MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play essential roles in muscle cell proliferation and differentiation. The muscle-specific miRNAs miR-1 and miR-206 have been shown to regulate muscle development and promote myogenic differentiation; however, it is likely that a number of other miRNAs play important roles in regulating myogenesis as well. microRNA-128 (miR-128) has been reported to be highly expressed in brain and skeletal muscle, and we found that miR-128 is also up-regulated during bovine skeletal muscle satellite cell differentiation using microarray analysis and qRT-PCR. However, little is known about the functions of miR-128 in bovine skeletal muscle satellite cell development. In this study, we investigated the biological functions of miR-128 in bovine skeletal muscle cell development. Using a dual-luciferase reporter assay, we confirmed that miR-128 regulates the Sp1 gene. Over-expression of miR-128 reduced Sp1 protein levels and inhibited muscle satellite cell proliferation and differentiation. ...

Preservation of skeletal muscle mass is of great importance for maintaining both metabolic health and functional capacity. Muscle mass maintenance is regulated by the balance between muscle protein breakdown and synthesis rates. Both muscle protein breakdown and synthesis rates have been shown to be highly responsive to physical activity and food intake. Food intake, and protein ingestion in particular, directly stimulates muscle protein synthesis rates. The postprandial muscle protein synthetic response to feeding is regulated on a number of levels, including dietary protein digestion and amino acid absorption, splanchnic amino acid retention, postprandial insulin release, skeletal muscle tissue perfusion, amino acid uptake by muscle, and intramyocellular signaling. The postprandial muscle protein synthetic response to feeding is blunted in many conditions characterized by skeletal muscle loss, such as aging and muscle disuse. Therefore, it is important to define food characteristics that modulate

TY - JOUR. T1 - Loss of peroxiredoxin-2 exacerbates eccentric contraction-induced force loss in dystrophin-deficient muscle. AU - Olthoff, John T.. AU - Lindsay, Angus. AU - Abo-Zahrah, Reem. AU - Baltgalvis, Kristen A.. AU - Patrinostro, Xiaobai. AU - Belanto, Joseph J.. AU - Yu, Dae Yeul. AU - Perrin, Benjamin J.. AU - Garry, Daniel J.. AU - Rodney, George G.. AU - Lowe, Dawn A.. AU - Ervasti, James M.. PY - 2018/12/1. Y1 - 2018/12/1. N2 - Force loss in skeletal muscle exposed to eccentric contraction is often attributed to injury. We show that EDL muscles from dystrophin-deficient mdx mice recover 65% of lost force within 120 min of eccentric contraction and exhibit minimal force loss when the interval between contractions is increased from 3 to 30 min. A proteomic screen of mdx muscle identified an 80% reduction in the antioxidant peroxiredoxin-2, likely due to proteolytic degradation following hyperoxidation by NADPH Oxidase 2. Eccentric contraction-induced force loss in mdx muscle was ...

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is involved in cytokine- and nutrient-induced insulin resistance. The role of STAT3 in the development of skeletal muscle insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes (T2D) pathogenesis is incompletely defined. We tested the hypothesis that STAT3 signaling contributes to skeletal muscle insulin resistance in T2D. Protein abundance and phosphorylation of STAT3 signaling molecules were determined in skeletal muscle biopsy specimens from BMI- and age-matched overweight individuals with normal glucose tolerant (NGT) and T2D patients. The direct role of STAT3 in the development of lipid-induced skeletal muscle insulin resistance was determined using small interfering (si)RNA. Phosphorylated STAT3, phosphorylated Janus kinase 2 (JAK2), and suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) protein abundance was increased in skeletal muscle from T2D patients. STAT3 phosphorylation positively correlated with free fatty acid level and measures of insulin ...

Human muscle cell line - human body diagram at muscles. Human Muscle Cell Line encouraged for you to our website, on this period I am going to teach you with regards to Human muscle cell line.. Now, this can be a very first image, human muscle cell line, human muscle cell line atcc, human smooth muscle cell line, human skeletal muscle cell line atcc, human cardiac muscle cell line, human heart muscle cell line, human vascular smooth muscle cell line, human airway smooth muscle cell line, human skeletal muscle myoblast cell line, immortalized human skeletal muscle cell line :. ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Lower physical activity is associated with skeletal muscle fat content in girls. AU - Farr, Joshua Nicholas. AU - Van Loan, Marta D.. AU - Lohman, Timothy G.. AU - Going, Scott B.. PY - 2012/7. Y1 - 2012/7. N2 - Fat contained within skeletal muscle is strongly associated with obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndrome. Physical inactivity may be a risk factor for greater fat infiltration within skeletal muscle during growth. Purpose: We sought to examine the relationship between physical activity and skeletal muscle fat content of the calf and thigh in girls. Methods: Data from 464 girls, age 8-13 yr, were used to examine the relationship between physical activity and skeletal muscle fat content of the calf and thigh. Calf and thigh muscle density (mg•cm), an index of skeletal muscle fat content, was assessed at the 66% tibia and 20% femur sites relative to the respective distal growth plates of the nondominant limb using peripheral quantitative computed ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Correlation between myosin heavy chain expression and actomyosin atpase activity in human muscle fibers. AU - Proctor, David Nathan. AU - Joyner, M. J.. AU - Sieck, G. C.. PY - 1996. Y1 - 1996. N2 - The myosin heavy chain (MHC) is the site of ATP hydrolysis during crossbridge cycling; therefore, a correlation should exist between MHC isoform expression and actomyosin ATPase activity in human muscle fibers. Needle biopsies were obtained from the quadriceps femoris of 5 sedentary subjects (21-43 yr). Fibers were classified histochemicalîy and also on the basis of MHC isoform immunoreactivity. Calcium-activated actomyosin ATPase activity of muscle fibers (20 fibers per type) was determined in alternate serial sections using a quantitative histochemical procedure (Blanco & Sieck, Histochem J. 24: 431-444, 1992}. The mean actomyosin ATPase activity (mmol Pi/ liter tissue/min) of type I fibers (52.8±6.1) was two-fold lower (p,0.05) than that of type Ha (102.1 + 13.3) and type IIx ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Amino acid sequence at the site on rabbit skeletal muscle glycogen synthase phosphorylated by the endogenous glycogen synthase kinase-2 activity. AU - Rylatt, Dennis B.. AU - Cohen, Philip. PY - 1979/2/1. Y1 - 1979/2/1. UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=0018438921&partnerID=8YFLogxK. U2 - 10.1016/0014-5793(79)80154-4. DO - 10.1016/0014-5793(79)80154-4. M3 - Article. C2 - 107044. AN - SCOPUS:0018438921. VL - 98. SP - 71. EP - 75. JO - FEBS Letters. JF - FEBS Letters. SN - 0014-5793. IS - 1. ER - ...

This study assessed age and sex effects on muscle fibre adaptations to heavy-resistance strength training (ST). Twenty-two young men and women (20-30 years old) and 18 older men and women (65-75 years old) completed 9 weeks of heavy-resistance knee extension exercises with the dominant leg 3 days week−1; the non-dominant leg served as a within-subject, untrained control. Bilateral vastus lateralis muscle biopsies were obtained before and after ST for analysis of type I, IIa and IIx muscle fibre cross-sectional area (CSA) and fibre type distribution. One-repetition maximum (1-RM) strength was also assessed before and after ST. ST resulted in increased CSA of type I, IIa and IIx muscle fibres in the trained leg of young men, type I and IIa fibres in young women, type IIa fibres in older men, and type IIx fibres in older women (all P , 0.05). Analysis of fibre type distribution revealed a significant increase in the percentage of type I fibres (P , 0.05) along with a decrease in type IIx fibres ...

The molecular mechanisms underlying muscle atrophy during spaceflight are not well understood. We have analyzed the effects of a 10-day spaceflight on Caenorhabditis elegans muscle development. DNA microarray, real-time quantitative PCR, and quantitative western blot analyses revealed that the amount of MHC in both body-wall and pharyngeal muscle decrease in response to spaceflight. Decreased transcription of the body-wall myogenic transcription factor HLH-1 (CeMyoD) and of the three pharyngeal myogenic transcription factors, PEB-1, CEH-22 and PHA-4 were also observed. Upon return to Earth animals displayed reduced rates of movement, indicating a functional defect. These results demonstrate that C. elegans muscle development is altered in response to spaceflight. This altered development occurs at the level of gene transcription and was observed in the presence of innervation, not simply in isolated cells. This important finding coupled with past observations of decreased levels of the same ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Twitch potentiation after voluntary contraction and neuromuscular electrical stimulation at various frequencies in human quadriceps femoris. AU - Miyamoto, Naokazu. AU - Fukutani, Atsuki. AU - Yanai, Toshimasa. AU - Kawakami, Yasuo. PY - 2012/1/1. Y1 - 2012/1/1. N2 - Introduction: In this study we aimed to compare the extent of twitch potentiation (TP) after voluntary contraction and percutaneous electrical stimulation of muscles (neuromuscular electrical stimulation: NMES) with various stimulation frequencies at equivalent target levels. Methods: Isometric knee extensions of 10 s were performed at a 40% maximal voluntary contraction level by voluntary or NMES conditioning contractions at 20, 40, and 80 H Z of the quadriceps femoris muscle. Twitch responses were elicited by stimulating the femoral nerve transcutaneously at supramaximal intensity. Results: NMES at 80 HZ induced significantly less TP (128.7 ± 17.1%) than voluntary contraction (156.2 ± 23.1%), whereas no ...

Looking for online definition of length-tension relationship in the Medical Dictionary? length-tension relationship explanation free. What is length-tension relationship? Meaning of length-tension relationship medical term. What does length-tension relationship mean?

TY - JOUR. T1 - Brain functional connectivity is different during voluntary concentric and eccentric muscle contraction. AU - Yao, Wan X.. AU - Jiang, Zhiguo. AU - Li, Jinqi. AU - Jiang, Changhao. AU - Franlin, Crystal G.. AU - Lancaster, Jack L. AU - Huang, Yufei. AU - Yue, Guang H.. PY - 2016/11/15. Y1 - 2016/11/15. N2 - Previous studies report greater activation in the cortical motor network in controlling eccentric contraction (EC) than concentric contraction (CC) of human skeletal muscles despite lower activation level of the muscle associated with EC. It is unknown, however, whether the strength of functional coupling between the primary motor cortex (M1) and other involved areas in the brain differs as voluntary movements are controlled by a network of regions in the primary, secondary and association cortices. Examining fMRI-based functional connectivity (FC) offers an opportunity to measure strength of such coupling. To address the question, we examined functional MRI (fMRI) data ...

Severity of the defect in receptor quantity or quality correlates with their phenotypes. In these genetic males the phenotypic spectrum ranges from those with normal female external genitalia through those with genital ambiguity as in Reifenstein Syndrome to that of a normal male with INFERTILITY. Testosterone Effects On Muscle Growth Gtx-024 a synthetic non-aromatizable androgen and anabolic steroid. It binds strongly to the androgen receptor and has therefore also been used as an affinity label for Testosterone Effects On Muscle Growth Gtx-024 this receptor in the prostate and in prostatic tumors. Compounds that bind to and inhibit the activation of ANDROGEN RECEPTORS. A first generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). Like TAMOXIFEN it is an estrogen agonist for bone tissue and cholesterol metabolism but is antagonistic on mammary and uterine tissue.. SARMs have anecdotally not helped increase sexual function so they probably will not replace testosterone for treatment of ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Muscle RING finger-1 promotes a maladaptive phenotype in chronic hypoxia-induced right ventricular remodeling. AU - Campen, Matthew J.. AU - Paffett, Michael L.. AU - Colombo, E. Sage. AU - Lucas, Selita N.. AU - Anderson, Tamara. AU - Nysus, Monique. AU - Norenberg, Jeffrey P.. AU - Gershman, Ben. AU - Hesterman, Jacob. AU - Hoppin, Jack. AU - Willis, Monte. PY - 2014/5/8. Y1 - 2014/5/8. N2 - Exposure to chronic hypoxia (CH) induces elevated pulmonary artery pressure/resistance, leading to an eventual maladaptive right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH). Muscle RING finger-1 (MuRF1) is a muscle-specific ubiquitin ligase that mediates myocyte atrophy and has been shown to play a role in left ventricular hypertrophy and altered cardiac bioenergetics in pressure overloaded hearts. However, little is known about the contribution of MuRF1 impacting RVH in the setting of CH. Therefore, we hypothesized that MuRF1 deletion would enhance RVH compared to their wild-type littermates, while ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Desmin is present in proliferating rat muscle satellite cells but not in bovine muscle satellite cells. AU - Allen, Ronald E.. AU - Rankin, Lucinda L.. AU - Greene, Elizabeth A.. AU - Boxhorn, Linda K.. AU - Johnson, Sally E.. AU - Taylor, Richard G.. AU - Pierce, Paul R.. PY - 1991/12. Y1 - 1991/12. N2 - The presence of desmin was characterized in cultured rat and bovine satellite cells and its potential usefulness as a marker for identifying satellite cells in vitro was evaluated. In primary cultures, positive immunohistochemical staining for desmin and skeletal muscle myosin was observed in rat and bovine myotubes. A small number of mononucleated cells (20% of rat satellite cells and 5% of bovine satellite cells) were myosin‐positive, indicative of post‐mitotic differentiated myocytes. In bovine satellite cell cultures 13% of the mononucleated cells were desmin‐positive, while 84% of the mononucleated cells in rat satellite cell cultures were desmin‐positive. Rat ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Intracellular insulin-responsive glucose transporter (GLUT4) distribution but not insulin-stimulated GLUT4 exocytosis and recycling are microtubule dependent. AU - Shigematsu, Satoshi. AU - Khan, Ahmir H.. AU - Kanzaki, Makoto. AU - Pessin, Jeffrey E.. PY - 2002. Y1 - 2002. N2 - To investigate the potential role of microtubules in the regulation of insulin-responsive glucose transporter (GLUT4) trafficking in adipocytes, we examined the effects of microtubule depolymerizing and stabilizing agents. In contrast to previous reports, disruption or stabilization of microtubule structures had no significant effect on insulin-stimulated GLUT4 translocation. However, consistent with a more recent study (Molero, J. C., J. P. Whitehead, T. Meerloo, and D. E. James, 2001, J Biol Chem 276:43829-43835) nocodazole did inhibit glucose uptake through a direct interaction with the transporter itself independent of the translocation process. In addition, the initial rate of GLUT4 endocytosis was ...

1. Quadriceps muscle protein turnover was assessed in the post-absorptive state in six men immediately after the end of unilateral leg immobilization (37 ± 4 days) in a plaster cast after tibial fracture. A primed-constant intravenous infusion of l-[1-13C]leucine was administered over 7 h. Quadriceps needle biopsies, taken bilaterally at the end of the infusion, were analysed for muscle protein leucine enrichment with 13C.. 2. Quadriceps muscle protein synthetic rate, calculated from the fractional incorporation of [13C]leucine into protein compared with the average enrichment of blood α-ketoisocaproate, was 0.046 ±0.012%/h in the uninjured leg, but was only 0.034 ±0.007%/h in the quadriceps of the previously fractured leg (P , 0.05, means ± sd).. 3. Muscle RNA activity (i.e. protein synthetic rate per RNA) fell from 0.27 ±0.08 μg of protein synthesized h−1 μg−1 of RNA in the control leg to 0.14 ±0.03 μg of protein synthesized h−1 μg−1 of RNA in the immobilized leg (P , ...

Looking for online definition of neuronal dihydropyridine-sensitive calcium channel gamma subunit in the Medical Dictionary? neuronal dihydropyridine-sensitive calcium channel gamma subunit explanation free. What is neuronal dihydropyridine-sensitive calcium channel gamma subunit? Meaning of neuronal dihydropyridine-sensitive calcium channel gamma subunit medical term. What does neuronal dihydropyridine-sensitive calcium channel gamma subunit mean?

Inclusion body myositis (IBM) is an inflammatory muscle disease characterized by slowly progressive weakness and wasting of both distal and proximal muscles, most apparent in the muscles of the arms and legs. There are two types: sporadic inclusion body myositis (sIBM), which is more common, and hereditary inclusion body myopathy (hIBM). In sporadic inclusion body myositis [MY-oh-sigh-tis], two processes, one autoimmune and the other degenerative, appear to occur in the muscle cells in parallel. The inflammation aspect is characterized by the cloning of T cells that appear to be driven by specific antigens to invade muscle fibers. The degeneration aspect is characterized by the appearance of holes in the muscle cell vacuoles, deposits of abnormal proteins within the cells and in filamentous inclusions (hence the name inclusion body myositis). Weakness comes on slowly (over months or years) and progresses steadily and usually leads to severe weakness and wasting of arm and leg muscles. It is more ...

Backgroundand objectives Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIMs) are chronic inflammatory diseases characterised by muscle weakness and the mechanisms are still unclear. High mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1) is often found together with aberrant expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I in muscle fibres of patients with IIMs but not in healthy individuals. Exogenous HMGB1 can accelerate development of muscle fatigue and increase MHC-class I expression in adult mice skeletal muscle fibres. In other tissues it has been shown that HMGB1 could mediate functions via different receptors including the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). In this study, the authors set out to investigate whether HMGB1 contribute to increased muscle fatigue and MHC-class I expression in muscle fibres via RAGE or TLR4 in adult skeletal muscle fibres.. ...

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Looking for online definition of radial head of flexor digitorum superficialis (muscle) in the Medical Dictionary? radial head of flexor digitorum superficialis (muscle) explanation free. What is radial head of flexor digitorum superficialis (muscle)? Meaning of radial head of flexor digitorum superficialis (muscle) medical term. What does radial head of flexor digitorum superficialis (muscle) mean?

TY - JOUR. T1 - Original articles. T2 - The effect of GaAlAs laser irradiation on the recovery process of muscular strength following muscle fatigue. AU - Ishide, Yasushi. AU - Ueda, Fumio. AU - Murayama, Mitsuyoshi. AU - Ohshiro, Toshio. AU - Takenouchi, Kiyofumi. AU - Kohzuma, Mitsuaki. AU - Ohshiro, Takafumi. PY - 2010. Y1 - 2010. N2 - Low reactive-level laser therapy (LLLT) has been reported to reduce chronic and acute pain. Recently, some studies have shown that LLLT may also delay skeletal muscle fatigue during high-intensity exercise. We have hypothesized that laser irradiation may also attenuate muscle fatigue or pain experienced after sports or exercise. However, only a few reports have described the use of lasers in sports medicine. This study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of LLLT in aiding the recovery from exercise-induced skeletal muscle fatigue. Subjects and Methods: Isometric plantar flexion was repeatedly performed on 9 students until the force output declined to ...

Intrafusal muscle fibers are skeletal muscle fibers that serve as specialized sensory organs (proprioceptors) that detect the amount and rate of change in length of a muscle.[1] They constitute the muscle spindle and are innervated by both sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent) fibers. Gamma efferents from small multipolar cells from anterior gray column innervate it. These form a part of neuromuscular spindles. Intrafusal muscle fibers are walled off from the rest of the muscle by an outer connective tissue sheath consisting of flattened fibroblasts and collagen.[2] This sheath has a spindle or "fusiform" shape, hence the name "intrafusal". There are two types of intrafusal muscle fibers: nuclear bag and nuclear chain fibers. They bear two types of sensory ending, known as annulospiral and flower-spray endings. Both ends of these fibers contract but the central region only stretches and does not contract. They are innervated by gamma motor neurons and beta motor neurons. It is by the sensory ...

Pax7 expressing muscle stem cells accompany all skeletal muscles in the body and in healthy individuals, efficiently repair muscle after injury. Currently, the in vitro manipulation and culture of these cells is still in its infancy, yet muscle stem cells may be the most promising route towards the therapy of muscle diseases such as muscular dystrophies.It is often overlooked that muscular dystrophies affect head and body skeletal muscle differently. Moreover, these muscles develop differently. Specifically, head muscle and its stem cells develop from the non-somitic head mesoderm which also has cardiac competence. To which extent head muscle stem cells retain properties of the early head mesoderm and might even be able to switch between a skeletal muscle and cardiac fate is not known. This is due to the fact that the timing and mechanisms underlying head muscle stem cell development are still obscure. Consequently, it is not clear at which time point one should compare the properties of head

Background Mutations in the PYGM gene encoding skeletal muscle glycogen phosphorylase (GP) cause a metabolic disorder known as McArdle's disease. Previous studies in muscle biopsies and cultured muscle cells from McArdle patients have shown that PYGM mutations abolish GP activity in skeletal muscle, but that the enzyme activity reappears when muscle cells are in culture. The identification of the GP isoenzyme that accounts for this activity remains controversial. Methodology/Principal Findings In this study we present two related patients harbouring a novel PYGM mutation, p.R771PfsX33. In the patients' skeletal muscle biopsies, PYGM mRNA levels were ∼60% lower than those observed in two matched healthy controls; biochemical analysis of a patient muscle biopsy resulted in undetectable GP protein and GP activity. A strong reduction of the PYGM mRNA was observed in cultured muscle cells from patients and controls, as compared to the levels observed in muscle tissue. In cultured cells, PYGM mRNA levels

TY - JOUR. T1 - Effects of hypothyroidism on maximum specific force in rat diaphragm muscle fibers. AU - Geiger, Paige C.. AU - Cody, Mark J.. AU - Han, Young Soo. AU - Hunter, Larry W.. AU - Zhan, Wen Zhi. AU - Sieck, Gary C.. PY - 2002. Y1 - 2002. N2 - We hypothesized that 1) hypothyroidism (Hyp) decreases myosin heavy chain (MHC) content per half-sarcomere in diaphragm muscle (Diam) fibers, 2) Hyp decreases the maximum specific force (Fmax) of Diam fibers because of the reduction in MHC content per half-sarcomere, and 3) Hyp affects MHC content per half-sarcomere and Fmax to a greater extent in fibers expressing MHC type 2X (MHC2X) and/or MHC type 2B (MHC2B). Studies were performed on single Triton X-permeabilized fibers activated at pCa 4.0. MHC content per half-sarcomere was determined by densitometric analysis of SDS-polyacrylamide gels and comparison with a standard curve of known MHC concentrations. After 3 wk of Hyp, MHC content per half-sarcomere was reduced in fibers expressing MHC2X ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Two maximal isometric contractions attenuate the magnitude of eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage. AU - Chen, Hsin Lian. AU - Nosaka, Kazunori. AU - Pearce, Alan J.. AU - Chen, Trevor C.. PY - 2012/8/1. Y1 - 2012/8/1. N2 - This study investigated whether maximal voluntary isometric contractions (MVC-ISO) would attenuate the magnitude of eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage. Young untrained men were placed into one of the two experimental groups or one control group (n = 13 per group). Subjects in the experimental groups performed either two or 10 MVC-ISO of the elbow flexors at a long muscle length (20° flexion) 2 days prior to 30 maximal isokinetic eccentric contractions of the elbow flexors. Subjects in the control group performed the eccentric contractions without MVC-ISO. No significant changes in maximal voluntary concentric contraction peak torque, peak torque angle, range of motion, upper arm circumference, plasma creatine kinase (CK) activity and myoglobin ...

HSPGs play critical roles in regulating growth factor signaling pathways via a variety of mechanisms, including coreceptor functions, ligand sequestration, morphogenetic boundary regulation, and stem cell fate determination (Rapraeger et al., 1991; Lander, 1998; Muñoz et al., 2006; Dombrowski et al., 2009). Syndecan-3, a transmembrane HSPG expressed in adult SCs, has been previously described as playing a role in adult myogenesis (Fuentealba et al., 1999; Cornelison et al., 2001; Cornelison et al., 2004), but the mechanisms involved remain poorly understood. An in-depth characterization of sdc3−/− phenotypes in vitro and in vivo, combined with an unbiased analysis of gene expression and signaling, have allowed us to further explore the mechanisms involved in Syndecan-3-mediated regulation of adult myogenesis.. To identify signaling pathways contributing to the sdc3−/− phenotype, we performed a global gene expression analysis comparing wild-type and sdc3−/− SCs in uninjured muscle ...

Muscle with Plaster, External wrist, .stl, 3d, model, printable, upper, limb, forearm, ct, scan, without, contrast, Subcutaneous vein, Extensor retinaculum, Extensor digitorum muscle, Extensor digiti minimi muscle (tendon), Extensor indicis muscle (tendon), Extensor carpi ulnaris muscle (tendon), Extensor pollicis longus muscle (tendon), Joint capsule, Accessory cephalic vein, Ulna, Extensor carpi radialis brevis, Basilic vein, Palmar ulnocarpal ligament, Extensor carpi radialis longus muscle, Radius, Flexor digitorum profundus muscle , Cephalic vein, Extensor pollicis brevis muscle , Flexor carpi ulnaris muscle, Abductor pollicis longus muscle, Ulnar artery and veins, Flexor pollicis longus muscle, Antebrachial fascia, Radial artery and veins, Flexor digitorum superficialis muscle, Flexor carpi radialis muscle (tendon), Palmaris longus muscle ...

Calcium signaling is essential for the differentiation of many cell types, including skeletal muscle cells, but its mechanisms remain elusive. Here we demonstrate a crucial role for nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP) signaling in skeletal muscle differentiation. Although the inositol trisphosphate pathway may have a partial role to play in this process, the ryanodine signaling cascade is not involved. In both skeletal muscle precursors and C2C12, cells interfering with NAADP signaling prevented differentiation, whereas promoting NAADP signaling potentiated differentiation. Moreover, siRNA knockdown of two-pore channels, the target of NAADP, attenuated differentiation. The data presented here strongly suggest that in myoblasts, NAADP acts at acidic organelles on the recently discovered two-pore channels to promote differentiation.

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Read "Sodium Channel NaV1.5 Expression is Enhanced in Cultured Adult Rat Skeletal Muscle Fibers, The Journal of Membrane Biology" on DeepDyve, the largest online rental service for scholarly research with thousands of academic publications available at your fingertips.

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TY - JOUR. T1 - Intestinal trefoil factor (TFF-3) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in cholangiocarcinoma. AU - Ailawadhi, Sikander. AU - Nagase, Hiroki. AU - Khoury, Thaer. AU - Yu, Jihnhee. AU - Tan, Dongfeng. AU - Black, Jennifer. AU - Brattain, Michael. AU - Javle, Milind. PY - 2007/7. Y1 - 2007/7. N2 - Background/Aims: The mucin-associated trefoil factor (TFF) peptides are integral to cytoprotection. TFF-3 is aberrantly expressed in colorectal and hepatocellular cancer and associated with an invasive phenotype. TFF-3 is also expressed in normal biliary epithelium. However, its role in biliary cancers is unknown. The biological effects of TFFs may result from EGFR, PI3 kinase, COX-2 and STAT-mediated signaling. We investigated the expression of TFF-3, Erk, Akt, EGFR and COX-2 in biliary cancer. Methodology: Twenty-four consecutive cases of cholangiocarcinoma treated from 1996-2002 were studied. Immunohistochemistry was performed using monoclonal antibodies to TFF-3, EGFR, ...

BOULDER, Colo. - Edgewise Therapeutics, Inc., (NASDAQ: EWTX), a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company focused on developing orally bioavailable, small molecule therapies for rare muscle disorders, today announced the publication of the first cross-sectional, retrospective study to describe selective elevation of fast but not slow skeletal muscle fiber injury biomarkers in the blood of patients with Becker and Duchenne muscular dystrophy (BMD, DMD) in the journal, Muscle & Nerve.. Human skeletal muscle is composed of fast and slow fibers in roughly equal proportion. Previous studies have demonstrated that DMD patient muscle is more prone to fast fiber injury compared to slow fiber injury. This study extends these findings to examine fiber-type specific biomarkers of muscle injury in patient blood. The results build on previous reports and suggest that slow skeletal muscle fibers do not appear to leak muscle proteins associated with muscle injury and damage in BMD and DMD. Furthermore, the ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Spontaneous contractions and some electrophysiologic properties of circular muscle from normal sigmoid colon and ulcerative colitis. AU - Koch, T. R.. AU - Carney, J. A.. AU - Go, V. L.W.. AU - Szurszewski, J. H.. PY - 1988/7. Y1 - 1988/7. N2 - Spontaneous contractions, inhibitory responses produced by electrical field stimulation, and some electrophysiologic properties of circular smooth muscle from normal sigmoid colon and from sigmoid colon of ulcerative colitis patients were compared in vitro using simultaneous recordings of mechanical and intracellular electrical activity. In normal colonic circular muscle obtained from 21 patients, the frequency of spontaneous summation contractions ranged from 3 to 7 per 4 min, whereas in circular muscle from 13 patients with ulcerative colitis, the frequency of these contractions ranged from 1 to 9 per 4 min. Nonadrenergic, noncholinergic relaxation produced by electrical field stimulation was recorded in the majority of circular smooth ...

Electromyographic evidence of middle-ear muscle activity in association with vocalization has been reported in the waking cat and in man. This investigation dealt with the consideration of whether the middle-ear muscles and laryngeal muscles are activated together on a reflexive level. Rectangular-wave electrical pulses of 0.10 msec duration (one to two volts) were used to stimulate the ipsilateral and contralateral recurrent and internal laryngeal nerves in anesthetized cats (n = 20). Simultaneous electromyographic recordings were obtained from the stapedius, tensor tympani, and cricothyroid muscles. The data provided evidence of a reflex interconnection between the middle-ear muscles and sensory nervous supply to the larynx. Reflex contraction of the stapedius and tensor tympani muscles was elicited by electrical stimulation of the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve. The reflex discharges in the tympanic muscles occurred in association with reflex contraction of the cricothyroid ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Tropomodulin 1 directly controls thin filament length in both wild-type and tropomodulin 4-deficient skeletal muscle. AU - Gokhin, David S.. AU - Ochala, Julien. AU - Domenighetti, Andrea A.. AU - Fowler, Velia M.. N1 - Publisher Copyright: © 2015. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd.. PY - 2015/12/15. Y1 - 2015/12/15. N2 - The sarcomeric tropomodulin (Tmod) isoforms Tmod1 and Tmod4 cap thin filament pointed ends and functionally interact with the leiomodin (Lmod) isoforms Lmod2 and Lmod3 to control myofibril organization, thin filament lengths, and actomyosin crossbridge formation in skeletal muscle fibers. Here, we show that Tmod4 is more abundant than Tmod1 at both the transcript and protein level in a variety of muscle types, but the relative abundances of sarcomeric Tmods are muscle specific.We then generate Tmod4−/− mice, which exhibit normal thin filament lengths, myofibril organization, and skeletal muscle contractile function owing to compensatory ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - The dominant protein phosphatase PP1c isoform in smooth muscle cells, PP1cβ, is essential for smooth muscle contraction. AU - Chang, Audrey N. AU - Gao, Ning. AU - Liu, Zhenan. AU - Huang, Jian. AU - Nairn, Angus C.. AU - Kamm, Kristine E.. AU - Stull, James T. PY - 2018/1/1. Y1 - 2018/1/1. N2 - Contractile force development of smooth muscle is controlled by balanced kinase and phosphatase activities toward the myosin regulatory light chain (RLC). Numerous biochemical and pharmacological studies have investigated the specificity and regulatory activity of smooth muscle myosin light-chain phosphatase (MLCP) bound to myosin filaments and comprised of the regulatory myosin phosphatase target subunit 1 (MYPT1) and catalytic protein phosphatase 1c (PP1c) subunits. Recent physiological and biochemical evidence obtained with smooth muscle tissues from a conditional MYPT1 knockout suggests that a soluble, MYPT1-unbound form of PP1c may additionally contribute to myosin RLC ...

Dysferlinopathies are autosomal recessive disorders caused by mutations in the dysferlin (DYSF) gene encoding the dysferlin protein. DYSF mutations lead to a wide range of muscular phenotypes, with the most prominent being Miyoshi myopathy (MM) and limb girdle muscular dystrophy type 2B (LGMD2B). We assessed the one-year-natural course of dysferlinopathy, and the safety and efficacy of deflazacort treatment in a double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over trial. After one year of natural course without intervention, 25 patients with genetically defined dysferlinopathy were randomized to receive deflazacort and placebo for six months each (1 mg/kg/day in month one, 1 mg/kg every 2nd day during months two to six) in one of two treatment sequences. During one year of natural course, muscle strength declined about 2% as measured by CIDD (Clinical Investigation of Duchenne Dystrophy) score, and 76 Newton as measured by hand-held dynamometry. Deflazacort did not improve muscle strength. In contrast, there is

1. Propranolol, a β-blocker, inhibited or stimulated ryanodine binding to both the membrane-bound and purified ryanodine receptor (RyR) depending on the assay conditions. At high NaCl concentrations, propranolol increased the number of ryanodine-binding sites (Bmax) with no effect on the binding affinity. In the presence of 0.2 M NaCl, ryanodine binding was inhibited by propranolol. Half-maximal inhibition was obtained at 1.2 mM and complete inhibition at 2 mM propranolol. The inhibitory effect of propranolol obtained at low NaCl concentration was not restored by increasing the NaCl concentration to 1 M. 2. Modulators of the RyR that are known to alter its conformational states, such as adenine nucleotides, Ca2+ concentration and pH, modified the effect of propranolol on ryanodine binding. In the presence of propranolol and at low NaCl concentrations, ryanodine binding was inhibited and showed no Ca2+-, pH- or time-dependence. 3. Propranolol immediately and completely blocked the channel ...

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is an energy-dispensing thermogenic tissue that plays an important role in balancing energy metabolism. Lineage-tracing experiments indicate that brown adipocytes are derived from myogenic progenitors during embryonic development. However, adult skeletal muscle stem cells (satellite cells) have long been considered uniformly determined toward the myogenic lineage. Here, we report that adult satellite cells give rise to brown adipocytes and that microRNA-133 regulates the choice between myogenic and brown adipose determination by targeting the 3'UTR of Prdm16. Antagonism of microRNA-133 during muscle regeneration increases uncoupled respiration, glucose uptake, and thermogenesis in local treated muscle and augments whole-body energy expenditure, improves glucose tolerance, and impedes the development of diet-induced obesity. Finally, we demonstrate that miR-133 levels are downregulated in mice exposed to cold, resulting in de novo generation of satellite cell-derived ...

Transcranial magnetic (TMS) and motor point stimulation have been used to determine voluntary activation (VA). However, very few studies have directly compared the two stimulation techniques for assessing VA of the elbow flexors. The purpose of the study was to compare TMS or motor point stimulation for assessing VA in non-fatigued and fatigued elbow flexors. Participants performed a fatigue protocol that included twelve, 15s isometric elbow flexor contractions. Participants completed a set of isometric elbow flexion contractions at 100, 75, 50 and 25% of maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) prior to and following fatigue contractions 3, 6, 9, and 12 and 5 and 10 minutes post-fatigue. Force and EMG of the bicep and triceps brachii were measured for each contraction. Force responses to TMS and motor point stimulation and EMG responses to TMS (motor evoked potentials, MEPs) and Erb's point stimulation (maximal M-waves, Mmax) were also recorded. VA was estimated using the equation: . The resting twitch was

Title:Adult Stem Cells and Skeletal Muscle Regeneration. VOLUME: 15 ISSUE: 4. Author(s):Domiziana Costamagna, Emanuele Berardi, Gabriele Ceccarelli and Maurilio Sampaolesi. Affiliation:Translational Cardiomyology Laboratory, Stem Cell Institute Leuven, KU Leuven, Belgium.. Keywords:Adult stem cells, Muscular dystrophy, Skeletal muscle regeneration.. Abstract:Satellite cells are unipotent stem cells involved in muscle regeneration. However, the skeletal muscle microenvironment exerts a dominant influence over stem cell function. The cell intrinsic complexity of the skeletal muscle niche located within the connective tissue between fibers includes motor neurons, tendons, blood vessels, immune response mediators and interstitial cells. All these cell types modulate the trafficking of stimuli responsible of muscle fiber regeneration. In addition, several stem cell types have been discovered in skeletal muscle tissue, mainly located in the interstitium. The majority of these stem cells appears to ...

The primary objective of this study is the assessment of the safety of intramuscular administration to alpha-sarcoglycan deficient subjects of recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype 1 (rAAV1)-human alpha-sarcoglycan gene (hαSG) vector under control of a skeletal muscle creatine kinase promoter. The secondary objective is to determine the dose of rAAV1.tMCK.hαSG vector required to achieve a detectable level of alpha-sarcoglycan in muscle of subjects with this disorder.. A recombinant virus vector constructed from AAV1 has been altered to carry the human alpha-sarcoglycan gene expressed from a tMCK promoter. The construct has been shown to initiate the production of a functional alpha-sarcoglycan protein in laboratory animals. This construct can reverse the dystrophic phenotype in the alpha-sarcoglycan knock out mouse, a laboratory animal model for the clinical disorder. Intramuscular injection of rAAV1 restores muscle histology to normal and increases muscle strength to levels exceeding ...

This study aimed to investigate the effect of supplementation of fish oil rich in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on the damage of the biceps brachii after eccentric contractions (ECCs) of the elbow flexors, particularly focusing on muscle stiffness. Sixteen men were included in this double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel design study and the participants were randomly assigned to the EPA and DHA supplement group (EPA, n = 8) and placebo group (PL, n = 8). They consumed either EPA 600 mg and DHA 260 mg per day or placebo supplement for 8 weeks prior to exercise. Moreover, they performed six sets of 10 ECCs at 100% maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) using a dumbbell. Changes in MVC torque, range of motion (ROM), upper arm circumference, muscle soreness, muscle echo intensity, and muscle stiffness were assessed before exercise; immediately after exercise; and 1, 2, and 5 days after exercise. MVC torque and ROM were significantly higher in the EPA group than in the PL group

Skeletal muscle atrophy is a pathological condition characterized by the loss of strength and muscle mass, an increase in myosin heavy chain (MHC) degradation and increase in the expression of two muscle-specific ubiquitin ligases: atrogin-1 and MuRF-1. Angiotensin II (AngII) induces muscle atrophy. Angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)], through its receptor Mas, produces the opposite effects than AngII. We assessed the effects of Ang-(1-7) on the skeletal muscle atrophy induced by AngII. Our results show that Ang-(1-7), through Mas, prevents the effects induced by AngII in muscle gastrocnemius: the decrease in the fibre diameter, muscle strength and MHC levels and the increase in atrogin-1 and MuRF-1. Ang-(1-7) also induces AKT phosphorylation. In addition, our analysis in vitro using C2C12 myotubes shows that Ang-(1-7), through a mechanism dependent on Mas, prevents the decrease in the levels of MHC and the increase in the expression of the atrogin-1 and MuRF-1, both induced by AngII. Ang-(1-7) ...

The native capacity of adult skeletal muscles to regenerate is vital to the recovery from physical injuries and dystrophic diseases. Currently, the development of therapeutic interventions has been hindered by the complex regulatory network underlying the process of muscle regeneration. Using a mouse model of skeletal muscle regeneration after injury, we identified hexamethylene bisacetamide inducible 1 (HEXIM1, also referred to as CLP-1), the inhibitory component of the positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb) complex, as a pivotal regulator of skeletal muscle regeneration. Hexim1-haplodeficient muscles exhibited greater mass and preserved function compared with those of WT muscles after injury, as a result of enhanced expansion of satellite cells. Transplanted Hexim1-haplodeficient satellite cells expanded and improved muscle regeneration more effectively than WT satellite cells. Conversely, HEXIM1 overexpression restrained satellite cell proliferation and impeded muscle ...