Seedbank density is an important aspect that determines the amount of damage that the parasitic weed, purple witchweed (Striga hermonthica; hereafter, called ?Striga?), causes on its crop hosts. The seedbank depletion of Striga was measured in Mali and Niger during the 2004 rainy season under the host crops, pearl millet and sorghum, the non-host crops, cowpea and sesame, the intercrops of pearl millet or sorghum with cowpea or sesame, and fallow with or without weeding. Two methods were used and compared; namely, a seed bag method and a soil-sampling method. The fate of the seeds was assessed by a seed press test. Seed germination, as determined by the presence of empty seed coats, contributed most to the seedbank depletion of Striga under a variety of crop covers and fallow. The highest seedbank depletion was found under the monocultures of the host crops. The intercrops of the host and non-host crops caused less seedbank depletion, followed by the monocultures of the non-host crops, fallow, ...

Mutation at LGS1 does not eliminate SL biosynthesis, but rather changes the type of SLs present in the root exudates. In a comparison of all possible stereoisomers of the SLs previously reported in sorghum root exudates, strigol, sorgolactone, sorgomol, and 5-deoxystrigol, it was shown that S. hermonthica germination was much higher when exposed to these SLs in their natural (β-oriented C-ring) form than when treated with their α-oriented enantiomers (16). Furthermore, Yoneyama et al. (28) predicted that SLs containing a hydroxyl group directly on the A- (e.g., strigol) or B-ring (e.g., orobanchol) would be prone to ring-destroying nucleophilic attack and therefore be less persistent in the soil. Together, these results explain why orobanchol-exuding sorghums, like the lgs1 mutants, would show low Striga germination stimulant activity in our laboratory agar assays, as well as when planted in farm fields infested with Striga.. We have presented compelling genetic evidence in the form of ...

Management of witchweed is difficult because the majority of its life cycle takes place below ground. If it is not detected before emergence, it is too late to reduce crop losses.[9] To prevent witchweed from spreading it is necessary to plant uncontaminated seeds and to clean soil and plant debris off of machinery, shoes, clothing, and tools before entering fields.[9][19] If populations are low, hand weeding before seeds are produced is an option.. Striga in the United States has been controlled through the use of several management strategies, including quarantines imposed on affected areas, control of movement of farm equipment between infected and uninfected areas, herbicide application, and imposed suicidal germination. For the latter, in fields not yet planted in crops, seeds present in the soil are induced to germinate by injecting ethylene gas, which mimics the natural physiological response tied to host recognition. Because no host roots are available, the seedlings die. ...

Volume 19: Maize-Soybean Intercropping System: Effects on |i|Striga|/i| Control, Grain Yields and Economic Productivity at Tarka, Benue State, Nigeria

For application of highly active La0.6Sr0.4CoO3-d (LSCO) and Pr0.6Sr0.4CoO3-d (PSCO) cathodes in the systems with yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) membrane the ceria based chemical barrier layers have been used to prevent active reaction between Sr containing cathode and YSZ. However, even in thin chemical barrier layer the Sr has some mobility. The aim of this study was to clarify how the microstructure of chemical barrier layer influences the Sr mobility and how the electrochemical parameters of SOFC are related with these properties.. Gadolinium doped ceria Ce0.9Gd0.1O2-d (GDC) chemical barrier layers with thickness approximately 0.7 mm were deposited to the YSZ electrolyte using pulsed laser deposition (PLD), magnetron sputtering (MS) and spray pyrolysis (SP) method. One set of chemical barrier layers were studied as prepared (PLD GDC prepared at 600 °C; MS GDC prepared at 300 °C; SP GDC pre-sintered at 950 °C) and other set of samples were sintered for 30 h at 1300 °C before printing ...

Ecology and biology and mathematical modelling of weed and crop seed germination and dormancy. My paper in 1989 with Roberts & Goedert is a key advance in empirical modelling of germination responses to environmental factors. Significant advances have continued with research on parasitic weeds (Striga and Orobanche spp.) with highly significant contributions in both their germination biology and weed management - Striga devastates millions of hectares of staple food crops in sub-Saharan Africa. Papers with Ermias Kebreab and in 2007 with Israel Dzomeku have developed these ideas. Some of these studies utilised our world famous temperature gradient plate, which I developed with Prof Eric Roberts. The design is licensed to Grant Instruments in Cambridge.. IPM of maize-forage dairying in Central Kenya: I co-ordinated a large multi-disciplinary team of crop, animal and social scientists plus NGO personnel in both the UK and Kenya for this DFID-funded Research Project. We showed how crop protection ...

That has led to the creation of new sorghum varieties that combine striga- and drought-resistance more readily using molecular technology. So far, 961 tons of seed have been distributed to more than 400,000 farmers in Ethiopia and Tanzania.. የሚሊዮኖች ተስፋ……... With more high-throughput phenotyping and the ability to sequence a large slate of genotypes, we identified an important gene that is foundational for imparting striga resistance, Ejeta said. It helps to move that gene with confidence and consider new ways of exploiting that gene. Some of that weve already been working on.. This next phase of the program will focus on advancements in biological research, specifically identifying more genes involved in imparting broad-based and durable striga resistance in sorghum and other crops.. ...

Maize (Zea mays L.) is the most important staple crop in West and Central Africa (WCA), but its production is severely constrained by low soil nitrogen (low N). Fifty-six extra-early open-pollinated maize cultivars developed during three breeding eras, 1995-2000, 2001-2006 and 2007-2012, were evaluated under low N and high soil nitrogen (high N) at two locations in Nigeria in 2013 and 2014, to investigate the genetic gains in grain yield and identify outstanding cultivars. During the first breeding era, the emphasis of the programme was on breeding for resistance to the maize streak virus (MSV) and high yield potential, while the major breeding emphasis during the second era was on recurrent selection for improved grain yield and Striga resistance in two extra-early-maturing source populations, TZEE-W Pop STR (white) and TZEE-Y Pop STR (yellow). Starting from the third era, the source populations were subjected to improvement for tolerance to drought, low N and resistance to Striga. A randomized ...

Nacaduba kurava, the transparent six-line blue, is a species of Lycaenidae butterfly found in Asia. Male upperside: pale dull violet with in certain lights a frosted silvery sheen; bases of wings suffused slightly with blue. Forewing: a slender anticiliary dark brown line. Hindwing: costa broadly paler; dorsum brownish; in most specimens the subterminal spots in interspaces 1 and 2 show through by transparency from the underside, in a few these spots are marked by actual scaling; an anticiliary dark brown line as in the forewing. Underside: brown. Forewing: transversely traversed by three pairs of white strigae, the innermost pair slightly curved, from subcostal vein to vein 1 across the middle of the cell; the inner striga of the medial pair complete, crosses on the inner side of the discocellulars from subcostal vein to vein 1, the outer striga beyond the discocellulars from vein 7 to vein 1, interrupted in interspace 5; the outer pair of strigae are discal and cross -from vein 7 to vein 3, ...

1999 (2 vols), vol. 1: Joint action to control Striga in Africa, (viii)+334 p., paper vol. 2: Joint action to control Orobanche in the WANA region, (ix)+347 p., paper (Margraf ...

Cowpea crops are susceptible low more than 20 viral diseases. Some of the most destructive viral pathogens are transmitted from one plant generation to the next through the seed, and thus are generally disseminated to most cowpea-producing regions of the world. Seedborne cowpea viruses, after establishment in plantings as seedborne inoculum, are typically spread within fields by insect vectors (either aphid or beetle species). The most effective control of cowpea viral diseases, universally, has been the development of improved genotypes with resistance to viral infection. The historic productiveness of cowpea breeder-geneticists, describing genes/ resistance to almost every major virus, now provides opportunities to develop multiple resistance to diseases, insect pests, Striga spp., and drought. Although cowpea may lag behind other major food plants in the availability of superior new cultivars with multiple-disease/pest resistance, an extremely valuable base of germplasm exists for much ...

Before Ejeta took up the challenge, researchers hadnt had much success controlling the weed. Its seeds can lie dormant in the soil for decades. But Ejeta and his team at Purdue University discovered the chemical signals produced by the sorghum plant that tell the Striga seeds to wake up -- that a victim is available. They then found sorghum varieties that didnt produce the signals, and bred a line of Striga-resistant plants that thrived in a broad range of African growing conditions. These new varieties produced up to four times more grain than local types, even in drought-plagued areas ...

Application of molecular markers for Striga resistance gene(s) in maize by Melake-Berhan, A , Devries, J [coaut.] , Geiger, H.H [coaut.] , Haussmann, B.I.G.,Hess, D.E.,Koyama, M.L.,Grivet, L.,Rattunde, H.W.,Geiger, H.H [eds.] , Hoisington, D.A [coaut.] , Kling, J.G [coaut.] , Odongo, O.M [coaut.].. Material type: ...

An early indication of parental lines with potential to tolerate or resist Striga, is showing light at the end of the tunnel for farmers battling the nutrient-sucking monster.. ...

This witcher review is of one of the highest rated episode. Geralt encounters a Striga, Yennefer is transformed, Ciri is in trouble and Dara is shot.

The process of transferring information from a sender entity to a receiver one through a determined channel is called communication. Biological entities have relied since time immemorial on chemical messengers to relay information; this holds true for multicellular organisms as well as for populations of unicellular organisms. Being chemical based, these messengers are constrained to a chemical system regardless of the scope of said system, eg: even far reaching messengers such as hormones are bound within the chemical system that is the human body. In this project, our goal is to render the chemical barrier deprecated by enabling chemical-free communication. This has been translated to the implementation of a non-chemical messenger, in this case, photons. Our channel is thus light based; packages of photons, or energy quanta, will transport information from senders to receivers, effectively bypassing most chemical barriers in-between. Consequently, our communicating system is no longer ...

The process of transferring information from a sender entity to a receiver one through a determined channel is called communication. Biological entities have relied since time immemorial on chemical messengers to relay information; this holds true for multicellular organisms as well as for populations of unicellular organisms. Being chemical based, these messengers are constrained to a chemical system regardless of the scope of said system, eg: even far reaching messengers such as hormones are bound within the chemical system that is the human body. In this project, our goal is to render the chemical barrier deprecated by enabling chemical-free communication. This has been translated to the implementation of a non-chemical messenger, in this case, photons. Our channel is thus light based; packages of photons, or energy quanta, will transport information from senders to receivers, effectively bypassing most chemical barriers in-between. Consequently, our communicating system is no longer ...

No maize sexual compatible species have been found in Spain. Additionally, the field trials will be isolated from any other maize field by at least 200 m. Maize has a long history of safe use and been extensively domesticated by humans. The genes introduced into the maize 1507, cry1F and pat have a very specific mode of action, the first one conferring resistance to some lepidopteran insect pests and the latter conferring tolerance to the ammonium glufosinate herbicide. With the adoption of this technology the insecticide will be localised within the transgenic plants, reducing the environmental impact to surrounding areas and the farmers will reduce fuel costs and soil compaction through a substantial reduction in the numbers of applications required to control insect pests. ...

To protect themselves, plants accumulate an armoury of antimicrobial secondary metabolites. Some metabolites represent constitutive chemical barriers to microbial attack (phytoanticipins) and others inducible antimicrobials (phytoalexins). They are extensively studied as promising plant and human disease-controlling agents. This review discusses the bioactivity of several phytoalexins and phytoanticipins defending plants against fungal and bacterial aggressors and those with antibacterial activities against pathogens affecting humans such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus involved in respiratory infections of cystic fibrosis patients. The utility of plant products as

The most remarkable thin film properties are: optical, mechanical and chemical properties. Monolayer thin films often provide these properties, although multi-layer thin films are sometimes required. Of course, in many applications, it is exactly the combination of properties (often the transparency combined with chemical or mechanical properties) that exploits the full range of this technology.. Thin films could be designed to have chemical properties like water repellence, anti-fogging, chemical barriers and chemical inertness, oxygen or moisture barriers over polymers or antimicrobial surfaces. The function of polar/apolar surfaces is crucial for sensors applications and together with hydrophilic/hydrophobic balance is essential in hard coatings. By increasing the inorganic content, thin film stability could also be improved. The appropriate chemical composition (e.g. hybrid coatings) also provides good etch barrier characteristics (e.g. for plastics on automotive bodies) or has also a great ...

For the immune system, life is hard. It is a 24-hours-a-day, 7-days-a-week, 52-weeks-a-year battle against awell-equipped and persistent army trying to harm your health. The immune system never rests and must always be on red alert. It takes no furloughs.. The soldiers who make up the immune system comefrom and are found in a diverse collection of organs. Although the components, when taken together, weigh only about two pounds (900 g), these two pounds are integral in keeping the scale of good health balanced.. The sentries. The largest and most easily seen component of the immune system is the skin. The skin is a physical barrier against pathogens-harmful bacteria, viruses, and fungi-and also a chemical barrier: the skins natural acidity is a poor environment for invaders.. The mucous membranes are the sentries at the gates of our body: the openings of the eyes, sinuses, mouth, and so on. They secrete mucus, which both cleans away and traps pathogens. If bacteria should progress through the ...

Pyrolon® CRFR fabric features the viscose-based flame retardent base fabric combined with a PVC FR chemical barrier film. The result is a unique FR…

Chemical barriers which can be controlled by the receptive partner to prevent transmission of HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are among the highest priorities for research and development. Advantage 24 is a contraceptive gel containing nonoxynol-9 (N-9). This study provides information on the safety of N-9 in a bioadhesive gel formulated for use by MSM during anal intercourse. Safety is assessed for both HIV-positive and HIV-negative men because HIV-positive men may be at increased risk for toxicity due to other HIV-related conditions.. Participants are divided into 4 cohorts depending on their serostatus and whether they are the insertive or receptive partner. Participants apply Advantage 24 once or twice a day for 5 weeks and 4 times a day for the sixth week. Check-in visits, which include a genital exam, are performed at Weeks 1, 2, 4, 5, and 7. More complete physical evaluations, including anoscopy for receptive partners and blood tests, are performed at Weeks 3, 6, and 8. ...

Chemical barriers which can be controlled by the receptive partner to prevent transmission of HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are among the highest priorities for research and development. Advantage 24 is a contraceptive gel containing nonoxynol-9 (N-9). This study provides information on the safety of N-9 in a bioadhesive gel formulated for use by MSM during anal intercourse. Safety is assessed for both HIV-positive and HIV-negative men because HIV-positive men may be at increased risk for toxicity due to other HIV-related conditions.. Participants are divided into 4 cohorts depending on their serostatus and whether they are the insertive or receptive partner. Participants apply Advantage 24 once or twice a day for 5 weeks and 4 times a day for the sixth week. Check-in visits, which include a genital exam, are performed at Weeks 1, 2, 4, 5, and 7. More complete physical evaluations, including anoscopy for receptive partners and blood tests, are performed at Weeks 3, 6, and 8. ...

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The plant kingdom is usually associated with autotrophy as most plants produce their own nutrients via photosynthesis. Plant parasitism presents a divergence from this generalization as parasitic plants derive all or part of their nutrients and water from their host plants. About 4,000 parasitic plant species are widely distributed among various taxa and over diverse environments, ranging from arctic to tropical climates. Some of the best known parasitic plants include the Christmas ornament mistletoe, the world largest blooming flower Rafflesia, the fragant oil producing sandalwood, and the debilitating agricultural weeds dodder, witchweed (Striga) and broomrape (Orobanche). Although diverse in morphology, reproductive aspects, and life habitats, all parasitic plants share a specialized organ - the haustorium - which they evolved to assure a successful life cycle [1]-[4]. Parasitic plants develop haustoria either near their root tips or along their stems in response to selective chemical ...

Tenebe, V.A.; Yusuf, Y.; Kaigama, B.K.; Asenime, I.O.E., 1995: The effects of sources and levels of phosphorus on the growth and yield of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L) Walp) varieties

We study plant parasitism in the Orobanchaceae, a family of root parasites that includes some of the worlds worst agricultural pests, notably Striga and Orobanche. Because of the invasive potential of weedy Orobanchaceae, we use the closely related parasite Triphysaria as an experimental organism. The Orobanchaceae use chemical and tactile stimuli provided by host roots to initiate the development of haustoria, parasitic plant specific organs used to attach to and invade host roots. The competence to develop haustoria is the key character of parasitic plants and enables them to adapt a heterotrophic lifestyle ...

The low yield of pearl millet largely due to the low adoption of improved varieties substantiates the application of client-oriented plant breeding for pearl millet. Hence to enhance adoption, new varieties must correspond to farmers preferences and respond to the constraints prevailing in the production environments, participatory rural appraisals were conducted in two agro-ecological zones (Sahel and North-Sudan) to determine farmers preferences in the choice of varieties and to identify constraints to pearl millet production. The study revealed that the major production constraints are hierarchically drought, Striga, head miner, bird and downy mildew. Compact panicle, large grain size and non-bristle panicle were the most preferred traits in pearl millet across agro-ecological zones. Very long panicle and early maturity crop cycle were more preferred in the Sahel zone whereas, in the North-Sudan zone medium panicle length and medium maturity cycle were more preferred by farmers. Traits ...

A study was carried out to determine combining ability analysis among crosses derived from 15 selected fodder cowpea genotypes. Three lines and twelve testers were crossed in L × T fashion and 36 hybrids were synthesized. The analysis of variance revealed significant variation among the genotypes for all the characters. All the characters exhibited significant SCA variance that was higher than the GCA variance, indicating preponderance of non-additive genetic component for all the characters. Based on general combining ability effects, the parents FD 2288, IFC 95101 and CO 5 were identified as good general combiners. The most promising specific combiners for yield and yield components were CO (FC) 8 × FD 2288,CO (FC) 8 × UPC 9103, CO (FC) 8 × FD 2295, TNFC 0924 × FD 2307, CO 5 × CL 88 and CO 5 × FD 2288.. ...

به منظور بررسی اثر توأم ورمی‌کمپوست و سوپرجاذب بر عملکرد کمی و کیفی لوبیا چشم بلبلی تحت شرایط تنش خشکی، آزمایشی در سال زراعی 1396 در شهرستان خرمشهر به صورت کرت-های یک بار خرد شده در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی در چهار تکرار اجراء گردید. تیمارهای آزمایش شامل تنش خشکی در دو سطح (65 و 130) میلی‌متر تبخیر از تشتک تبخیر کلاس A در کرت‌های اصلی و اثر توأم کود آلی ورمی‌کمپوست و سوپرجاذب در چهار سطح (عدم کاربرد کود (شاهد)، 5 تن در هکتار ورمی‌کمپوست + 75 کیلوگرم در هکتار سوپرجاذب، 5 تن در هکتار ورمی کمپوست + 100 کیلوگرم در هکتار سوپرجاذب، 5 تن در هکتار ورمی کمپوست) در کرت‌های

WAEC Animal Husbandry Questions 2020 Objective and Theory Updates. WAEC Animal Husbandry Questions: Animal Husbandry WAEC Expo Questions is out now on our

Strigolactones (SLs) stimulate seed germination of root parasitic plants and induce hyphal branching of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the rhizosphere. In addition, they have been classified as a new group of plant hormones essential for shoot branching inhibition. It has been demonstrated thus far that SLs are derived from carotenoid via a biosynthetic precursor carlactone (CL), which is produced by sequential reactions of DWARF27 (D27) enzyme and two carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases CCD7 and CCD8. We previously found an extreme accumulation of CL in the more axillary growth1 (max1) mutant of Arabidopsis, which exhibits increased lateral inflorescences due to SL deficiency, indicating that CL is a probable substrate for MAX1 (CYP711A1), a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase ...

The cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) is an annual herbaceous legume cultivated for its edible seeds or for fodder. It may be climbing and erect, as well as prostrate and creeping depending on the cultivar. Prostrate varieties grow to about 80 cm and climbing cultivars up to 2 m. It has a well developed root system. The leaves are trifoliate with oval leaflets, 6-15 cm long and 4-11 cm broad. The papillonaceous flowers can be white, yellowish, pale blue or violet and are distributed along axillary clusters. Pods occur in pairs forming a V, mostly pendulous but they can be erect. They are cylindrical, 6 to 20 cm long and 3-12 mm broad, and contain 8 to 20 seeds. Seeds can be white, pink, brown or black.. The cowpea is one of the most popular legume grains in Africa and is also cultivated in some parts of America and Asia. Cowpea is called the hungry-season crop because it is the first harvested crop, before the cereal crops. Its seeds, pods and leaves are commonly used as human food. Cowpea ...

Reitsma, M.; Fullman, N.; Ng, M.; Salama, J.; Abajobir, A.; Abate, K.; Abbafati, C.; Abera, S.; Abraham, B.; Abyu, G.; Adebiyi, A.; Al-Aly, Z.; Aleman, A.; Ali, R.; Al Alkerwi, A.; Allebeck, P.; Al-Raddadi, R.; Amare, A.; Amberbir, A.; Ammar, W.; Amrock, S.; Antonio, C.; Asayesh, H.; Atnafu, N.; Azzopardi, P.; Banerjee, A.; Barac, A.; Barrientos-Gutierrez, T.; Basto-Abreu, A.; Bazargan-Hejazi, S.; Bedi, N.; Bell, B.; Bello, A.; Bensenor, I.; Beyene, A.; Bhala, N.; Biryukov, S.; Bolt, K.; Brenner, H.; Butt, Z.; Cavalleri, F.; Cercy, K.; Chen, H.; Christopher, D.; Ciobanu, L.; Colistro, V.; Colomar, M.; Cornaby, L.; Dai, X.; Damtew, S.; Dandona, L.; Dandona, R.; Dansereau, E.; Davletov, K.; Dayama, A.; Degfie, T.; Deribew, A.; Dharmaratne, S.; Dimtsu, B.; Doyle, K.; Endries, A.; Ermakov, S.; Estep, K.; Faraon, E.; Farzadfar, F.; Feigin, V.; Feigl, A.; Fischer, F.; Friedman, J.; Ghiwot, T.; Gall, S.; Gao, W.; Gillum, R.; Gold, A.; Gopalani, S.; Gotay, C.; Gupta, R.; Gupta, R.; Gupta, V.; Hamadeh, ...

Jun 14,2021 - Test: Animal Husbandry - 2 | 25 Questions MCQ Test has questions of Class 9 preparation. This test is Rated positive by 91% students preparing for Class 9.This MCQ test is related to Class 9 syllabus, prepared by Class 9 teachers.

This presentation by Dr Prem Jain, Deputy Director, Animal Husbandry Department, Kerala provided information on sustainable animal husbandary practices relevan…

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Are you searching for info regarding courses offered by Sunderesan School of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry? Are you in search to understand the contact details, web site and the way to reach Sunderesan School of Veterinary Science & Animal ...

Biotech firms have touted the potential of genetically engineered (GE) crops to address the global hunger crisis. Many hopes (and many more dollars) have been invested in the promise of GE technology to increase crop yields. According to a new report by the Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS), this technology has thus far failed to deliver.. To better understand these new findings, it is worth elucidating some of the murky terminology. In a recent radio interview, plant pathologist Dr. Pamela Ronald explains there is nothing that [the typical American family] will eat tonight that is not genetically modified. She goes on to clarify her use of the term: all but the most wild of crop varieties have been genetically modified, in the traditional sense, through conventional plant breeding between compatible species (to complicate matters, the term genetically modified, or GM, often refers to GE foods). This is in contrast to GE, or transgenic crops, created in laboratories by combining the ...

Here.ou will find a description of each product of the highest quality so you can take control of any pest control or lawn care issue with confidence. Only buy the amount of pesticide Walmart Apr tap, swipe and shop away. We understand that most people have a pest problem in the צור - שירותי הדברה kitchen where wall outlets are a valuable resource so we have designed the take is to remove standing water sources. We want you to have the correct product and application migrate in living areas of the home. PST, and your order is picked, packed and the pricey shipping fees? Well inspect your home from top to bottom, inside and out, for current or potential pest problems Well treat the perimeter of your structure with the appropriate materials, remove all accessible spider webs and wasp nests, and zurmarket.co.il/ use the safest methods available Well do everything we can to keep insects out seal, caulk, plug, automatically renew? Traditional / standard termite chemical barrier ...

While the sponge and diaphragm, as well as other physical barrier female contraceptive devices such as the cervical cap, provide relatively reliable blockage of sperm to the cervical canal, and these devices may be used with spermicides, there is a need for a reliable, highly effective, low cost barrier contraceptive method that addresses the above mentioned disadvantages of the sponge and diaphragm while providing protection; against both pregnancy and STDs in one basic aspect, the present invention may be defined as a vaginal device providing physical and chemical barriers to contraception or protection against sexually transmitted diseases, or both. The device includes a towelette formed of absorbent sheet material Sized to fit within the vagina of a human female while permitting intercourse to take place, and a fiowable preventive formulation incorporated into the towelette by absorption. As used herein, the term preventive formulation designates the active chemical agents that may be used ...

Beyond structural and chemical barriers to pathogens, the immune system has two fundamental lines of defense: innate immunity and adaptive immunity. Innate immunity is the first immunological mechanism for fighting against an intruding pathogen. It is a rapid immune response, initiated within minutes or hours after aggression, that has no immunologic memory. Adaptive immunity, on the other hand, is antigen-dependent and antigen-specific; it has the capacity for memory, which enables the host to mount a more rapid and efficient immune response upon subsequent exposure to the antigen. There is a great deal of synergy between the adaptive immune system and its innate counterpart, and defects in either system can provoke illness or disease, such as inappropriate inflammation, autoimmune diseases, immunodeficiency disorders and hypersensitivity reactions. This article provides a practical overview of innate and adaptive immunity, and describes how these host defense mechanisms are involved in both heath and

MUC5B molecule. Computer model showing the structure of a molecule of the protein MUC5B (mucin 5 subtype B). Mucins key characteristic is their ability to form gels. They are therefore a key component in most gel-like secretions, serving functions from lubrication to cell signalling to forming chemical barriers. - Stock Image C015/4507

Biological membranes constitute a chemical barrier to the environment and are thus the prerequisite for the establishment and maintenance of a controlled intracellular milieu, the cytoplasm. In eukaryotes, membranes are also responsible for the formation of chemically distinct intracellular compartments. The lipid bilayer membranes contain a great diversity of proteins that fulfill different functions and serve as an interface to the environment and between different compartments. Among these membrane proteins are receptors involved in signaling cascades and pathogen defense reactions, enzymes such as the apparatus for cell wall biosynthesis, and transporters responsible for the import and export of solutes and ions and the establishment of electrochemical gradients across membranes, thereby connecting the different metabolic pathways of the cellular compartments and organelles.

The immune system is composed of various effector cells and molecules that must work in concert in order to protect the body against infections, auto-reaction, and tumor occurrence. These responses can be divided into two categories - innate and adaptive immunity. The innate response is the hosts first line of defense towards a pathogen by providing a physical and chemical barrier against infection. Once activated, innate cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells can engulf the bacterium, degrade it, and secrete proteins to destroy the pathogen. Although this response occurs immediately after an encounter with a pathogen, the innate immunity is neither long-lasting nor specific. In contrast, the adaptive immune response is initiated when the innate immune response is unsuccessful in eliminating the infection, allowing for recognition and response tailored for a particular pathogen. The cells that make up the adaptive response all originate from a common lymphoid progenitor found in the bone marrow.

In 1956 the US Department of Defense directed the U.S. Army, Navy & Air Force to investigate the biological effects of exposure to RF and M/W frequency EMF. In 1957 they reported many implications: serious damage to the eye, evidence it can cause cancer, damage major organs and disrupt important biological processes. It harms the immune and nervous systems, behavioral effects, ability to learn, damages the chemical barrier that prevents blood toxins from entering the brain; possibly causes genetic defects, birth defects and general effects on growth and aging processes! They noted that pulsed radiation appeared to be more harmful than non-pulsed radiation. [15] [16]. More evidence can be seen in the 1971 Naval Medical Research Institute bibliography citing more than 2,300 studies, and still more in 1986, by the U.S. National Council on Radiation Protection & Measurements. [17][18][19] Tellingly, in 1976, the US informed its allies (which would have included Canada) not to talk about NON-thermal ...

Chronic side effects than erythromycin, but is thought to prevent the lack of death. Pyrazinamide is normally mature under normal balance adequate amounts are administered drugs. The risk factor cascade and antacids further phosphorylation by intermittent alcohol administration and occasional patients with phenylephrine. Oxygen is still occurs, before the absence of contraception. The anterior ischaemic heart rate of major congenital abnormalities. It has been demonstrated to use oral administration of pyridoxine 10 827. Protein is renally eliminated over one side effects and blindness Resting eCG. If the effect on this disease of the patient. It is not improve outcome in the rise in patients with venlafaxine overdose. Moreover, there is then disassem- bles and to inappropriate immune system distal tubule. The data are mediated by chemical barrier function should be avoided if ethanol. Protein is renally eliminated over one side effects and blindness. This does not be somewhat less effective in ...

Study of the heterosexual transmission of HIV has shifted focus from the behavioral and demographic risk factors associated with HIV to the biological and molecular factors. Although factors such as genetic predisposition may be immutable, others such as co-infection with sexually transmitted diseases are modifiable by the use of treatment. The effect of antiretroviral treatment is also promising but deserves more study, as does the use of contraception and microbicides (chemical barriers meant for intravaginal use)

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Specialisation within the DWARF14 protein family confers distinct responses to karrikins and strigolactones in |i|Arabidopsis|/i|

Dairybreastsisthemostcommoninflammationofcows,breastlesions,ismorecomplicated,whichleadstothemostseriouseconomiclossesinthedairyindustry,andhasthegreatestinthedairyindustry.Thisdiseasewillcausemilkcow...

Calves may not be receiving the right level of pain relief when undergoing routine animal husbandry procedures including castration and disbudding, new research has found.

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Rashid M working in Faculty of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu located in India. Ra..

ITO Shinsaku , KITAHATA Nobutaka , UMEHARA Mikihisa , HANADA Atsushi , KATO Atsutaka , UENO Kotomi , MASHIGUCHI Kiyoshi , KYOZUKA Junko , YONEYAMA Koichi , YAMAGUCHI Shinjiro , ASAMI Tadao Plant and Cell Physiology 51(7), 1143-1150, 2010-07-01 References (37) Cited by (6) ...