradigms in human metabolic disease, particularly phenylketonuria (PKU), maple syrup urine disease (MSUD), and succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSADH) deficiency. Phenylketonuria and MSUD are heritable aminoacidopathies displaying aberrant cerebral transport of large neutral aminoacids. This work presents evidence that non-physiological amino acids (NPAAs) have pharmacodynamic efficacy in selective exclusion of phenylalanine from the brain of phenylketonuric mice. Data is presented for feeding and intraperitoneal injection studies of various NPAA

Mono- and Stereopictres of 5.0 Angstrom coordination sphere of Arsenic atom in PDB 1pqu: Crystal Structure Of the H277N Mutant of Aspartate Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase From Haemophilus Influenzae Bound With Nadp, S-Methyl Cysteine Sulfoxide and Cacodylate

phdthesis{4347398, author = {Ingels, Ann-Sofie}, keywords = {mass spectrometry,Gas Chromatography,dried blood spots,headspace-trap,Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid}, language = {eng}, pages = {XIV, 265}, publisher = {Ghent University. Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences}, school = {Ghent University}, title = {Determination of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid in microvolumes of biological fluids following direct derivatization and gas chromatography mass spectrometry}, year = {2013 ...

Burkholderia sp. RP007 aromatic 1,2-dioxygenase beta subunit (phnY),chloroplast-type ferredoxin (phnT2), catechol 2,3-dioxygenase (phnE2), and(phnX) genes, complete cds; and 2-hydroxymuconic semialdehyde dehydrogenase(phnG2) gene, partial ...

Staphylococcus aureus; strain: Newman; locus tag: NWMN_1305 (NWMN_RS07350); symbol: asd; product: aspartate semialdehyde dehydrogenase

Protein target information for Chain A, Aspartate beta-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (Streptococcus pneumoniae). Find diseases associated with this biological target and compounds tested against it in bioassay experiments.

Rare Diseases Research Group. The main research interest of our group are the molecular mechanisms of rare diseases and development of personalized therapies for such diseases. The spectrum of diseases in our research focus include lysosomal storage disorders (aspartylglucosaminuria, neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses), disorders of neurotransmitter metabolism (SSADH deficiency), and autoimmune diseases (Pemphigus). In addition, the molecular mechanisms of cancers, especially those dependent on MAP kinase signaling, are addressed in our group. Aspartylglucosaminuria (R. Tikkanen and A. Banning). Aspartylglucosaminuria (AGU) is a rare genetic disorder caused by mutations in the gene encoding for the lysosomal enzyme aspartylglucosaminidase (AGA). AGU patients are born seemingly normal, but within the first years of life, they start lagging behind in their development and become increasingly handicapped and intellectually disabled by early adulthood. Currently, no approved therapies are available for ...

Aflatoxin B1 aldehyde reductase member 2 catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of succinic semialdehyde to gamma-hydroxybutyrate. May have an important role in producin

The lysine, threonine, and methionine biosynthetic pathways share the three initial enzymatic steps, which are referred to as the Common Pathway (CP). In Escherichia coli three different aspartokinases (AKI, AKII, AKIII, the products of thrA, metL and lysC, respectively) can perform the first step of the CP. Moreover, two of them (AKI and AKII) are bifunctional, carrying also homoserine dehydrogenasic activity (hom product). The second step of the CP is catalyzed by a single aspartate semialdehyde dehydrogenase (ASDH, the product of asd). Thus, in the CP of E. coli while a single copy of ASDH performs the same reaction for three different metabolic routes, three different AKs perfom a unique step. Why and how such a situation did emerge and maintain? How is it correlated to the different regulatory mechanisms acting on these genes? The aim of this work was to trace the evolutionary pathway leading to the extant scenario in proteobacteria. The analysis of the structure, organization, phylogeny, and

Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) is a naturally occurring, 4-carbon compound with a structure similar to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). GHB is described as a neurotransmitter and a regulator of energy metabolism.

The complex organisation of central synapses offers multiple mechanisms for regulation and modulation of synaptic strength. We focus on inhibitory synapses in the mammalian CNS which use GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) as transmitter. The availability of GABA is regulated by its synthesis, degradation and after release-uptake. In situations of over-excitability, the GABA-synthetizing enzyme GAD is up-regulated while a decrease of neuronal activity leads to a down-regulation of GAD. Thus, cellular GABA content seems to be an activity-dependent, variable parameter. We propose that the presynaptic GABA metabolism is a true and autonomous mechanism of synaptic plasticity. We are presently testing this hypothesis using various electrophysiological, histological and biochemical techniques. ...

The complex organisation of central synapses offers multiple mechanisms for regulation and modulation of synaptic strength. We focus on inhibitory synapses in the mammalian CNS which use GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) as transmitter. The availability of GABA is regulated by its synthesis, degradation and after release-uptake. In situations of over-excitability, the GABA-synthetizing enzyme GAD is up-regulated while a decrease of neuronal activity leads to a down-regulation of GAD. Thus, cellular GABA content seems to be an activity-dependent, variable parameter. We propose that the presynaptic GABA metabolism is a true and autonomous mechanism of synaptic plasticity. We are presently testing this hypothesis using various electrophysiological, histological and biochemical techniques. ...

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We have characterised a novel aldo-keto reductase (AKR7A5) from mouse liver that is 78% identical to rat aflatoxin dialdehyde reductase AKR7A1 and 89% identical to human succinic semialdehyde (SSA) reductase AKR7A2. AKR7A5 can reduce 2-carboxybenzaldehyde (2-CBA) and SSA as well as a range of aldehyde and diketone substrates. Western blots show that it is expressed in liver, kidney, testis and brain, and at lower levels in skeletal muscle, spleen heart and lung. The protein is not inducible in the liver by dietary ethoxyquin. Immunodepletion of AKR7A5 from liver extracts shows that it is one of the major liver 2-CBA reductases but that it is not the main SSA reductase in this tissue.. ...

p>The checksum is a form of redundancy check that is calculated from the sequence. It is useful for tracking sequence updates.,/p> ,p>It should be noted that while, in theory, two different sequences could have the same checksum value, the likelihood that this would happen is extremely low.,/p> ,p>However UniProtKB may contain entries with identical sequences in case of multiple genes (paralogs).,/p> ,p>The checksum is computed as the sequence 64-bit Cyclic Redundancy Check value (CRC64) using the generator polynomial: x,sup>64,/sup> + x,sup>4,/sup> + x,sup>3,/sup> + x + 1. The algorithm is described in the ISO 3309 standard. ,/p> ,p class=publication>Press W.H., Flannery B.P., Teukolsky S.A. and Vetterling W.T.,br /> ,strong>Cyclic redundancy and other checksums,/strong>,br /> ,a href=http://www.nrbook.com/b/bookcpdf.php>Numerical recipes in C 2nd ed., pp896-902, Cambridge University Press (1993),/a>),/p> Checksum:i ...

GABA Release. Cerebral cortical neurons in culture were pre-loaded with [3H]GABA (1 μM, 0.1 μCi) for 30 min in the presence of 10 μM vigabatrin to irreversibly inactivate GABA-transaminase, thereby blocking GABA metabolism (Drejer et al., 1987; Gram et al., 1988). Individual cultures (35-mm Petri dishes) were subsequently placed in a superfusion apparatus (Drejer et al., 1987) at 37°C equipped with peristaltic pumps, and the cells were superfused at a flow rate of 2 ml/min. Fractions from the outlet were collected every 30 s, and at the end of the experiments, radioactivity was determined in all fractions. During the superfusion, either 200 μM nonradioactive GABA or 200 μM EF1502 was added to the superfusion medium for 2 min. Results were expressed as counts per minute per fraction collected. It should be noted that since the baseline of the GABA release during the entire superfusion period was constant no major loss of intracellular [3H]GABA occurred during this period.. Animals. Male ...

The dicarboxylic acid glutarate is an important building-block gaining interest in the chemical and pharmaceutical industry. Here, a synthetic pathway for fermentative production of glutarate by the actinobacterium Corynebacterium glutamicum has been developed. The pathway does not require molecular oxygen and operates via lysine decarboyxylase followed by two transamination and two NAD-dependent oxidation reactions. Using a genome-streamlined L-lysine producing strain as basis, metabolic engineering was performed to enable conversion of L-lysine to glutarate in a five-step synthetic pathway comprising lysine decarboxylase, putrescine transaminase and γ-aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase from Escherichia coli and GABA/5AVA amino transferase and succinate/glutarate semialdehyde dehydrogenase either from C. glutamicum or from three Pseudomonas species. Loss of carbon via formation of the by-products cadaverine and N-acetylcadaverine was avoided by deletion of the respective acetylase and export genes. As

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + NAD+ + 2-aminomuconate semialdehyde = NADH + 2-amino-muconate. [EC:1.2.1.32, MetaCyc:1.2.1.32-RXN]

How is Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase and GABA Transaminase abbreviated? GABA-T stands for Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase and GABA Transaminase. GABA-T is defined as Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase and GABA Transaminase very rarely.

Hydroxybutyrate (GHB) is an endogenous metabolite synthesized in the brain. There is strong evidence to suggest that GHB has an important role as a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator.. The human aldo-keto reductase AKR7A2 has been proposed previously to catalyze the NADPH-dependent reduction of succinic semialdehyde (SSA) to GHB in human brain. In this study we have used RNA interference to evaluate the role of AKR7A2 in GHB biosynthesis in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Quantitative reverse transcription-PCR analysis and immunoblotting revealed that short interfering RNA molecules directed against AKR7A2 led to a significant reduction in both AKR7A2 transcript and protein levels 72 h post-transfection. We have shown that reduced expression of AKR7A2 results in a 90% decrease in SSA reductase activity of cell extracts. Furthermore, we have shown using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry that a decrease in the level of AKR7A2 was paralleled with a significant reduction in intracellular GHB ...

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Also altered pre- and post-transplant were levels of spermidine and putrescine, foul-smelling organic compounds initially isolated from rotting meat and semen, respectively. They produce odors reminiscent of rotting flesh, halitosis, and, despite the name, the piscine-like scent of a vaginal bacterial infection.. Some biochemical pathways that didnt work well in the throes of a bout with C. diff recovered after the treatment. Other pathways revved up after treatment, such as changes in glutamate and gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) metabolism that indicate stressed bacteria.. But remembering biochem isnt necessary to follow the terrific mBio paper, because a beautifully clear figure lists the pathways on the left, and color-coded sets of three horizontal bars on the right: red for pre-FMT, green for post-FMT, and blue for the donor material. The green bars inch along from red to blue as the microbial community recovers.. The study confirmed efficacy. Five of the 14 participants still ...

Samantha Reid (January 4, 1984 - January 17, 1999) was an American manslaughter victim, who lived in the Detroit, Michigan Metropolitan Area. She died at age 15 after being drugged surreptitiously with GHB. She, and another girl were poisoned by 3 young men who brought then cocktails, to which they had added either gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) or gamma-butyrolactone (GBL). Shortly after taking the drink, one girl stated that her face became numb and then both of the girls passed out, but the boys did not respond to this medical emergency. The drug continued its effects and soon the girls were having difficulty breathing. The boys eventually drove Samantha Reid to the hospital, but Samantha suffered respiratory arrest and stopped breathing on the way there and died eighteen hours later. The other girl was put on life-support. Had the one girl not abstained and drank a Mountain Dew instead of the cocktails, she might have also died and no one would have been the wiser. The three young men who ...

Mémoire. Introduction: ----------------- In this short discussion I will discuss about 3 classes of memory modulators: A.Cannabinoids B.Benzodiazepines G.Gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid(Gamma-OH,4-OHB,GHB) The structure of Memory ----------------------------------- Through an original research I have discovered that biological memories of complex organisms,like mammals,are organised in basic,fractal-like,structures of which the reiterative elements are called M.H.Vs(Motifs Homologiquement Variants),in French,which can be translated,into English,as Patterns of Homologuous Variations(see:http://dog.net.uk/claude) These MHV are organised in such a way so as to put clear physiological limits on what is possible or not possible in memory modulation and recall. For instance,what we call consciousness can only exist within a limited range of metabolic activity. If the metabolic activity going on in MHVs is too low we cannot,then,properly recall our memories. If the metabolic activity going on in MHVs ...

In our last episode of the season, we look at 5 recent publications in the field of toxicology. Steuer, A. et al. Identification of new urinary gamma-hydroxybutyric acid markers applying untargeted metabolomics analysis following placebo-controlled administration to humans. (2019) Drug Testing an...

asd:AS9A_3606 K00823 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase [EC:2.6.1.19] , (GenBank) gabT2; 4-aminobutyrate transaminase (A) MTRISPLLKQATPVTVDHGEGCYLYGTDGRRYLDFTAGIGVTSTGHCHPRVVEAARAQVG SLIHGQYTTVMHKPMLELVEKLGEVLPEGLDSLFFSNSGSEAVEAALRLARQATGRPNVI VFHGGFHGRTVAAASMTTSGTRFSAGFSPLMAGVHVAPFPTAFRWGWSEEEATDFALREL DYLFATISSPKETAAFIVEPVLGEGGYVPGNTRFFQGLRERADQHGIVLILDEIQTGFGR TGKFFGHQHFDIKPDVITIAKGLASGFPLSGIAAPEALMAKAWPGSQGGTYGGNAVACAA AVATIDVIRDEGLVDNAAQRGTQLLHGAANLATKAIGDTRGLGLLVGSEFVDENGKPDGT KAAAAQQLAGKKGLLLLMCGAYMNTVRMIPPLIVTSEQIDEGLSIWEEVLAEI ...

K07250 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase / (S)-3-amino-2-methylpropionate transaminase [EC:2.6.1.19 2.6.1.22] , (GenBank) gabT; 4-aminobutyrate ...