Electroplating industry. Get Sodium Cyanide market Sample Research Report with complete TOC at https://market.biz/report/global-sodium-cyanide-market-gir/25773/#requestforsample. This research report is divided into subsequent fragments:. Fragment 1, focuses on objective of Sodium Cyanide market covering the definition, product classification, type, product images, growth statistics and presence of Sodium Cyanide market on global scale;. Fragment 2, studies the Sodium Cyanide market player, their sales volume, supply and demand analysis, profile information and their market dividend in 2016 and 2017;. Fragment 3, comprehensive market scenario of the top dominant market players of Sodium Cyanide market based on their annual revenue;. Fragment 4, Sodium Cyanide market segmentation based on regions and sales volume in each region and market profits from 2012 to 2017;. Fragment 5,6,7,8 and 9 chief countries with their Sodium Cyanide market profits 2017;. Fragment 10 and 11 studies the different ...
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The structure of solid NaCN is related to that of sodium chloride.[5] The anions and cations are each six-coordinate. Potassium cyanide (KCN) adopts a similar structure. Each Na+ forms pi-bonds to two CN− groups as well as two bent Na---CN and two bent Na---NC links.[6] Because the salt is derived from a weak acid, sodium cyanide readily reverts to HCN by hydrolysis; the moist solid emits small amounts of hydrogen cyanide, which smells like bitter almonds (not everyone can smell it-the ability thereof is due to a genetic trait[7]). Sodium cyanide reacts rapidly with strong acids to release hydrogen cyanide. This dangerous process represents a significant risk associated with cyanide salts. It is detoxified most efficiently with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to produce sodium cyanate (NaOCN) and water:[4] ...
The International Cyanide Management Institute (ICMI) announced today that Cyanco Company LLCs cyanide production plant in Winnemucca, United States has been recertified in full compliance with the International Cyanide Management Code (Cyanide Code).. Cyancos Winnemucca sodium cyanide production plant was initially certified in full compliance with the Cyanide Code in October 2006, and was recertified in February 2010 and in July 2013. As required under the Cyanide Code, the operation was again audited against ICMIs Verification Protocol within three years of its previous certification by an independent professional third-party auditor. ICMI has received and accepted the auditors Detailed Audit Findings Report, which found that the facility maintained full compliance with the Cyanide Codes Principles and Production Practices throughout the previous three years. The Summary Audit Report and Auditor Credentials Form are available on Cyancos Signatory Companies Page: ...
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Global Sodium Cyanide Market by Manufacturers, Countries, Type and Application, Forecast to 2022 published in Aug 2017 spread across 121 pages, providing competitive landscape analysis, market share info and more is now available for US $3480 at Market Research Reports.
Sodium cyanide | NaCN or CNNa | CID 8929 - structure, chemical names, physical and chemical properties, classification, patents, literature, biological activities, safety/hazards/toxicity information, supplier lists, and more.
Cyanide species.The term cyanide.Over 99 of the cyanide remains in solution as cn-, while at ph 7, over 99 of the cyanide will exist as hcn.Although hcn is highly soluble in water, its solubility decreases with increased temperature and under highly saline conditions.The salts of sodium, potassium and calcium cyanide are quite.
use of sodium sulphite in pyrite depression during copper flotation_Possibility of sodium cyanide elimination from a flotation processKey-Words: - Flotation, pyrite depressant, dextrin, sodium cyanide. * , Hossna Darabi b . pyrite depression, when mixed collect
According to information prosecutors presented in court, sometime before the spring of 2003, Krar accumulated a large quantity of sodium cyanide and acids such as hydrochloric, nitric and acetic acids. The chemicals were found last April after the discovery of false documents belonging to Krar. The false documents were part of a package Krar mailed to Edward Feltus in New Jersey in January 2002. Instead of being delivered to Feltus as Krar intended, the package was accidentally taken to a household on Staten Island, New York. The package contained more than five false identification documents, including a North Dakota birth certificate, a Social Security card, a Vermont birth certificate, a Defense Intelligence Agency Identification card, and a United Nations Multinational Force Identification card. The subsequent investigation determined that Krar not only possessed false documents, but had accumulated dangerous chemical weapons. Sodium cyanide is a toxic chemical by itself and as such ...
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The product has the physical and chemical properties of pure Ethyl α-cyanoacrylate. By adding other ingredients, it can produce a specific curing time, a specific viscosity, for all types of surface adhesive.
WASHINGTON (AP) - Trappers can keep using sodium cyanide bombs to kill coyotes and other livestock predators, the Trump administration said Thursday, rejecting calls for a ban despite repeated instances of the devices also poisoning other wildlife, pets and people.. The Environmental Protection Agencys interim decision newly restricts use of the so-called M-44s within 600 feet of a home and 300 feet of a public road or path. Users also would have to post two warning signs within 15 feet of the poison bombs.. The agencys assistant administrator, Alexandra Dunn, said in a statement that the EPA had worked with the Agriculture Department to ensure there are safe and effective tools for farmers and ranchers to protect livestock.. The Center for Biological Diversity and other conservation advocacy groups had sought a ban on the devices, which typically are covered with smelly bait, and are designed to eject deadly sodium cyanide when an animal stops to inspect and gnaw on them.. In 2017, one of ...
The ore characteristic of this project is simple after mineral processing experiment the process flow was determined as raw ore grinding to 85 200 mesh lime as protective alkali and add sodium cyanide agitating and leaching under the consider that pulp concentration is 40 lime is 7kgt and sodium cyanide is 4kgt leaching for 24 hours the final leaching rate of gold is. ...
The surface of rat visceral yolk sacs (VYS) of intact, viable rat conceptuses were continuously monitored with a microfiberoptic sensor optimized for detection of the reduced pyridine nucleotides, NADH and NADPH. Model chemical toxins, cyanide and alloxan, were used and evaluated on the basis of their differential ability to modulate NAD(H)- and NADP(H)-dependent cellular pathways, respectively. Exposure with 2 mM sodium cyanide for 5 min caused a reversible fluorescence increase of 325 arbitrary fluorescence units (AFU) and 225 AFU on Gestational Days (GD) 10 and 11, respectively. Exposure with 40 mM alloxan for 5 min resulted in a fluorescence decrease of 170 and 120 AFU on GD 10 and 11, respectively. Glutathione (GSH) levels in the VYS, as determined by HPLC, showed a marked decrease from 27.3 +/- 2.1 to 2.9 +/- 0.4 pmol/mg protein, within the 5-min alloxan exposure period on GD 10. No decrease in GSH levels was noted for the same exposure duration on GD 11. A 2-hr pretreatment with 25 microM BCNU [
SIXTY-SEVENTH CONGRESS. Sess. II. ou. ass. 1922. 927 PA};. 1560. Cotton and COEUOD W8St6· cotegu mm PAR. 1561. Cryolite, or kryolith. crytuzb. Psa. 1562. Metallic mineral substances in a crude state, and metals ,S,Y.R}g? mw p unwrplughit, whether capable of being wrought or not, not specially provide or. PAR. 1563. Curry, and c owder. °· PAS. 1564. cutt efish toil? P °·**¤°¤*·· Pan. 1565. Cyanide: Potassium cyanide, sodium cyanide, all °°°· cyanide salts and cyanide mixtures, combinations, and compounds containing cyanide, not specially provided for. _ d_P.uz.d1566. Glaziers and engravers diamonds, unset; miners mf;{,§°· °°·· iamon s. PAR. 1567. Drugs such asbarks, beans, berries, buds, bulbs, bulbous 1mC»i1°du$d§bl°s311if$Z roots, excrescences, fruits, flowers, dried fibers, dried insects, grains, herbs, leaves, lichens, mosses, logs, roots, stems, vegetables, seeds (aromatic, not garden seeds), seeds of morbid growth, weeds, and all other ...
Sodium cyanide exposure may produce death within minutes. IMMEDIATELY BEGIN ADMINISTERING 100% OXYGEN. OBTAIN THE CYANIDE ANTIDOTE KIT AND PREPARE IT FOR USE. Non-lethal, subacute, or chronic exposure may produce headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, palpitations, confusion, deep inspiratory gasps followed by hyperpnea, hyperventilation, anxiety, and vertigo. Severe signs of hypoxia in the absence of cyanosis suggest cyanide poisoning. Patients have reportedly survived potentially lethal ingestions with only supportive care. The absence of a rapidly deteriorating course does not exclude cyanide poisoning ...
The first tank is a pure leach tank and the following seven are CIL tanks. The flotation tailings slurry is pumped to the fist tank via a trash screen. Sodium cyanide, slaked lime slurry and air are added into the tanks. The slurry flws from tank to tank by gravity and gold is leached into the solution by cyanide and oxygen. Lime is added to the leach circuit to maintain a high pH of ...
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The CIL process technology. The ore is ground and concentrates are produced by means of conventional otation and gravity circuits. The otation tailings containing the unrecovered gold from the primary circuits are directed to the leaching plant and dissolved in an aerated sodium cyanide solution.
Manu soon pieced together the story. While playing in the woods behind the family home, Canyon and his dog had stumbled upon a strange device that sprayed them in the face with a dose of of sodium cyanide. The boy managed to quickly clean the poison out of his eyes, but the dog collapsed and started convulsing. As Kasey lay dying on the hillside, Dr Mansfield had wanted to give Kasey CPR, but Canyon told him that if he did, he d ingest the deadly stuff himself ...
Sodium cyanide (NaCN) ejectors for coyotes (Canis latrans), known as M-44s, are used in many parts of the United States for lethally removing coyotes to protect livestock or other resources. Quantifying selectivity of current devices in killing target and non-target species is important to users and provides a baseline for future development of more effective and selective techniques. We used motion-activated cameras to monitor M-44 locations for coyote and other species visitations to the sites. Because camera presence potentially influences coyote behavior, we first compared activation of M-44s at paired sites where cameras were and were not present. Coyotes activated M-44s sites with cameras (n = 17) similarly to sites without cameras (n = 19). During 832 site-days of observation, coyotes visited M-44 sites 29 times, and 18 other species visited 1,597 times. The mean visitation ratio for non-coyotes to coyotes was 2.8:1 at the M-44 locations monitored (n = 22). Non-coyotes were much less ...
Environmental groups had blasted the agencys preliminary decision reauthorizing the cyanide traps, saying they were impossible to use safely.
The benzoin condensation is a reaction (often called a condensation reaction, for historical reasons) between two aromatic aldehydes, particularly benzaldehyde. The reaction is catalyzed by a nucleophile such as the cyanide anion or an N-heterocyclic carbene. The reaction product is an aromatic acyloin with benzoin as the parent compound. An early version of the reaction was developed in 1832 by Justus von Liebig and Friedrich Woehler during their research on bitter almond oil. The catalytic version of the reaction was developed by Nikolay Zinin in the late 1830s, and the reaction mechanism for this organic reaction was proposed in 1903 by A. J. Lapworth. In the first step in this reaction, the cyanide anion (as sodium cyanide) reacts with the aldehyde in a nucleophilic addition. Rearrangement of the intermediate results in polarity reversal of the carbonyl group, which then adds to the second carbonyl group in a second nucleophilic addition. Proton transfer and elimination of the cyanide ion ...
COMPLETE SYNTHESIS. Example 5. Preparation of 2-cyano-5-bromopyridine. In 1 L of dimethylformamide was dissolved 100 g of 2,5-dibromopyridine, 32 g of cupper cyanide and 17.8 g of sodium cyanide were added to the solution at room temperature and the solution was stirred at the temperature of 150° C. for 7 hours for reaction. After being cooled to room temperature, the reaction mixture was added with water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with brine, dehydrated, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The title compound 54 g was obtained. Yield 70%.. 1HNMR(CDCl3) δ 8.76(s,1H), 7.98(dd,1H), 7.58(dd,1H). Example 6. Preparation of 2-(tetrazol-5-yl)-5-bromopyridine. 10 g of 2-cyano-5-bromopyridine prepared in the Preparation example 5 was dissolved in 100 ml of dimethylformamide, 5.33 g of sodiumazide, and 4.4 g of ammonium chloride were added to the solution at room temperature, and the solution was stirred at the temperature of 110° C. for 3 hours for reaction. The ...
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2019-11-23useslayers with 15 smithing can smelt iron ore into an iron bar by using it on a furnace, granting 12smithing experiencet level 15, there is a 50 chance of successfully smelting a bar from a piece of iron, increased by 1 each additional smithing level, maxing out. Get Price; What Are Some Uses For Iron With Pictures. 2019-11-12iron hydroxide is used in many water purification systems Sodium hydroxide (Na OH), also known as lye, caustic soda and sodium hydrate, is a caustic metallic base.Caustic soda forms a strong alkaline solution when dissolved in a solvent such as water. It is used in many industries, mostly as a strong chemical base in the manufacture of pulp and paper, textiles, drinking water, soaps and detergents and as a drain cleaner. Lye is a common name for sodium hydroxide (NaOH) . Melt iron ore and black but there simply is no other way to extract iron ore Sodium cyanide . Sodium cyanide is produced by treating hydrogen cyanide with sodium hydroxide to extract iron ore and ...
An emergency involving the diagnosis and management of patients exposed to cyanide is a potential scenario for any healthcare facility. Cyanide exposure is associated with smoke inhalation, laboratory mishaps, industrial incidents, suicide attempts, and criminal activity. Cyanide is a chemical group that consists of one atom of carbon bound to one atom of nitrogen by three molecular bonds (C≡N). Inorganic cyanides (also know as cyanide salts) contain cyanide in the anion form (CN−) and are used in numerous industries, such as metallurgy, photographic developing, plastic manufacturing, fumigation, and mining. Common cyanide salts include sodium cyanide (NaCN) and potassium cyanide (KCN). Sodium salts react readily with water to form hydrogen cyanide. Organic compounds that have a cyano group bonded to an alkyl residue are called nitriles. For example, methyl cyanide is also known as acetonitrile (CH3CN). Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) is a colorless gas at standard temperature and pressure with a ...
The studies of Deltombe, Gail at al., ECETOC 2007 Report and Ricca et al. are reliable study reports and could be used for a Weight‐of‐Evidence approach with validity 2 (study with minor deficits and not performed according to GLP principles) to describe the performance of hydrolysis of Sodium cyanide (NaCN) or Potassium cyanide (KCN) under alkaline conditions. We concluded that according to the used literature the full test of Guideline OECD 111 study should not be performed on pH 4, 7 and 9 because of the instability of Potassium cyanide in water at pH 4 and 7 and release and high vapor pressure of HCN. We propose to use the results from literature of Deltombe, Gail and Ricca to describe the performance of hydrolysis of Potassium cyanide (KCN) under alkaline conditions. ...
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Even given all of these direct and indirect effects of cyanide exposure to plants, it is highly unlikely for humans to be exposed to large enough amounts of cyanide to be put at risk; still, its important to know the signs of cyanide exposure just to err on the side of caution. The earliest effects of cyanide exposure are rapid, deep breathing and shortness of breath followed by convulsions (seizures) and loss of consciousness. Prolonged exposure to small amounts of cyanide over long periods of time has been linked to breathing difficulties, chest pain, vomiting, blood changes, headaches and enlargement of the thyroid gland. Exposure to large amounts of cyanide in a short time can cause brain and heart damage and in some cases can lead to coma and death.. ...
Chemoreceptors are specialized nerve cells designed to respond to chemical stimuli. There are two types of chemoreceptors in the...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Pathophysiology and Pathogenesis of Contractile Failure in Stunned Myocardium. AU - Kusuoka, Hideo. AU - Kitakaze, Masafumi. AU - Koretsune, Yukihiro. AU - Inoue, Michitoshi. AU - Marban, Eduardo. N1 - Copyright: Copyright 2016 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.. PY - 1991/9. Y1 - 1991/9. N2 - To investigate excitation-contraction coupling in stunned myocardium, intracellular free calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) was measured before and after ischemia in perfused hearts using gated 19F NMR and the Ca2+ indicator 5F-BAPTA. Maximal Ca2+-activated force was also measured in parallel experiments. Stunned myocardium was created by reperfusion after 15 min global ischemia at 37°C in isolated ferret hearts. In stunned myocardium, peak [Ca2+]i was paradoxically higher than that in control, but maximal Ca2+-activated pressure was lower in stunned hearts. These results indicate that contractile failure in stunned myocardium is due to a decrease in the myofilament sensitivity to Ca2+ as ...
Afferent chemoreceptor activity was recorded from the peripheral cut end of the carotid sinus nerve in pentobarbitone anaesthetized cats. The effects of purines, peptides and ouabain on chemosensory activity were studied. Purines. It was found that intracarotid injections of adenosine: AMP; ADP; ATP; CoA;Me-adenosine analogues: N6-methyladenosine, 2-chloroadenosine, 3-deoxyudenosine but not 2-deoxyadenosine; cyclic AMP; dibutyryl cyclic AMP increased spontaneous chemoreceptor discharge. The ATP analogues, a-5- methylene ATP decreased spontaneous chemoreceptor discharge, whereas the f-y-methylene ATP caused a slight increase in discharge. Adenine and the purine nucleosides inosine and guanosine had little or no effect on the discharge. The pyrimidine nucleosides cytidine and uridine were also studied and had little or no effect on spontaneous chemoreceptor discharge. Intracarotid injection of theophylline transiently depressed spontaneous chemosensory activity and potentiated the action of ...
Increased sympathetic activity is a well-known pathophysiological mechanism in insulin resistance (IR) and hypertension (HT). The carotid bodies (CB) are peripheral chemoreceptors that classically respond to hypoxia by increasing chemosensory activity in the carotid sinus nerve (CSN), causing hyperventilation and activation of the sympathoadrenal system. Besides its role in the control of ventilation, the CB has been proposed as a glucose sensor implicated in the control of energy homeostasis. However, to date no studies have anticipated its role in the development of IR. Herein, we propose that CB overstimulation is involved in the etiology of IR and HT, core metabolic and hemodynamic disturbances of highly prevalent diseases like the metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, and obstructive sleep apnoea. We demonstrate that CB activity is increased in IR animal models and that CSN resection prevents CB overactivation and diet-induced IR and HT. Moreover, we show that insulin triggers CB, ...
The carotid body (CB) is the main arterial chemoreceptor in charge of adjusting ventilatory and cardiovascular function during changes in arterial blood gases. Regardless this essential function, the CB has been implicated in the sensing of other physiological signals such as changes in blood flow and glucose levels. More important, malfunction of the CB chemoreceptors has been associated with the progression and deterioration of several disease states such as hypertension, heart failure, renal failure, insulin resistance, diabetes and sleep apnea. Although the mechanisms involved in the alterations of the CB function in pathophysiology are currently under intense research, the development of therapeutic approaches to restore normal CB chemoreflex function remains unsolved. Recently, elegant studies showing the effect of CB neurotomy in pathophysiology have unveiled a key role of these arterial chemoreceptors in the development of autonomic imbalance and respiratory disturbances, and suggest that
Purpose. Grade 3 NENs are aggressive tumours with poor prognosis. PRRT+/− radiosensitising chemotherapy is a potential treatment for disease with high somatostatin receptor (SSTR) expression without spatially discordant FDG-avid disease. We retrospectively evaluated the efficacy of PRRT in G3 NEN.. Methods. Kaplan-Meier estimation was used to determine progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) defined from start of PRRT. Subgroup analysis was performed for patients with Ki-67 ≤ 55% and ,55%. Anatomical response (RECIST 1.1) and toxicity 3 months after PRRT was determined. Disease control rate (DCR) was defined as complete response (CR), partial response (PR) and stable disease (SD) of those with prior progression.. Results. 28 patients (M = 17; age 16-78 years; Ki-67 ≤ 55% = 22) were reviewed. 17 patients had pancreatic, 5 small bowel, 3 large bowel, 2 bronchial and 1 unknown primary disease. 25/28 had significant FDG-avid disease prior to treatment. Most had ...
The International Cyanide Management Institute (ICMI) announced today that Victor Masson Transportes Cruz del Sur S.A. (Cruz del Sur), a cyanide transporter in Argentina, has been recertified in full compliance with the International Cyanide Management Code (Cyanide Code).
Calculate the pH of a 0.18 M solution of cyanide ion, CN- given the Ka (HCN) = 6.2 x 10^-10. I know how to calculate Ka and Kb values no problem, but I dont know which value to use in my calculations. Is it based on the conjugate ...
Cyanide is any chemical compound containing a cyano group (C≡N), which consists of a carbon atom triple-bonded to a nitrogen atom. Specifically, cyanide is the anion CN-. The various cyanides are salts or esters of HCN (hydrogen cyanide or hydrocyanic acid), whereby the hydrogen is replaced with a metal or radical, yielding such as potassium cyanide (KCN), calcium cyanide (CA(CN)2), or ethyl cyanide (CH3CH2CN). Organic compounds that feature cyanide as a functional group (responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules) are called nitriles in IUPAC nomenclature. For example, CH3CN is referred to by the names acetonitrile or ethanenitrile per IUPAC, but occasionally it is labeled using the common name methyl cyanide. Of the many kinds of cyanide compounds, some are gases, while others are solids or liquids. Those that can release the cyanide ion CN- are highly toxic. For plants, cyanide offers an effective chemical defense against herbivores. Remarkably, it occurs ...
A comparative study was conducted in rat primary cortical (CX) and mesencephalic (MC) neurons to investigate intracellular cascades activated during cyanide-induced injury and to determine the point at which the cascades diverge to produce either apoptosis or necrosis. Cyanide treatment (400 μM) for 24 h produced primarily apoptosis in CX cells, whereas the same concentration of cyanide induced predominantly necrosis in MC cells as indicated by increased propidium iodide staining and cellular lactate dehydrogenase efflux. Cyanide increased generation of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in both CX and MC cells, but the rate of formation and nature of the oxidative species varied with cell type. Catalase decreased cyanide-induced ROS generation in CX but not in MC cells. Nitric oxide generation was more prominent after cyanide treatment of MC compared with CX cells.N-Methyl-d-aspartate receptors were more involved in CX apoptosis than in MC necrosis. Mitochondrial membrane potential ...
human respiratory system - Chemoreceptors: One way in which breathing is controlled is through feedback by chemoreceptors. There are two kinds of respiratory chemoreceptors: arterial chemoreceptors, which monitor and respond to changes in the partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the arterial blood, and central chemoreceptors in...
Microbiota-reactive CD4+ T memory (TM) cells are generated during intestinal infections and inflammation, and can revert to pathogenic CD4+ T effector (TE) cells, resulting in chronicity of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Unlike TE cells, TM cells have a low rate of metabolism unless they are activated by reencountering cognate antigen. Here, we show that the combination of cell activation and metabolic checkpoint inhibition (CAMCI), by targeting key metabolic regulators mTORC and AMPK, resulted in cell death and anergy, but enhanced the induction of the regulatory subset. Parenteral application of this treatment with a synthetic peptide containing multiple flagellin T cell epitopes (MEP1) and metabolic inhibition successfully prevented the development of CD4+ T cell-driven colitis. Microbiota-specific CD4+ T cells, especially the pathogenic TE subsets, were decreased 10-fold in the intestinal lamina propria. Furthermore, using the CAMCI strategy, we were able to prevent antigen-specific TM ...
Sorry about the loss of your pet. Although my experience is with the inhalation of cyanide, I would think that if your dog ingested cyanide and it died suddenly, it was an acute poisoning of cyanide (which can be found in pest control media like rat poison). If it was acute and dog was probably exibiting convulsions, frothing at the mouth, and respiratory problems. If this was the case, a simple blood test can confirm the presence of cyanide. If it was chronic cyanide poisoning (a little cyanide ingested over a long period of time), hair and nail samples can be taken to prove cyanide poisoning. Most likely, it was an acute ingestion - but I would also check with your vet and examine the lab tests that were run (if any). One sign of ethylene glycol poisoning (anti-freeze) is kidney failure and that may be another way your pet was poisoned. Good Luck, Kelly Dennison Industrial Hygienist ...
Synonyms for Chemoreceptors in Free Thesaurus. Antonyms for Chemoreceptors. 9 words related to chemoreceptor: sense organ, sensory receptor, receptor, gustatory organ, taste bud, tastebud, carotid body, nose, olfactory organ. What are synonyms for Chemoreceptors?
Abrantes F, Cermeno P, Lopes C, et al. Diatoms Si uptake capacity drives carbon export in coastal upwelling systems. Biogeosciences. 2016;13(14):4099 - 4109. doi:10.5194/bg-13-4099-201610.5194/bg-13-4099-2016-supplement ...