Female sperm storage is a biological process and often a type of sexual selection in which sperm cells transferred to a female during mating are temporarily retained within a specific part of the reproductive tract before the oocyte, or egg, is fertilized. The site of storage is variable among different animal taxa and ranges from structures that appear to function solely for sperm retention, such as insect spermatheca and bird sperm storage tubules (bird anatomy), to more general regions of the reproductive tract enriched with receptors to which sperm associate before fertilization, such as the caudal portion of the cow oviduct containing sperm-associating annexins. Female sperm storage is an integral stage in the reproductive process for many animals with internal fertilization. It has several documented biological functions including: Supporting the sperm by: a.) enabling sperm to undergo biochemical transitions, called capacitation and motility hyperactivation, in which they become ...

Induction of human sperm chemotaxis is an established phenomenon, though signaling systems physiologically involved have not been identified. Recently, it has been demonstrated that RANTES is present in the follicular fluid and that this molecule is a chemoactractant for human spermatozoa. However, the presence of beta-chemokine receptors on human spermatozoa has never been reported. By cytometric, Western blotting and immunofluorescence analysis, we demonstrate the presence of CCR5 and CCR3 on ejaculated spermatozoa from healthy subjects. CCR5 was detected in the periacrosomal region of the sperm surface, whereas CCR3 was also present in the postacrosomal cap. Individual variability was observed on CCR5 and CCR3 positive sperm percentages. Presence of Delta32+/-) mutation was demonstrated in two subjects expressing CCR5 in half of the ejaculated spermatozoa. Our findings represent the missing information in favor of the possibility that beta-chemokines and their receptors are involved in sperm

Lipid peroxidation (LPO) of stallion spermatozoa was assessed in fresh semen and in samples of the same ejaculates after freezing and thawing. Particular attention was paid to individual differences in the susceptibility to LPO and its possible relationship with freezability. Innate levels of LPO were very low in fresh spermatozoa but increased after thawing, a change that was largely stallion-dependent. The level of LPO in fresh spermatozoa was not correlated with that of the thawed spermatozoa. Negative correlations existed between LPO and intact membranes post-thaw (r= -0.789, Pless than0.001), and also between LPO and spermatozoa with high mitochondrial membrane potential (Delta psi m) post-thaw (r= -0.689, Pless than0.001). LPO was also highly and significantly correlated with caspase activity. The correlation between caspase activity in ethidium positive cells and LPO was r=0.772, Pless than0.001. This LPO is unlikely to represent, per se, a sign of cryopreservation-induced injury, but it ...

Human spermatozoa are compromised by production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and detection of ROS in spermatozoa is important for the diagnosis of male infertility. The probes 2,7-dichlorohydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH), dihydroethidium (DHE), and MitoSOX red (MSR) are commonly used for detecting ROS by flow cytometry; however, these probes lack sensitivity to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which is particularly damaging to mammalian sperm cells. This study reports the synthesis and use of three aryl boronate probes, peroxyfluor-1 (PF1), carboxyperoxyfluor-1, and a novel probe, 2-(2-ethoxyethoxy)ethoxyperoxyfluor-1 (EEPF1), in human spermatozoa. PF1 and EEPF1 were effective at detecting H₂O₂ and peroxynitrite (ONOO-) produced by spermatozoa when stimulated with menadione or 4-hydroxynonenal. EEPF1 was more effective at detection of ROS in spermatozoa than DCFH, DHE, or MSR; furthermore it distinguished poorly motile sperm as shown by greater ROS production. EEPF1 should therefore have a ...

Human spermatozoa are compromised by production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and detection of ROS in spermatozoa is important for the diagnosis of male infertility. The probes 2,7-dichlorohydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH), dihydroethidium (DHE), and MitoSOX red (MSR) are commonly used for detecting ROS by flow cytometry; however, these probes lack sensitivity to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which is particularly damaging to mammalian sperm cells. This study reports the synthesis and use of three aryl boronate probes, peroxyfluor-1 (PF1), carboxyperoxyfluor-1, and a novel probe, 2-(2-ethoxyethoxy)ethoxyperoxyfluor-1 (EEPF1), in human spermatozoa. PF1 and EEPF1 were effective at detecting H₂O₂ and peroxynitrite (ONOO-) produced by spermatozoa when stimulated with menadione or 4-hydroxynonenal. EEPF1 was more effective at detection of ROS in spermatozoa than DCFH, DHE, or MSR; furthermore it distinguished poorly motile sperm as shown by greater ROS production. EEPF1 should therefore have a ...

P-266. Study question: What is the impact of selecting spermatozoa with the highest chromatin integrity on ICSI outcomes? Summary answer: We selected spermatozoa with the highest progressive motility and chromatin integrity by microfluidic sperm selection (MFSS) and achieved superior implantation and delivery rates. What is known already: Sperm preparation methods aim at providing specimens for insemination with the highest progressive motility independent of phenotypic and genomic integrity. It has recently been recognized that a microfluidics device yielded spermatozoa with the highest progressive motility as well as superior chromatin integrity. Here we compared two sperm selection methods: density gradient centrifugation (DGC) and MFSS. Study design, size, duration: From October 2016 to January 2020, ejaculates that were processed by DGC and MFSS for ICSI treatment from 8 consenting men were screening for DNA fragmentation by TUNEL. In addition, ejaculates from 22 men were processed solely ...

Even relatively minor errors in chromatin remodeling during spermiogenesis are associated with sperm DNA damage and infertility, yet little is known about the etiology. Mice with severe NPYq deletions are infertile due to severe sperm differentiation defects (Ward and Burgoyne, 2006; Yamauchi et al., 2009). We have recently observed that sperm from these mice presented abnormal chromatin packaging and DNA damage. Moreover, when these sperm were injected into the oocytes, a significant increase of oocyte arrest at pronuclei stage and of chromosome aberrations in the fertilized eggs were noted (Yamauchi et al., 2010). Here we provide evidence that the deficiency of NPYq encoded gene Sly is associated with sperm DNA damage and poor sperm chromatin condensation, and propose that SLY plays a role in spermatid-specific chromatin remodeling.. How can Sly/SLY be involved in sperm DNA damage phenotype? SLY protein has been shown to control the postmeiotic expression of ,100 genes, the majority of which ...

In the mouse and other mammals studied, including man, ejaculated spermatozoa cannot immediately fertilize an egg. They require a certain period of residence in the female genital tract to become functionally competent cells. As spermatozoa traverse through the female genital tract, they undergo multiple biochemical and physiological changes collectively referred to as capacitation. Only capacitated spermatozoa interact with the extracellular egg coat, the zona pellucida. The tight irreversible binding of the opposite gametes triggers a Ca|sup|2+|/sup|-dependent signal transduction cascade. The net result is the fusion of the sperm plasma membrane and the underlying outer acrosomal membrane at multiple sites that causes the release of acrosomal contents at the site of sperm-egg adhesion. The hydrolytic action of the acrosomal enzymes released, along with the hyperactivated beat pattern of the bound spermatozoon, is important factor that directs the sperm to penetrate the egg coat and fertilize the egg.

Sperm-associated antigen 8 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SPAG8 gene. The correlation of anti-sperm antibodies with cases of unexplained infertility implicates a role for these antibodies in blocking fertilization. Improved diagnosis and treatment of immunologic infertility, as well as identification of proteins for targeted contraception, are dependent on the identification and characterization of relevant sperm antigens. The protein encoded by this gene is recognized by sperm agglutinating antibodies from an infertile woman. This protein is localized in germ cells of the testis at all stages of spermatogenesis and is localized to the acrosomal region of mature spermatozoa. Alternatively spliced variants that encode different protein isoforms have been described but the full-length sequences of only two have been determined. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000137098 - Ensembl, May 2017 GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000066196 - Ensembl, May 2017 Human PubMed Reference:. ...

Header}}[[Image:Frazer002 bw600.jpg,right,300px]] ==Introduction== [[File:Human-spermatozoa.jpg,thumb,Human spermatozoa (light microscope)]] [[File:Human-spermatozoa EM01.jpg,thumb,Human spermatozoa (electron microscope)]] [[File:Single_human_spermatozoa.jpg,thumb,Single human spermatozoa{{#pmid:20529256,PMID20529256}}]] This page introduces spermatogenesis the development of spermatozoa, the male haploid gamete cell. In humans at puberty, spermatozoa are produced by {{spermatogonia}} meiosis in the seminiferous tubules of the testis (male gonad). A second process of {{spermiogenesis}} leads to change in cellular organisation and shape before release into the central lumen of the seminiferous tubule. This overall process has been variously divided into specific identifiable stages in different species: 6 in human, 12 in mouse, and 14 in rat. Structurally, the seminiferous tubule epithelium is divided into a basal and an apical (adluminal) compartment by the blood-testis barrier (BTB). (More? ...

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In mammals, after coitus a small number of spermatozoa enter the uterine tube and following attachment to uterine tube epithelium are arrested in a non-capacitated state until peri-ovulatory signalling induces their detachment. Whilst awaiting release low numbers of spermatozoa continually detach from the epithelium and the uterine tube reservoir risks depletion. There is evidence of attachment of spermatozoa to uterine epithelium in several species which might form a potential pre-uterine tube reservoir. In this study we demonstrate that: (1) dog spermatozoa attach to uterine epithelium and maintain flagellar activity, (2) in non-capacitating conditions spermatozoa progressively detach with a variety of motility characteristics, (3) attachment is not influenced by epithelial changes occurring around ovulation, (4) attachment to uterine epithelium slows capacitation, (5) capacitated spermatozoa have reduced ability to attach to uterine epithelium, (6) under capacitating conditions increased ...

Improved fertility following artificial insemination with frozen-thawed spermatozoa would offer rabbit producers faster genetic improvement. Previous work investigating cryoprotectants for rabbit spermatozoa have reported inconsistent results. Semen was collected from three rabbit bucks by artificial vagina and frozen using a standard procedure with varied cryodiluent components. Post-thaw analysis encompassed motility, sperm kinematic parameters and acrosome and membrane integrity. Spermatozoa were evaluated at 0, 2 and 4 h after thawing. Experiment 1 compared diluents with 3.5% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 1.5% acetamide, 1.75% DMSO + 0.75% acetamide or 3.5% DMSO + 1.5% acetamide. The treatment that resulted in the highest post-thaw motility (P,0.001) and acrosome integrity (P,0.001) was DMSO alone. Experiment 2 compared 3.5, 7 and 10% DMSO in the cryodiluent. The best post-thaw sperm motility (P,0.001) and linearity (P=.002) was in 3.5% DMSO, while 10% DMSO afforded higher acrosome/membrane ...

Reactive oxygen species (ROS), particularly hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), cause oxidative cell damage and inhibit sperm function. In most oviparous fishes that spawn in seawater (SW), spermatozoa may be exposed to harmful ROS loads associated with the hyperosmotic stress of axonemal activation and ATP synthesis from mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. However, it is not known how marine spermatozoa can cope with the increased ROS levels to maintain flagellar motility. Here, we show that a marine teleost orthologue of human aquaporin-8, termed Aqp8b, is rapidly phosphorylated and inserted into the inner mitochondrial membrane of SW-activated spermatozoa, where it facilitates H2O2 efflux from this compartment. When Aqp8b intracellular trafficking and mitochondrial channel activity are immunologically blocked in activated spermatozoa, ROS levels accumulate in the mitochondria leading to mitochondrial membrane depolarisation, the reduction of ATP production, and the progressive arrest of sperm ...

In order to reach fertilization in the context of IVF, the presence of high concentrations of spermatozoa is associated with a higher degree of sperm metabolism and a higher concentration of sperm degradation products, which may adversely affect not only sperm and oocyte viability and the fertilization rate. The effect of a high concentration of sperm used for oocyte insemination appears also to be negative on embryo development (Dumoulin et al 1992*). If that is true, lowering the sperm concentration for oocyte insemination might improve embryo quality and result in a higher implantation rate per embryo. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that the percentage of 8 cell-embryos on day 3 after IVF is significantly higher (40%) after insemination with a low sperm concentration (150 000/ml spermatozoa) than after insemination with a higher sperm concentration (30%; group 600 000/ml spermatozoa ...

BACKGROUND: Previous results from our laboratory have led us to propose heparan sulfate (HS) as a putative protamine acceptor during human sperm decondensation in vivo. The aim of this paper was to investigate the presence of glycosaminoglycans in the mammalian oocyte in an effort to better support this contention. METHODS: Two experimental approaches are used: oocyte labeling to identify the presence of HS and analysis of sperm decondensing ability of fresh oocytes in the presence or absence of specific glycosidases. RESULTS: Staining of mouse zona-intact oocytes with the fluorescent cationic dye, Rubipy, at pH 1.5 allowed for the detection of sulfate residues in the ooplasm by confocal microscopy. HS was detected in the ooplasm by immunocytochemistry. A sperm decondensation microassay using heparin and glutathione was successfully developed. The same level of sperm decondensation could be attained when heparin was replaced by mouse zona-free oocytes. Addition of heparinase to the ...

The spermiogenesis process in Wardula capitellata begins with the formation of a differentiation zone containing two centrioles associated with striated rootlets and an intercentriolar body. Each centriole develops into a free flagellum orthogonal to a median cytoplasmic process. Later these flagella rotate and become parallel to the median cytoplasmic process, which already exhibits two electron-dense areas and spinelike bodies before its proximodistal fusion with the flagella. The final stage of the spermiogenesis is characterized by the constriction of the ring of arched membranes, giving rise to the young spermatozoon, which detaches from the residual cytoplasm. The mature spermatozoon of W. capitellata presents most of the classical characters reported in digenean spermatozoa such as two axonemes of different lengths of the 9 + 1 trepaxonematan pattern, nucleus, mitochondrion, two bundles of parallel cortical microtubules and granules of glycogen. However, some peculiarities such as two ...

Our clinical catamnestic studies on cases of sterility with a proven sensitization against spermatozoa revealed a statistically significant decrease of pregnancies only in patients with positive spermantibody tests over a period longer than 3 years. A direct spermimunological etiology of sterility can not yet be derived. In the investigated 759 cases a sensitization against spermatozoa was detected in 93 cases. In 11 patients the spermantibodies proved to be positive longer than 3 years. Washed spermatozoa were used as antigen in the applied test methods. It may very well be possible, that the results point in a different direction once we are applying a particular fertility diminishing spermatozoa antigen.

1. Chromosome dimorphism of the spermatozoa has been shown for a variety of mammals, and in some cases this has been shown to be correlated with dimorphism in the head lengths of the spermatozoa.. 2. In the present paper this correlation has been extended to the spermatozoa of man, the mouse, and the rat, in which chromosome dimorphism of the spermatozoa had previously been shown, and in which head length dimorphism seems to exist.. 3. The interest of these results lies in the probability that the histological difference in the X- and Y-spermatozoa may account for the inequality of the sexes at conception in mammals.. ...

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This study evaluated the effects of cooling, freezing and thawing on the plasma membrane integrity, kinetics and expression of two sugar transporters glucose transporter-3 and -5 (GLUT-3 and GLUT-5) in spermatozoa from Iberian boars. Semen samples were collected twice weekly from eight young, fertile Iberian boars of the Entrepelado and Lampiño breeds. The samples were suspended in a commercial extender and refrigerated to 17 degrees C for transport to the laboratory (step A), where they were further extended with a lactose-egg yolk-based extender and chilled to 5 degrees C (step B) prior to freezing in the presence of glycerol (3%). Spermatozoa were assessed for plasma membrane integrity and sperm motility at each of the steps, including post-thaw (step C). Aliquots were also prepared for immunocytochemical localisation of the sugar transporters (fixed and thin smears for transmission and scanning electron microscopy levels respectively) and for SDS-PAGE electrophoresis and subsequent western

The acrosome reaction of epididymal spermatozoa and fertilization in vitro of mouse eggs in chemically defined media without tissue fluid were investigated. About 8 to 10% of motile spermatozoa lost their acrosome but no eggs were penetrated when the spermatozoa and eggs were incubated in a basic medium (modified Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate solution containing glucose) for 5 to 7 hr. Addition of a single metabolic intermediate, such as sodium oxaloacetate or sodium pyruvate, to the basic medium increased the proportion of motile spermatozoa without an acrosome (19 to 34%) and the proportion of eggs penetrated (3·2 to 25·5%). Incubation of spermatozoa and eggs in the basic medium containing serum albumin of various species caused a further increase in the proportion of motile spermatozoa without an acrosome (50 to 65%) and in that of penetrated eggs (60·7 to 86%). The best medium for sperm capacitation and fertilization of mouse eggs in vitro, however, was the basic medium containing bovine serum ...

Membrane fluidity refers to the viscosity of the lipid bilayer. When the temperature decreases, interactions between phospholipids appear and the membrane becomes more rigid and can be described as a glass state. Some components, such as the cholesterol rate, could help the membrane to better stand the temperature drop.. Contrary to other mammalian spermatozoa, swine spermatozoa are characterized by a high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids and a low concentration of cholesterol. Due to this particular composition, the cold shock point is quite high, thus making boar spermatozoa more sensitive to temperature drops. During semen processing, the temperature goes down from 37°C just after collection to 17°C for the storage. ...

The SCSA®is one of the most widely utilized tests of sperm DNA damage. There are now a number of commercial kits available for testing of sperm DNA fragmentation in which great variations of...

View Notes - Chapter 9 from HEALTH SCI HLTHST101 at Boise State. Medical Terminology Chapter 9 Male Reproductive System Spermatozoon Spermatozoon Sperm cell Flagellum Flagellum Tail of the sperm

Purpose: Sperm nuclear proteins and DNA integrity have been implicated in infertility and treatment failures. High stallion to stallion variability is observed in sperm cryopreservation protocols. The cells are destroyed with harsh chemicals prior to using biochemical assays to test sperm DNA quality. The feasibility of using Raman spectrometry in combination with a laser trap for non-destructive micromanipulation and characterization of DNA damage in motile stallion and human sperm is experimentally investigated in this thesis. Methods: Live stallion sperms were subjected to controlled cellular damage: (a) four grades of chemically induced oxidative stress using Xanthine - Xanthine Oxidase (b) three grades of osmotic stress using PBS and (c) membrane damage using thermal shock. Live human sperm DNA disintegration with time and oxidative stress were explored on fresh, cryopreserved and swim-up categories. The specimens ranged from sub-fertile patients to fertile donors in a limited study. ...

Although semen cryopreservation is widely and commonly used in the bovine breeding industry, half the spermatozoa do not survive and most of those that do survive undergo numerous physiological changes that affect their fertilising ability. The aim of the present study was to determine how cryopreservation affects the intracellular events involved in sperm capacitation and acrosome reaction. Immediately after thawing and washing, almost 50% of spermatozoa were capacitated and more than 20% had lost their acrosome. The sperm cAMP concentration was lower than that in freshly ejaculated spermatozoa, but the cytosolic pH (pHcyt) was in the expected range. The free cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]cyt) was higher than in fresh spermatozoa and cryopreserved spermatozoa had internally stored Ca2+. Phenylarsine oxide increased pHcyt and both cytosolic and stored Ca2+ concentrations, whereas orthovanadate enhanced acrosome loss and protein tyrosine phosphorylation (P-Tyr). Heparin increased the ...

A rabbit antibody to mouse 3T3 cell fibronectin was used in conjunction with a fluorescein-tagged second antibody to detect fibronectin-like activity on the surface of rabbit spermatozoa. Only ejaculated sperm displayed an intense and highly localized fluorescence over the acrosomal region. Cauda epididymal sperm of the rabbit as well as several other species did not exhibit any reaction. The fluorescent activity could be eliminated by trypsin treatment but was re-established by incubation in cell-free seminal fluid. Sperm recovered from females 10-12 h after mating showed a reduction or absence of antifibronectin fluorescence, suggesting that this components loss could be a factor in sperm capacitation. Because fibronectins show strong binding to collagen, mixtures of ejaculated sperm and collagen were examined in the light and electron microscope. Living sperm appear to have a strong affinity for collagen and quickly adhere to the filaments by their heads, while continuing vigorous ...

The assessment of sperm morphology, determined by the cells shape and size, is an important part of male fertility testing. Previous research has suggested that only sperm with good sperm morphology are able to make their way to the egg in the womans body and fertilise it. Our knowledge of factors that influence sperm size and shape is very limited

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Conventional semen parameters such as sperm concentration, motility and morphology are generally used to assess male fertility [1-3]. However, a significant percentage of males with normal semen parameters, according to WHO guidelines [4], fails to conceive [5]. In these cases, the presence of ultrastructural defects could be hypothesized [6-11]. Several morphological studies have been carried out to define the normal form of sperm (see reference [9] for review) and the last WHO semen manual provides objective criteria to assess the sperm morphology [4]. However, there are many factors that may influence the results of the morphology assessment, including the technicians concept of the definition of normality [12,13] and the staining procedures [14,15]. The most common technique to assess sperm morphology is conventional optical microscopy (OM), usually performed on fixed and stained specimens. In this case, sample preparation is rather easy but the resolution is limited to micron resolution ...

The mature spermatozoa are released from the protective Sertoli cells into the lumen of the seminiferous tubule and a process called spermiation then takes place, which removes the remaining unnecessary cytoplasm and organelles. The resulting spermatozoa are now mature but lack motility, rendering them sterile. The non-motile spermatozoa are transported to the epididymis in testicular fluid secreted by the Sertoli cells with the aid of peristaltic contraction. Whilst in the epididymis they acquire motility and become capable of fertilisation. However, transport of the mature spermatozoa through the remainder of the male reproductive system is achieved via muscle contraction rather than the spermatozoons recently acquired motility. ...

spermatozoa tail - Following spermiogenesis, the third region of the spermatozoa that has a head, neck and tail). The tail is also divided into 3 structural regions a middle piece, a principal piece and an end piece. In humans: the middle piece (5 µm long) is formed by axonema and dense fibres surrounded by mitochondria; the principal piece (45 µm long) fibrous sheath interconnected by regularly spaced circumferential hoops; the final end piece (5 µm long) has an axonema surrounded by small amount of cytoplasm and plasma membrane ...

In a situation where technology allows for the simultaneous measurement of numerous parameters of a single sperm cell, it becomes crucial to choose those parameters which may be useful in estimating in vivo fertility. Sperm membrane destabilization is believed to occur during chilling of semen, although its effect on the post-thaw (PT) fertility of the spermatozoa has not yet been fully assessed. For this reason, we tested a new combination of fluorophores, Merocyanine 540 (M540)/Yo-Pro 1/Hoechst 33342 (H33342), to detect sperm plasma membrane destabilization in bull spermatozoa conventionally processed for artificial insemination (AI). The samples were tested by flow cytometry (FC), both immediately PT and following an in vitro swimup (SU) technique, and results were thereafter compared with conventional sperm quality Measurements (of concentration, motility, morphology, and membrane integrity), including in vivo fertility. Semen samples from six Estonian Holstein (EHF) AI bulls, frozen when ...

In addition to perinuclear theca anchored glutathione-s-transferase omega 2 (GSTO2), whose function is to participate in sperm nuclear decondensation during fertilization (Biol Reprod. 2019, 101:368–376), we herein provide evidence that GSTO2 is acquired on the sperm plasmalemma during epididymal maturation. This novel membrane localization was reinforced by the isolation and identification of biotin-conjugated surface proteins from ejaculated and capacitated boar and mouse spermatozoa, prompting us to hypothesize that GSTO2 has an oxidative/reductive role in regulating sperm function during capacitation. Utilizing an inhibitor specific to the active site of GSTO2 in spermatozoa, inhibition of this enzyme led to a decrease in tyrosine phosphorylation late in the capacitation process, followed by an expected decrease in acrosome exocytosis and motility. These changes were accompanied by an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and membrane lipid peroxidation and culminated in a

We now have the sperm proteome of a primate. In a paper just out in Molecular & Cellular Proteomics, researchers describe the sperm proteome of the rhesus macaque, the first primate to have its sperm proteome analyzed.. Sperm proteomes from non-primate species, such as rat, mouse and fruit fly, already have been determined. For comparative evolutionary and functional genomics studies, a primate sperm proteome was highly desirable to include in this growing list of sperm proteomes, explains Tim Karr at Arizona State University.. Rhesus monkeys bear many genetic and physiological similarities to humans, so they are used regularly as a nonhuman primate model system in biomedical research, including human reproduction research. Knowing the rhesus sperm proteome will greatly expand the possibility for targeted molecular studies of spermatogenesis and fertilization in a commonly used model species for human infertility, explains Karr. (I wrote about sperm and male infertility earlier this ...

The globozoospermic condition has provided a unique opportunity to determine how the abnormal mitochondrial organization and acrosomal loss associated with this syndrome, influence sperm function. Despite the abnormal midpiece architecture, the movement characteristics of the spermatozoa, in terms o …

This research line is funded by a project of the National R&D Plan (Ministry of Science and Innovation), led by Dr. Felipe Martínez-Pastor.. Sperm work has improved animal breeding and allowed semen banks to preserving species and breeds. However, many factors affect the integrity of the genetic material of the spermatozoon, reducing fertility, causing abortions and affecting offspring fitness. In this research line, we are studying ruminant spermatozoa, a group of great economical importance. Whereas artificial reproductive techniques are routine in cattle, they are still developing for most species. In either cases, it is crucial to maintain sperm DNA integrity during manipulation, storage or in vitro techniques. Sperm DNA assessment has been carried out for more than 30 years, but few studies have dealt on fine analysis of DNA damage. DNA in mammal sperm is associated to protamines (PDNA) and histones (HDNA), an organization with likely epigenetic effects. HDNA include important sequences ...

This chapter focuses specifically on how apoptosis affects sperm quality and function, and the implications of this process for both embryonic development and the health and well-being of the offspring. DNA damage in human spermatozoa has been correlated with poor fertilization and impaired embryonic development to the blastocyst stage as well as with the incidence of subsequent miscarriage. Human infertility is a complex multifactorial condition that is strongly impacted by genetic factors that assisted reproductive technology (ART) will ensure are passed onto the progeny. Spermiogenesis is a key event in the etiology of DNA damage in the male germ line. DNA damage in human spermatozoa appears to have its origins in the testes and is associated with oxidative stress. Spermatozoa possess several variants of the prolactin receptor and respond to the presence of this hormone with the stimulation of PI3 kinase/Akt phosphorylation and the prolongation of sperm survival ...

The association between semen quality and male infertility has been known for more than 40 years.. Having reviewed the literature, it seems clear that strict morphology has a clinical relevance, being an excellent biomarker of sperm fertilizing capacity, in vivo and in vitro, independent of motility and concentration (27).. Sperm morphology evaluation is considered to be a highly subjective procedure because, unlike the haematopoietic cells for example, the difficulty in classifying human sperm morphology is caused by the large variety of abnormal forms found in the semen of infertile and fertile men. Only certain types of abnormality can be quantitated objectively (11).. Normal sperm morphology needs to consider two points. The first one is the proportion of spermatozoa with normal morphology in semen and the second is the definition and the characterization of the normal spermatozoa.. According to WHO criteria, a normal ejaculate must have at least 30% normal sperm.(36). For the stricter ...

Our team in Birmingham has shown that sperm DNA damage more than doubles the risk of miscarriage.. This is a crucial finding; until now, miscarriage has generally been considered an exclusively female problem, with investigations and management targeting only women.. Yet the role of sperm DNA damage in miscarriage is not surprising. This is because while most cell types are able to repair damaged DNA, sperm lose this ability during development and have to rely on repair mechanisms in the egg. As the level of damage in the sperm DNA increases it also becomes increasingly likely that any repairs by the egg may create genetic mutations that could increase the risk of miscarriage.. Most existing tests for sperm DNA damage are insufficiently sensitive to be clinically useful; we are developing a more accurate combined assay system and therapies to achieve repair. One potential cause of sperm DNA damage is exposure to Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) during production and transit. We are investigating ...

Detail záznamu - Ultrastructure of spermiogenesis and mature spermatozoon of Breviscolex orientalis (Cestoda: Caryophyllidea) - Detail záznamu - Knihovna Akademie věd České republiky

PAN Czytelnia Czasopism, Motility, mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP content of rabbit spermatozoa stored in extender supplemented with GnRH analogue [des-Gly10, D-Ala6]-LH-RH ethylamide - Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences

Health,According to Researchers Men produce more mutant sperm as they get old...The deformed sperm increase the risk of disease in the mens offspri...Researchers were looking for two mutations that cause virtually all ...The researchers studied sperm from 148 men aged 21 to 80. Most of th...In men with Apert children the younger men were more likely to have...,Mutant,sperm,beat,out,healthy,brethren,in,study,medicine,medical news today,latest medical news,medical newsletters,current medical news,latest medicine news

Bennett, D and Dunn, L C., Studies of effects of t-alleles in the house mouse on spermatozoa. I. Male sterility effects. (1967). Subject Strain Bibliography 1967. 576 ...

There are several gonadal hormones involved in spermatogenesis or the formation of spermatozoa. The gonadal-releasing hormone or factor in the hypothalamus is responsible for stimulating the anterior pituitary to increase the secretion of androgens and Follicle Stimulating Hormone or FSH. The FSH, in return, will enhance the production of testosterone. During puberty, the testosterone blood levels of men increase. This true male gonadal hormone then stimulates spermatogenesis or the formation of spermatozoa or sperm cells in the testes.. ...

Normal sperm count, as defined by the World Health Organisation, is characterised by: the concentration of spermatozoa, which should be at least 20 million per ml; the total volume of semen should be at least 2ml; the total number of spermatozoa in the semen should be at least 40 million; at least 75 per cent of the spermatozoa should be alive; at least 30 per cent of the spermatozoa should be of normal shape and form; at least 25 per cent of the spermatozoa should be swimming with rapid forward movement; at least 50 per cent of the spermatozoa should be swimming forward, even if only sluggishly ...

Castagnoli, E. and Salo, J. and Toivonen, M. S. and Marik, Tamás and Mikkola, R. and Kredics, László (2018) An Evaluation of Boar Spermatozoa as a Biosensor for the Detection of Sublethal and Lethal Toxicity. TOXINS, 10 (11). ISSN 2072-6651 ...

Looking for online definition of Sperm-specific protein in the Medical Dictionary? Sperm-specific protein explanation free. What is Sperm-specific protein? Meaning of Sperm-specific protein medical term. What does Sperm-specific protein mean?

article{7cc3097b-22b4-448a-9bce-4c18189ec61f, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The sperm chromatin structure assay (SCSA) provides an objective assessment of sperm chromatin integrity, which is essential for normal sperm function. SCSA is valuable as a fertility marker in epidemiological studies and in the clinical situation. Little is known about the impact of testicular and post-testicular function on SCSA parameters. METHODS: Ejaculates from 278 military conscripts of median age 18.1 (range 18-21) years were included. Levels of reproductive hormones, the length of the CAG repeat of the androgen receptor gene, sperm concentration, abstinence period and biochemical parameters of epididymal and accessory sex gland secretions were correlated to the SCSA parameters, DNA fragmentation index (DFI) and highly DNA stainable (HDS) cells. RESULTS: Negative correlations were found between sperm concentration and DFI (r = -0.119, P = 0.049) and HDS (r = -0.513, P < 0.0001). DFI was negatively correlated with ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Serum testosterone level and semen indices in sulfur mustard exposed men. T2 - Comment on sperm chromatin structure assay analysis of iranian mustard gas casualties: A long-term outlook. AU - Ghabili, Kamyar. AU - Mohajel Shoja, Mohammadali. AU - Golzari, Samad E J. AU - Ansarin, Khalil. PY - 2012/9/1. Y1 - 2012/9/1. UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84867222501&partnerID=8YFLogxK. UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=84867222501&partnerID=8YFLogxK. U2 - 10.1159/000343522. DO - 10.1159/000343522. M3 - Letter. AN - SCOPUS:84867222501. VL - 6. JO - Current Urology. JF - Current Urology. SN - 1661-7649. IS - 2. ER - ...

Looking for online definition of acrosome malformation of spermatozoa in the Medical Dictionary? acrosome malformation of spermatozoa explanation free. What is acrosome malformation of spermatozoa? Meaning of acrosome malformation of spermatozoa medical term. What does acrosome malformation of spermatozoa mean?

A randomized controlled trial was set up to test the hypothesis that the fertilization rate of oocytes after intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is higher after immobilization of the spermatozoa with the Fertilase-laser system technology than after immobilization of the spermatozoa with the conventional mechanical method. Metaphase II oocytes were injected with spermatozoa that were immobilized with the conventional mechanical method (group A, n=177) or with spermatozoa that were immobilized with the Fertilase-laser system technology (group B, n=179). The fertilization rate per successfully injected oocyte was comparable in group A (62.6%; 92/147) and in group B (56.3%; 89/158)(p=0.3). No difference could be observed in fertilization rates of oocytes injected with spermatozoa that were immobilized with the Fertilase-laser system technology compared to spermatozoa immobilized with the conventional mechanical method ...

CATSPER is a family of sperm-specific calcium channels activated by P in human spermatozoa (Lishko et al. 2011, Strunker et al. 2011). KO mice for CATSPER are infertile due to severe defects in sperm motility.. We studied the involvement of CATSPER in human sperm motility and P responsiveness.. Western blot analysis with an anti-CATSPER1 antibody demonstrated the presence of three major bands corresponding to CATSPER1, 2 and 3 4. By immunoflorescence we observed that channels are mainly located in the principal piece of the tail. Higher levels of CATSPER were found by flow cytometry analysis in swim up selected spermatozoa respect to unselected (50.9±16.6 vs 23.4±10.7, n=6, P=0.01). To investigate the role of CATSPER channels in human sperm motility, we evaluated the effects of the specific inhibitor NNC55-0396 (10 and 20 μM) and the non specific inhibitor mibefradil (30 and 40 μM) on swim up selected spermatozoa (n=13) by CASA system. Both compounds significantly inhibited several ...

The accuracy of three in vitro methods for estimating the proportion of dead rainbow trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss ) spermatozoa was investigated. Motility rating, fluorometry using ethidium bromide, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in seminal plasma were compared. Semen samples were prepared to contain 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% killed spermatozoa. All three methods demonstrated highly significant relationships (P,0.001) with the percentage of killed spermatozoa. Motility rating was found Show moreThe accuracy of three in vitro methods for estimating the proportion of dead rainbow trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss ) spermatozoa was investigated. Motility rating, fluorometry using ethidium bromide, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in seminal plasma were compared. Semen samples were prepared to contain 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% killed spermatozoa. All three methods demonstrated highly significant relationships (P,0.001) with the percentage of killed spermatozoa. Motility rating was found to be ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Oligomycin A-induced inhibition of mitochondrial ATP-synthase activity suppresses boar sperm motility and in vitro capacitation achievement without modifying overall sperm energy levels. AU - Ramió-Lluch, Laura. AU - Yeste, Marc. AU - Fernández-Novell, Josep M.. AU - Estrada, Efrén. AU - Rocha, Luiz. AU - Cebrián-Pérez, José A.. AU - Muiño-Blanco, Teresa. AU - Concha, Ilona I.. AU - Ramírez, Alfredo. AU - Rodríguez-Gil, Joan E.. PY - 2014/1/1. Y1 - 2014/1/1. N2 - Incubation of boar spermatozoa in a capacitation medium with oligomycin A, a specific inhibitor of the F0 component of the mitochondrial ATP synthase, induced an immediate and almost complete immobilisation of cells. Oligomycin A also inhibited the ability of spermatozoa to achieve feasible in vitro capacitation (IVC), as measured through IVC-compatible changes in motility patterns, tyrosine phosphorylation levels of the acrosomal p32 protein, membrane fluidity and the ability of spermatozoa to achieve ...

Motility is an essential characteristic of all fl agellated spermatozoa and assessment of this parameter is one criterion for most semen or sperm evaluations. Computer-aided sperm analysis (CASA) can be used to measure sperm motility more objectively and accurately than manual methods, provided that analysis techniques are standardized. Previous studies have shown that evaluation of sperm subpopulations is more important than analyzing the total motile sperm population alone. We developed a quantitative method to determine cut-off values for swimming speed to identify three sperm subpopulations. We used the Sperm Class Analyzer ® (SCA) CASA system to assess the total percentage of motile spermatozoa in a sperm preparation as well as the percentages of rapid, medium and slow swimming spermatozoa for six mammalian species. Curvilinear velocity (VCL) cut-off values were adjusted manually for each species to include 80% rapid, 15% medium and 5% slow swimming spermatozoa. Our results indicate that ...

Prostasomes are extracellularly occurring organelles which are secreted in human semen by the prostate gland. Prostasomes have several known biological activities, but their physiological function is still unclear. In this thesis some new aspects were studied on the biological role of the prostasomes. The motility-stimulatory effect of prostasomes on cryopreserved spermatozoa was further studied by supplementing the swim-up medium with seminal prostasomes, and with prostasomes purified from a PC-3 prostate cancer cell line (PC-3 prostasomes), on fresh spermatozoa. The recovery of motile spermatozoa after swim-up increased by 50% when the swim-up medium was supplemented with prostasomes. The PC-3 prostasomes bore a functional resemblance to seminal prostasomes as regards various expressions of sperm motility promotion. Prostasomes proved to have potent antibacterial effects. The effects were not strictly confined to Bacillus megaterium since a few other bacteria were also sensitive. The high ...

The competence of the sperm penetration assay (SPA) to predict male fertility, as determined by normal sperm morphology and the fertilizing potential, as shown by human in vitro fertilization (IVF), was investigated. A significant correlation was obtained between normal sperm morphology and the SPA (Φ = 0.623). A weaker correlation was however obtained with human IVF (Φ = 0.397). Notwithstanding this weak association, a positive SPA (, 10%) was highly predictive (95%) of human IVF success. In contrast, a negative SPA (≤ 10%) was associated with a high rate of false-negative (65%). The SPA does however warn that a male factor may be present, as the mean fertilation rate of this group of patients was markedly reduced. The preincubation period for the spermatozoa did not play a major role in the predictive ability of a SPA outcome ...

Experiments were designed to determine the interrelationship between cyclic AMP and Ca2+ during the processes of sperm capacitation and the acrosome reaction. In minimal culture media containing pyruvate and lactate as substrates, guinea pig spermatozoa required a minimum of 1.0-1.5 hr to capacitate in the presence of 1.7 mM Ca2+ and a minimum of 0.5-1.0 hr to capacitate in the absence of added Ca2+. Sperm cyclic AMP concentrations were increased by as much as 30-fold within 0.5 min after addition of cells to various media containing Ca2+, and the concentrations then remained increased for up to 4 hr. When the cells were added to several Ca2+-deficient media, however, cyclic AMP concentrations increased only about 3-fold within 0.5 min and then returned to basal concentrations within 2 min. D-600, a calcium transport antagonist, completely blocked the Ca2+-induced increase in sperm cyclic AMP concentrations. In contrast to capacitation, the acrosome reaction failed to occur in the absence of ...

A specific hypoglycosylated isoform of the complement regulator membrane cofactor protein (MCP; CD46) is expressed on the inner acrosomal membrane (IAM) of spermatozoa. This membrane is exposed after the acrosome reaction, an exocytosis event that occurs upon contact with the zona pellucida. We initiated this investigation to assess MCPs regulatory function in situ on spermatozoa. Upon exposure of human spermatozoa to autologous serum or follicular fluid, we unexpectedly observed that acrosome-reacted spermatozoa activated the complement cascade efficiently through C3 but not beyond. Using FACS to simultaneously evaluate viability, acrosomal status, and complement deposition, we found that complement activation was initiated by C-reactive protein (CRP) and was C1q, C2, and factor B dependent. This pattern is consistent with engagement of the classical pathway followed by amplification through the alternative pathway. C3b deposition was targeted to the IAM, where it was cleaved to C3bi. Factor ...

A specific hypoglycosylated isoform of the complement regulator membrane cofactor protein (MCP; CD46) is expressed on the inner acrosomal membrane (IAM) of spermatozoa. This membrane is exposed after the acrosome reaction, an exocytosis event that occurs upon contact with the zona pellucida. We initiated this investigation to assess MCPs regulatory function in situ on spermatozoa. Upon exposure of human spermatozoa to autologous serum or follicular fluid, we unexpectedly observed that acrosome-reacted spermatozoa activated the complement cascade efficiently through C3 but not beyond. Using FACS to simultaneously evaluate viability, acrosomal status, and complement deposition, we found that complement activation was initiated by C-reactive protein (CRP) and was C1q, C2, and factor B dependent. This pattern is consistent with engagement of the classical pathway followed by amplification through the alternative pathway. C3b deposition was targeted to the IAM, where it was cleaved to C3bi. Factor ...

At Atlantic Reproductives Andrology Laboratory, we offer abnormal sperm morphology treatment such as sperm testing and cryopreservation.

The COMET test measures sperm DNA damage (fragmentation). Sperm DNA can be damaged when sperm are made, breaking the DNA into smaller fragments. Men with high levels of sperm DNA damage are less likely to get their partner pregnant and have increased risk of miscarriage (1-5). Even if your sperm count is normal, the sperm may not be of good quality, and therefore sperm DNA damage can reduce the chance of you/partner having a baby (1-5).. Why should I get tested?. Knowing whether you have sperm DNA damage can help you make informed decisions about the type of treatment and/or lifestyle changes to improve your sperm DNA and fertility.. Can I improve my sperm DNA?. DNA damage is usually caused by oxidative stress. Oxidative stress produces free radicals which attack the DNA molecule causing breaks in the DNA strands. Sperm DNA damage is often associated with underlying medical conditions (such as varicocoele, infection or fever) or certain lifestyle choices (such as smoking or heat).. Your ...

Shop Sperm-associated acrosin inhibitor ELISA Kit, Recombinant Protein and Sperm-associated acrosin inhibitor Antibody at MyBioSource. Custom ELISA Kit, Recombinant Protein and Antibody are available.

Semen samples were collected from four rams and pooled, diluted with Tris-egg yolk extender without RJ (control) or supplemented with different concentrations of RJ (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2%), at a final concentration of 200 × 106 sperm/mL. Sperm viability, kinematics and membrane functionality were determined by nigrosin-eosin staining, computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA), and by using the hypo-osmotic swelling test (HOST), respectively. Additionally, the oxidative and nitrosative status were evaluated after the RJ supplementation. The RJ supplementation resulted in a significant (P , 0.05) increase of sperm viability with the highest increase at 1% RJ concentration for 120 h. A significant protective effect of RJ on sperm membrane functionality was obtained at lower concentrations (0.5 and 1%) and in all incubated time points. The most prominent protective effect of RJ on sperm motility parameters was found on the progressive velocity (VSL) as after 72 h storage, no significant reduction was ...

The aim of this study was to examine whether the secreted fluid from the uterus influences the survival and fertilization capacity of fowl sperm in the hen oviduct. Hens with either regular uterine fluid secretion or irregular uterine fluid secretion were artificially inseminated through the transfer of sperm into the uterus. Twenty-four hours after artificial insemination, 3 hens with regular uterine fluid secretion and 3 hens with irregular uterine fluid secretion were killed and the utero-vaginal junction and infundibular sperm storage tubules were observed for the presence of sperm. There was no difference (P|0.05) in the fill rate of either the utero-vaginal junction sperm storage tubules or the infundibular sperm storage tubules between hens with regular or irregular uterine fluid secretion. However, the sperm transferred into hens with regular uterine fluid secretion had a longer lifespan and fertilization ability than the counterpart group (Psecretion from the hen uterus may sustain the

prevalence of human papilloma virus in sperm, sperm DNA fragmentation index (DFI %)and ART Success in coupleswith repeated implantation failure ...

How To Increase Sperm Count. Low sperm count refers to an unhealthy condition that some men experience when they do not have appreciable amount of sperm cells in their semen. Semen is a white or grey liquid, but can occasionally appear yellowish. Pink or red semen suggests that blood is present. Although this is only rarely due to a serious health problem. Low sperm count and infertility in men is more prevalent than most couples think. People tend to think that if a woman is not getting pregnant the fertility issue must be with the woman.. Usually, each milliliter of semen contains millions of spermatozoa (sperm), but the majority of the volume consists of secretions of the glands in the male reproductive organs. Low sperm count is one of the leading causes of infertility in men. Gem and if you are thin so you could have a child in trouble. The purpose of semen is purely for reproduction, as a vehicle to carry the spermatozoa into the female reproductive tract. Having a low sperm count ...

Ca 2+ signaling in spermatozoa plays a crucial role during processes such as capacitation and release of the acrosome, but the underlying molecular mechanisms still remain unclear. Nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP) is a potent Ca 2+ -releasing second messenger in a variety of cellular processes. The presence of a NAADP synthesizing enzyme in sea urchin sperm has been previously reported, suggesting a possible role of NAADP in sperm Ca 2+ signaling. In this work we used in vitro enzyme assays to show the presence of a novel NAADP synthesizing enzyme in human sperm, and to characterize its sensitivity to Ca 2+ and pH. Ca 2+ fluorescence imaging studies demonstrated that the permeable form of NAADP (NAADP-AM) induces intracellular [Ca 2+ ] increases in human sperm even in the absence of extracellular Ca 2+ . Using LysoTracker®, a fluorescent probe that selectively accumulates in acidic compartments, we identified two such stores in human sperm cells. Their acidic nature was further

Diagnosis of male infertility has been based mainly on the traditional semen parameters (concentration, motility and morphology). Historically, the semen analysis results are the foundation on which clinicians base their decision for treatment for a given couple. It has, however, become clear that semen parameters are insufficient for the determination of male fertility potential. A continuous search for better markers of male fertility has led to an increased focus on testing of sperm chromatin integrity in fertility workup and ART. Sperm DNA damage is a useful biomarker for male infertility diagnosis and prediction of assisted reproduction outcomes. It is associated with reduced fertilization rates, embryo quality and pregnancy rates, and higher rates of spontaneous miscarriage and childhood diseases. Successful fertilization of the human oocyte from spermatozoa with damaged DNA may lead to paternal transmission of defective genetic material with adverse consequences to embryo development. ...

mouse embryos Vitrification Freezing of mouse spermatozoa ICSI Freezing of oocytes Freezing of ovaries Gnotobiology Health monitoring Links Internal Site Bibliography Freezing of mouse spermatozoa Key references Landel CP Archiving mouse strains by cryopreservation Lab Anim NY 2005 34 50 7 PMID 15806091 Marschall S A Boersma and M H de Angelis 2009 Sperm cryopreservation and in vitro fertilization Methods Mol Biol 530 407 420 PMID 19266334 Marschall S Huffstadt U Balling R Hrabe de Angelis M Reliable recovery of inbred mouse lines using cryopreserved spermatozoa Mamm Genome 1999 10 773 6 PMID 10430662 Nakagata N Cryopreservation of mouse spermatozoa Mamm Genome 2000 11 572 6 PMID 10886025 Ogonuki N K Mochida H Miki K Inoue M Fray T Iwaki K Moriwaki Y Obata K Morozumi R Yanagimachi and A Ogura 2006 Spermatozoa and spermatids retrieved from frozen reproductive organs or frozen whole bodies of male mice can produce normal offspring Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103 13098 13103 PMID 16920794 Ostermeier ...

Head-to-head agglutination of ram spermatozoa is induced by dilution in the Tyrodes capacitation medium with albumin, lactate and pyruvate (TALP) and ameliorated by the addition of the thiol d-penicillamine (PEN). To better understand the association and disassociation of ram spermatozoa, we investigated the mechanism of action of PEN in perturbing sperm agglutination. PEN acts as a chelator of heavy metals, an antioxidant and a reducing agent. Chelation is not the main mechanism of action, as the broad-spectrum chelator ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and the copper-specific chelator bathocuproinedisulfonic acid were inferior anti-agglutination agents compared with PEN ...

Abstract Background: Although normal morphologic and motility characteristics of sperms are necessary for fertility, normal morphology per se cannot demonstrate sperm DNA competence. Since the health of sperm DNA affects the results of assisted reproductive technology the purpose of this study is to evaluate sperm parameters measured by CASA for ...

Comparative studies of the relative testes size in animals show that promiscuous species have relatively larger testes than monogamous species. Sperm competition favours the evolution of larger ejaculates in many animals - they give bigger testes. In the view, we presented data on relative testis mass for 17 Chinese species including 3 polyandrous species. We analyzed relative testis mass within the Chinese data set and combining those data with published data sets on Japanese and African frogs. We found that polyandrous foam nesting species have relatively large testes, suggesting that sperm competition was an important factor affecting the evolution of relative testes size. For 4 polyandrous species testes mass is positively correlated with intensity (males/mating) but not with risk (frequency of polyandrous matings) of sperm competition.

Morphometric analysis of avian spermatozoa from sperm samples preserved in formalin is a frequently adopted procedure in basic science (e.g. evolutionary ecology) and applied disciplines (e.g. animal breeding). Many research questions such as individual-based longitudinal studies of sperm traits require comparisons of formalin-stored sperm samples collected across multiple sampling events, which may be separated by years. Such analyses presuppose that prolonged storage in formalin does not affect sperm morphology, an assumption often implicitly made in the analysis of avian sperm morphology. This assumption, however, has never been tested, although for many study designs a potential effect of sperm storage duration may well confound the focal analysis. Based on pairwise comparisons of 22 experimental ejaculates from three passerine bird species, we found no evidence that differential storage duration of more than 1 year had affected the total length of spermatozoa stored in a 5 % formaldehyde ...

One thing the Sertoli cells do is act as a blood-testis barrier preventing sperm-immune cell contact. I believe that spermatozoa themselves have immunosuppressive properties (e.g., maybe by producing anti-inflammatory cytokines). The developing sperm are immunogenic - I guess what is happening here is that spermatozoa are not produced until puberty which is long after the establishment of tolerance to self-antigens (breakdown of tolerance to self is one cause of autoimmune diseases).. The testis immunological microenvironment does not always protect sperm against the male immune system since anti-sperm antibodies are not uncommon (e.g., prevalent in men with vasectomies) and can be one cause of infertility. According to one publication (see - http://molehr.oxfordjournals.org/content/13/7/437.long) there are at as many as 35 immunoreactive antigens in sperm from men with anti-sperm antibodies.. Last edited by Steve Lolait (8th Nov 2011 15:30:37). ...

This review explores the relationship between sperm chromosomal constitution and morphology. With the advent of techniques for obtaining information on the chromosome complements of spermatozoa, this relationship has been studied in fertile men and in men with a high frequency of chromosomal abnormalities. Using human sperm karyotype analysis, no relationship between sperm chromosome abnormalities and morphology was found in fertile men, translocation carriers or post-radiotherapy cancer patients. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis has not generally revealed a specific association between morphologically abnormal sperm and sperm chromosome abnormalities, but has indicated that teratozoospermia, like other forms of abnormal semen profiles (aesthenozoospermia, oligozoospermia) is associated with a modest increase in the frequency of sperm chromosome abnormalities. However, FISH studies on some infertile men and mouse strains have suggested that certain types of morphologically abnormal

BACKGROUND: Cryopreservation introduces iatrogenic damage to sperm cells due to excess production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can damage sperm macromolecules and alter the physiochemical properties of sperm cells. These altered properties can affect the biological potential of sperm cell towards fertility. OBJECTIVE: The study was designed to assess the role of oxidative stress in sperm DNA damage upon cryopreservation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Semen samples (160) were classified into fertile and infertile on the basis of Computer Assisted Semen Analysis (CASA), and cryopreserved. Thawed samples were analyzed for 8OHdG marker, sperm chromatin dispersion (SCD)-based DNA fragmentation index (SCD-DFI) and ROS levels. Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) was performed to find the specificity and sensitivity of SCD-DFI in assessing the sperm DNA integrity. Principle component analysis (PCA) was performed to group semen parameters. RESULTS: SCD-DFI significantly correlates with 8OHdG in ...

Abstract. Infertility is an important aspect of human and animal reproduction and still presents with much etiological ambiguity. As fifty percent of infertility is related to the male partner, molecular investigations on sperm and seminal plasma can lead to new knowledge on male infertility. Several comparisons between fertile and infertile human and other species sperm proteome have shown the existence of potential fertility markers. These proteins have been categorized into energy related, structural and other functional proteins which play a major role in sperm motility, capacitation and sperm-oocyte binding. The data from these studies show the impact of sperm proteome studies on identifying different valuable markers for fertility screening. In this article, we review recent development in unraveling sperm fertility related proteins.. Keywords: proteomics, sperm, fertility, protein, infertility. ...

Results: Significant reduction of the progressive motility, viability and MMP was observed by the procedure of freezing and thawing, while there was not any significant difference between both cryopreservation techniques. Cryopreservation resulted in 48% reduction of the percentage of viable spermatozoa and 54.5% rise in the percentage of dead spermatozoa. In addition, high MMP was reduced by 24% and low MMP was increased by 34.75% in response to freezing and thawing. Progressive motility of spermatozoa was correlated significantly positive with high MMP and significantly negative with low MMP in control as well as post-thawing specimens (r=0.8881/ -0.8412, 0.7461/ -0.7510 and 0.7603/ -0.7839 for control, slow and vitrification respectively, p=0.0001 ...

Effect of relaxin on human sperm functions.: Relaxin is a circulating hormone with functions in pregnancy, parturition, and other aspects of female reproduction

Experiments on the physiology of the spermatozoon are in progress in which artificial insemination is used as a test of fertility. One of the variables which enters into the technique is the number of spermatozoa introduced into the vagina of the female. This number will depend upon the density of the suspension (i. e., the number of spermatozoa per cubic centimetre) and the volume. The following experiments were undertaken to test the effect of varying the density of the suspension, the volume being constant. Apart from solving a problem of technique it was hoped to gain information on some of the factors which affect fertility or sterility under normal breeding, since it is conceivable that here also the number or density of the ejaculated spermatozoa may play a part. ...

Agarwal, A., Deepinder, F., Cocuzza, M., Agarwal, R., Short, R. A., Sabanegh, E., & Marmar, J. L. (2007). Efficacy of varicocelectomy in improving semen parameters: new meta-analytical approach. Urology, 70 (3), 532-538. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2007.04.011. Agarwal, A., Makker, K., & Sharma, R. (2008). Clinical relevance of oxidative stress in male factor infertility: an update. Am. J. Reprod. Immunol., 59 (1), 2-11. doi:10/1111/j.1600-0897.2007.00559.x. Agarwal, A., Mulgund, A., Sharma, R., & Sabanegh, E. (2014). Mechanisms of oligozoospermia: an oxidative stress perspective. Syst. Biol. Reprod. Med., 60 (4), 206-216. doi:10/3109/19396368.2014.918675. Aitken, R. J. & Clarkson, J. S. (1987). Cellular basis of defective sperm function and its association with the genesis of reactive oxygen species by human spermatozoa. J. Reprod. Fertil., 81 (2), 459-469. doi:10.1530/jrf.0.0810459. Chornozub, T. V. (2013). Vplyv stanu antyoksydantnoi systemy na yakist spermy knuriv-plidnykiv ta yoho korektsiia, ...

LINE-1, HERV-K10, and SVA retrotransposons are transcriptionally expressed in human spermatozoa and cloned active retroelements can be incorporated in the human sperm genome, giving rise to de novo retrotransposition events.

Introduction. Sperm production of captive Senegalese sole, Solea senegalensis, remains a major hindrance to commercial production of this highly valued species. New biotechnological approaches involving efficient hormonal therapies that increase sperm production are thus needed to establish manageable in vitro fertilization protocols. Homologous recombinant gonadotropins, follicle stimulating and luteinizing hormones (rFsh and rLh, respectively), produced in mammalian host cells, have recently arisen as promising candidates. Previous trials on juvenile fish using these hormones indicated that treatment with rFsh stimulates spermatogenesis, whereas rLh potentiates spermatozoa differentiation. The aim of the present work was to set up a protocol using rFsh and rLh to enhance sperm production in adult sole males. Material and methods. Senegalese sole males (~1 kg) were injected with rFsh (9 or 18 μg/kg) each week for 5 weeks, and on the 6th week treated with a single injection of rLh (9 or 18 ...

ABSTRACT. It is described the sperm ultraestructure differentiation during spermiogenesis of Tagelus plebeius (Lightfoot, 1786). The spermatozoon is an uniflagellated cell of the primitive type. The head region contains a rounded or conical nucleus surrounded by acrosome. The middle piece contains four mitochondria which are arranged around the axoneme. The flagellum contains the usual microtubular axoneme.. Key words: Mollusca, Bivalvia, Tagelus plebeius, ultrastructure, spermatozoa. ...

The sperm penetration assay is the most accurate test to predict the ability of sperm to fertilize an egg. It also aids in determining if laboratory techniques might improve the sperms ability to fertilize. The sperm penetration assay (SPA) as a measure of fertility is based on the theory that fertile sperm samples will penetrate most hamster ova and thereby approximate penetration in vivo.The prepared sperm iffunctionally competent,can complete the first steps of fertilization including the penetration of the egg,the calculation of which gives the actual percentages of penetration. A percentage above 50% indicates that the sperm should have the ability to fertilize. An unstimulated sample with a percentage between 30 percent and 50 percent indicate that stimulation of the sample might improve fertilization during artificial insemination. A percentage of 30 or less indicatesthat the likelihood of a sperm defect is high and intracytoplasmicsperm injection (ICSI + IVF) are usually recommended ...

1983, 1985), a monoclonal antibody, M29, raised against epididymal mouse spermatozoa binds specifically to the equatorial segment of the mouse acrosome (presumably with the plasma membrane over the equatorial segment). 2 mg purified IgM/ml), most spermatozoa are unable to fuse with the egg plasma membrane, although they can firmly attach (bind) to it. According to Matsuda et al. (1985), three monoclonal antibodies raised against hamster eggs bing to the egg plasma membrane and impair spermegg fusion. E. J.. and Levitan, H. (l978a). vloc~r~tirrorrrs piirpurlitus, is inhibited by fluorescein dyes. Deu. Biol. 63, 432-440. Carrol, E. J . and Levitan. H . (1978b). Fertilization is inhibited in five diverse animal phyla by erythrosin B. Deu. Biol. 64, 329-33 I . Carrol. E. J.. and Wolf, D. P. (1979). Mouse egg penetration is inhibited by erythrosin B. GutncJte Rrs. I , 293-298. Cherr. G. N . , and Clark. W. H. (1982). s Richardson. Deu. Crowrh Djffr. 24, 341-352. Cherr, G . N.. and Clark. W. H. ...

CASA is an automated system for sperm analysis which makes use of a software for the evaluation of sperm concentration, motility and morphology. The main advantage of CASA is that it eliminates the subjectivity associated with the human factor in manual semen analysis, thereby allowing for better standardization of the procedure. Furthermore, the software counts the spermatozoa more accurately, can calculate and record their exact speed and movement trajectory as well as the dimensions of their heads, midpieces and tails for more accurate morphology evaluation. Using computer aided sperm analysis also allows better visualization of the results, which aids patient understanding.. ...

Gene Information The correlation of anti-sperm antibodies with cases of unexplained infertility implicates a role for these antibodies in blocking fertilization. Improved diagnosis and treatment of immunologic infertility as well as identification of proteins for targeted contraception are dependent on the identification and characterization of relevant sperm antigens. The protein expressed by this gene is recognized by anti-sperm agglutinating antibodies from an infertile woman. Furthermore immunization of female rats with the recombinant human protein reduced fertility. This protein localizes to the plasma membrane of germ cells in the testis and to the post-acrosomal plasma membrane of mature spermatozoa. Recombinant polypeptide binds GTP and exhibits GTPase activity. Thus this protein may regulate GTP signal transduction pathways involved in spermatogenesis and fertilization. Two transcript variants of this gene encode the same protein. [provided by RefSeq Jul 2008]. ...

After ejaculation, mammalian spermatozoa must undergo a process known as capacitation in order to successfully fertilize the oocyte. Several post-translational modifications occur during capacitation, including sialylation, which despite being limited to a few proteins, seems to be essential for proper sperm-oocyte interaction. Regardless of its importance, to date, no single study has ever identified nor quantified which glycoproteins bearing terminal sialic acid (Sia) are altered during capacitation. Here we characterize sialylation during mouse sperm capacitation. Using tandem MS coupled with liquid chromatography (LC-MS/MS), we found 142 nonreductant peptides, with 9 of them showing potential modifications on their sialylated oligosaccharides during capacitation. As such, N-linked sialoglycopeptides from C4b-binding protein, endothelial lipase (EL), serine proteases 39 and 52, testis-expressed protein 101 and zonadhesin were reduced following capacitation. In contrast, mitochondrial ...

There is, however, another opportunity not shown in the figure: if a Y spermatozoon has an additional chromosome, it will bring it to the far right end of the curve for Y spermatozoa... which will be pretty much within the median range for X spermatozoa! In simpler words, preference for X spermatozoa that will produce female embryos is expected to enrich the sample not only with X spermatozoa but also with abnormal Y spermatozoa made heavy by an additional chromosome. The latter sperm cells will produce male embryos with trisomy - an additional 3rd copy of a chromosome, e.g. chromosome 21 in Down syndrome. So I suppose that David Farnell may have used the Ericsson method to increase the likelihood of having a girl because he is not interested in boys. This led to selection of an X sperm cell that produced Pipah, and a Y sperm cell with an extra chromosome 21 that produced Gammy ...

Dr Kiriakidis, Reproductive Gynecologist mula sa Embryolab Fertility Clinic ang kasagutan sa iyong mga katanungan. Mga anti antibodies na sperm. Q: Ang aking asawa ay na-diagnose na may 100% na anti-sperm antibodies. Isang nabigo na sariwang paglipat ng ivf mas maaga sa taong ito at 1 natitirang itlog na natitira, naantala ang Fet dahil sa covid 19. Mayroon bang paraan ng paglilihi nang natural? Makakatulong ba ang pagpapalit ng diyeta sa mas mababang bilang? Posible rin na ang mga anti-sperm antibodies ay nailipat sa akin?. A: Ang mga anti sperm antibodies ay maaaring seryosong makahahadlang sa natural na paglilihi ngunit hindi mo maaaring ibukod ang posibilidad na iyon. Hindi sila ipapasa sa iyo ngunit sa iyong susunod na paggamot humingi ng ICSI at iwasan ang maginoo IVF.. Unexplained infertility. Q: Nagkaroon ako ng hindi maipaliwanag na kawalan ng katabaan sa loob ng higit sa 4 na taon, hindi kailanman naging buntis, walang makakahanap ng anumang mali, mayroon bang pag-asa sa natural na ...