Background: Pre-pulse inhibition (PPI) is a process in which the motor response to a startling stimulus is inhibited by a less intense stimulus immediately preceding it. Diminished PPI represents one of the many sensory integration impairments observed in patients with schizophrenia and autism. Objectives: The objective of our project is to explore potential neuropharmacological mechanisms of clozapine-mediated PPI improvement. Methods: In the current study 36 female Sprague-Dawley rats were used to study mixed-modal PPI with an acoustic prepulse and a tactile (air-puff) startling stimulus. Animals were chronically administered via osmotic minipump the NMDA glutamate receptor antagonist, dizocilpine (0.15 mg/kg/day), the H1 histamine receptor antagonist, pyrilamine (50 mg/kg/day), the combination of the two drugs or the saline vehicle (N=9/group). Following the completion of these psychopharmacological studies, we performed postmortem radioligand assays on histological sections to determine ...

Cardiac-cycle-time effects are attributed to variations in baroreceptor (BR) activity and have been shown to impinge on subcortical as well as cortical processes. However, cognitive and sensorimotor processes mediating voluntary responses seem to be differentially affected. We sought to disentangle cardiac-cycle-time effects on subcortical and cortical levels as well as sensorimotor and cognitive processes within a spatial stimulus-response-compatibility paradigm employing startling stimuli of different modalities. Air-puffs and white noise-bursts were presented unilaterally during either cardiac systole or diastole while bilateral startle EMG responses were recorded. Modality, laterality and cardiac-cycle-time were randomly varied within-subjects. Cognitive and sensorimotor stimulus-response-compatibility was orthogonally varied between-subjects: Participants (N = 80) responded to the stimuli via left/right button-push made with either the contra- or ipsilateral hand (sensorimotor compatibility) on

BX-795 is a potent PDK1 inhibitor that blocks PDK1/Akt signaling in tumor cells and inhibits the anchorage-dependent growth of a variety of tumor cell lines in culture or induced apoptosis.

This lesson requires a Biopac Student Lab (BSL) System and the following hardware. If your BSL System does not include all hardware items, expand your system by selecting required items below. For more details, review the Lesson: L# BSL Lessons - see the Lab Manual or launch BSL; A# and H# BSL PRO Lessons, click the PDF link above to review full setup, recording, and analysis procedures.. ...

Several studies have suggested a role of BDNF in the development of schizophrenia. For example, post-mortem studies have shown significantly reduced levels of BDNF protein expression in the brain of schizophrenia patients. We investigated the relationship between reduced levels of BDNF in the brain and the regulation of prepulse inhibition (PPI), a behavioral endophenotype of schizophrenia. We used BDNF heterozygous mutant rats which display a 50% decrease of mature BDNF protein levels. Previously, we observed normal baseline PPI and responses to the dopamine D1/D2 receptor agonist, apomorphine, in these rats. Here, we focused on the effects of the NMDA receptor antagonist, MK-801, its interaction with mGluR2/3 and mGluR5 receptors, and the PPI response to serotonergic drugs. MK-801 administration caused a dose-dependent reduction of PPI and increase of startle amplitudes. Baseline PPI and the effect of 0.02-0.1mg/kg of MK-801 were not significantly altered in male or female BDNF heterozygous rats,

Get this from a library! Effectiveness of Traffic Operational Measures : 5 reports prep. for the 52d annual meeting. [National Research Council (U.S.). Highway Research Board.;]

TY - JOUR. T1 - Startle evokes nearly identical movements in multi-jointed, two-dimensional reaching tasks. AU - Ossanna, Meilin R.. AU - Zong, Xi. AU - Ravichandran, Vengateswaran J.. AU - Honeycutt, Claire. N1 - Funding Information: Funding This study was made possible through funding from the National Institutes of Health (R00 HD073240), Arizona State Universitys Fulton Undergraduate Research Initiative (FURI), and Barrett, The Honors College. Publisher Copyright: © 2018, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.. PY - 2019/1/31. Y1 - 2019/1/31. N2 - StartReact is the ability of the startle reflex to involuntarily release a planned movement in the presence of a loud acoustic stimulus resulting in muscle activity patterns and kinematics that are tightly regulated and scaled with the intended action. Previous studies demonstrated startReacts robustness during simple single-joint reaching tasks and found no difference between startReact and voluntary movements for movement ...

He sido una beauty junkie incluso desde antes que estuviera de moda esto de tener blog. Siempre me ha gustado el maquillaje high end (el que venden en las tiendas departamentales), y más desde que mi mamá me regaló mi primer quinteto y gloss de Dior. Varias amigas y conocidas me han pedido recomendaciones de productos, y algunas veces hasta las he maquillado. Por ello, un día decidí que debía compartir un poquito más esta afición escribiendo un blog ...

Recent experiments pairing a startling stimulus with a simple reaction time (RT) task have shown that when participants are startled, a prepared movement was initiated earlier in comparison to...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Evolution of energy spectrum from laser-accelerated protons with a 100 fs intense prepulse. AU - Glinec, Y.. AU - Genoud, G.. AU - Lundh, O.. AU - Persson, A.. AU - Wahlström, C. G.. PY - 2008/11/1. Y1 - 2008/11/1. N2 - A parametric study is reported where a femtosecond prepulse is used to change the target properties before the interaction with a multi-terawatt laser pulse which accelerates protons from a foil target. The proton spectrum as function of the prepulse delay and intensity, up to 1.5 ns and up to 3×1016 W/cm2, respectively, shows a global decrease of the maximum proton energy with delay and intensity. However, under appropriate conditions, it is found that the maximum proton energy increases by more than 10% and that the spectral shape changes.. AB - A parametric study is reported where a femtosecond prepulse is used to change the target properties before the interaction with a multi-terawatt laser pulse which accelerates protons from a foil target. The proton ...

The acoustic startle reflex (ASR), a defensive response, is a contraction of the skeletal and facial muscles in response to an abrupt, intense (> 80 db) auditory stimulus, which has been extensively...

The onset of DNA replication which is the essential step in the reproduction of any cell requires specific interactions of initiator proteins at defined loci called origins. Although the origin size varies from prokaryotes to eukaryotes, the origin recognition complex which is one of the major players initiating DNA replication across the species is conserved. The orchestrated binding of ORC facilitates DNA melting which in turn is the inception for the duplication of the DNA thus helping to emanate bidirectionally from the origins. The conserved DNA binding domains, ATP regulation and the structural properties of the DNA are the key features of the replication machinery. The ORC proteins exhibit a multifaceted role besides its fundamental role in DNA replication. The ORC mutations leads to various diseases.. ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Galantamine and donepezil attenuate pharmacologically induced deficits in prepulse inhibition in rats. AU - Hohnadel, Elizabeth. AU - Bouchard, Kristy. AU - Terry, Alvin V.. N1 - Funding Information: This work was supported in part by the American Foundation for Pharmaceutical Educations Pre-doctoral Fellowship program and by the National Institute of Mental Health (MH 066233 to AVT). Copyright: Copyright 2008 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.. PY - 2007/2. Y1 - 2007/2. N2 - Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs) are currently being evaluated as adjunctive therapy for the cognitive dysfunction of schizophrenia. This core symptom of schizophrenia has often been attributed to impaired attention and abnormal sensory motor gating, features that are also found in Huntingtons Disease, autism, and several other psychiatric and neurological disorders. The ability to improve prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the acoustic startle response may predict the efficacy of compounds as cognitive ...

Gap detection or gap pre-pulse inhibition of the acoustic startle (GPIAS) has been successfully used in rat and guinea pig models of tinnitus, yet this system has proven to have low efficacy in CBA mice, with low basal GPIAS and subtle tinnitus like effects. Here, we tested five mouse strains (CBA, BalbC, CD-1, C57BL/6 and sv129) for pre-pulse inhibition and gap detection with varying interstimulus intervals (ISI) and found the that mice from a CBA genetic background had the poorest capacities of suppressing the startle response in presence of a pre-pulse or a gap. CD-1 mice displayed variable responses throughout all ISI. Interestingly, C57BL/6, sv129 and BalbC showed efficient suppression with either pre-pulses or gaps with shorter ISI. The glutamate aspartate transporter (GLAST) is expressed in support cells from the cochlea and buffers the excess of glutamate. We hypothesized that loss of GLAST function could sensitize the ear to tinnitus-inducing agents, such as salicylate. Using shorter ISI to

Several important results were obtained from the present studies. First, in accordance with many previous reports, PCP was found repeatedly to disrupt PPI (Bakshi and Geyer, 1995; Bakshi et al., 1994; Mansbach and Geyer, 1989; Swerdlow et al., 1996; Wiley, 1994; Varty and Higgins, 1994; Johansson et al., 1994b). Second, the selective alpha-1 noradrenergic antagonist prazosin prevented the PCP-induced deficit in PPI. This effect was produced by multiple prazosin doses, was observed over multiple prepulse intensities and was replicated in a second separate experiment. Finally, selective antagonists for eitheralpha-2 (RX821002), muscarinic M1 (pirenzepine) or GABA-A (pitrazepin) receptors had no effect on the disruption of PPI produced by PCP. Taken together, these results indicate strongly that the impairment of sensorimotor gating induced by PCP involves the presumably indirect activation of alpha-1 adrenergic receptors, but probably not alpha-2, M1 or GABA-A receptors.. To the best of our ...

Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine (eCAM) is an international peer-reviewed, Open Access journal that seeks to understand the sources and to encourage rigorous research in this new, yet ancient world of complementary and alternative medicine.

PubMed comprises more than 30 million citations for biomedical literature from MEDLINE, life science journals, and online books. Citations may include links to full-text content from PubMed Central and publisher web sites.

an Operations, Administration, and Maintenance (OAM) mechanism for connectivity check and connection verification. This is achieved by providing a simplified mechanism with large portions of negotiation aspects eliminated, resulting in a faster and simpler provisioning. Because of this simplified mechanism, due to a misconfiguration, an SBFDInitiator could send S-BFD control packets to a target that does not exist or that is outside the S-BFD administrative domain. As explained in Section 7.3.1, an SBFDInitiator can be a persistent initiator or a when needed one. When an S-BFD persistent SBFDInitiator is used, it SHOULD be controlled that S-BFD control packet do not propagate for an extended period of time outside of the administrative domain that uses it. Further, operational measures SHOULD be taken to identify if S-BFD packets are not responded to for an extended period of time, and remediate the situation. These potential concerns are largely mitigated by dynamic advertisement ...

PHENOTYPE: Mice homozygous for one knock-out allele exhibit increased marble burying, increased startle response, and decreased prepulse inhibition. [provided by MGI curators ...

Habituation is a simple form of learning that all animals, including people, are capable of. In this lesson, you will learn what it is, how it...

LInfarctus du myocarde (IM) provoque, chez le rat, une augmentation de lapoptose dans le système limbique en plus dinduire des symptômes qui sapparentent à la dépression chez lhumain. Nous avons démontré quune diète ...

Anticorps-enligne.fr offre des lysats de cellules entières de lhumain, la souris, le rat et le poulet. Ces lysats peuvent être utilisés dans des applicati...

Several important results were obtained from the present studies. First, in accordance with many previous reports, PCP was found repeatedly to disrupt PPI (Bakshi and Geyer, 1995; Bakshi et al., 1994; Mansbach and Geyer, 1989; Swerdlow et al., 1996; Wiley, 1994; Varty and Higgins, 1994; Johansson et al., 1994b). Second, the selective alpha-1 noradrenergic antagonist prazosin prevented the PCP-induced deficit in PPI. This effect was produced by multiple prazosin doses, was observed over multiple prepulse intensities and was replicated in a second separate experiment. Finally, selective antagonists for eitheralpha-2 (RX821002), muscarinic M1 (pirenzepine) or GABA-A (pitrazepin) receptors had no effect on the disruption of PPI produced by PCP. Taken together, these results indicate strongly that the impairment of sensorimotor gating induced by PCP involves the presumably indirect activation of alpha-1 adrenergic receptors, but probably not alpha-2, M1 or GABA-A receptors.. To the best of our ...

Background: Reduced prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the auditory startle reflex is a hallmark feature of attention-processing deficits in patients with schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. Recent evidence suggests that these deficits may also be present before the onset of psychosis in individuals at ultra-high risk (UHR) and become progressively worse as psychosis develops. We conducted a longitudinal follow-up study to observe the development of PPI over time in UHR adolescents and healthy controls. Methods: Two-year follow-up data of PPI measures were compared between UHR adolescents and a matched control group of typically developing individuals. Results: We included 42 UHR adolescents and 32 matched controls in our study. Compared with controls, UHR individuals showed reduced PPI at both assessments. Clinical improvement in UHR individuals was associated with an increase in PPI parameters. Limitations: A developmental increase in startle magnitude partially confined the interpretation ...

Some of the symptoms of schizophrenia such as hallucinations and delusions cannot be assessed easily in animals. For other abnormalities such as cognitive dysfunction and affective symptoms, some proxy measures have been developed to test animals. For example, prepulse inhibition and latent inhibition are commonly used to detect attention-related deficits, whereas PST and TST can indicate a depression-related phenotype. Recently reported DISC1 transgenics or mutants exhibit some abnormalities consistent with a schizophrenia phenotype (Table 1). For example, strain 31L has a predominant mood disorder-like phenotype with reduced Pde4b activity, whereas the 100P strain shows profound deficits in prepulse inhibition and latent inhibition (Clapcote et al., 2007). However, neither 129 mice with spontaneous Disc1 truncation (Koike et al., 2006, Ishizuka et al., 2007) nor DN-DISC1 mice using an ectopic (Hikida et al., 2007) or inducible promoter (Pletnikov et al., 2008) display significant changes in ...

Background Tuberculosis is one of the worlds leading killers, stealing 1. cell immune responses in infected NOS2-/-, RAG-/-, C3HeB/FeJ and C57/BL6 mice. Gr-1+ cells could be found on the edges of necrotic lung lesions in NOS2-/-, RAG-/-, and C3HeB/FeJ, but were absent in wild-type mice. Both populations of Gr1+CD11b+ cells expressed high levels of arginase-1, AMD 070 irreversible inhibition and IL-17, additional markers of myeloid derived suppressor cells. We then sorted the Gr1hi and Gr1int populations from infected NOS-/- mice and placed the sorted both Gr1int populations at different ratios with na?ve or infected splenocytes and evaluated their ability to induce activation and proliferation of CD4+T cells. Our results showed that both Gr1hi and Gr1int cells were able to induce activation and proliferation of CD4+ T cells. However this response was reduced as the ratio AMD 070 irreversible inhibition of CD4+ T to Gr1+ cells elevated. Our outcomes illustrate a however unrecognized interplay ...

Bcl2 PPI Inhibitors Library is BH3 mimetic molecules that can be used in cancer treatment as proapoptotic drugs. They inhibit PPI.

Recent evidence suggests that prepulse inhibition (PPI) levels relate to executive function possibly by a prefrontal cortex (PFC) dopamine (DA) link. We explored the effects of enhanced PFC DA signaling by the nonstimulant catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitor tolcapone, on PPI and working memory of subjects homozygous for the Val (low PFC DA) and the Met (high PFC DA) alleles of the COMT Val158Met polymorphism. Twelve Val/Val and eleven Met/Met healthy male subjects entered the study. Tolcapone 200 mg was administered in two weekly sessions, according to a balanced, crossover, double-blind, placebo-controlled design. PPI was assessed with 5 dB and 15 dB above background prepulses, at 30-, 60-, and 120 ms prepulse-pulse intervals. Subjects also underwent the n-back and the letter-number sequencing (LNS) tasks. PPI was lower in the Val/Val compared to the Met/Met group in the placebo condition. Tolcapone increased PPI significantly in the Val/Val group and tended to have the opposite effect in

Long-term neurological complications, termed sequelae, can result from viral encephalitis, which are not well understood. In human survivors, alphavirus encephalitis can cause severe neurobehavioral changes, in the most extreme cases, a schizophrenic-like syndrome. In the present study, we aimed to adapt an animal model of alphavirus infection survival to study the development of these long-term neurological complications. Upon low-dose infection of wild-type C57B/6 mice, asymptomatic and symptomatic groups were established and compared to mock-infected mice to measure general health and baseline neurological function, including the acoustic startle response and prepulse inhibition paradigm. Prepulse inhibition is a robust operational measure of sensorimotor gating, a fundamental form of information processing. Deficits in prepulse inhibition manifest as the inability to filter out extraneous sensory stimuli. Sensory gating is disrupted in schizophrenia and other mental disorders, as well as

Introduction: There is now general awareness that treatment with proton pump inhibitors (ppi) may cause moderate rises in circulating concentrations of gastrin and/or chromogranin A (CgA), thus decreasing the specificity of these markers in the diagnosis of neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). Due to their high efficacy, proton pump inhibitors (ppi) are one of the most frequently prescribed classes of drugs worldwide. Several studies in various countries report that 30% or more of in-patients have been prescribed ppi. Patients who are suspected of having a neuroendocrine tumor (NET) often have gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms for which ppi are prescribed and therefore they may be already taking ppi when their first blood sample is assayed for NET markers. We previously encountered a case of extreme rise in CgA which flagged the possibility of a NET, but was later shown to be due to ppi therapy alone. We present CgA and gastrin data in relation to ppi therapy and withdrawal for this patient. In order to ...

Startle syndromes consist of three heterogeneous groups of disorders with abnormal responses to startling events. The first is hyperekplexia, which can be split up into the major or minor form. The major form of hyperekplexia is characterised by excessive startle reflexes, startle-induced falls, …

This issue, if you look at it properly has not been created by consumers, it has been created by the firms that shouldnt have sold the product to unsuspecting people in the first place! Like it or not consumers do not have time to investigate what they had that may have been miss-sold however long ago let alone remember what they previously had now they have moved on to mortgage, loan or credit card number 6, 7, 8 or 9 over the last 10 years! Enter the claims management companies who have jumped on the bandwagon to help consumers regain what is rightfully theirs whilst taking a nice healthy slice of the pie in the process. If the banks and product providers want this over and done with, then they should have to go through their records on what THEY have miss-sold and just give it back to the consumer. There is nothing about this that is fair on people who have genuinely through no fault of their own been sold a product that they didnt need in the first place, yet they are the ones who are ...

MFR#:90361 UPC:736676903610 This genuine Ruger factory magazine with Ruger logo feeds as reliably as the standard 10-round Ruger rotary magazine.

Hey Divij! I have the same epigastric dull, heavy pain for 2 months! 2 weeks after treatment I feel some improvement, so I think your symptoms might improve as well with time. Your therapy is a little bit strange for me, it usually contains 2 antibiotics and a PPI at the same time and last 10-14 day ...

如果上述评估检查后吞咽困难仍然存在，应该行经验性治疗，内镜下食管扩张术是常用的治疗手段，尽管目前关于内镜下食管扩张术疗效的评估是相互矛盾的[13-16]。食管高敏感性可能是食管功能性吞咽困难重要原因，但是目前仅有有限的数据支持使用抗抑郁药物及其他神经调节药物；在临床实践中，这种治疗方法是有效的，因此可能同时伴有其他食管功能症状[17-19]。如果患者有GERD症状，应该给予PPI治疗[5]。对于伴有吞咽困难的患者，在针对食管体部检查没有明确病因时，应该再次检查患者口咽部以排除口咽部病变的肯能性。除此之外，吞咽困难的诊断及治疗方案仍有局限性，应重点加强患者适当饮食及咀嚼技巧方面的教育[19,20]。下图列举关于内镜检查阴性的吞咽困难处理方法。. ...

Looking for online definition of hyperekplexia in the Medical Dictionary? hyperekplexia explanation free. What is hyperekplexia? Meaning of hyperekplexia medical term. What does hyperekplexia mean?

JL13 [5-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-8-chloro-pyrido[2,3-b][1,5] benzoxazepine fumarate] is a substance with a close structural resemblance to clozapine. However, it is less sensitive to oxidation and may therefore have less hematological side effects. In the present study, JL13 was compared with clozapine and haloperidol in several animal models for schizophrenia. The paw test represents a screening model for antipsychotic drugs that can discriminate between drugs with extrapyramidal side effects and drugs without. Haloperidol increased both forelimb retraction time and hindlimb retraction time (HRT), whereas both clozapine and JL13 increased only HRT. In the prepulse inhibition paradigm, all three drugs reversed the apomorphine- and the amphetamine-induced disruption of prepulse inhibition. However, whereas haloperidol was equally effective against both dopaminergic drugs, JL13 and clozapine were more effective against amphetamine. Finally, only JL13 was able to increase prepulse inhibition in ...

Also known as Startle Disease, this extrapyramidal and movement disorder causes children to freeze when startled, sometimes even slightly. It can be confused with some forms of epilepsy.

The device consists of a container separated into an outer and an inner part by a mesh screen. The mesh screen prevents direct contact between the ice (placed in the outer part) and the hand of the subject (placed in the inner part). The water is regularly mixed to maintain the temperature in the inner part near to 0°C. The subject places his hand, wide open and to the wrist, into the inner part of the container. He is asked to keep it in the water until he feels an intolerable sensation of pain and is forced to remove his hand from the container, in any case for a maximum time of 2 min ...

PHENOTYPE: Homozygous mutant mice show a decreased mean percentage of natural killer cells when compared with controls. Male homozygous mutant mice exhibit impaired sensorimotor gating/attention during prepulse inhibition testing. [provided by MGI curators ...

Conservative therapies for post-prostatectomy incontinence (PPI) are often the initial therapy offered to patients after radical prostatectomy. Lifestyle modifications have been shown to have some...

A method and neurostimulation system of providing therapy to a patient is provided. At least one electrode is placed in contact with tissue of a patient. A sub-threshold, hyperpolarizing, conditioning pre-pulse (e.g., an anodic pulse) is conveyed from the electrode(s) to render a first region of the tissue (e.g., dorsal root fibers) less excitable to stimulation, and a depolarizing stimulation pulse (e.g., a cathodic pulse) is conveyed from the electrode(s) to stimulate a second different region of the tissue (e.g., dorsal column fibers). The conditioning pre-pulse has a relatively short duration (e.g., less than 200 μs).

Regulation of cell function with a nonthermal, physiological-level electromagnetic field offers prospect of vascular tissue recovery therapies and advancing cross types bioelectronic technology. their classification regarding frequency, location, as well as the electric properties from the model elements. The results present a stunning difference in the rate of recurrence dependence of EF penetration and cell response between cells suspended in an electrolyte and cells attached to a substrate. The EF structure in the cell is definitely strongly inhomogeneous and is sensitive to the physical properties of the cell and its environment. These findings provide insight into the mechanisms for frequency-dependent cell reactions to EF that regulate cell function, which may possess important implications for EF-based therapies and biotechnology development. [50] prolonged Schwans theory by taking into account the conductivity using constant, oscillating and pulsed EF. Additional geometriescylindrical, ...

When ovariectomized females were tested with allopregnanolone alone here also reduced CRF enahnced startle reaction.. In another set of experiments the researchers discovered that lactating female rats with high natural progesterone were markedly lower CRF-enhanced startle responses compared to virgin females with intact ovaries. The results of theses initial experiments revealed the conclusion that progesterone […]. ...

MECANISMES REGULATEURS DE LA TOLERANCE AUX ALLOGREFFES CHEZ LE RAT ETUDE DES MECANISMES REGULATEURS DINDUCTION ET DE MAINTIEN DE LA TOLERANCE AUX ALLOGREFFES CARDIAQUES CHEZ LE RAT. Biology Editions universitaires europeennes (2011-04-27) - ISBN-13: 978-613-1-57379-8 ...

Haplotype: GRIN2B_T200G - GRIN2B_A5806C - GRIN2B_T5988C(T-C-C), GRIN2B_T200G - GRIN2B_A5806C - GRIN2B_T5988C(T-A-C), GRIN2B_T200G - GRIN2B_A5806C - GRIN2B_T5988C(G-C-C), GRIN2B_T200G - GRIN2B_A5806C - GRIN2B_T5988C(G-A-C), GRIN2B_T200G - GRIN2B_A5806C - GRIN2B_T5988C(T-C-T), GRIN2B_T200G - GRIN2B_A5806C - GRIN2B_T5988C(G-C-T ...

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ABSTRACT BLAST-INDUCED TINNITUS: A COMBINED BEHAVIORAL, MEMRE, AND ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY STUDY by JESSICA OUYANG May 2014 Advisor: Drs. Steve Cala & Jinsheng Zhang Major: Physiology Degree: Doctor of Philosophy Tinnitus and hearing loss are the frequent auditory-related co-morbidities of blast trauma. The etiology of blast-induced tinnitus is also muddled by brain mechanisms associated with emotional and cognitive problems such as anxiety, memory loss, and depression. We set out to develop a realistic and ecologically valid model to address changes of cognitive status and psychological state that are associated with blast- induced tinnitus. In this study, 19 adult rats were randomly divided into the sham group (n=6) and the blast group (n=13). Blast exposure (14 psi) was conducted via a shock wave tube to expose the left ears of the rats in the blast group, and a sham exposure was conducted to the rats in the sham group. Blast-induced tinnitus was evaluated with gap detection and pre-pulse inhibition (PPI)

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The most common physiological response measured to gauge FPS response in humans is eyeblink, or the reflexive act of blinking. Currently, the most widely accepted/used means with which to measure the eyeblink reflex is by using a technology called electromyographic recording (EMG). EMG provides eyeblink rate data by measuring and recording activity of the eyelid muscles using two electrodes. In order to obtain an optimal reading, the persons skin must be cleaned, dried, and covered with a thin layer of electrode gel in only the spots where the measures will be taken; one electrode is placed in the center of the persons forehead above the nose, and two recording electrodes are placed directly underneath the eye, approximately two centimeters apart. The participant should be looking forward for the duration of data collection. If noises are used as the catalyst for the FPS response in a study (acoustic startle), the volume must be both controlled and reported, as noises around 50/60 Hz can ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Global quantitative analysis of phosphorylation underlying phencyclidine signaling and sensorimotor gating in the prefrontal cortex. AU - McClatchy, D. B.. AU - Savas, J. N.. AU - Martínez-Bartolomé, S.. AU - Park, S. K.. AU - Maher, P.. AU - Powell, S. B.. AU - Yates, J. R.. PY - 2016/2/1. Y1 - 2016/2/1. N2 - Prepulse inhibition (PPI) is an example of sensorimotor gating and deficits in PPI have been demonstrated in schizophrenia patients. Phencyclidine (PCP) suppression of PPI in animals has been studied to elucidate the pathological elements of schizophrenia. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying PCP treatment or PPI in the brain are still poorly understood. In this study, quantitative phosphoproteomic analysis was performed on the prefrontal cortex from rats that were subjected to PPI after being systemically injected with PCP or saline. PCP downregulated phosphorylation events were significantly enriched in proteins associated with long-term potentiation (LTP). ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - The role of Akt-GSK-3β signaling and synaptic strength in phencyclidine-induced neurodegeneration. AU - Lei, Gang. AU - Xia, Yan. AU - Johnson, Kenneth M.. PY - 2008/5. Y1 - 2008/5. N2 - N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists such as phencyclidine (PCP) can induce positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia in humans and related effects in rodents. PCP treatment of developing rats induces apoptotic neurodegeneration and behavioral deficits later in life that mimic some symptoms of schizophrenia. The precise mechanism of PCP-induced neural degeneration is unknown. This study used selective antagonists, siRNA, and Western analysis to investigate the role of the Akt-glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) pathway in PCP-induced neuronal apoptosis in both neuronal culture and postnatal day 7 rats. PCP administration in vivo and in vitro reduced the phosphorylation of AktSer427 and GSK-3βSer9, decreasing Akt activity and increasing GSK-3β activity. The alteration of ...

Background:. Pakistan was placed on the grey list by the FATF in June last year for failing to curb anti-terror financing. It has been scrambling in recent months to avoid being added to a list of countries deemed non-compliant with anti-money laundering and terrorist financing regulations by the Paris-based FATF, a measure that officials here fear could further hurt its economy.. About FATF:. What is it? The Financial Action Task Force (FATF) is an inter-governmental body established in 1989 on the initiative of the G7. It is a policy-making body which works to generate the necessary political will to bring about national legislative and regulatory reforms in various areas. The FATF Secretariat is housed at the OECD headquarters in Paris.. Objectives: The objectives of the FATF are to set standards and promote effective implementation of legal, regulatory and operational measures for combating money laundering, terrorist financing and other related threats to the integrity of the ...

Abstract: The serotonergic system in the brain plays a major role in mood and anxiety regulation when exposed to stress. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of Sertraline administration in coping with stress using the behavioural paradigms of the acoustic startle reflex (ASR) and its prepulse inhibition (PPI) in both sexes. Wistar rats were divided into two groups: intact animals and exposed to restraint stress (RS) 3 times per day during 7 days, which were then subdivided into three other groups: injected with Sertraline (5 mg/kg/day) or the drug vehicle saline for 8 consecutive days, and non-injected. ASR and PPI values were analyzed along 4 sessions to determine behavioral changes. Upon it, we also determine the effects of acute immobilization stress analyzing physiological stress indicators in blood. Our data show sex differences in response to stress paradigms. RS affected more intensely males than females, disturbing the males growth and the long-term startle ...

0090] Although a case where each of the pre-pulse laser beam P and the main pulse laser beam M has a circular cross-section and each of the droplet DL and the diffused target has a circular cross-section has been described so far, this disclosure is not limited thereto. When the cross-section is not circular, the relationship between the spot size of a given laser beam and the size of a droplet may be defined two-dimensionally in terms of the area. For example, an area (mathematical) of a region (two-dimensional plane) where the beam intensity distribution along the cross-section of the pre-pulse laser beam P has substantial uniformity may exceed the area (mathematical) of the maximum cross-section of the droplet DL. Further, the minimum area of the region where the beam intensity distribution along the cross-section of the pre-pulse laser beam P has substantial uniformity may be equal to or larger than the sum of the area of the maximum cross-section of the droplet DL and the variation in the ...

TY - CONF. T1 - Enhancement of the J=0-1(19.6nm) transition relative to the J=2-1(23.6nm) one using a prepulse with the Ne-like germanium XUV laser system. AU - Cairns, G.F.. AU - Lamb, Martin. AU - Lewis, Ciaran. AU - Macphee, A.G.. AU - Neely, D.. AU - Norreys, P.. AU - Key, M.H.. AU - Smith, C.. AU - Healy, S.B.. AU - Holden, P.B.. AU - Pert, G.. AU - Ploues, J.A.. PY - 1994/5. Y1 - 1994/5. M3 - Paper. SP - 289. EP - 292. T2 - 4th International Colloquium on X-Ray Lasers. Y2 - 1 May 1994 through 1 May 1994. ER - ...

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A proteolytic enzyme that converts Plasminogen to Fibrinolysin where the preferential cleavage is between Arginine and Valine. It was isolated originally from Human URINE, but is found in most Tissues of most Vertebrates ...