Shikimic acid, the sole chemical building block for the antiviral drug oseltamivir (Tamiflu®), is one of the potent pharmaceutical intermediates with three chiral centers. Here we report a metabolically engineered recombinant Bacillus megaterium strain with aroE (shikimate dehydrogenase) overexpression for the production of shikimic acid. In a 7 L bioreactor, 4.2 g/L shikimic acid was obtained using the recombinant strain over 0.53 g/L with the wild type. The enhancement of total shikimate dehydrogenase activity was 2.13-fold higher than the wild type. Maximum yield of shikimic acid (12.54 g/L) was obtained with fructose as carbon source. It was isolated from the fermentation broth using amberlite IRA-400 resin and 89 % purity of the product was achieved. This will add up a new organism in the armory for the fermentation based production which is better over plant based extraction and chemical synthesis of shikimic acid.
Imagine my surprise when I discovered that pine needles contain shikimic acid, the same molecule found in Star Anise herb used in Traditional Chinese Medicine to treat plagues and respiratory illness.. The Boston Herald published a story in 2010 that revealed researchers were studying extraction techniques to harvest shikimic acid from pine needles in order to provide this raw material to the pharmaceutical industry to manufacture anti-viral, anti-flu, anti-pandemic prescription medicines. From that story:. Researchers at the University of Maine at Orono say theyve found a new and relatively easy way to extract shikimic acid - a key ingredient in the drug Tamiflu - from pine tree needles.. Shikimic acid can be removed from the needles of white pine, red pine and other conifer trees simply by boiling the needles in water, said chemistry professor Ray Fort Jr.. But the extracted acid could be valuable because Tamiflu is the worlds most widely used antiviral drug for treating swine flu, bird flu ...
Allcosmeticsource.com Shikimic acid 98%(CAS#138-59-0) 20MG/vial, FREE SHIPPING [PTC-RP0-1565]- Shikimic acid 98%(CAS#138-59-0) 20MG/vial, FREE SHIPPING CAS: 138-59-0 Specifications Items Specification Appearance White fine powder(Relate to Purity) Oder Characteristic Taste Characteristic Paiticle size Pass 80 mesh Loss on drying ≤5% Heavy metals |10ppm As |1ppm Pb |3ppm Assay Result Shikimic acid 98% Total Plate Count |1000cfu/g Yeast & Mold | 100cfu/g E.Coli Negative Salmonella Negative
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TY - JOUR. T1 - Perturbations of amino acidmetabolism associated with glyphosate-dependent inhibition of shikimic acid metabolism affect cellular redox homeostasis and alter the abundance of proteins involved in photosynthesis and photorespiration. AU - Vivancos, P.D.. AU - Driscoll, S.P.. AU - Bulman, C.A.. AU - Ying, L.. AU - Emami, K.. AU - Treumann, A.. AU - Mauve, C.. AU - Noctor, G.. AU - Foyer, Christine. PY - 2011. Y1 - 2011. U2 - 10.1104/pp.111.181024. DO - 10.1104/pp.111.181024. M3 - Article. C2 - 21757634. VL - 157. SP - 256. EP - 268. JO - Plant Physiology (Online). JF - Plant Physiology (Online). SN - 0032-0889. IS - 1. ER - ...
: Shikimic acid is a cyclohexene, a cyclitol and a cyclohexanecarboxylic acid. It is an important biochemical metabolite in plants and microorganisms. Purity:98% Package:25kg/barrel or as your inquiry Source: Chinese star anise (Illicium verum) CAS...
0235]The following references, to the extent that they provide exemplary procedural or other details supplementary to those set forth herein, are specifically incorporated herein by reference. [0236]Abrecht, S., P. Harrington, H. Iding, M. Karpf, R. Trussardi, B. Wirz, and U. Zutter. 2004. The synthetic development of the anti-influenza neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir phosphate (TAMIFLU): A challenge for synthesis and process research. Chimia 58: 621-629. [0237]Adachi, O., Y. Ano, H. Toyama and K. Matsushita. 2006. High Shikimate Production from Quinate with Two Enzymatic Systems of Acetic Acid Bacteria. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. (10): 2579-2582 [0238]Amrhein, N., B. Deus, P. Gehrke, and H. C. Steinrucken. 1980. The site of inhibition of the shikimate pathway by glyphosate. II. Interference of glyphosate with chorismate formation in vivo and in vitro. Plant Physiol. 66: 830-834. [0239]Amrhein, N., D. Johanning, J. Schab, and A. Schulz. 1983. Biochemical basis for glyphosate-tolerance in a ...
SUMMARY: Twelve menaquinone-lacking mutants of Staphylococcus aureus, selected by neomycin, could be classified according to the point of their metabolic block. The mutants of class I were affected prior to the synthesis of shikimic acid, those of class II at a point following the synthesis of shikimic acid, and class III after the separation of the paths of aromatic amino acid biosynthesis but prior to the formation of the naphthoquinone ring. Mutants of class IV were probably affected at the level of synthesis of the isoprenoid side chain of menaquinone.
Nowadays, both worldwide and in Serbia, for weed eradication in orchards mostly herbicides based on glyphosate, glufosinate-ammonium, diquat and others are used. Intensive glyphosate application has led to the development of resistant weed species, which has consequently resulted in a decrease in its effectiveness. In our country, areas under orchards amount to 224.000 hectares, which certainly points to a significant herbicide use and a possibility that weed resistant populations have developed. For this reason, seeds of several weed species from areas where glyphosate has been intensively used for years were collected (localities: Indjija, Brestovac, Šabac, Vršac, Sombor, Glogonjski Rit, Padinska Skela and Surčin). Plants were grown in controlled conditions and in the open field. Plant material was then crushed using liquid nitrogen, and the extraction of shikimic acid was performed using hydrochloric acid (1 g of plant material+5 ml 1M HCl). 24 hours later the amount of shikimic acid was ...
Nowadays, both worldwide and in Serbia, for weed eradication in orchards mostly herbicides based on glyphosate, glufosinate-ammonium, diquat and others are used. Intensive glyphosate application has led to the development of resistant weed species, which has consequently resulted in a decrease in its effectiveness. In our country, areas under orchards amount to 224.000 hectares, which certainly points to a significant herbicide use and a possibility that weed resistant populations have developed. For this reason, seeds of several weed species from areas where glyphosate has been intensively used for years were collected (localities: Indjija, Brestovac, Šabac, Vršac, Sombor, Glogonjski Rit, Padinska Skela and Surčin). Plants were grown in controlled conditions and in the open field. Plant material was then crushed using liquid nitrogen, and the extraction of shikimic acid was performed using hydrochloric acid (1 g of plant material+5 ml 1M HCl). 24 hours later the amount of shikimic acid was ...
Nowadays, both worldwide and in Serbia, for weed eradication in orchards mostly herbicides based on glyphosate, glufosinate-ammonium, diquat and others are used. Intensive glyphosate application has led to the development of resistant weed species, which has consequently resulted in a decrease in its effectiveness. In our country, areas under orchards amount to 224.000 hectares, which certainly points to a significant herbicide use and a possibility that weed resistant populations have developed. For this reason, seeds of several weed species from areas where glyphosate has been intensively used for years were collected (localities: Indjija, Brestovac, Šabac, Vršac, Sombor, Glogonjski Rit, Padinska Skela and Surčin). Plants were grown in controlled conditions and in the open field. Plant material was then crushed using liquid nitrogen, and the extraction of shikimic acid was performed using hydrochloric acid (1 g of plant material+5 ml 1M HCl). 24 hours later the amount of shikimic acid was ...
Nowadays, both worldwide and in Serbia, for weed eradication in orchards mostly herbicides based on glyphosate, glufosinate-ammonium, diquat and others are used. Intensive glyphosate application has led to the development of resistant weed species, which has consequently resulted in a decrease in its effectiveness. In our country, areas under orchards amount to 224.000 hectares, which certainly points to a significant herbicide use and a possibility that weed resistant populations have developed. For this reason, seeds of several weed species from areas where glyphosate has been intensively used for years were collected (localities: Indjija, Brestovac, Šabac, Vršac, Sombor, Glogonjski Rit, Padinska Skela and Surčin). Plants were grown in controlled conditions and in the open field. Plant material was then crushed using liquid nitrogen, and the extraction of shikimic acid was performed using hydrochloric acid (1 g of plant material+5 ml 1M HCl). 24 hours later the amount of shikimic acid was ...
Shikimic acid (SA) is utilized in the synthesis of oseltamivir-phosphate, an anti-influenza drug. In this work, metabolic engineering approaches were employed to produce SA in Escherichia coli strains derived from an evolved strain (PB12) lacking the phosphoenolpyruvate:carbohydrate phosphotransferase system (PTS-) but with capacity to grow on glucose. Derivatives of PB12 strain were constructed to determine the effects of inactivating aroK, aroL, pykF or pykA and the expression of plasmid-coded genes aroGfbr, tktA, aroB and aroE, on SA synthesis. Batch cultures were performed to evaluate the effects of genetic modifications on growth, glucose consumption, and aromatic intermediate production. All derivatives showed a two-phase growth behavior with initial high specific growth rate (μ) and specific glucose consumption rate (qs), but low level production of aromatic intermediates. During the second growth phase the μ decreased, whereas aromatic intermediate production reached its maximum. The double
Getting Good Stuff from Wasted Stuff The Cole-Fort Research Group. Want to Avoid the Flu?. Southeast Asian Cooking. Star Anise. Tamiflu â An H1N1 inhibitor. Shikimic acid. Shikimic Acid is Made by All Plants and Some Bacteria. Slideshow 2204968 by olesia
Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI) is a freely available dictionary of molecular entities focused on small chemical compounds.
Abies pindrow Royle (Himalayan Fir; Pinaceae) has been traditionally used in the treatment of various ailments and reported to contain cyclic polyols as major class of phytoconstit..
Abies pindrow Royle (Himalayan Fir; Pinaceae) has been traditionally used in the treatment of various ailments and reported to contain cyclic polyols ..
0095] In vivo efficacy studies of QA in the rat. There are two physiological factors regarding the natural forms of QA as the active ingredients of water extracts of Cats Claw such as C-MED-100® or ACTIVAR AC-11® which, in turn, might result in quite different biological responses when administered in vitro or in vivo. Firstly, there was the pH=1 of the stomach that we have shown is strong enough to hydrolyze any QA esters present in C-MED-100® to QA (Tables 3 and 5). Secondly, the microflora of the digestive tract of mammals are well known to both synthesize and metabolically convert QA to other analogs such as chlorogenic acid, ferrulic acid, shikimic acid, cinnamonic acid, and benzoic acid (Seifter E, et al. 1971. Nutritional response to feeding L-phenylacetic, shikimic and D-quinic acids in weanling rats. J Nutr 101(6): 747-54; Gonthier M P, et al. 2003. Chlorogenic acid bioavailability largely depends on its metabolism by the gut microflora in rats. J Nutr 133(6): 1853-63). These well ...
To identify genes involved in papaya fruit ripening, a total of 1171 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) were generated from randomly selected clones of two independent fruit cDNA libraries derived from yellow and red-fleshed fruit varieties. The most abundant sequences encoded:chitinase, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) oxidase, catalase and methionine synthase, respectively. DNA sequence comparisons identified ESTs with significant similarity to genes associated with fruit softening, aroma and colour biosynthesis. Putative cell wall hydrolases, cell membrane hydrolases, and ethylene synthesis and regulation sequences were identified with predicted roles in fruit softening. Expressed papaya genes associated with fruit aroma included isoprenoid biosynthesis and shikimic acid pathway genes and proteins associated with acyl lipid catabolism. Putative fruit colour genes were identified due to their similarity with carotenoid and chlorophyll biosynthesis genes from other plant species.. ...
Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), in particular high-resolution MS/MS, is able to provide element compositions and substructures for the detected signals. However, it is still challenging to configure the whole structures via linking those substructures. Efforts were devoted here to propose and validate optimal collision energy (OCE) to be an auxiliary structural clue to mass-to-charge ratios (m/z), and online energy-resolved MS was developed to yield OCEs. Chlorogenic acid derivatives (CADs) were utilized as the proof-of-concept because diverse isomers usually initiated by the different linkage manners between the quinic acid/shikimic acid and cinnamoyl substituents(s), i.e. caffeoyl group, coumaroyl group, etc. Liquid chromatography-hybrid ion trap-time of flight MS (LC-IT-TOF-MS) was implemented to capture CADs in two well-known herbal medicines namely Lonicerae japonicae Flos and Inulae Flos. Afterwards, hybrid triple quadrupole-linear ion trap MS (Qtrap-MS) was deployed to acquire OCEs for ...
A. Brune and B. Schink, VenChi2. Marine anoxic sediment; Italy, Venice (5127). Type strain. Taxonomy/description (8357). Sequence accession no. 16S rRNA gene: AJ307980. Quinic acid and shikimic acid are sole substrates. (Medium 293 with strain-specific modifications, 30°C, anaerobic ...
This aminocoumarin antibiotic consists of three major substituents. The 3-dimethylallyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid moiety, known as ring A, is derived from prephenate and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate. The aminocoumarin moiety, known as ring B, is derived from L-tyrosine. The final component of novobiocin is the sugar derivative L-noviose, known as ring C, which is derived from glucose-1-phosphate. The biosynthetic gene cluster for novobiocin was identified by Heide and coworkers in 1999 (published 2000) from Streptomyces spheroides NCIB 11891.[18] They identified 23 putative open reading frames (ORFs) and more than 11 other ORFs that may play a role in novobiocin biosynthesis. The biosynthesis of ring A (see Fig. 1) begins with prephenate which is a derived from the shikimic acid biosynthetic pathway. The enzyme NovF catalyzes the decarboxylation of prephenate while simultaneously reducing nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+) to produce NADPH. Following this NovQ catalyzes the ...
In this report, two classes of HCTs were identified in red clover that differ substantially in sequence, expression pattern, and enzymatic activities. The first class, represented by HCT1A and HCT1B, have amino acid sequences highly similar to those of HCTs in M. truncatula, N. tabacum, and Arabidopsis (96%, 78%, and 77% identity, respectively) that have been implicated in monolignol biosynthesis (Hoffmann et al., 2003, 2004; Shadle et al., 2007). Near identity with the M. truncatula enzyme (96%) suggests that red clover HCT1 is its functional homolog. Supporting this, HCT1 mRNA accumulates to approximately 5-fold higher levels in stems than in leaves, and its gene product is capable of transferring p-coumaroyl moieties from the corresponding CoA derivative to shikimic acid, an activity that has been shown to be important in the biosynthesis of monolignol lignin precursors (Hoffmann et al., 2004; Shadle et al., 2007). Mirroring the mRNA accumulation results, p-coumaroyl-CoA:shikimate p-coumaroyl ...
Health Benefits and Bioactive Components of the. at a dosage comparable to the amount. 2003; Kuti, 2004). In addition, taurine, a cell-protective β-amino acid.Antiviral agents active against influenza A viruses Erik De Clercq. sialic-acid receptors used by both human and avian. at a once-weekly dosing regimen. Antimicrob.Producon of Oseltamivir anviral drug. Producon of caffeoylquinic acids for HIV treatment. Technology Licensing. Shikimic acid is an important starng.Brazilian journal of pharmaceutical sciences; Development of mesalazine pellets coated with methacrylic. is the standard drug for the treatment of inflammatory.Keywords: Chapter 9a, Clinical Microbiology and Virology. Aseptic technique Collection of specimens for microbiologic testing in a way that eliminates contamination.NEW ZEALAND PHARMACEUTICALS LTD Product List Cholic Acid Pharmaceutical intermediate: raw material for the production of.. every 2 weeks at recommended dosage. dont trim the grass or plants 1 to 2 days after ...
1. p -Hydroxy[U− 14 C]benzoic acid, except for loss of the carboxyl group, is effectively incorporated into the nucleus of ubiquinone and an unidentified prenylphenol by maize roots, maize shoots, french-bean leaves, french-bean cotyledons and Ochromonas danica . Plastoquinone, α-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol and α-tocopherolquinone are all unlabelled from this substrate. The high radioactivity of the prenylphenol and its behaviour in a pulse-labelling experiment with maize shoots suggested that it may be a ubiquinone precursor. 2. Members of the 2-polyprenylphenol and 6-methoxy-2-polyprenylphenol series, compounds that are known ubiquinone precursors in Rhodospirillum rubrum , could not be detected in maize tissues, but possibly they may occur as their glycosides. 3. [G− 14 C]Shikimic acid is incorporated into the nuclei of phylloquinone, plastoquinone, α-tocopherolquinone, γ-tocopherol, α-tocopherol and ubiquinone in maize shoots, showing that in plant tissues the nuclei of these ...
Roche is allegedly struggling to keep up with unprecedented demand for its antiviral Tamiflu in light of the massive media scaremongering that is going on globally thanks to the emergence of the H5N1 strain of bird flu. Taiwan already intends to stockpile a generic version of the drug oseltamivir with or without Roches permission. Currently, oseltamivir is synthesised from shikimic acid, which is obtained from the star anise fruit. The total synthesis takes at least ten steps, but chemists are working on simpler approaches.. That aside, Nature just reported a case of a girl with a strain of H5N1 that is resistant to this drug. If prevalence is high, then the media will have even more scare-mongering to do. ...
It is also being said by the researchers that the demand for drugs such as Tamiflu has risen in the past three months due to the steep rise of patients having bird flu in several of the countries in Asia, which has killed about 71 people since 2003. According to the history, the Spanish flu had swallowed about 50 million people in 1918 and 1919.. The Biolyse Company has also informed that the price of the acid has risen to about $600 per kilogram in a year.. The demand for the shikimic acid has risen very sharply over the past few months since there has been reported cases of bird flu and it has become very pressing to meet the demands that are rising way high to meet the demands of the continents, as there is a fear that the bird flu can be a pandemic and would be a real disaster as we have seen that in the case of the Spanish flu that swallowed up millions of people.. We need to combat against the disaster before it becomes a pandemic.. The Biolyse companys correspondent said that they are ...
TY - JOUR. T1 - New tuberculosis drug development. T2 - Targeting the shikimate pathway. AU - Kapnick, Senta M.. AU - Zhang, Ying. PY - 2008/5/1. Y1 - 2008/5/1. N2 - Background: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, yet no new drugs have been developed in the last 40 years. Objective: The exceedingly lengthy TB chemotherapy and the increasing emergence of drug resistance complicated by HIV co-infection call for the development of new TB drugs. These problems are further compounded by a poor understanding of the biology of persister bacteria. Methods: New molecular tools have offered insights into potential new drug targets, particularly the enzymes of the shikimate pathway, which is the focus of this review. Results/conclusion: Shikimate pathway enzymes, especially shikimate kinase, may offer attractive targets for new TB drug and vaccine development.. AB - Background: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, yet no ...
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Score E Sequences producing significant alignments: (bits) Value gb,AAG03415.1,AE004442_2 (AE004442) shikimate dehydrogenase... 542 e-154 emb,CAA59377.1, (X85015) shikimate 5-dehydrogenase [Pseudom... 540 e-153 gb,AAO53723.1, (AE016856) shikimate 5-dehydrogenase [Pseudo... 384 e-106 gb,AAN65708.1,AE016197_6 (AE016774) shikimate 5-dehydrogena... 383 e-106 gb,AAF93234.1, (AE004096) shikimate 5-dehydrogenase [Vibrio... 292 2e-78 gb,AAN53127.1,AE015455_8 (AE015455) shikimate 5-dehydrogena... 288 2e-77 dbj,BAC61296.1, (AP005083) shikimate 5-dehydrogenase [Vibri... 281 4e-75 gb,AAO09544.1,AE016800_149 (AE016800) Shikimate 5-dehydroge... 278 3e-74 gb,AAN82480.1,AE016767_240 (AE016767) Shikimate 5-dehydroge... 266 1e-70 gb,AAP18585.1, (AE016989) dehydroshikimate reductase [Shige... 265 3e-70 gb,AAN44776.1,AE015342_3 (AE015342) dehydroshikimate reduct... 265 3e-70 gb,AAG58403.1,AE005555_3 (AE005555) dehydroshikimate reduct... 264 4e-70 dbj,BAB37570.1, (AP002564) dehydroshikimate reductase [Esch... 264 ...
Bornemann, S., Lowe, D.J. and Thorneley, R.N. (1996). „The transient kinetics of Escherichia coli chorismate synthase: substrate consumption, product formation, phosphate dissociation, and characterization of a flavin intermediate. Biochemistry. 35: 9907-9916. PMID 8703965 ...
Nicotiana tabacum cDNA encoding a bifunctional protein having catalytic domains for dehydroquinase and shikimate dehydrogenase was cloned and sequenced. Complementation of Escherichia coli aroD and aroE auxotrophs was successful. Amino acid sequencing located the N-terminus of the mature protein. The two catalytic domains exhibited greater amino acid identity with prokaryote homologues than with yeast and fungal homologues. ...
The expression of plant shikimate kinase (SK; EC 2.7.1.71), an intermediate step in the shikimate pathway to aromatic amino acid biosynthesis, is induced under specific conditions of environmental stress and developmental requirements in an isoform-specific manner. Despite their important physiological role, experimental structures of plant SKs have not been determined and the biochemical nature of plant SK regulation is unknown. The Arabidopsis thaliana genome encodes two SKs, AtSK1 and AtSK2. We demonstrate that AtSK2 is highly unstable and becomes inactivated at 37 degrees C whereas the heat-induced isoform, AtSK1, is thermostable and fully active under identical conditions at this temperature. We determined the crystal structure of AtSK2, the first SK structure from the plant kingdom, and conducted biophysical characterizations of both AtSK1 and AtSK2 towards understanding this mechanism of thermal regulation. The crystal structure of AtSK2 is generally conserved with bacterial SKs with the ...
Shikimate kinase (EC 2.7.1.71) is an enzyme that catalyzes the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of shikimate to form shikimate 3-phosphate. This reaction is the fifth step o
Chorismate synthase; Catalyzes the anti-1,4-elimination of the C-3 phosphate and the C-6 proR hydrogen from 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate (EPSP) to yield chorismate, which is the branch point compound that serves as the starting substrate for the three terminal pathways of aromatic amino acid biosynthesis. This reaction introduces a second double bond into the aromatic ring ...
putative quinate/shikimate dehydrogenase [putative shikimate 5-dehydrogenase] ATGGTCAAGGACTCGTATCTCGTCGGGCTGATCGGCGCCGGGATCGGCCCGTCGCTCAGC CCGGCACTGCACGAGCGGGAGGCCGACCGGCAGGGCCTGCGCTATCTGTACCGGCTGATC GACATCGACGCGCTCGGTGTCGGGCCGCAGGCGGTGGGGGACCTCGTACGAGCCGCCCGC GACCTGGGCTTCGACGGGCTGAACATCACGCATCCCTGCAAGCAGCTCGTCATCGGGCAT CTGGACGCGCTCGCCCCGCAGGCCGAGGCGCTCGGCGCGGTGAACACCGTCGTCTTCGAG GGCGGGCGTGCGGTCGGGCACAACACCGATGTCACCGGGTTCGCCGCCTCGTTCGCCCGT GGGCTGCCGGATGCCCCGCTGGAGCGGGTCGTGCAGTTGGGCGCGGGGGGAGCGGGGGCG GCCGTCGCGCATGCCATGCTCACGCTCGGGGCCGGGCACGTCACCGTCGTCGATGCCATG CCGGACCGGTCGGCGGACCTCGCCGCCTCGCTGAACCGGCACTTCGGTGCGGGGCGGGCC GCTGCCGCGGGCCCGGAGCGGCTGGCGGCGCTGCTCGGCGGTGCGGACGGCATCGTGCAT GCCACGCCGACGGGGATGGCCGCTCATCCGGGGCTGCCGCTTCCCGGTGAGTTGCTGCAT CCCGGGTTGTGGGTGGCCGAGGTGGTGTACCGGCCGTTGGAGACCGAGTTGCTGCGTGCC GCTCGGGCGGCGGGGTGTGCGGTTCTCGATGGTGGGGGGATGGCTGTTTTCCAGGCCGCG GACGCGTTTCGGCTGTTCACGGGGCGGGAGCCGGACGCGGTGCGGATGCTTGCGGATATT ...
The PDB archive contains information about experimentally-determined structures of proteins, nucleic acids, and complex assemblies. As a member of the wwPDB, the RCSB PDB curates and annotates PDB data according to agreed upon standards. The RCSB PDB also provides a variety of tools and resources. Users can perform simple and advanced searches based on annotations relating to sequence, structure and function. These molecules are visualized, downloaded, and analyzed by users who range from students to specialized scientists.
Children today are sicker than they were a generation ago. From childhood cancers to autism, birth defects and asthma, a wide range of childhood diseases and disorders are on the rise. Our assessment of the latest science leaves little room for doubt; pesticides are one key driver of this sobering trend. October 2012 report by Pesticide Action Network North America (PANNA) (source)(source). In 1975, 1 in every 5000 would develop autism. In 1985, it was 1 in every 2,500. In 1995 , it was 1 in every 500, in 2005 in was 1 in every 166 and today it is approximately 1 in every 68 children. This is exactly why scientists are making some extraordinary statements. (source). If it is an environmental cause thats contributing to an increase, we certainty want to find it. - Craig Newschaffer, an epidemiologist at Drexel University in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (source). Research continues to surface indicating that autism goes far beyond just genetics. Its showing us that we might have to look at ...
3-Deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonic acid 7-phosphate (DAHP) is a 7-carbon ulonic acid. This compound is found in the shikimic acid biosynthesis pathway and is an intermediate in the production of aromatic amino acids. Phosphoenolpyruvate and erythrose-4-phosphate react to form 3-deoxy-D-arabinoheptulosonate-7-phosphate (DAHP), in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme DAHP synthase. DAHP is then transformed to 3-dehydroquinate (DHQ), in a reaction catalyzed by DHQ synthase. Although this reaction requires nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) as a cofactor, the enzymic mechanism regenerates it, resulting in the net use of no NAD. The mechanism of ring closure is complex, but involves an aldol condensation at C-2 and C-7. Metabolic engineering has improved production of DAHP by Escherichia coli. The first step, condensation of 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonic acid 7-phosphate (DAHP) from PEP/E4P, uses three isoenzymes AroF, AroG, and AroH. Each one of these has its synthesis regulated from tyrosine, ...
The responses of Hypericum perforatum root cultures to chitosan elicitation had been investigated through 1H-NMR-based metabolomics associated with morpho-anatomical analyses. The root metabolome was influenced by two factors, i.e., time of culture (associated with biomass growth and related overcrowding stress) and chitosan elicitation. ANOVA simultaneous component analysis (ASCA) modelling showed that these factors act independently. In response to the increase of biomass density over time, a decrease in the synthesis of isoleucine, valine, pyruvate, methylamine, etanolamine, trigonelline, glutamine and fatty acids, and an increase in the synthesis of phenolic compounds, such as xanthones, epicatechin, gallic and shikimic acid were observed. Among the xanthones, brasilixanthone B has been identified for the first time in chitosan-elicited root cultures of H. perforatum. Chitosan treatment associated to a slowdown of root biomass growth caused an increase in DMAPP and a decrease in stigmasterol,
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The first enzyme of the shikimate pathway, 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate-7-phosphate synthase (EC 4.1.2.15), is induced by wounding potato or tomato tissue. The increase in enzyme activity is associated with elevated amounts of the enzyme as determined by immunoblots. The specific wound-induced protein synthesis is preceded by an increase in the mRNA encoding this enzyme. The induced mRNA of potato tuber, leaf, and stem tissue is translated into a precursor polypeptide that is recognized by antibodies raised against the mature enzyme from tuber plastids. Wounding also induces mRNA encoding phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (EC 4.3.1.5), a key enzyme of plant secondary metabolism. The time courses for the induction of the two enzymes are similar, suggesting coordinate regulation for the biosynthesis of primary and secondary aromatic compounds.. ...
1G6S: Interaction of the herbicide glyphosate with its target enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate 3-phosphate synthase in atomic detail.
The present disclosure relates to engineered microorganisms that produce amino acids and amino acid intermediates. In particular, the disclosure relates to recombinant nucleic acids encoding operons that increase production of aromatic amino acids and the aromatic amino acid intermediate shikimate; microorganisms with increased production of aromatic amino acids and the aromatic amino acid intermediate shikimate; and methods related to the production of aromatic amino acids, the aromatic amino acid intermediate shikimate, and commodity chemicals derived therefrom.
We propose a novel pharmacological strategy for treating alcohol and nicotine dependence concomitantly.. The reinforcing effects of both alcohol and nicotine are mediated through the cortico-mesolimbic dopamine (CMDA) system, and the concomitant use of both drugs enhances their pharmacological effects. We propose a better approach to control dopamine (DA) effects by contemporaneous indirect modulation of DA release and its functional expression. Both DA release from its cell bodies in the ventral tegmental area and the expression of its reinforcing effects through the cortico-mesolimbic system are modulated by GABA efferents under the tonic control of glutamate-mediated excitatory amino acid pathways. Thus, it is reasonable to hypothesize that a medication that facilitates cortico-mesolimbic GABAergic function and inhibits glutamate action should diminish both nicotines and alcohols reinforcing effects by inhibiting the release of midbrain DA and its functional expression through pathways ...
The SCOP classification for the Dehydroquinate synthase-like superfamily including the families contained in it. Additional information provided includes InterPro annotation (if available), Functional annotation, and SUPERFAMILY links to genome assignments, alignments, domain combinations, taxonomic visualisation and hidden Markov model information.
J. F. Wendel, Goodman, M. M., Stuber, C. W., and Beckett, J. B., New isozyme systems for maize (Zea mays L.): aconitate hydratase, adenylate kinase, NADH dehydrogenase, and shikimate dehydrogenase, Biochemical genetics, vol. 26, no. 5-6, pp. 421-445, 1988. ...
SWISS-MODEL Repository entry for Q02XB7 (AROE_LACLS), Shikimate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)). Lactococcus lactis subsp cremoris (strain SK11)
Tran, D., Pietersma, A.L., Schofield, L.R., Rost, M., Jameson, G.B., Parker, E.J. (2011). Investigating the role of the hydroxyl groups of substrate erythrose 4-phosphate in the reaction catalysed by the first enzyme of the shikimate pathway. Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 21, 6838-6841.Ahn, M., Pietersma, A.L., Schofield, L.R., Parker, E.J. (2005). Mechanistic divergence of two closely related aldol-like enzyme-catalysed reactions. Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, 3, 4046-4049. ...
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