This study investigates whether socioeconomic development and the HIV/AIDS pandemic are associated with living arrangement patterns in older persons in 23 sub‐Saharan African countries. Country‐level aggregate data were taken from previous household surveys and information provided by the United Nations, the World Bank, and the World Health Organization. Results showed that 13.5% of older persons (aged 60 years or over) were living with grandchildren but not adult children (i.e., skipped generation households). Countries higher in HIV/AIDS prevalence had more skipped generation households, and also more older persons living with spouse only and fewer older persons living with other relatives. Countries with higher socioeconomic development had fewer older persons living with children younger than 25 years old and more living with spouse only or with other relatives and unrelated persons. The pandemic and socioeconomic development combine to accelerate the breakdown of the extended family ...

Random blood glucose analysis by the use of the Trinders method was carried out to determine the prevalence of diabetes mellitus among Nigerians in Port Harcourt. The study population were randomly selected and classified into two socio-economic status as high or low based on affluent diet, occupation, income and access to medical care. The mean blood glucose concentration for the high socio-economic group - staff of the oil industries was 7.42 ±0.25mmol/L and significantly higher (P , 0.001) than that for the low socio-economic class - the non- oil industrial workers, 5.33±0.45mmol/L. The prevalence of diabetes was found to be as high as 23.4% among the high socio-economic group and 16% among the low socio-economic group. Undiagonised diabetes occurred in 18.9% of the population studied and were not aware of their diabetic problem. Diabetic - awareness programmes are to be promoted with acion to identify people with diabetes early enough with the arm of providing appropriate medical treatment ...

TY - CONF. T1 - Medical students from lower socio-economic backgrounds do less well on the Foundation School selection process. AU - MacKenzie, Rhoda Katharine. N1 - Medical directorate prize for distinguished oral presentation. PY - 2015. Y1 - 2015. M3 - Paper. T2 - 5th National Scottish Medical Education Conference, Edinburgh, Scotland, 2015.. Y2 - 27 April 2015 through 28 April 2015. ER - ...

How is Chronic Disease and Sociodemographic Risk Factors abbreviated? CDSRF stands for Chronic Disease and Sociodemographic Risk Factors. CDSRF is defined as Chronic Disease and Sociodemographic Risk Factors very rarely.

Information on socioeconomic determinants in the management of diabetes mellitus is scarce in lower middle income countries. The aim of this study is to describe the socioeconomic determinants of management and complications of diabetes mellitus in a lower middle income setting. Cross sectional descriptive study on a stratified random sample of 1300 individuals was conducted by an interviewer administered questionnaire, clinical examinations and blood investigations. A single fasting venous blood sugar of ≥126 mg/dl was considered diagnostic of new diabetics and poor control of diabetes mellitus as HbA1C | 6.5 %. There were 202 (14.7 %) with diabetes mellitus. Poor control was seen in 130 (90.7 %) while 71 (49.6 %) were not on regular treatment. Highest proportions of poor control and not on regular medication were observed in estate sector, poorest social status category and poorest geographical area. The annual HbA1C, microalbuminuria, retinal and neuropathy examination were performed in less than 6

While I believe there that there is no simple cause-effect explanation for life expectancy, there are striking correlations (as income levels) that need to be addressed to promote justice for all of us... From the 11 April 2011 article at Medical News Today Differences in factors such as income, education and marital status could contribute…

This study of young people from 30 European and North American countries over 8 recent years identified a decline in physical fighting in most countries. This pattern was observed in both genders and across age groups. Exceptions were found in three countries (Greece, Latvia, Ukraine). Our modeling of socioeconomic correlates of frequent physical fighting suggested that income inequality and individual family affluence were not risk factors, while increased absolute wealth negatively correlated with fighting. Other identified risk factors were younger age, male gender, multiple risk-taking, victimization from bullying, and national homicide rates.. Our analysis of trends in frequent physical fighting is unique. Existing studies focus on adolescent bullying47 or have summarized the experiences of a single country.14,48,49 We observed declines in most countries, in both genders and different age groups, using the frequent fighting measure that is indicative of habitual negative behaviors. ...

(HealthDay) -- Childhood socioeconomic status affects hippocampal volume in older adults, after adjusting for adult socioeconomic status, gender, education, and other factors, according to a study published in the May issue ...

Geographical inequalities in overweight and obesity prevalence among children are well established in cross-sectional research. We aimed to examine how environmental area characteristics at birth are related to these outcomes in childhood. Anonymised antenatal and birth data recorded by University Hospital Southampton linked to school-measured weight and height data for children within Southampton, UK, were utilised (14,084 children at ages 4-5 and 5637 at ages 10-11). Childrens home address at birth was analysed at the Lower and Middle layer Super Output Area (LSOA/MSOA) levels (areas with average populations of 1500 and 7000, respectively). Area-level indices (walkability, relative density of unhealthy food outlets, spaces for social interaction), natural greenspace coverage, supermarket density and measures of air pollution (PM2.5, PM10 and NOx) were constructed using ArcGIS Network Analyst. Overweight/obesity was defined as a body mass index (BMI; kg/m2) greater than the 85th centile for sex and

TY - JOUR. T1 - Declining stroke rates in southern Brazil: A positive result of socioeconomic development?. AU - Anderson, Craig. PY - 2009. Y1 - 2009. M3 - Article. VL - 80. SP - 705. JO - Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. JF - Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. SN - 1468-330X. IS - 7. ER - ...

Abstract: Purpose: This research aims to identify and assess the socio-economic determinants of Central Pomerania household indebtedness (at the household level) using non-parametric statistical tests and multiple correspondence analysis. Design/Methodology/Approach: The source of data was a survey conducted among 1,000 households of Central Pomerania (Poland). First, it was determined whether there exists a statistically significant relationship between having debt and the socio-economic characteristics of the households analyzed (using the chi-square test or the Fisher test). Next, a multiple correspondence analysis was used to identify and assess relationships between the categories of features that characterize the surveyed households indebtedness. Findings: Using non-parametric statistical tests, it was established that there is a statistically significant relationship between debt and the following household characteristics: development phase, size and composition of the household, ...

PubMed journal article [Sociodemographic profiles, addictive and mental comorbidity in cannabis users in an outpatient specific setting were found in PRIME PubMed. Download Prime PubMed App to iPhone, iPad, or Android

The purpose of this study was to determine the socioeconomic correlates of body mass index of primary and secondary school children in Ebonyi state, which is s...

article{9d0cd19b-d500-436d-819e-08e9e6611891, abstract = {Aims: Tobacco-smoking behaviours of young people between the age of 18 and 25 years are less understood than those of middle-aged people. The aim of this study is to contribute to improved knowledge of some of the factors that are associated with smoking and cessation among young people. Methods: We use the most recently available public health survey data from the southern region of Skåne in Sweden to analyze these factors. The survey is a cross-sectional study with a total sample size of 28,198 individuals with 2801 in the age category of interest. We apply statistical measures of association between smoking and gender and also model the relationship between smoking and smoking cessation and the role of a set of sociodemographic determinants by means of logistic regression to estimate odds ratios. Results: The findings include significant differences between the younger age group and the older group with respect to the odds of smoking ...

Results A total of 421 students were recruited. Overall 41% were physically inactive. Females (47%) were more inactive than males (34%). The total mean weekly metabolic equivalent (MET)-minutes was 1468.2±1873. Males (1676.2±1629) had a higher mean weekly MET minutes than females (1319±20102), p=0.05. 88% owned a portable internet device such as a smartphone or tablet. Students using health-related apps on their devices had significantly higherPA (p=0.01) and lower body mass index (BMI) (p=0.04), than those who did not. Binary logistic regression revealed physical inactivity to be significantly associated with gender (p=0.01), not using a health-promoting app on their portable device (p=0.01) and the year of study (p=0.03). ...

© 2011 The Economic Society of Australia We estimate differences in mortality and life expectancy by levels of income, education and area-based socio-economic status using the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia survey. The study involved 16,905 respondents aged over twenty years interviewed between 2001 and 2007. Mortality estimates were based on proportional hazard regression models. The relative risk of mortality between the poorest and richest income quintile was 1.88 (1.45, 2.44) times higher and this translated into a life expectancy gap (at age twenty) of six years. Having more than twelve years of education was also associated with a significantly lower risk of death. Area-based measures of socio-economic disadvantage were not significant after controlling for individual-level factors.

Data and research on labour markets, human capital, inequality, income inequality, social capital and knowledge based capital., France: Indicators on inequality outcomes and policies affecting them

Protocol for a systematic review on inequalities in postnatal care services utilization in low- and middle-income countries. . Biblioteca virtual para leer y descargar libros, documentos, trabajos y tesis universitarias en PDF. Material universiario, documentación y tareas realizadas por universitarios en nuestra biblioteca. Para descargar gratis y para leer online.

Social and economic transformations in Poland had as one of the consequences the fact that rural areas faced a number of difficulties and challenges. In connection with the political system transformation and Polands accession to the European Union, problems appeared, concerning mainly the issues of employment and the populations income sources. The issues become yet more significant in the areas of agricultural and farming traditions, i.e. in Lublin Province (Voivod-ship), where the percentages of rural population and of population employed in agriculture are high and exceed 50%. The backwardness of this region calls for profound reforms, in which well-educated inhabitants, aid funds or local leaders may become the stimulating factors. The paper presents the current condition and the directions of development of the key industry of the commune (gmina) of Uscimow. The paper deals with a number of problems which, in particular, include a difficult demographic situation, investments in agriculture and

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TY - JOUR. T1 - Food and family practices. T2 - teenagers, eating and domestic life in differing socio-economic circumstances. AU - Backett-Milburn, Kathryn. AU - Wills, Wendy. AU - Roberts, Mei-Li. AU - Lawton, Julia. N1 - Original article can be found at: http://www.informaworld.com/ Copyright Informa / Taylor and Francis. PY - 2010. Y1 - 2010. N2 - This paper draws on accounts from young teenagers and their parents in two linked qualitative studies of families living in Scotland in differing socio-economic circumstances. We compare and contrast teenager experiences of eating practices and food choice in these families. We show the range of meanings attached to how, where and what these teenagers and their parents described as everyday eating behaviours at home and locate these in the wider constraints, opportunities and aspirations affecting their lives.. AB - This paper draws on accounts from young teenagers and their parents in two linked qualitative studies of families living in Scotland ...

Although health inequalities have most often been documented in wealthy countries, recent studies have made it evident that inequality in health and health care is also a prominent problem in developing countries [28, 34-36]. In particular, analysis of the effect of health care is especially important in those countries, where resource limitations require that the effective use of all health interventions be made.. The results of the present study show the existence of significant socioeconomic inequalities in health services utilization. The rate of outpatient services utilization is higher among individuals who have private health insurance and higher level of education. Furthermore, the analysis shows social gradients in opposite directions: the less educated have the largest proportion of poor self-rated health but are the ones with lower utilization rate. Following the inverse care law [37], use of care varies inversely with the needs of the population served.. In Brazil, the association ...

The American Community Survey (ACS) is a part of the Decennial Census Program and is designed to produce critical information about the characteristics of local communities. The ACS publishes social, housing, and economic characteristics for demographic groups covering a broad spectrum of geographic areas in the United States. Every year the ACS supports the release of single-year estimates for geographic areas with populations of 65,000 or more. Demographic variables include sex, age, relationship, households by type, race, and Hispanic origin. Social characteristics variables include school enrollment, educational attainment, marital status, fertility, grandparents caring for children, veteran status, disability status, residence one year ago, place of birth, United States citizenship status, year of entry, world region of birth of foreign born, language spoken at home, and ancestry. Variables focusing on economic characteristics include employment status, commuting to work, occupation, ...

The American Community Survey (ACS) is a part of the Decennial Census Program and is designed to produce critical information about the characteristics of local communities. The ACS publishes social, housing, and economic characteristics for demographic groups covering a broad spectrum of geographic areas in the United States. Every year the ACS supports the release of single-year estimates for geographic areas with populations of 65,000 or more. Demographic variables include sex, age, relationship, households by type, race, and Hispanic origin. Social characteristics variables include school enrollment, educational attainment, marital status, fertility, grandparents caring for children, veteran status, disability status, residence one year ago, place of birth, United States citizenship status, year of entry, world region of birth of foreign born, language spoken at home, and ancestry. Variables focusing on economic characteristics include employment status, commuting to work, occupation, ...

There is strong evidence based on previous studies that ethnicity and socioeconomic status are important determinants of diversity in the occurrence of diabetes. However, the independent roles of socioeconomic status, country of birth and lifestyle factors in the occurrence of type 2 diabetes have not been clearly identified. This study investigated the relationships between socioeconomic status, country of birth and type 2 diabetes in a large diverse sample of residents of New South Wales, Australia, and aged 45 years and over. The analysis used self-reported baseline questionnaire data from 266,848 participants in the 45 and Up Study. Educational attainment, work status and income were used as indicators of socioeconomic status. Logistic regression models were built to investigate associations between socioeconomic status, country of birth and type 2 diabetes. The adjusted odds of type 2 diabetes were significantly higher for people born in many overseas countries, compared to Australian-born

Information and communication technology (ICT) innovations provide significant implications for business and socioeconomic development due to the role it plays in the diffusion of knowledge sharing, community development, and equality.. E-Strategies for Technological Diffusion and Adoption: National ICT Approaches for Socioeconomic Development provides comprehensive coverage and definitions of the most important issues, concepts, trends, and technologies related to the adoption, diffusion, and adaptation of national electronic strategies for ICTs in socioeconomic development. This book addresses the importance of such strategies as setting national agendas to complement efforts and resources allocated, as well as includes model strategies, implications, and case studies to work as models for future implementations.. ...

Having poor socioeconomic conditions - such as a lower occupational position - can take away 2.1 years of life on average from a person. This is the conclusion of a study published by LIFEPATH, a project funded by the European Commission, which investigates the biological pathways underlying social differences in healthy ageing.. Low socioeconomic conditions are almost as deadly as smoking, having diabetes, or being physically inactive. Smoking is associated with the loss of 4.8 years of life; diabetes, 3.9; and physical inactivity, 2.4. High alcohol intake can take away one year of life.. This is the first study ever to compare life expectancy among people of different socioeconomic status, and cross-correlate it with six other major known risk factors like smoking and diabetes. These other six factors are already included in World Health Organization global mortality reduction strategy. Socioeconomic status is not.. We were surprised to find that poor social and economic circumstances seem to ...

Downloadable (with restrictions)! This paper extends the analysis of the relative impacts of socioeconomic factors on households decision to subscribe to dialup Internet access [Chaudhuri, A., Flamm, K., & Horrigan, J. (2005). An analysis of the determinants of Internet access, presented at the Telecommunications Policy Research Conference, Washington, DC, October 1-3] to the decision to subscribe to broadband. A simple cumulative utility (ordered logit) model is rejected in favor of a partial proportional odds model, and the authors found that the decision to purchase any access at all, and the decision to upgrade to broadband, may be affected differently by various socioeconomic factors. The own-price elasticity of broadband demand is statistically significant and has a substantial coefficient value. The cross-price sensitivity of broadband demand with respect to dialup price is also statistically significant, and supports the notion of the two services being substitutes.

Downloadable! We consider three different types of decomposition analysis: decomposition by health components, decomposition by subgroups, and regression-based decomposition. We show that level-dependent indices perform better than rank-dependent indices. We explore different approaches to decompose or explain socioeconomic inequality of health. The first looks at the contributions of components of health, the second aims to split inequality into between- and within-group inequality, and the third uses regression techniques. Our paper compares the decomposition properties of both rank-dependent and level-dependent indices of socioeconomic inequality of health. As far as decomposition by components and regression-based decomposition is concerned, there are no essential differences between the types of indices. When it comes to decomposition by population subgroups, however, level-dependent indices are clearly superior. The fact that the basic level-dependent index can be decomposed perfectly into a

Abstract: We examine how an education policy intervention - the introduction of a comprehensive school in Sweden that increased the number of compulsory years of schooling, affected cognitive and non-cognitive skills and long-term health. We use administrative and survey data including background information, child ability and long-term adult outcomes. We show that education reform increased skills among children, but the effects on long-term health are overall negligible. We demonstrate that effects vary across socio-economic backgrounds and initial skill endowments, with significant improvements in cognition and skills for lower Socio-economic status individuals and lower ability people. Keywords: Mortality; cognitive skills; non-cognitive skills; education reform JEL-codes: I12; I14; I18; I21 42 pages, April 23, 2013 Full text files ...

We know that lifestyle diseases are on the rise. There are several reports published daily, bringing to light various causes, symptoms, preventive measures and other facts to spread more awareness about the consequences of our lifestyle choices, and how major diseases like diabetes, obesity, cancer, etc are killing thousands every year. We also read how in our chase for making money we are neglecting are health, which then contributes to stress and other ailments. All that money you earn cant really buy you life, but it perhaps helps in more ways than we realise. Our socio-economic status plays a huge role on our health and well-being, believe it or not. Contrary to earlier reports, a new study reveals that people living in poverty are at a higher death risk than obese people and alcoholics.. According to the study, people from lower socio-economic status are may be 1.5 times or 46 per cent more at risk of an early death. The findings showed that low socio-economic status - determined in a big ...

Cohort profile: Scottish Health and Ethnicity Linkage Study of 4.65 million people exploring ethnic variations in disease in Scotland [2010 ...

This article addresses the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES), family processes, and human development. The topic is framed as part of the general issue of health disparities, which involves the oft-observed positive relationship between SES and the cognitive, social, emotional, and phy …

For all the three measures of the health status, the probability of reporting poor health is affected by socio-economic determinants, as it is suggested by the empirical literature. The odds of reporting poor health increase with age, and decrease with education, income, employment status, and widow, separated, divorced or single status. Working individuals, either as employee or self-employed, report better health as compared to non-working individuals. In order to focus on the main variables of interest, the coefficients of individual demographic and SES characteristics are not reported in the tables. All these variables are statistically significant at 1 % level in all models.. Looking at the results for SAH, Model 1 shows that being a non-EU citizen or born outside the EU affects positively the probability of reporting poor health (Table 4). Model 2 adds the country level characteristics: healthy years life expectancy and the proportion of total health care expenditure over the GDP. Both ...

In view of the socio-economic conditions under which women in India were constrained to lead their lives from time immemorial, they were often labeled as abla, which means without power. The Rajiv Gandhi Scheme for Empowerment of Adolescent Girls (RGSEAG) also called SABLA, is meant for empowering the adolescent girls on various knowledge and skills that would help them in leading a better life. Admittedly, women are making outstanding contribution in several areas, but on a limited level and there is urgent need to strengthen the existing infrastructure and creating new facilities for their development. In the more liberal twenty-first century with more opportunities opening to women, they have forayed into all spheres. It has been established by now that they can excel in equal measure provided they are given opportunity. Yet most of them continue to suffer from gender discrimination, violence and unfair treatment due to stereotyped mindsets. Adolescents (10-19 years) compose about 21% of ...

This study was conducted using data from the KNCSS 2015, an annual cross-sectional study employing a nationally representative random sampling method. The average smoking pack-years of eligible screenees for lung cancer screening in this study (mean, 43.1 pack years; 95% CI, 40.5 to 45.9) was lower than that for individuals who participated in the NLST (NLST: 55.5 pack years in CT arm [2]). Previous studies have reported that current smokers in the United States tend to be from minority racial groups, of lower socioeconomic status, and be less educated [14,15]. In this study, we also found that high-risk individuals had significantly lower education levels, as well as lower household income, lower health status, and more chronic diseases than average-risk individuals. These would pose significant barriers to participating in lung cancer screening. Thus, invitation strategies need to be carefully devised to achieve equitable participation in lung cancer screening.. In the average-risk group, ...

Introduction of Pre Primary Education Dec 28 • General • 31707 Views • 27 Comments on Introduction of Pre Primary Education Pre Primary Education can be defined as a set of knowledge along with skills and experience as well as behavioral rules which provides the essential for coping successfully in everyday life and at school. Gender differences. Pre-Primary Education Over recent years, Tanzania successfully reached the MDG for 100% enrolment in Primary School - a great achievement. The actual mean of kindergarten is the garden of children. Resources The chief aim of the degree is to train teachers of Primary School Education to be able to carry out their profession in different contexts (rural and urban, multi-culticultural and mono-cultural, regional, national and international, etc. Government expenditure. Enrolment numbers and rates. The data is reported according to the situation on the 20th of September of the statistical year. De très nombreux exemples de phrases traduites ...

This case study outlines the attempt of Credit Union Empowerment and Strengthening (CUES), Philippines, to transform cooperatives into responsible financial institutions providing financial services and education to the poor. CUES adopted two initiatives: * Model Credit Union Building (MCUB) - to provide financial sustainability planning through the P.E.A.R.L.S. monitoring system; * Savings and Credit with Education (SCWE) - to promote capacity building of women. The author observes that the project has improved the socio-economic conditions of member households. Institutionalization of training has led to supervisory and regulatory efforts. A long-term impact has been the increase in access to financial intermediation and other services. The future direction is to institutionalize financial and monitoring mechanisms and to spread them to other areas. As per the study, some of the major impacts of MCUB are: * Improvement in financial ratios; * Decrease in the dependence on external credit; * ...

Background: Cancer is the second cause of death in the world, and colon cancer is the third cause of death and is one of the most common cancers which will cure with early diagnosis, treatment and sufficient follow up. Assessing factors which affect this cancer is important for prolonging patient survival. Socioeconomic factors are among effective factors of cancer morbidity and mortality. Because mortality rates for colon cancers vary by socioeconomic characteristics, this study has been performed to recognize the relationship between socioeconomic factors with treatment and follow up of colon cancer.Methods: This was a cross-sectional, descriptive study for patients with colon cancer registered in Cancer Research Center of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences from April 2005 to November 2006. Patients were selected randomly, and the study was conducted using questionnaires filled by interviewing the patients via phone (if a patient was dead, the questions were asked from their family members

TY - JOUR. T1 - Cohort profile. T2 - the Gateshead Millennium Study. AU - Parkinson, Kathryn N. AU - Pearce, Mark S. AU - Dale, Anne. AU - Reilly, John J. AU - Drewett, Robert F. AU - Wright, Charlotte M. AU - Relton, Caroline L. AU - McArdle, Paul. AU - Le Couteur, Ann S. AU - Adamson, Ashley J. PY - 2011/4. Y1 - 2011/4. KW - Anemia, Iron-Deficiency. KW - Child. KW - Child, Preschool. KW - England. KW - Failure to Thrive. KW - Feeding Behavior. KW - Follow-Up Studies. KW - Humans. KW - Infant. KW - Infant, Newborn. KW - Obesity. KW - Prospective Studies. KW - Weight Gain. KW - Weight Loss. U2 - 10.1093/ije/dyq015. DO - 10.1093/ije/dyq015. M3 - Article (Academic Journal). C2 - 20332146. VL - 40. SP - 308. EP - 317. JO - International Journal of Epidemiology. JF - International Journal of Epidemiology. SN - 0300-5771. IS - 2. ER - ...

People with lower socioeconomic status are much more likely to develop heart disease than those who are wealthier or better educated, according to a recent UC Davis study. Published online in BMC Cardiovascular Disorders, the outcomes also show that this risk persists even with long-term progress in addressing traditional risk factors such as smoking, high blood pressure and elevated cholesterol.

After the machine revolution of 19thcentury, AI is the next big phenomenon in human civilization which will affect the global socio-economic condition.

The U.S. obesity prevalence increased from 13 percent to 32 percent between the 1960s and 2004, according to researchers at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Center for Human Nutrition. The prevalence of obesity and overweight has increased at an average rate of 0.3 - 0.8 percentage points across different sociodemographic groups over the past three decades. Some minority and low socioeconomic status groups - such as non-Hispanic black women and children, Mexican-American women and children, low socioeconomic status black men and white women and children, Native Americans and Pacific Islanders - are disproportionately affected. The meta-analysis was published online on May 17, 2007, in advance of the 2007 issue of the journal Epidemiologic Reviews ...

The sociodemographic profiles of different segments of the Brazilian population have been the object of multiple inter-census comparisons. This study compared the age distribution, number of household residents, formal schooling, and income of indigenous persons according to the population censuses of 2000 and 2010. There was an important decrease in the number of residents per occupied household, and slight aging of the indigenous population, except in the urban North. Meanwhile, there was a proportional increase in individuals with per capita household income up to one minimum wage, along with a reduction in the income bracket of more than two minimum wages in the countrys five major geographic regions, in both urban and rural areas ...

There are conflicting reports on the relationship between hypertension and diabetes mellitus (DM) with socioeconomic status. This study explores this relationship individually and jointly. This is a cross sectional comparative study. Adults that participated in medical outreach organized for high and low socioeconomic status (SES) were tested for hypertension and DM. Mean age in years for high and low SES was 58.69 (± 10.26) and 57.77 (± 15.54), respectively. Widows were significantly more than widowers (P < 0.001). Frequency of hypertension in middle age (45 to 64 years in high and low SES) was 58.0 and 71.9%, respectively (P = 0.009). Frequency of DM was 19.2 and 7.3% in high and low SES respectively (P < 0.001). Combined frequency of hypertension and DM was 14.0 and 6.0% in high and low SES respectively (P = 0.002) and 13.8 and 5.9% in the middle age group in high and low SES respectively (P = 0.034). Severity of hypertension was more in low than high SES (P = 0.001). The

The relative income hypothesis, that relative income has a direct effect on individual health, has become an important part of the literature on health inequalities. This paper presents a four-quadrant diagram, which shows the effect of income, relative income and aggregation bias on individual and …

An analysis of nearly 25 years of data for about 10,000 civil servants in London finds an association between socioeconomic position and risk of death, with much of this relation accounted for by health behaviors such as smoking, alcohol consumption, diet and physical activity, according to a study in the March 24/31 issue of JAMA.. The higher prevalence of unhealthy behaviors in lower socioeconomic positions is seen to be one of the mechanisms linking lower socioeconomic position to worse health. However, major changes have occurred in population lifestyles. These include the decreasing prevalence of smoking and a remarkable increase in obesity since the 1990s. Given that changes in health behaviors may be socially patterned, previous studies with a single assessment of behaviors may have provided an inaccurate estimation of their contribution to the association between socioeconomic factors and mortality, the authors write. Silvia Stringhini, M.Sc., of the Centre for Research in Epidemiology ...

This Public Policy Source provides a review of the economics of minimum wage laws and, in particular, of the empirical literature on some of the economic impacts of minimum wage laws. It also provides an overview of the Canadian data on who earns the minimum wage. By examining the incidence of the minimum wage, it is possible to determine whether the minimum wage is likely to achieve its official objective of raising the incomes of the poor.Most economists would likely agree that high minimum wages reduce employment opportunities for young and unskilled workers. Most would probably also agree that high minimum wages do not necessarily raise the incomes of the poorest members of society. Yet, in spite of this consensus about the economics of minimum wages, the minimum wage continues to be touted by politicians and policy-makers as an effective way to help the poor. This is puzzling, since the adverse economic impacts of the minimum wage have been extensively documented ...

Read more about As per the National Family Health Survey (NFHS)-4 (2015-16), 35.7 per cent children below five years are underweight on Business Standard. National Family Health Survey

UCLA Luskin Institute On Inequality and Democracy Oct 2020 - Present 5 months. Co-sponsors: UCLA Center for Social Medicine and Humanities (Semel Institute), David Geffen School of Medicine; Global Health Program, David Geffen School of Medicine; Department of Anthropology; UCLA Luskin Institute on Inequality and Democracy. Across the United States, the COVID-19 crisis has exposed and deepened race and class inequalities. The Institute on Inequality and Democracy advances radical democracy in an unequal world through research, critical thought, and alliances with social movements and racial justice activism. ucla luskin institute on inequality and democracy How the United States Chose to Become a Country of Homelessness Advocates have been sounding the alarms for monthsâ issuing reports, penning press releases, warning politicians as an increasing number of Americans made jobless by the pandemic have fallen behind on their rent. Previously she was on the faculty at the University of California, ...

Since 1992, the International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, has conducted the National Family Health Survey (NFHS) for the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. The survey provides detailed information on population, health and nutrition in each state and union territory of India. This state report on Goa presents the important findings of the surveys fourth round, conducted in both the states districts (North Goa and South Goa) between January 20 and April 6, 2015. Previous NFHS surveys were conducted in 1992-93, 1998-99 and 2005-06. NFHS-4 surveyed 572,000 households in 640 districts of India (as per the 2011 Census). In Goa, data was gathered from 1,588 households; 1,696 women (aged 15-49) and 848 men (aged 15-54) were interviewed. The survey collected information on the socio-economic characteristics of households, education, fertility, family planning, infant and child mortality and maternal and child health. It also gathered information on reproductive health,

TY - JOUR. T1 - Self-assessed health status and neighborhood context. AU - Baum, Scott. AU - Kendall, Elizabeth. AU - Parekh, Sanjoti. PY - 2016/10/1. Y1 - 2016/10/1. N2 - In recent years, there has been growing interest in the relationship between the characteristics of neighborhoods and the health and well-being of residents. The focus on neighborhood as a health determinant is based on the hypothesis that residing in a disadvantaged neighborhood can negatively influence health outcomes beyond the effect of individual characteristics. In this article, we examine three possible ways of measuring neighborhood socio-economic status, and how they each impact on self-reported health status beyond the effect contributed by individual-level factors. Using individual-level data from the Household Income and Labor Dynamics Australia survey combined with neighborhood-level (suburb) data, we tested the proposition that how one measures neighborhood socio-economic characteristics may provide an important ...

More than a dozen local governments throughout California have raised their minimum wage, effective July 1, 2019. For businesses with more than 25 employees, a new rate of $14.25 per hour was enacted in the City of Los Angeles, the unincorporated areas of the County of Los Angeles, Malibu, Pasadena, and Santa Monica. Eight other cities have elected to raise their minimum wage from their 2018 rate, while Alameda and Fremont have enacted new minimum wage ordinances.. Businesses whose employees work in localities that have not set their own minimum wage must apply the State of Californias minimum wage requirement, which is currently $12.00 per hour for employers with 26 or more employees and $11.00 per hour for employers with 25 or fewer employees.. For a general summary of the new local 2019 hourly minimum wage rates, please review the below chart.. ...

2016-04-19: A Priority Theme of SFE 2016 DUBLIN, next September, is the Adverse Environmental Impact caused by Preventable Fires in the Built Environment. Last years horrendous devastation of large tracts of land, air and ground waters in the Tianjin port region of North-Eastern China is one very obvious example.. BUT, consider also … Wind Turbine Fires. As we move closer and closer towards a planetary environmental precipice … there IS enormous pressure to harvest more and more energy from renewable, non-carbon resources. Windmills, of old, used wind energy to perform an important function in a local context. Everybody could see what was happening inside. Local people reaped the benefits. Modern wind turbines, on the other hand … ?. The First Major Issue concerning Wind Turbines, which received only half-hearted attention at best, was their …. Environmental Impact: Any effect caused by a given activity on the environment, including human health, safety and welfare, flora, fauna, ...

Objective: In the context of the nutrition transition and associated changes in the food retail sector, to examine the socio-economic characteristics and motivations of shoppers using different retail formats (large supermarkets (LSM), medium-sized supermarkets (MSM) or traditional outlets) in Tunisia. Design: Cross-sectional survey (2006). Socio-economic status, type of food retailer and motivations data were collected during house visits. Associations between socio-economic factors and type of retailer were assessed by multinomial regression; correspondence analysis was used to analyse declared motivations. Setting: Peri-urban area around Tunis, Tunisia, North Africa. Subjects: Clustered random sample of 724 households. Results: One-third of the households used LSM, two-thirds used either type of supermarket, but less than 5% used supermarkets only. Those who shopped for food at supermarkets were of higher socio-economic status; those who used LSM were much wealthier, more often had a steady ...

Objective Investigated the relation of family and neighborhood socioeconomic status to symptoms and disability in pediatric patients with chronic abdominal pain. Hypothesis This study tested the hypothesis that measures of family and neighborhood SES would be highly correlated and that SES would be highly correlated with child symptoms and disability. Thus, lower SES would be associated with higher symptoms and disability. In addition, the study tested the hypothesis that the significant relation between socioeconomic status and child health would be mediated by childrens passive coping with pain. Methods Census data was used to obtain measures of neighborhood SES of 566 pediatric patients, ages 8-17 years old. Measures of family SES were obtained from patients parents. Patients completed questionnaires regarding their symptoms and disability. Results Family and neighborhood SES were highly correlated. There was no significant correlation between neighborhood or family SES and health. Because ...

Background: The objective of this study was to analyse the association between area deprivation at municipality level and the prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and obesity across Germany, controlling for individual socioeconomic status (SES). Methods: The analyses are based on a large survey conducted in 2006. Information was included from 39,908 adults aged 20 years or above. Area deprivation was assessed using the German Index of Multiple Deprivation (GIMD) at municipality level. About 4,700 municipalities could be included and assigned to a deprivation quintile. Individual SES was assessed by income and educational level. Multilevel logistic models were used to control for individual SES and other potential confounders such as age, sex and physical activity. Results: We found a positive association of area deprivation with T2D and obesity. Controlling for all individual-level variables, the odds ratios for municipalities in the most deprived quintile were significantly increased for T2D (OR ...

What is already known about this subject Overweight and obesity can be linked to different parental socioeconomic factors already in very young children. In Western developed countries, the association of childhood overweight and obesity and parental socioeconomic status shows a negative gradient. Ambiguous results have been obtained regarding the association between socioeconomic factors and childhood overweight and obesity in different countries and over time. What this study adds European regions show heterogeneous associations between socioeconomic factors and overweight and obesity in a multi-centre study with highly standardized study protoco. The strength of association between SES and overweight and obesity varies across European regions. In our study, the SES gradient is correlated with the regional mean income and the country-specific Human development index indicating a strong influence not only of the family but also of region and country on the overweight and obesity prevalence. ...

The least amount of remuneration that is required by an employer to be paid to their employees is dubbed the minimum wage. By federal law, an employer is not allowed to pay lesser than the allotted federal minimum wage set by the given country. Students may sometimes question, What is minimum wage? and why they need to learn about it. While in college, most scholars will look for a job for students to help keep up with the high expenses of gaining an education in a university. College expenses can be significantly high, especially if one isnt smart about budgeting. Looking for a job then comes as a savior, helping scholars keep their student loans as low as possible. The salary definition can differ from country to country. In the United States, the minimum wage for covered nonexempt workers is $7.25. While this is a significantly low number, some countries have it worse. You may learn more about such laws by reading up free essays on minimum wage and understand how it works. For instance, ...

Menu location: Analysis_Nonparametric_Gini Coefficient of Inequality. This method calculates the Gini coefficient (G) of inequality with bootstrap confidence intervals. A Lorenz plot is produced when a single variable is specified for analysis, otherwise the summary statistics alone are displayed for a group of variables.. The Gini coefficient was developed by the Italian Statistician Corrado Gini (Gini, 1912) as a summary measure of income inequality in society. It is usually associated with the plot of wealth concentration introduced a few years earlier by Max Lorenz (Lorenz, 1905). Since these measures were introduced, they have been applied to topics other than income and wealth, but mostly within Economics (Cowell, 1995, 2000; Jenkins, 1991; Sen, 1973).. G is a measure of inequality, defined as the mean of absolute differences between all pairs of individuals for some measure. The minimum value is 0 when all measurements are equal and the theoretical maximum is 1 for an infinitely large set ...

In this study, we investigated the association of individual and neighbourhood SES with PA and ST among seventh grade school students. The individual SES of the students in our study sample, measured with the FAS, was significantly associated with ST. Students with lower SES were more likely to spend more than 2 hours per day viewing screen devices. Compared with high SES, low SES was more strongly associated with ST than middle SES. Similar results were found in other studies.16 46 47 Potential reasons for these findings are that parents with better education and higher statuses may be more aware of the health consequences of excessive ST and thus have stricter rules regarding ST behaviour.48 Children from families with lower SES may also more often have a TV in their room, which has been shown to be associated with higher ST levels.49 Moreover, it is well known that parents have an important role-modelling function, which influences childrens behaviours, such as screen viewing.50 Since ...

AIMS: Mental problems and their potential socio-demographic determinants were investigated in young schoolchildren in Sweden, a high-income country in the top of income- and gender-equality rankings.. METHODS: Cross-sectional study of 1465 schoolchildren in grades 3 and 6. Mental health was measured by the Child Behavior Checklist and the Youth Self Report (Total problems and 14 specific problem areas). Potential socio-demographic determinants were sex, parental education and occupation, family structure, and immigrant status.. RESULTS: Mental problems were present in 14% of the sixth graders and in 7% of the third graders. In grade 3, the mean total problem score was lower in girls than in boys, but the prevalence of problems at a subclinical/clinical level did not differ by sex. Furthermore, in nine to 13 of the 14 specific problem areas, problems were equally distributed by sex, parental education, parental occupation, immigrant status, and family structure. In grade 6, both the total mean ...

books.google.comhttps://books.google.com/books/about/National_family_health_survey_NFHS_2_Ind.html?id=o67kAAAAIAAJ&utm_source=gb-gplus-shareNational family health survey (NFHS-2), India, 1998-99 ...

Neither indices of neighbourhood socioeconomic deprivation nor single individual socioeconomic factors fully characterise socioeconomic position. With regard to deprivation indices, our example used a New Zealand index of socioeconomic deprivation constructed for very small areas (population about 100). Where deprivation indices are constructed for larger groupings of people (resulting in more measurement error of personal socioeconomic position) the problem of residual confounding is likely to be greater than that shown here.. This threat of residual confounding is likely to be particularly important in two situations. Firstly, when the exposure of interest is strongly patterned by socioeconomic position. Such patterning is a growing feature in many societies as health messages to modify behaviour are preferentially taken up by people of higher socioeconomic position. Secondly, small effect sizes are particularly prone to uncontrolled confounding. For example, a British study that adjusted for ...

The authors investigate the dynamics of poverty and income inequality in a cross-section of socio-economic groups and geographical regions over the five-year growth period following the 1994 devaluation of the CFA franc in Burkina Faso. Results show rapidly increasing urban poverty accompanied by rising income inequality, declining poverty -growth elasticities, and significant changes in the poverty map. In rural areas, the incidence of poverty remained the same and income inequality did not increase. In contrast, the distribution of welfare across socio-economic groups was more stable. The rank ordering of socioeconomic groups on the welfare scale did not change during the post-devaluation growth period. Poverty remains largely a rural phenomenon, whose inelastic nature may justify a shift toward growth-oriented policies that at least maintain the rural poors share of income to reduce poverty in the medium term. Among factors that feed into income inequality: disparities in wages and in ...

This paper explores the relationship between socio-economic status, ability grouping and children’s educational outcomes. The study takes the form of a systematic review to examine available evidence-based articles which are selected by following a specific set of inclusion criteria. Articles are then analysed in terms of the research questions which look to examine the relationship between children’s socio-economic background and ability group placement, and the impact of ability grouping on the learning (cognitive and behavioural) of children from low socio-economic households. The review suggests that children from lower socio-economic status backgrounds are more likely to be placed in lower ability groups, sets or streams. This placing is proven to have an overall negative impact on behaviour, as well as failing to close the achievement gap as children in lower groups make slower cognitive progress than children in other groups. Furthermore the general consensus arising from ...

The ideation of poverty and its relationship to health inequalities and inequities is in part a valid assessment but, poverty is not necessarily the underlying primary precursors of health inequalities and inequities in a society. Population-focused determinants of societal health are more complicated than a mere function of poverty (Cohen, Chavez, & Chehimi, 2012). The ramification between societal-health comprises of multifactorial variables or risk factors (Cohen, Chavez, & Chehimi, 2012). Income inequality and social disparity are factors attributable to health inequalities in population health (Wilkinson, & Pickett, 2010). Interestingly, income inequality does not necessarily equate to the differences in the national income per person. Its modality in part, refers to income gap within a societal class, social structures and socio-economic status, etc. (Wilkinson, & Pickett, 2010). Hence, to assess the impacts of income inequality and social disparity on health inequalities within a target ...

Background. Both high socioeconomic status (SES) and high physical activity (PA) are associated with better self-rated health (SRH) and higher quality-of-life (QoL).. Aim. To investigate whether high levels of PA may compensate for the association between low SES and subjective health outcomes in terms of poorer SRH and lower QoL.. Method. Data from a cross-sectional, population-based study (n = 5326) was utilized. Multiple logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for the associations between indicators of SES (economic situation and educational level), SRH and QoL, as well as between the combination of SES and PA in relation to SRH and QoL.. Result. Participants with high PA and economic problems had approximately the same OR for good SRH as those with low PA and without economic problems (OR 1.75 [95% CI 1.20-2.54] and 1.81 [1.25-2.63] respectively). Participants with high PA and low education had higher odds for good SRH (OR 3.34 ...

Purcell, S. W., A. Tagliafico, B. R. Cullis, and B. J. Gogel. 2021. Socioeconomic impacts of resource diversification from small-scale fishery development. Ecology and Society 26(1):14. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-12183-260114

a Workshop. Friday, 05/04/2018 to 05/05/2018. ARCHIVED EVENT. Location: University of Hohenheim, Germany. In the coming decades, industrialized countries will experience a steep increase in the share of elderly persons in the population and a fall in the share of the working-age population. Such demographic developments could have a strong influence on inequality, depending on social systems and policy in areas such as old age security and health care. This workshop on Inequality and Aging will discuss topics such as population dynamics and income distribution, the evolution of age inequality, health inequality in old age, the effects of social security and pensions on inequality, flexible work and aging, and salient policies. Researchers are invited to submit papers for this workshop (1-page abstract due Sept 30, 2017), a selection of which will be published in a special issue of the Journal of the Economics of Ageing.. ...

The purpose of this research is the analysis of the effects of socio - economic factors on acculturation of pre students in Shiraz. In this research (after examining of the previous studies and existing theories) to explain the concept of acculturation the theories of Rogers and Bits have been used and also the socio - economic factors of Parsons theory have been applied. The research is in the form of survey method. In which 400 questionnaires were given to the students randomly. But regarding the sample size by using the Cochran formula (382 persons) 390 questionnaire were analyzed. Pearson correlation test, the rate of the parents income, the familys cost of living, the parents education and the use of computer and internet usage had a significant relationship with the students acculturation. But the relationship between watching T.V, listening to the Radio, reading journals and the number of the people in family (sister and brother) from one hand with the students acculturation was not

Despite growing interest in integrating people׳s daily mobility into contextual studies of social inequalities in health, the links between daily mobility and health inequalities remain inadequately conceptualised. This conceptual proposal anchors the relationship between daily mobility and contextual influences on social inequalities in health into the concept of mobility potential, which encompasses the opportunities and places individuals can choose (or are constrained) to access. Mobility potential is realized as actual mobility through agency. Being shaped by socially-patterned personal and geographic characteristics, mobility potential is unequally distributed across social groups. Social inequalities in realized mobility may thus result. We discuss pathways by which these may contribute to contextual influences on social inequalities in health. One pathway is reflected in disadvantaged groups encountering more fast-food outlets during their daily activities, which may relate to their higher risk

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In another SIDA-funded study, ecological sanitation was initiated in the Palestinan Occupied Territories of the West Bank, near Hebron. The site was evaluated to be a good study area due to the aridity of the region and the current socio-economic conditions of a majority of its inhabitants. It was duly noted that this project could have had greater success if the Israeli leaders had not started the second intifada in September of 2000. This policy resulted in 70 to 90% of the Palestinian community being unemployed as well as increasing the price of imported water (via water tankers) by 80%. The project was beginning in March of that same year. This created a social uneasiness that led many people who may have previously considered making such a switch to decide not to buy anything that could in less than a day end up as a pile of rubble. However, this does nothing to change the regions climate. Thus, the likelihood of future success of dry ecological latrines is still a viable possibility. 80% ...

Sinn Féins Peadar Tóibín TD has highlighted the difficulties families face arising from the shocking increases in rent in Irish properties as well as the potentially devastating effects for thousands of Irish children at increased risk of homelessness.. Deputy Tóibín said:. The average rent in Dublin is €1,520. This is 5.2% higher than peak Celtic Tiger levels. A person on the minimum wage living in Dublin working 40 hours a week will earn €1,586 a month. That means for thousands of families in the Dublin area on the minimum wage the average house rent is 96% of their pre-tax wage. Thats an astounding figure especially when you consider that Fine Gael are now considering reneging on a mere 10c Minimum Wage increase.. For someone on the average monthly wage of €2,980 living in Dublin the average rent for a house in Dublin will swallow up 51% of their pre-tax wage. It is shocking that the average house in Dublin is virtually a no-go area for a person on the average wage.. In real ...