Chlorophenols are a group of chemicals in which chlorines (between one and five) have been added to phenol.� Phenol is an aromatic compound derived from benzene, the simplest aromatic hydrocarbon, by adding a hydroxy group to a carbon� to replace a hydrogen.� There are five basic types of chlorophenols:� mono[one]chlorophenols, di[two]chlorophenols, tri[three]chlorophenols, tetra[four]chlorophenols, and penta[five]chlorophenols.� In all, there are 19 different chlorophenols.� Eight are discussed in this document:� 2-chlorophenol, 4-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol, 2,4,5-trichlorophenol, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, 2,3,4,5-tetrachlorophenol, 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol, and 2,3,5,6-tetrachlorophenol.� Pentachlorophenol is discussed in another document.

2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, a toxic contaminant frequently formed during the synthesis of the herbicide 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid, was shown to be a potent inducer of hepatic δ-aminolevulinic acid synthetase in the chick embryo. As little as 4.66 x 10-12 mole of the contaminant per egg produces a significant increase in the activity of the enzyme. Induction of the enzyme is related to the dose of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and, in contrast to that produced with other drugs, is prolonged in time, with 70 percent of the maximum induced activity present 5 days after a single dose. This contaminant is implicated as the likely causative agent in an outbreak of porphyria cutanea tarda in workers in a factory where 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid was being synthesized. ...

Vietnam and Agent Orange Facts. Demand for military Agent Orange resulted in higher levels of dioxin contamination than in the 2,4,5-T produced for civilian applications in the U.S. As noted in the above chart.. The U.S. Air Force military operation Ranch Hand began spraying Agent Orange on areas of South Vietnam in August 1965 (though it was used prior to this date).. The US Air Force Herb Tapes accounted for just over 8 million gallons of the herbicides used in South Vietnam.. 18 million gallons of Agent Orange were reported to have been used in South Vietnam.. Agent Orange caused Vietnamese farmers to lose about 70% of their crops. (One of the goals for using herbicides was to deprive the enemy of food).. 6,250+ square miles of South Vietnam can not be farmed because of defoliation. This is still true more than 30 years later.. A C-123 (Provider) could dump 11,000 lbs. of Agent Orange over 300 acres in four minutes.. Brief History of Agent Orange. In the early years of WWII, a grant was ...

Metabolic Response of Activated Sludge to Sodium Pentachlorophenol J. A. HEIDMAN, Graduate Assistant D. F. KINCANNON, Assistant Professor A. F. GAUDY, JR., Professor School of Civil Engineering Oklahoma State University Stillwater, Oklahoma INTRODUCTION The many industrial uses for chlorinated hydrocarbons have resulted in an increasing demand for utilization of these materials, and as a result, the possibility of their occurrence in waste streams has increased. Sodium pentachlorophenol is a compound of particular interest, since it has such a wide range of industrial application. It has been successfully employed as an additive for the prevention of the swelling of wood, cork powder, and organic fiber, as a slime-preventing agent in paper making processes, as a biocide in cooling water systems, as a fungicide for textile, wood products, leather and asbestos fiber boards, and as a hide preservative, among other industrial applications. However, there is very little information available ...

Article Transcriptional profiling of the soil invertebrate (Folsomia candida) in pentachlorophenol contaminated soil. Pentachlorophenol (PCP) as a widely used pesticide is also considered to be an endocrine disruptor. Molecular effects of chemicals w...

Understanding the effects of intensive agricultural land use activities on water resources is essential for natural resource management and environmental improvement. In this paper, multi-scale nested watersheds were delineated and the relationships between two representative water quality indexes and agricultural land use intensity were assessed and quantified for the year 2000 using multi-scale regression analysis. The results show that the log-transformed nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) index exhibited a relationship with chemical fertilizer input intensity and several natural factors, including soil loss, rainfall and sunlight at the first order watershed scale, while permanganate index (CODMn) had a positive relationship with another two input intensities of pesticides and agricultural plastic mulch and organic manure at the fifth order watershed scale. The first order watershed and the fifth order watershed were considered as the watershed adaptive response units for NO3-N and CODMn, respectively. The

In the United States, twelve major soil texture classifications are defined by the United States Department of Agriculture.[1] The twelve classifications are sand, loamy sand, sandy loam, loam, silt loam, silt, sandy clay loam, clay loam, silty clay loam, sandy clay, silty clay, and clay.[5] Soil textures are classified by the fractions of each soil separate (sand, silt, and clay) present in a soil. Classifications are typically named for the primary constituent particle size or a combination of the most abundant particles sizes, e.g. "sandy clay" or "silty clay". A fourth term, loam, is used to describe equal properties of sand, silt, and clay in a soil sample, and lends to the naming of even more classifications, e.g. "clay loam" or "silt loam". Determining soil texture is often aided with the use of a soil texture triangle.[5] An example of a soil triangle is found on the right side of the page. One side of the triangle represents percent sand, the second side represents percent clay, and the ...

Research Corridor has published a new research study titled "Copper Azole Wood Preservatives Market - Growth, Share, Opportunities, Competitive Analysis and Forecast, 2017 - 2025". The Copper Azole Wood Preservatives market report studies current as well as future aspects of the Copper Azole Wood Preservatives Market based upon factors such as market dynamics, key ongoing trends and segmentation analysis. Apart from the above elements, the Copper Azole Wood Preservatives Market research report provides a 360-degree view of the Copper Azole Wood Preservatives industry with geographic segmentation, statistical forecast and the competitive landscape.. Browse the complete report at http://www.researchcorridor.com/copper-azole-wood-preservatives-market/. Geographically, the Copper Azole Wood Preservatives Market report comprises dedicated sections centering on the regional market revenue and trends. The Copper Azole Wood Preservatives market has been segmented on the basis of geographic regions into ...

Biological treatment of hypersaline wastewaters such as fermentation brine from table olive processing (FTOP), was carried out using four sequential biological reactors (SBRs). These wastewaters were characterized by conductivities higher than 90 mS·cm-1 together with COD and total phenols concentration values of more than 15 g·L-1 and 1000 mg·L-1, respectively. In order to increase the organic removal efficiency and to reduce the hydraulic retention time (HRT), extra nutrients were added and pre-treatment by adsorption was performed. Results showed that the COD/N/P relationship, in the FTOP, of 250/5/1 was appropriate for the biological process reaching COD removal efficiencies of around 80%. The FTOP adsorption pre-treatment with powder activated carbon for the reduction of phenols concentration to 400 mg·L-1 led to a HRT reduction from 40 to 15 days, maintaining the COD and total phenols removal percentages around 78% and 97%, respectively. On the other hand, γ-Proteobacteria was the ...

Arthrobacter chlorophenolicus ATCC ® 700700D-5™ Designation: Genomic DNA from Arthrobacter chlorophenolicus strain A6 TypeStrain=True Application:

Although compacted soil can be recovered through root development of planted seedlings, the relationship between root morphologies and soil physical properties remain unclear. We investigated the impacts of soil compaction on planted hybrid larch F1 (Larix gmelinii var. japonica×L. kaempferi, hereafter F1) seedlings with/without N loading. We assumed that N loading might increase the fine root proportion of F1 seedlings under soil compaction, resulting in less effects of root development on soil recovery. We established experimental site with different levels of soil compaction and N loading, where two-year-old F1 seedlings were planted. We used a hardness change index (HCI) to quantify a degree of soil hardness change at each depth. We evaluated root morphological responses to soil compaction and N loading, focusing on ectomycorrhizal symbiosis. High soil hardness reduced the total dry mass of F1 seedlings by more than 30%. Significant positive correlations were found between HCI and root

Phanerochaete chrysosporium ATCC ® 24725™ Designation: VKM F-1767 [CBS 481.73, CCRC 36200, IMI 174727, NRRL 6361, QM 9998] Application: Bacterial resistance testing adhesives Degrades 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethene DDE Degrades 2,4,5-trichlorophenol Degrades 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid 2,4,5-T Degrades 2,4,6-trichlorophenol Degrades 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene TNT Degrades 3,4-dichloroaniline Degrades Congo red Congo Red Degrades DDT Degrades acid yellow 9 Degrades aldrin Degrades amaranth Degrades atrazine Degrades azo dyes Degrades azure B Azure B Degrades benzene Degrades benzo(a)pyrene Degrades biphenyl Degrades chlordane Degrades creosote Degrades cyclonite RDX, cyclotrimethylene trinitramine Degrades dieldrin Degrades ethylbenzene Degrades fluorene Degrades heptachlor Degrades humic acid Degrades lignin Degrades lindane Degrades mirex Degrades o-chlorophenol Degrades olive-mill wastewater Degrades orange G Orange G Degrades orange II Orange II Degrades pentachlorophenol

Biological degradation of phenol by Alcaligenes faecalis with high biodegradation activity and high tolerance was investigated at 25C. Phenol could be utilized by the bacteria as the sole carbon and energy sources. The cell growth and substrate degradation of phenol as single substrates for Alcaligenes faecalis in batch cultures (shaking flasks) were investigated at different initial phenol concentrations. Phenol was observed to be an inhibitory compound. Particularly, when free cells grew on a high concentration of phenol, substrate inhibition was observed and the higher the concentration of phenol, the longer was the lag period. The lag time and whole required time for phenol biodegradation was considerably decreased by immobilized cells due to improvement of cells resistance against high Phenol concentration by cell immobilization compared to free cells. Required time for completely degrade initial phenol of 700 and 1000 ppm by free and immobilized cells is 56, 101 and 35, 72 hours ...

Hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (HCDD) is formed as a byproduct during the manufacture of certain chlorophenols and has been found in trichlorophenol, tetrachlorophenol, pentachlorophenol and in the chlorophenol-derived herbicides 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T). From 1967 to 1970, the concentration of HCDD in commercial pentachlorophenol ranged from 0.03 to 38 ppm. Since then, HCDD levels in pentachlorophenol have been reduced to less than 1 ppm.. A bioassay of a mixture of 1,2,3,6,7,8-and 1,2,3,7,8,9-hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins (HCDD) for possible carcinogenicity was conducted by dermal application of a suspension of this substance to Swiss-Webster mice.. HCDD (0.01 µg) suspended in 0.1 ml acetone was applied to the backs of 30 mice of each sex 3 days per week for 104 weeks. During the first 16 weeks, doses were 0.005 µg HCDD per application. An additional 30 mice of each sex were pretreated with one application of 50 µg DMBA in 0.1 ml ...

In order to investigate the effect of using different nitrogen fertilizer with reclaimed water irrigation on the emissions of soil greenhouse gases (CO2 and N2O), plot experiments were conducted using clean water and reclaimed water combined with different nitrogen fertilizer (urea, ammonium sulfate, slow release fertilizer) for irrigation. No significant differences in CO2 and N2O emission flux was observed between the treatments irrigated with clean water and ones with reclaimed water. The soil CO2 emission flux had no significant relationship with the application of nitrogen fertilizer, whereas the soil emission flux increased significantly as applied with nitrogen fertilizer. The N2O emission flux reached its maximum in 2-5 days after irrigation.

Agriculture is one of the economic sectors that affect climate change contributing to greenhouse gas emissions directly and indirectly. There is a trend of agricultural greenhouse gas emissions reduction, but any practice in this direction should not affect negatively farm productivity and economics because this would limit its implementation, due to the high global food and feed demand and the competitive environment in this sector. Precision agriculture practices using high-tech equipment has the ability to reduce agricultural inputs by site-specific applications, as it better target inputs to spatial and temporal needs of the fields, which can result in lower greenhouse gas emissions. Precision agriculture can also have a positive impact on farm productivity and economics, as it provides higher or equal yields with lower production cost than conventional practices. In this work, precision agriculture technologies that have the potential to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions are presented providing a

Continuous measurements of soil respiration and its components help us understand diurnal and seasonal variations in soil respiration and its mechanism. We continuously measured CO2 concentration at various depths in the soil and calculated surface CO2 efflux based on CO2 gradients and diffusivity in a young ponderosa pine plantation in the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California. We determined soil respiration both in a control plot that included roots and in a trenched plot that had no roots. The difference between these plots was used to partition soil respiration into root respiration and heterotrophic respiration.We found that both CO2 concentration in the soil and surface CO2 efflux in the control plot were higher than in the trenched plot. The diurnal range of soil respiration in the trenched plot was larger than in the control. We observed dramatic pulses of soil respiration in response to rain events in summer and fall during the dry season. We modeled the seasonal variation in soil ...

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There's an air of torment about Cong Nguyen. The 16-year-old is among four siblings, two of whom suffer the same regular attacks of heat that mean they can never stray far from a water tank. To make matters worse, he has never been able to grow teeth or a full crop of hair; instead, clusters of wispy, thin strands sit above sunken eyes. "Some kids avoid me and laugh at me," he says from the home he shares with his brothers and parents in Bien Hoa, just outside Ho Chi Minh City ...

Soil-transmitted helminth infections are intimately connected with poverty. Yet, there is a paucity of using socioeconomic proxies in spatially explicit risk profiling. We compiled household-level socioeconomic data pertaining to sanitation, drinking-water, education and nutrition from readily available Demographic and Health Surveys, Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys and World Health Surveys for Cambodia and aggregated the data at village level. We conducted a systematic review to identify parasitological surveys and made every effort possible to extract, georeference and upload the data in the open source Global Neglected Tropical Diseases database. Bayesian geostatistical models were employed to spatially align the village-aggregated socioeconomic predictors with the soil-transmitted helminth infection data. The risk of soil-transmitted helminth infection was predicted at a grid of 1×1km covering Cambodia. Additionally, two separate individual-level spatial analyses were carried out, for ...

Degradation of aromatic hydrocarbons by aerobic bacteria is generally divided into an upper pathway, which produces dihydroxylated aromatic intermediates by the action of monooxygenases, and a lower pathway, which processes these intermediates down to molecules that enter the citric acid cycle. Bacterial multicomponent monooxygenases (BMMs) are a family of enzymes divided into six distinct groups. Most bacterial genomes code for only one BMM, but a few cases (3 out of 31) of genomes coding for more than a single monooxygenase have been found. One such case is the genome of Pseudomonas stutzeri OX1, in which two different monooxygenases have been found, phenol hydroxylase (PH) and toluene/o-xylene monooxygenase (ToMO). We have already demonstrated that ToMO is an oligomeric protein whose subunits transfer electrons from NADH to oxygen, which is eventually incorporated into the aromatic substrate. However, no molecular data are available on the structure and on the mechanism of action of PH. To ...

Present research was carried out during the year 2014-2015 at the National Agricultural Research and Extension Institute (NAREI) to determine the effect of vermicompost and other fertilizers on the growth and productivity of pepper plants (Capsicum chinense). Plants were treated with five different treatments, namely T1 (Promix), T2 (vermicompost), T3 (189), T4 (189 + vermicompost), and lastly, control which had no fertilizers. T1, T3, and T4 were inorganic fertilizers, and T2 was organic. Results obtained showed that T3 (chemical fertilizer) has a significant effect on the growth of pepper plants producing plants with better plant height, number of leaves, number of branches, stem diameter, higher fruit yield, fruit weight and fruit diameter. Plants treated with this treatment also had higher fruit yield, fruit weight, and fruit diameter. Mineral nutrients were highest in plants treated with inorganic fertilizers as compared to the organic fertilizer. Maximum chlorophyll level was present in plants

The presence of eight acid-extractable phenols and sixteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in Laguna Lake water was determined. The acid-extractable phenols which were analyzed included: phenol, 2-chlorophenol, 2-nitrophenol 2,4-dichlorophenol, 4-chloro-3-methylphenol, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, 4-nitrophenol, and pentachlorophenol. The OCPs were as follows: α-BHC, β-BHC, γ-BHC (lindane), δ-BHC, heptachlor, aldrin, heptachlor epoxide, endosulfan I, 4,4'-DDE, dieldrin, endrin, endosulfan II, 4,4-DDD, endrin aldehyde, endosulfan sulfate, and 4,4-DDT.Water samples trom five different sites in Laguna Lake were collected in October and November 1996, and February and May 1997. The phenols and OCPs were extracted separately by liquid-liquid extraction. Identification and quantification were done by capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). None of the sixteen OCPs was detected in any of the water samples. On the other hand, phenol and 4-nitrophenol were detected in some samples collected in

TY - JOUR. T1 - Detection of latent tuberculosis infection among migrant farmworkers along the US-Mexico border. AU - Oren, E.. AU - Fiero, M. H.. AU - Barrett, E.. AU - Anderson, B.. AU - Nuñez, M.. AU - Gonzalez-Salazar, F.. PY - 2016/11/3. Y1 - 2016/11/3. N2 - Background: Migrant farmworkers are among the highest-risk populations for latent TB infection (LTBI) in the United States with numerous barriers to healthcare access and increased vulnerability to infectious diseases. LTBI is usually diagnosed on the border using the tuberculin skin test (TST). QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube (QFT-GIT) also measures immune response against specific Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens. The objective of this study is to assess the comparability of TST and QFT-GIT to detect LTBI among migrant farmworkers on the border, as well as to examine the effects of various demographic and clinical factors on test positivity. Methods: Participants were recruited using mobile clinics on the San Luis US-Mexico border and ...

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ABSTRACT Human food chain toxicity, soil fertility and agricultural output have been shown to be influenced by application of various types of fertilizers. This research studied the influence of multiple fertilizer application on soil quality and plant heavy metal accumulation, proximate and phytochemical compositions. The different fertilizer samples used were NlSPlSKlS (CFI), N20PIOKIO (CF2), N27P13PI3 (CF3), pig manure (AMI) and chicken manure (AM2). Plant species used were Telfairia occidental is and Talinum triangulare. The experiment had four treatments and each treatment had 0.0, 2.0 and 4.0glkg soil. The seeds of the vegetables were planted and allowed to grow for a period of 12 weeks. The first sets of the experimental pots were left for a latent period of 12 weeks after the first harvest for second fertilizer application. The heavy metal composition of the different fertilizers and control soil as well as the plant species were studied using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Photocatalytic degradation of phenol in aqueous solution by rare earth-doped Snonanoparticles. AU - Al-Hamdi, Abdullah M.. AU - Sillanpää, Mika. AU - Dutta, Joydeep. PY - 2014. Y1 - 2014. N2 - The influence of heterogeneous semiconductors on the photodegradation of phenol in water was investigated using doped tin dioxide (SnO2) nanoparticles. Photocatalysts of SnO2 were synthesized with lanthanum (La), cerium (Ce), and neodymium (Nd) dopants. These photocatalysts were synthesized from tin tetrachloride by sol-gel method with different dopant concentrations, and its photocatalytic degradation was investigated up to 0.8 % under UV-A light in aqueous suspensions. The photocatalytic oxidation reactions were studied by varying photocatalyst composition, light intensity, reaction time, pH of the reaction medium, and phenol concentration. It was found that the photocatalytic activity of rare earth-doped SnO2 for phenol decomposition under UV light irradiation was considerably higher ...

Okra (Abelmoschus spp.) is a staple vegetable in Ghana and several countries world-wide. It has potential for several uses but is mostly under-utilized in Ghana. In this study, the total phenol content and antioxidant activity of five different okra seed genotypes (Asha, Asontem, Agbagoma, Sengevi and Penkruma), subjected to different treatments, were determined. A sensory test was performed to determine the acceptability of tea made with the okra seeds. The total phenol content and free radical scavenging activity of the samples were determined by means of Folin-Ciocalteu method and DPPH assay, respectively. An affective test was used for the sensory analysis. The results indicated that undefatted samples had the highest total phenol content (34.89-39.39 mg GAE/100 g) whereas defatted samples recorded the least (27.83-30.39 mg GAE/100 g). Defatted samples had % DPPH inhibition in the range of 46.38 to 64.00%) whereas that of undefatted samples ranged 34.39-53.00%. However, for the tea infusion of the

Acute poisoning with chlorophenoxy herbicides such as 2,4-D and MCPA is reported world wide, potentially causing severe toxicity and death. Since there is no antidote for chlorophenoxy herbicides, treatments such as urinary alkalinisation have been used to increase the clearance of these poisons from the body. Although urinary alkalinisation was first trialled over 30 years ago, it is not currently used routinely for the treatment of patients with acute chlorophenoxy poisoning. This review looked for studies where this treatment had been given to poisoned patients. No studies of sufficient quality were identified and therefore routine use of this approach to treatment cannot be recommended. However, due to the poor outcomes in patients who present with severe toxicity it may have a role in addition to standard intensive care support. More research should be conducted.. ...

The 96 h and 192 h LC50s were determined for phenol and 11 substituted phenols. The freshwater flow-through tests with measured concentrations and nearly identical test conditions used the fathead minnow Pimephales promelas as the test organism. The fish were checked for uniformity in toxicity response using 48 h static reference tests with 2,4-dichlorophenol as the toxicant. The results of these 12 tests produced a mean 48 h LC50 of 8.6 mg/L plus or minus 1.1 mg/L. The mean of duplicate 96 h LC50s (mg/L) in ascending order of toxicity were: pentachlorophenol, 0.22; 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol, 2.0; 2,4,6-tribromophenol, 6.6; 2,4-dichlorophenol, 8.2; 2-chlorophenol, 12; 2,4-dinitrophenol, 17; 2,4-dimethylphenol, 17; 2,6-dimethylphenol, greater than 27; phenol, 29; 4-nitrophenol, 61; and 3-methoxyphenol, 76 ...

Kato-Katz is a widely used method for the diagnosis of soil-transmitted helminth infection. Fecal samples cannot be preserved, and hence, should be processed on the day of collection and examined under a microscope within 60 min of slide preparation. Mini-FLOTAC is a technique that allows examining fixed fecal samples. We assessed the performance of Mini-FLOTAC using formalin-fixed stool samples compared to Kato-Katz and determined the dynamics of prevalence and intensity estimates of soil-transmitted helminth infection over a 31-day time period.; The study was carried out in late 2013 on Pemba Island, Tanzania. Forty-one children were enrolled and stool samples were subjected on the day of collection to a single Kato-Katz thick smear and Mini-FLOTAC examination; 12 aliquots of stool were fixed in 5% formalin and subsequently examined by Mini-FLOTAC up to 31 days after collection.; The combined results from Kato-Katz and Mini-FLOTAC revealed that 100% of children were positive for Trichuris ...

2,4,5-T, aldrin, binapacryl, captafol, chlordane, chlordimeform, chlorobenzilate, DDT, DNOC and its salts, ethylene dichloride, ethylene oxide 1,2-dibromoethane (EDB), dieldrin, dinoseb, fluoroacetamide, HCH, heptachlor, hexachlorobenzene, lindane, mercury compounds, monocrotophos, parathion, pentachlorophenol, toxaphene and tributyl tin, plus certain formulations of methamidophos, methyl-parathion, and phosphamidon, as well as dustable-powder formulations containing a combination of benomyl at or above 7 percent, carbofuran at or above 10 percent and thiram at or above 15 percent that are listed as severely hazardous pesticide formulations ...

A changing global climate may impact the respiration of fine roots. While many models adjust fine root respiration as temperature increases, the influence of soil nutrient availability and the possibility that root respiration may be adapted to local climate are often not addressed. Rates of fine root respiration were measured in four sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) forests located along a latitudinal gradient in Michigan. Root respiration was measured as O2 consumption at temperatures ranging from 6 to 24 C on excised fine root samples in early September, October, and November of 1994. Root respiration increased exponentially with temperature with an average Q10 of 2.7; there were no differences in Q10 among sites. However, there were differences among sites in mean respiration rate at a given temperature. This site effect did not indicate ecotypic adaptation to local climate, but rather reflected fine root N concentration. Respiration at a given temperature was consistently higher in roots ...

The performance of a fluidized bed reactor using immobilized Phanerochaete chrysosporium to remove 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) from aqueous solution was investigated. The contribution of lignin peroxidase (LiP) and manganese peroxidase (MnP) secreted by Phanerochaete chrysosporium to the 2,4-DCP degradation was examined. Results showed that Lip and Mnp were not essential to 2,4-DCP degradation while their presence enhanced the degradation process and reaction rate. In sequential batch experiment, the bioactivity of immobilized cells was recovered and improved during the culture and the maximum degradation rate constant of 13.95 mg (Ld)−1 could be reached. In continuous bioreactor test, the kinetic behavior of the Phanerochaete chrysosporium immobilized on loofa sponge was found to follow the Monod equation. The maximum reaction rate was 7.002 mg (Lh)−1, and the saturation constant was 26.045 mg L−1. ...

Agricultural Research & Technology: Open Access Journal is a dynamic journal for publishing research reports, short communications, Critical Reviews in Agricultural Economics and Farm Management, Agronomy, Forestry, Animal Science, Food Technology, etc. The goal of the open access journalsis to publish articles on new and emerging fields and concepts for providing future directions to promote agricultural research globally. It is a unique open access journal covering all the disciplines of crop sciences, animal sciences, fishery sciences, forestry sciences and natural resources management sciences, to stimulate interest in inter-disciplinary research. This open access journal will catalyze policy development on issues impacting rational agricultural growth and development globally. It also publishes open access books.

TY - JOUR. T1 - The arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus geosporum in European saline, sodic and gypsum soils. AU - Landwehr, Melanie. AU - Hildebrandt, Ulrich. AU - Wilde, Petra. AU - Nawrath, Kerstin. AU - Tóth, Tibor. AU - Biró, Borbála. AU - Bothe, Hermann. PY - 2002/12/1. Y1 - 2002/12/1. N2 - Plants of saline and sodic soils of the Hungarian steppe and of gypsum rock in the German Harz mountains, thus soils of high ionic strength and electric conductivity, were examined for their colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). Roots of several plants of the saline and sodic soils such as Artemisia maritima, Aster tripolium or Plantago maritima are strongly colonized and show typical AMF structures (arbuscules, vesicles) whereas others like the members of the Chenopodiaceae, Salicornia europaea, Suaeda maritima or Camphorosma annua, are not. The vegetation of the gypsum rock is totally different, but several plants are also strongly colonized there. The number of spores in samples ...

The use of onsite wastewater treatment system (OWTS) is a common practice in the U.S., especially in rural areas where the access to centralized wastewater treatment systems is limited. Onsite wastewater treatment systems include a soil treatment area or drainfield where contaminants are removed or attenuated. Ineffective OWTS are a source of microbial pathogens (bacteria and viruses), biological oxygen demand (BOD) and nutrients, which are among the major causes of contamination and water quality impairments in surface water in the U.S. The main objective of this research was to model the different chemical, physical processes, and removal mechanisms that influence the fate and transport of OWTS-derived contaminants using the HYDRUS 2D/3D software. In the first part of this study, segmented mesocosms (n=3) packed with sand, sandy loam or clay loam soil were used to determine the effect of soil texture and depth on transport of two septic tank effluent (STE)-borne microbial pathogen surrogates - green

In situ bioremediation of pentachlorophenol-contaminated ground water in a sequential anaerobic-aerobic down borehole permeable barrier reactor requires a non-toxic primary substrate for dichlorophenol cometabolism. Serum bottle tests comparing the effectiveness of eight primary substrates for aerobic dichlorophenol degradation showed phenol to be the most effective followed by imitation vanilla flavoring, guaiacol, sodium benzoate, molasses, acetic acid, propylene glycol and ethyl vanillin in propylene glycol. As phenol is a pollutant, imitation vanilla flavoring is the recommended primary substrate for field use. In a second bottle test, 3,4,5-trichlorophenol was not sufficiently biotransformed, emphasizing the need for biotransformation to occur in the anaerobic zone of the reactor ...

AFMAN 24-204(I)/TM 38-250/NAVSUP PUB 505/MCO P4030.19H/ DLAI 4145.3 189 11 DECEMBER 2001 Reportable Reportable Hazardous Substance Quantity (RQ) Hazardous Substance Quantity (RQ) Pounds Pounds (Kilograms) (Kilograms) Osmium tetroxide 1000 (454) Phenol, 2,4-dinitro- 10 (4.54) 7-Oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-2,3- dicarboxylic acid 1000 (454) Phenol, methyl- 100 (45.4) 1,2-Oxathiolane, 2,2-dioxide 10 (4.54) Phenol, 2-methyl-4,6-dinitro- 10 (4.54) 2H-1,3,2-Oxazaphosphorin-2-amine, N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl) tetrahydro-2- oxide 10 (4.54) Phenol, 2,2 -methylenebis [3,4,6-trichloro- 100 (45.4) Oxirane 10 (4.54) Phenol, 2-(1-methylpropyl)-4,6- dinitro 1000 (454) Oxiranecarboxyaldehyde 10 (4.54) Phenol, 4-nitro- 100 (45.4) Oxirane, (chloromethyl)- 100 (45.4) Phenol, pentachloro- 10 (4.54) Paraformaldehyde 1000 (454) Phenol, 2,3,4,6-tetrachloro- 10 (4.54) Paraldehyde 1000 (454) Phenol, 2,4,5-trichloro- 10 (4.54) Parathion 10 (4.54) Phenol, 2,4,6-trichloro- 10 (4.54) Pentachlorobenzene 10 (4.54) Phenol, ...

Pseudomonas, dermatophytes, Candida, and Trichophyton. When there is a break in the skin from the offending nail border, these organisms can invade the area and cause an infection, swelling and granulation tissue of the nail fold.. DIAGNOSIS. Ingrown toenail symptoms and signs include redness, pain, and swelling. Sometimes there may be a clear yellowish drainage, or if it becomes infected, pus drainage. Occasionally, ingrown toenails resolve without treatment. Painful, persistent, and recurring ingrown toenails should be treated.. Sometimes there is nail edge curving into the skin (incurvation) or a spike of nail (spicule) pressing into the skin of the nail border. When an infection is involved, there may be severe redness and swelling, drainage, pus, and a bad smell.. ...

INFLUENCE OF PERMANGANATE INDEX IN THE PARAMETERS AS TOTAL PHENOL CONTENT AND TOTAL ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF EXTRACTS OF CAMELLIA SINENSIS

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TY - JOUR. T1 - Controlled defects of zinc oxide nanorods for efficient visible light photocatalytic degradation of phenol. AU - Al-Sabahi, Jamal. AU - Bora, Tanujjal. AU - Al-Abri, Mohammed. AU - Dutta, Joydeep. PY - 2016. Y1 - 2016. N2 - Environmental pollution from human and industrial activities has received much attention as it adversely affects human health and bio-diversity. In this work we report efficient visible light photocatalytic degradation of phenol using supported zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods and explore the role of surface defects in ZnO on the visible light photocatalytic activity. ZnO nanorods were synthesized on glass substrates using a microwave-assisted hydrothermal process, while the surface defect states were controlled by annealing the nanorods at various temperatures and were characterized by photoluminescence and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used for the evaluation of phenol photocatalytic degradation. ZnO nanorods ...

The role of irrigation water in disseminating Erwinia amylovora is not fully recognized, and the survival of the bacterium in natural water has not been carefully investigated. This risk has been underestimated, since it is generally considered that E. amylovora survives only for a short period in water and its isolation from natural water samples has not been reported. The main goal of this study has been to clarify whether E. amylovora could survive under nutrient starvation conditions usually found in aquatic environments and if it is nonculturable on solid media when recovered from sterile natural water. Infectivity of E. amylovora cells in water was evaluated by using immature pear fruits. Total and viable cell counts were monitored by the Live/Dead viability kit, and culturability by plate counts on King's B medium. E. amylovora was able to survive in water from different sources showing a long persistence in irrigation water and maintaining its infectivity for green pears. However, a ...

PAD can be a factor in people with uncontrolled diabetes, heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, renal failure, limb trauma, ingrown toenails, poorly healing toe or feet wounds, foot or leg pain with or without activity, or who are overweight. Ingrown toenails 836: Inguinal hernia 1525: Insomnia 531: Insulin (resistance) 22573: Intestinal inflammation 874/225: Irritable colon 429: Itching (body itchy) 119: Job syndrome 71950: Keratosis pilaris 52983: Kidney stones 25809: Kidney transplant 901: Kidneys 37: Lactose intolerance 21300: Language 1111: Lateral sclerosis 2114/771: Left arm. Leukonychia (or leuconychia), is a medical term for white discolouration appearing on nails. As a practitioner, David has worked at some of the world's elite retreats and wellness spas from the Maldives, to Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia, Caribbean, India, Sri Lanka, and Australia. It usually affects your big toe. Race to find ship survivors as Typhoon Haishen nears Japan. You do not need to be referred by your GP. ...

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TY - BOOK. T1 - Enhanced reductive dechlorination in clay till contaminated with chlorinated solvents. AU - Damgaard,Ida. A2 - Broholm,Mette Martina. A2 - Bjerg,Poul Løgstrup. PY - 2012. Y1 - 2012. N2 - Chlorinated solvents are among the most frequently found contaminants in groundwater. In fractured media, chlorinated ethenes and ethanes are transported downwards through preferential pathways with subsequent diffusion into the sediment matrix. Due to slow back diffusion it can serve as a long term secondary source that can leach to the underlying aquifer. As some of the chlorinated solvents and their degradation products are toxic and carcinogenic, remediation technologies applicable in low permeability settings are needed. Enhanced reductive dechlorination (ERD) has been proven efficient in high permeability aquifers and has also been applied at a number of low permeability clay till sites. This thesis presents the results of an investigation of chlorinated ethenes (and ethanes) degradation ...

2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP) is a toxic compound widespread in the environment, with numerous applications. There are many fungi capable of degrading it, although little attention has been paid to non wood-degrading species. Penicillium chrysogenum ERK1 was able to degrade 85% of TCP in batch cultures in the presence of sodium acetate. Degradation rate was fitted to a specific first-order kinetic and the growth rate was fitted to a Gompertz model. Hydroquinone and benzoquinone were identified as degradation intermediates. The phytotoxicity of the residues was reduced by half after fungal treatment. These results suggest that Penicillium chrysogenum can be applied successfully to biodegrade TCP ...

We have cloned the linD genes as a candidate for direct involvement in the degradation of 2,5-DCHQ, the intermediate of γ-HCH degradation by S. paucimobilis UT26. The fact that E. coli cells overproducing LinD converted 2,5-DCHQ to HQ and that the Tn5-induced mutants which show deficiencies in LinD activity have a deletion or rearrangements in the linD gene support the hypothesis that the linD gene is directly involved in 2,5-DCHQ degradation in UT26. Recently, we revealed that rearrangements occurred in the linD gene in UT103, which has no LinD activity (13).. Northern blot analysis revealed that linD mRNA is expressed upon induction with 2,5-DCHQ, whereas linA, linB, and linC are constitutively expressed. This suggested the existence of a regulatory system for linD gene expression.. TLC analysis revealed that LinD rapidly converts 2,5-DCHQ to CHQ and slowly converts CHQ to HQ. This indicates that LinD catalyzes the reductive dehalogenation of 2,5-DCHQ. However, the conversion of CHQ to HQ may ...

Abstract : 2,4-Dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) and 2,6-dichlorophenol (2,6-DCP) are two isomers of dichlorophenols, have beenused as preservative agents for wood, paints, vegetable fibers and as intermediates in the production of pharmaceuticals anddyes. The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of biofield energy treatment on the isotopic abundance ratios of 2H/1H or13C/12C, and 18O/16O or 37Cl/35Cl, in dichlorophenol isomers using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The 2,4-DCP and 2,6-DCP samples were divided into two parts: control and treated. The control sample remained as untreated, whilethe treated sample was further divided into four groups as T1, T2, T3, and T4. The treated group was subjected to Mr. Trivedi'sbiofield energy treatment. The GC-MS spectra of 2,4-DCP and 2,6-DCP showed three to six m/z peaks at 162, 126, 98, 73, 63,37 etc. due to the molecular ion peak and fragmented peaks. The isotopic abundance ratios (percentage) in both the isomerswere increased significantly ...