TY - JOUR. T1 - The roles of cis- and trans-regulation in the evolution of regulatory incompatibilities and sexually dimorphic gene expression. AU - Meiklejohn, Colin D.. AU - Coolon, Joseph D.. AU - Hartl, Daniel L.. AU - Wittkopp, Patricia J.. N1 - Copyright: Copyright 2014 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.. PY - 2014/1. Y1 - 2014/1. N2 - Evolutionary changes in gene expression underlie many aspects of phenotypic diversity within and among species. Understanding the genetic basis for evolved changes in gene expression is therefore an important component of a comprehensive understanding of the genetic basis of phenotypic evolution. Using interspecific introgression hybrids, we examined the genetic basis for divergence in genome-wide patterns of gene expression between Drosophila simulans and Drosophila mauritiana. We find that cis-regulatory and trans-regulatory divergences differ significantly in patterns of genetic architecture and evolution. The effects of cis-regulatory divergence are ...

It is a long established fact that sex is an important factor that influences the transcriptional regulatory processes of an organism. However, understanding sex-based differences in gene expression has been limited because existing studies typically sequence and analyze bulk tissue from female or male individuals. Such analyses average cell-specific gene expression levels where cell-to-cell variation can easily be concealed. We therefore sought to utilize data generated by the rapidly developing single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) technology to explore sex dimorphism and its functional consequences at the single cell level. Our study included scRNA-seq data of ten well-defined cell types from the brain and heart of female and male young adult mice in the publicly available tissue atlas dataset, Tabula Muris. We combined standard differential expression analysis with the identification of differential distributions in single cell transcriptomes to test for sex-based gene expression differences in

TY - JOUR. T1 - Gender-specific Differences in Great Saphenous Vein Conduit. A Link to Lower Extremity Bypass Outcomes Disparities?. AU - Lagergren, Emily R.. AU - Kempe, Kelly. AU - Craven, Timothy E.. AU - Kornegay, S. Tucker. AU - Garg, Nitin. AU - Velazquez-Ramirez, Gabriela. AU - Hurie, Justin B.. AU - Edwards, Matthew S.. AU - Corriere, Matthew A.. PY - 2017/1/1. Y1 - 2017/1/1. N2 - Background Inferior lower extremity bypass (LEB) outcomes have been reported among women with peripheral arterial disease (PAD), but the mechanisms responsible for this disparity are unknown. Great saphenous vein (GSV) is considered the conduit of choice for LEB; GSV diameter is associated with graft patency and therefore is often used as a criterion for suitability for use as bypass conduit. We hypothesized that gender-based differences in GSV may contribute to LEB outcomes disparities. To explore this hypothesis, we performed a gender-based analysis of GSV anatomic characteristics among patients with PAD who ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Differences in the contributions of sex linkage and androgen regulation to sex-biased gene expression in juvenile and adult sticklebacks. AU - Kitano, Jun. AU - Kakioka, Ryo. AU - Ishikawa, Asano. AU - Toyoda, Atsushi. AU - Kusakabe, Makoto. PY - 2020. Y1 - 2020. N2 - Different evolutionary interests between males and females can lead to the evolution of sexual dimorphism. However, intersex genetic correlations due to the shared genome can constrain the evolution of sexual dimorphism, resulting in intra-locus sexual conflict. One of the mechanisms resolving this conflict is sex linkage, which allows males and females to carry different alleles on sex chromosomes. Another is a regulatory mutation causing sex-biased gene expression, which is often mediated by gonadal steroids in vertebrates. How do these two mechanisms differ in the contributions to the resolution of intra-locus sexual conflict? The magnitude of sexual conflict often varies between the juvenile and adult stages. ...

Aging is associated with a decline in sex hormones, variable between sexes, that has an impact on many different body systems and might contribute to age-related disease progression. We aimed to characterize the sex differences in gut microbiota, and to explore the impact of depletion of gonadal hormones, alone or combined with postnatal overfeeding, in rats. Many of the differences in the gut microbiota between sexes persisted after gonadectomy, but removal of gonadal hormones shaped several gut microbiota features towards a more deleterious profile, the effect being greater in females than in males, mainly when animals were concurrently overfed. Moreover, we identified several intestinal miRNAs as potential mediators of the impact of changes in gut microbiota on host organism physiology. Our study points out that gonadal hormones contribute to defining sex-dependent differences of gut microbiota, and discloses a potential role of gonadal hormones in shaping gut microbiota, as consequence of ...

Although clinical data support an association between paternal alcohol use and deficits in child neurocognitive development, the relationship between paternal drinking and alcohol-induced growth phenotypes remains challenging to define. Using an established mouse model of chronic exposure, previous work by our group has linked preconception paternal alcohol use to sex-specific patterns of fetal growth restriction and placental dysfunction. The aim of the present study was to investigate the long-term impact of chronic preconception paternal alcohol use on offspring growth and metabolic programming. Preconception paternal alcohol exposure induced a prolonged period of fetal gestation and an increased incidence of intrauterine growth restriction, which affected the male offspring to a greater extent than the females. While the female offspring of ethanol-exposed males were able to match the body weights of the controls within the first 2 weeks of postnatal life, male offspring continued to display an 11%

Sex-specific patterns and trends in the incidence of childhood cancer have consistently been demonstrated,1 and can provide insights into pathogenesis. Unfortunately often only pooled results have been given. Potentially this may have masked sex-specific temporal trends, especially over a prolonged time period.. A previous study from the Northern Region of England examined the incidence of leukemias and lymphomas diagnosed in cases aged 0-24 years during the period 1968-1995.2 This analysis found an overall increase in the incidence in the area. Similar increases have been found in other studies from the UK and elsewhere.1. The aim of the present study was to update the previous analyzes from the Northern Region and to determine whether there were sex-specific trends in incidence. We analysed all hematologic malignancies diagnosed in cases aged 0-24 years who were resident in the Northern Region during the period 1968 - 2005. Analyses were made separately for boys and girls (aged 0-14) and ...

These results suggest a possible link between the molecular evolution of MCPH1, CENPJ and the evolution of sexual dimorphism in anthropoid brain mass. Interestingly, the association is found with different measures of sexual dimorphism. The rate of evolution of MCPH1 is associated with absolute scores of dimorphism in brain size, suggesting a role in increased brain size, relative to the opposite sex, in both males and females. In contrast, CENPJs association with the raw residuals indicates selection on this locus is specifically associated with increases in male brain size relative to female brain size; this could indicate some interaction with sex-specific developmental signals. This latter result appears particularly robust to alternative methods of measuring sexual dimorphism (supplementary information).. An important question is whether these relationships are causative, and if so how could MCPH1 and CENPJ control the development of sexual dimorphism? Sexual dimorphism in brain mass, grey ...

Many sexual differences are known in human and animals. It is well known that females are superior in longevity, while males in athletic performances. Even though some sexual differences are attributed to the evolutionary tradeoff between survival and reproduction, the aforementioned sex differences are difficult to explain by this tradeoff. Here we show that the evolutionary tradeoff occurs among three components: (1) viability, (2) competitive ability and (3) reproductive effort. The sexual differences in longevity and athletic performances are attributed to the tradeoff between viability (survival) and competitive ability that belongs to the physical makeup of an individual, but not related to the tradeoff between survival and reproduction. This provides a new perspective on sex differences in human and animals: females are superior in longevity and disease recovery, while males are superior in athletic performance.

Research Paper Title Gender-related differences in frontal-parietal modular segregation and altered effective connectivity in internet gaming disorder. Background Although previous studies have revealed gender-related differences in executive function in internet gaming disorder (IGD), neural mechanisms underlying these processes remain unclear, especially in terms of brain networks. Methods Resting-state fMRI data were collected from 78 subjects…

Despite pleiotropic immunomodulatory effects of apolipoprotein E (apoE) in vitro, its effects on the clinical course of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and multiple sclerosis (MS) are still controversial. As sex hormones modify immunomodulatory apoE functions, they may explain contentious findings. This study aimed to investigate sex-specific effects of apoE on disease course of EAE and MS. MOG35-55 induced EAE in female and male apoE-deficient mice was assessed clinically and histopathologically. apoE expression was investigated by qPCR. The association of the MS severity score (MSSS) and APOE rs429358 and rs7412 was assessed across 3237 MS patients using linear regression analyses. EAE disease course was slightly attenuated in male apoE-deficient (apoE −/− ) mice compared to wildtype mice (cumulative median score: apoE −/− = 2 [IQR 0.0-4.5];

Physiologic differences between men and women affect drug activity, including pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Pharmacokinetics in women is affected by lower body weight, slower gastrointestinal motility, less intestinal enzymatic activity, and slower glomerular filtration rate. Because of delayed gastric emptying, women may need to extend the interval between eating and taking medications that must be absorbed on an empty stomach. Other physiologic differences may affect medication dosages. For example, because renal clearance is slower in women, some renally-excreted medications, such as digoxin, may require a dosage adjustment. Pharmacodynamic differences in women include greater sensitivity to and enhanced effectiveness of beta blockers, opioids, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and typical antipsychotics. Additionally, women are 50 to 75 percent more likely than men to experience an adverse drug reaction. Because women are prone to torsades de pointes, medications known to prolong the

The liver is recognized as a sex hormone-responsive organ. Gender-specific differences in liver function are known to exist. Recently, a higher failure rate for organs transplanted in adults from female donors to male recipients has been reported. This increased failure rate of livers obtained from adult females and transplanted into adult males is thought to occur, at least in part, as a result of intrinsic gender-specific differences in hepatocyte cell surface expression and to alterations in the hormonal milieu of the donor liver in the recipient. To determine whether the same graft-recipient gender-determined failure rates pertain in the pediatric liver transplant population, the outcome of 335 primary liver transplants performed in children at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center was examined. No difference in transplant outcome was demonstrated in children based on the gender pairings between the donor and recipient whether or not variables such as the age, etiology of the liver ...

Physiological processes are differentially regulated between men and women. Sex and gut microbiota have each been demonstrated to regulate host metabolism, but it is unclear whether both factors are interdependent. Here, we determined to what extent sex-specific differences in lipid metabolism are m …

Whether females can obtain genetic benefits from mate choice is contentious, and the main problem faced by previous studies of natural populations is that many factors other than paternal genes contribute to offspring fitness. Here, we use comparisons bet. ...

Combined17α-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase deficiency is a rare cause of congenital adrenal hyperplasia and hypogonadism. Hypertension and hypokalemia are essential presenting features. We report an Arab family with four affected XX siblings. The eldest presented with abdominal pain and was diagnosed with a retroperitoneal malignant mixed germ cell tumour. She was hypertensive and hypogonadal. One sibling presented with headache due to hypertension while the other two siblings were diagnosed with hypertension on a routine school check. A homozygous R96Q missense mutation in P450c17 was detected in the index case who had primary amenorrhea and lack of secondary sexual characters at 17 years. The middle two siblings were identical twins and had no secondary sexual characters at the age of 14. All siblings had hypokalemia, very low level of adrenal androgens, high ACTH and high levels of aldosterone substrates. Treatment was commenced with steroid replacement and puberty induction with estradiol. The ...

Combined17α-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase deficiency is a rare cause of congenital adrenal hyperplasia and hypogonadism. Hypertension and hypokalemia are essential presenting features. We report an Arab family with four affected XX siblings. The eldest presented with abdominal pain and was diagnosed with a retroperitoneal malignant mixed germ cell tumour. She was hypertensive and hypogonadal. One sibling presented with headache due to hypertension while the other two siblings were diagnosed with hypertension on a routine school check. A homozygous R96Q missense mutation in P450c17 was detected in the index case who had primary amenorrhea and lack of secondary sexual characters at 17 years. The middle two siblings were identical twins and had no secondary sexual characters at the age of 14. All siblings had hypokalemia, very low level of adrenal androgens, high ACTH and high levels of aldosterone substrates. Treatment was commenced with steroid replacement and puberty induction with estradiol. The ...

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Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of Sex hormones affect acute and chronic stress responses in sexually dimorphic patterns: Consequences for depression models. Together they form a unique fingerprint. ...

Pre-implantation embryos exhibit sexual dimorphisms in both primates and rodents. To determine whether these differences reflected sex-biased expression patterns, we generated transcriptome profiles for six 40,XX, six 40,XY, and two 39,X mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells by RNA sequencing. We found hundreds of coding and non-coding RNAs that were differentially expressed between male and female cells. Surprisingly, the majority of these were autosomal and included RNA encoding transcription and epigenetic and chromatin remodeling factors. We showed differential Prdm14-responsive enhancer activity in male and female cells, correlating with the sex-specific levels of Prdm14 expression. This is the first time sex-specific enhancer activity in ES cells has been reported. Evaluation of X-linked gene expression patterns between our XX and XY lines revealed four distinct categories: (1) genes showing 2-fold greater expression in the female cells; (2) a set of genes with expression levels well above 2-fold in

PURPOSE:. Early diagnosis is a success factor for the prevention of long-term comorbidity and premature death in patients with acromegaly, but large-scale data on the diagnostic process and disease management are scarce. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the diagnostic process, implementation of treatment and changes in life situation in patients with acromegaly, focusing on sex-specific differences.. METHODS:. Non-interventional patient-reported outcome study. 165 patients with clinically and biochemically proven acromegaly were questioned about the diagnostic process and utilization of health care by means of a self-developed standardized postal survey including questions on acromegaly symptoms experienced before diagnosis, number and specialty of consulted doctors, time to diagnosis and aftercare.. RESULTS:. The diagnostic process took 2.9 (SD 4.53) years, during which 3.4 (SD 2.99) physicians were consulted. Women waited longer [4.1 (SD 5.53) years] than men [1.6 (SD 2.69) years; p = 0.001] ...

In this review, we summarize recent advances in understanding vitamin A-dependent regulation of sex-specific differences in metabolic diseases, inflammation, and certain cancers. We focus on the characterization of the aldehyde dehydrogenase-1 family of enzymes (ALDH1A1, ALDH1A2, ALDH1A3) that catalyze conversion of retinaldehyde to retinoic acid. Additionally, we propose a

TY - JOUR. T1 - Sex difference in hepatic microsomal aldehyde oxygenase activity in different strains of mice. AU - Watanabe, K.. AU - Matsunaga, T.. AU - Narimatsu, S.. AU - Yamamoto, I.. AU - Yoshimura, H.. PY - 1992/12/1. Y1 - 1992/12/1. N2 - Hepatic microsomal oxidation of 11-oxo-Δ8-tetrahydrocannabinol (11-oxo- Δ8-THC) and 9-anthraldehyde (9-AA) to the corresponding carboxylic acids was investigated using six strains of male and female mice (ddN, ddY, C57BL, DBA, C3H and ICR). No significant sex difference was observed in the activity toward 11-oxo-Δ8-THC except for ICR, whereas the activity toward 9-AA was significantly higher in female than in male of ddN, C57BL, DBA and C3H mice. The present study suggests that female specific form(s) of cytochrome P450 may be responsible at least in part for the microsomal oxidation of 9-AA, but not that of 11-oxo-Δ8-THC.. AB - Hepatic microsomal oxidation of 11-oxo-Δ8-tetrahydrocannabinol (11-oxo- Δ8-THC) and 9-anthraldehyde (9-AA) to the ...

Basic research that involves delineating meaningful drug effects and behavioral and physiological responses that differ between the sexes can be costly and time consuming because they require additional experiment groups and protocols. However, epidemiological and clinical studies indicate substantial sex differences in response to drugs. The sex differences cut across other parameters such as socioeconomic factors, race, age, etc. In the current era of translational research and personalized medicine, it is increasingly important to take sex differences into account, so that these drug effects can be more accurately understood. This is particularly important in the neurosciences because of the complex nature of many disorders of the nervous system including mental, neurological, and substance use disorders. Consequently, the Institute of Medicines Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System Disorders hosted a workshop to explore the key principles and strategies used by basic translational ...

BackgroundTo determine whether there are sex differences in the demographics, treatment, and outcome of patients with acute myocardial infarction in the United

Much recent research has focused on the ratio of the lengths of the second to fourth manual digits (2D:4D) as a predictor of the degree of expression of sexually dimorphic and other sex-hormone-mediated traits. However, published findings are often contradictory or subject to various methodological problems. In the present study, we reassessed the relationships among three measures of 2D:4D (left hand, right hand, and mean) and several variables previously claimed to be related to 2D:4D, including sexual orientation, spatial ability, status, physical prowess, and components of reproductive success. In addition, we examined the relationship between 2D:4D measures and several other traits whose expression is thought to be related to sex hormones, including voice pitch, sociosexuality, mating success, and fluctuating asymmetry. 2D:4D measures showed highly significant sex differences, as did spatial ability, sociosexuality, components of reproductive and mating success, and fluctuating asymmetry. ...

Objective: The main goal of this article is to highlight gender-specific differences in the epidemiology, clinical nature, and treatment responses of comorbid depression and substance abuse. The second goal is to make recommendations for future research in the area of gender-specific aspects of comorbid depression and substance abuse. Data Synthesis: A literature review was conducted using the keywords sex, gender, depression, and substance use disorders for the time period 1980 to the present. We first outline the well-known sex differences in the epidemiology of depressed substance abusers and discuss the clinical significance of substance abuse in depression. Two distinct ways of understanding the role of substance abuse in depression are presented. The first is the role that depression may play in escalation of substance use, and the second is depression as a common sequela of chronic substance abuse. These 2 manifestations that are not mutually exclusive, often co-occurring in female ...

lengths in adults with related sex differences in children and infants. This paper reports the results of a study using serial radiographs to test for both sex differences in the fingers of infants and children and for a relationship between sex differences in the children and infant finger and adult finger length ratios. This is the first study using long-term serial data to evaluate the validity of finger length ratios as markers. We found not only that sex differences in finger length ratios arise prior to puberty, but that sex differences in the fingers of children are highly correlated with adult finger length ratios. Our results strongly encourage the further use of finger length ratios as markers of perinatal testosterone action. ...

Historically, sex or gender-related differences in addictions have been understudied. When neglected, both sexes may not receive the full benefit of medical research. Although hormone fluctuations in women are rarely investigated with respect to treatments, levels of estrogen and progesterone may have large impacts on the efficacies of behavioral or pharmaceutical interventions (Sofuoglu et al., 1999; Snively et al., 2000; Terner and de Wit, 2006; Allen et al., 2010; Quinones-Jenab and Jenab, 2010; 2012; DeVito et al., 2014). The National Institutes of Health (NIH) has been advocating for investigating gender-related differences and hormonal influences (Clayton and Collins, 2014), including with respect to impulse control and its contributions to addictions. Despite the importance of studying sex differences, the standard integration of sex-difference considerations, including in preclinical research using cell lines and animals, has yet to occur. Although men and women typically use the same

In this multicenter study of a large contemporary population of predominantly low- to intermediate-risk stable outpatients with symptoms suggestive of CAD, women and men differed substantially in their clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation, and noninvasive testing results. Women had a higher prevalence of traditional cardiac risk factors, but they were more likely to be characterized as low risk by providers and existing risk scores. In addition, women were more likely to be referred for imaging stress tests compared with men, particularly nuclear stress testing, but they were less likely to have a positive test. Finally, predictors of test positivity differed between the sexes. To our knowledge, this is the largest contemporary description of sex-based differences in presentation, evaluation, and noninvasive testing results in a large, stable outpatient population evaluated for symptoms of suspected CAD.. A number of previous studies have compared differences in demographics, risk factor ...

In the male brain to Edvard Munch we manufacture for you on watercolor paper, canvas or poster paper. Optional with stretcher, passepartout and decorative frame.

Mark D. Morin ,mdmpsyd at PETERHOOD69gwi.net, wrote in message news:3D2A32AB.7A76AF38 at gwi.net... , , , , , , us, we would not be wasting our time following up the idea that it , , might , , , , , , matter for male brains vs female brains. , , , , , , , , , , do you know of an easy way for a males brain to become female? or , , vice , , , , , versa? , , , , , , , , , That must be one of the most irrelevant questions I have ever come , , across in , , , , a discussion. Please stick to the topic, if that doesnt embarrass you , , too , , , , much. , , , , , , Please hide your own embarrasment. Unless there is some way to equate , , , the samples, it is not scientificly justifiable to compare apples to , , , oranges. You acknowledge that male brains cant become female and vice , , , versa so males should be compared to males and females should be , , , compared to females. , , , , , I must be dreaming ! Are you trying to tell me that you cant compare the , , weight of one hundred apples with ...

According to the study by the University of Arkansas for Medical SciencesSPI accelerated puberty in female rats (p < .05) and WPH delayed puberty in males and females, as compared with CAS (p < .05). Gender differences were also found in gonadectomy-induced steroid responses. Male rats had normal serum T levels, but female rats fed SPI had reduced serum 17beta-estradiol concentrations and a blunted 17beta-estradiol response to ovariectomy, as compared to rats fed CAS or WHP (p < .05). Female rats fed SPI or WHP or treated with genistein had reduced incidence of chemically induced mammary cancers (p < .05) compared to CAS controls, with WHP reducing tumor incidence by as much as 50%, findings that replicate previous results from our laboratory. Together, these results suggest gender-specific differences in development and certain endocrine responses among rats fed diets composed of a single protein source such as those used in infant formulas. Whether similar developmental effects ...

Psychosocial stress exposure is linked to the disruption of emotional regulation that can manifest as anxiety and depression. Women are more likely to suffer from such psychopathologies than men, indicating that sex-based differences in gonadal steroids may be a key factor in the aetiology of stress-induced adverse health outcomes. Oestradiol (E 2 ) positively influences mood and cognition in females, an effect likely related to the ability of E 2 to modulate the serotonin and dopamine neurotransmitter systems. Furthermore, genetic variation as a result of the polymorphism in the promoter region of the gene (SLC6A4) encoding the serotonin transporter (5HTTLPR) also can influence the ability of E 2 to modulate behaviour and physiology. However, it remains uncertain whether exposure to social stress interacts with the 5HTTLPR to influence E 2 -induced changes in behaviour and physiology. The present study used ovariectomised adult female rhesus monkeys to investigate acute and chronic effects of E ...

Psychosocial stress exposure is linked to the disruption of emotional regulation that can manifest as anxiety and depression. Women are more likely to suffer from such psychopathologies than men, indicating that sex-based differences in gonadal steroids may be a key factor in the aetiology of stress-induced adverse health outcomes. Oestradiol (E 2 ) positively influences mood and cognition in females, an effect likely related to the ability of E 2 to modulate the serotonin and dopamine neurotransmitter systems. Furthermore, genetic variation as a result of the polymorphism in the promoter region of the gene (SLC6A4) encoding the serotonin transporter (5HTTLPR) also can influence the ability of E 2 to modulate behaviour and physiology. However, it remains uncertain whether exposure to social stress interacts with the 5HTTLPR to influence E 2 -induced changes in behaviour and physiology. The present study used ovariectomised adult female rhesus monkeys to investigate acute and chronic effects of E ...

Aortic valve regurgitation (AR) results in left ventricle (LV) volume overload (VO) leading to its dilation and hypertrophy (H). We study a rat model of severe AR induced by puncturing one or two leaflets using a catheter. Most of our studies were conducted in male animals. Recently, we started investigating if sex dimorphism existed in the AR rat model. We observed that AR females developed as much LVH as males but morphological remodeling differences were present. A head-to-head comparison of LV morphological and functional changes had never been performed in AR males (M) and females (F) using the latest modalities in cardiac imaging by echocardiography. We performed a longitudinal study to evaluate the development of LV hypertrophy caused by chronic AR in male and female rats over 6 months. Sham-operated (sham) animals were used as controls. LV diastolic volumes (EDV) increased more over 6 months in sham males than in females (38% vs. 23% for EDV, both p | 0.01). AR resulted in significant LV

A method of sorting living cells based on DNA content. Mammalian sperm subpopulations enriched in X- or Y-sperm. X- and Y-enriched sperm-plasma-membrane vesicles. Substantially pure sex-associated membrane (SAM) proteins. Antibodies binding to X- or Y-SAM proteins, essentially free of antibodies binding to Y- or X-SAM proteins respectively, or to the H-Y antigen. Semen samples enriched for X- or Y-sperm. Methods for increasing the probability that offspring will be male or female comprising the step of allowing as sperm from an enriched semen sample to fertilize an ovum. Methods for increasing the probability that offspring will be male or female comprising the step of immunizing a female with X- or Y-SAM proteins. Methods of decreasing fertility comprising the step of immunizing a female with both X- and Y-sperm. Methods of increasing the probability that mammalian offspring will carry a gene for a particular sex-chromosome linked trait.

Analyses for total cholesterol revealed no main effect for time (p = 0.07), but revealed a main effect for time*group interaction (p = 0.001). Split-plot analyses for total cholesterol regarding time*group*gender interactions revealed no interaction (p = 0.86). Lower cholesterol levels (p ≤ 0.05) were revealed within the TC-HD group at T2 and T3 compared to T1. Analyses for LDL revealed a main effect for time (p = 0.001), and time*group interaction (p = 0.024). Split-plot analyses for LDL regarding time*group*gender interactions revealed no interaction (p = 0.38). Significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) were revealed within the TC-HD group at T2 and T3 compared to T1. Analyses for HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, CHOL/HDL ratio, and glucose levels revealed no main effects for time, time*group interactions or time*group*gender interactions (Table 4).. Analyses for serum creatinine revealed no main effect for time (p = 0.33), or time*group interaction (p = 0.06), although there was a ...

Social dominance has opposing effects on behavior following stress in male vs. female mice indicating an important role in sex differences in the stress response.

While we did not detect any regions of larger GM volume in men than in women, there were a number of regions indicating larger GM volumes in women than in men. We will comment on significance clusters detected when comparing matched women and matched men in particular. This constitutes the special case of this study, where possible effects of brain size can be excluded with certainty. As detailed below, there is a strong resemblance between current findings and outcomes from previous studies (i.e., where men always exhibited larger brains than women). Of note, brain size matching is not proposed to substitute traditional analyses that include men and women with different brain sizes. Such analyses will continue to provide important clues about differences between male and female brains, especially if appropriate strategies are used to account for individual differences in brain size. However, brain size matching, as applied in the present study, clarifies whether observed sex differences are ...

Mating systems evolve with sexual size dimorphism (SSD) in many animals. Mating systems with males larger than females occur when males compete for female access or guard territories, while mating systems with group mating tend to occur in species where females are the same size or larger than males. In addition to variation in SSD with mating system, sperm competition varies among mating systems ...

Mating systems evolve with sexual size dimorphism (SSD) in many animals. Mating systems with males larger than females occur when males compete for female access or guard territories, while mating systems with group mating tend to occur in species where females are the same size or larger than males. In addition to variation in SSD with mating system, sperm competition varies among mating systems ...

In human beings, the sex of an individual is determined at the time of fertilization by the genetic material carried in the sperm cell. If a sperm cell carrying an X chromosome fertilizes the egg, the offspring will typically be female (XX). On the other hand, if a sperm cell carrying a Y chromosome fertilizes the egg, the offspring will typically be male (XY). Persons whose anatomy or chromosomal makeup differ from this pattern are referred to as intersex. Like most other male mammals, a mans genome typically inherits an X chromosome from his mother and a Y chromosome from his father. The male fetus produces larger amounts of androgens and smaller amounts of estrogens than a female fetus. This difference in the relative amounts of these sex steroids is largely responsible for the physiological differences that distinguish men from women. Humans exhibit sexual dimorphism in many characteristics, many of which have no direct link to reproductive ability, although most of these characteristics do ...

In human beings, the sex of an individual is determined at the time of fertilization by the genetic material carried in the sperm cell. If a sperm cell carrying an X chromosome fertilizes the egg, the offspring will typically be female (XX). On the other hand, if a sperm cell carrying a Y chromosome fertilizes the egg, the offspring will typically be male (XY). Persons whose anatomy or chromosomal makeup differ from this pattern are referred to as intersex. Like most other male mammals, a mans genome typically inherits an X chromosome from his mother and a Y chromosome from his father. The male fetus produces larger amounts of androgens and smaller amounts of estrogens than a female fetus. This difference in the relative amounts of these sex steroids is largely responsible for the physiological differences that distinguish men from women. Humans exhibit sexual dimorphism in many characteristics, many of which have no direct link to reproductive ability, although most of these characteristics do ...

selfing syndrome Previous Section Next Section Correlated polymorphism in cytotype and sexual system doi 10 1093 aob mcv167 Polyploidy has important effects on plant reproductive systems and previously has been implicated in the evolution of dimorphic reproductive strategies Miller et al pp 307 317 use flow cytometry observations of pollen production and morphological measurements to document the perfect association of tetraploidy with gender dimorphism or diploidy with cosexuality across 36 populations spanning the geographic range Molecular sequence data strongly confirm the monophyly of Lycium californicum and character mapping suggests that tetraploid dimorphic populations have arisen twice independently and in concert Interestingly the distribution of tetraploid dimorphic populations is restricted to populations in Arizona and the Baja California peninsula and may be associated with harsh environmental conditions Previous Section Next Section Density dependent reproduction regulated by ...

Evidence suggests that lifestyle factors, e.g. physical activity, moderate the manifestation of genetic susceptibility to obesity. The present study uses UK Biobank data to investigate interaction between polygenic scores (PGS) for two obesity indicators, and lifestyle and psychosocial factors in the prediction of the two indicators, with attention to sex-specific effects. Lifestyle and psychosocial factors appear to offset genetic risk for adiposity in mid to late adulthood, with some sex-specific associations.

Briefing update for MPs, Peers and Party members on sex-based rights and GRA reform. We prepared this briefing in anticipation of the Women and Equalities Minister Liz Truss announcing the outcome of the consultation on the Gender Recognition Act 2004 (GRA), possible changes to guidance on application of the single-sex exceptions in the Equality Act 2010 (EA), and a possible ban on conversion therapy for LGBT people. We hope it is helpful for all those engaged in discussions within the Party and beyond. Executive Summary. 1. There is a conflict of rights between women and trans people in terms of the legal definition of sex, which impacts on the Equality Act. Denying this is damaging to both women and trans people - there must be respectful, evidence-based discussion to resolve this conflict of rights, and Labour should lead on this. 2. Single sex spaces and services are required in several contexts for the safety, privacy and dignity of women and girls, and to facilitate their participation in ...

When I spoke with Lee Gettler, the Director of Hormones, Health, and Human Behavior Lab at the University of Notre Dame, he confirmed that prenatal testosterone can have modest impacts on neural development, which may go on to influence a persons behavior and cognition long after birth, but Gettler cautioned that the literature is pretty mixed.. However significant, these changes are what Jim Roney with the Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences at the University of California, Santa Barbara refers to as organizational effects. Being that they are developmental in nature, the effects of prenatal testosterone are essentially fixed, but over the course of a lifetime, T levels become much more fluid and its effects temporary and reversible, like turning a switch on and off, Roney tells me.. So, what flips on the switch?. If we learned anything from the most trending stories of the last couple of weeks, it is that the nature of courtship is inherently competitive and requires some ...

1. Sexual size dimorphism (SSD) is a common phenomenon in animals. Renschs rule states that larger species generally exhibit a higher male to female body size ratio than smaller ones. 2. Domesticated animals offer excellent opportunities for testing predictions of the functional explanations of Renschs rule and the was tested in a meta-analysis of SSD in 38 breeds of domestic geese compared amokng themselves and with their wild relatives (subfamily Anserinae, 35 species). 3. Domestic geese and wild Anser species taken together supported Renchs rule but the wild species did not. 4. The non-targeted sex selection hypothesis seems to provide the best intuitive explanation for the lack of SSD in geese ...

There are two reasons why researchers are interested in the phenotypic relationship between the expression of male secondary sexual characters (SSCs) and ejaculate quality (defined as sperm/ejaculate traits that are widely assumed to increase female fertility and/or sperm competitiveness). First, if the relationship is positive then females could gain a direct benefit by choosing more attractive males for fertility assurance reasons (the phenotype-linked fertility hypothesis). Second, there is much interest in the direction of the correlation between traits favoured by pre-copulatory sexual selection (i.e. affecting mating success) and those favoured by post-copulatory sexual selection (i.e. increasing sperm competitiveness). If the relationship is negative this could lead to the two forms of selection counteracting each other. Theory predicts that the direction of the relationship could be either positive or negative depending on the underlying genetic variance and covariance in each trait, ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Sex-dependent differences in the regulation of myocardial protein synthesis following long-term ethanol consumption. AU - Vary, Thomas C.. AU - Kimball, Scot R.. AU - Sumner, Andrew. N1 - Copyright: Copyright 2008 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.. PY - 2007/2. Y1 - 2007/2. N2 - Chronic heavy alcohol consumption alters cardiac structure and function. Controversies remain as to whether hearts from females respond to the chronic ethanol intake in a manner analogous to males. In particular, sex differences in the myocardial response to chronic alcohol consumption remain unresolved at the molecular level. The purpose of the present set of experiments was to determine whether alterations in cardiac structure and protein metabolism show sexual dimorphism following chronic alcohol consumption for 26 wk. In control animals, hearts from female rats showed lowered heart weights and had thinner ventricular walls compared with males. The smaller heart size was associated with a lower ...

Chronic neck and shoulder pain (CNSP) is a common musculoskeletal disorder in adults, which is linked to hypersensitivity to noxious stimuli. The hormone oxytocin has been implicated as a potential therapeutic for the management of chronic pain disorders, and has been suggested to have sex-specific effects on the salience of threatening stimuli. This study investigated the influence of intranasal oxytocin on the perception of noxious thermal stimuli. Participants were 24 individuals with CNSP lasting |12months (eight women), and 24 age- and sex-matched healthy, pain-free controls. In a randomised double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study, participants attended two sessions, self-administering intranasal oxytocin (24 IU) in one session, and placebo in another. Participants rated intensity and unpleasantness of thermal heat stimuli at three body sites: the cervical spine, deltoid, and tibialis anterior, on 11-point numerical rating scales. Compared with placebo, intranasal oxytocin increased the

In the models presented above, a locus segregates for alleles with higher than average fitness for one sex and lower than average fitness for the other. Therefore, these are models of intralocus sexual conflict, also known as sexual antagonism or intersexual ontogenetic conflict (Rice & Chippindale 2001). Consistent with previous work, we find that such intralocus conflict can maintain genetic variation, especially when the sexual antagonism is strong (Prout 2000). Our two models are qualitatively similar except that selection is attenuated in the madumnal effect model because half of the gene pool (padumnal alleles) is shielded from selection. This is similar to the dilution of the force of selection for genes with maternal effects, the so-called relaxed constraint (Barker et al. 2005).. Our madumnal effect model applies not only to organisms with dominant haploid life cycles but also to diploid organisms with imprinted gene expression. Though the site of gene expression differs for an ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Gender-related differences in maximum gait speed and daily physical activity in elderly hospitalized cardiac inpatients. AU - Izawa, Kazuhiro P.. AU - Watanabe, Satoshi. AU - Hirano, Yasuyuki. AU - Matsushima, Shinya. AU - Suzuki, Tomohiro. AU - Oka, Koichiro. AU - Kida, Keisuke. AU - Suzuki, Kengo. AU - Osada, Naohiko. AU - Omiya, Kazuto. AU - Brubaker, Peter H.. AU - Shimizu, Hiroyuki. AU - Akashi, Yoshihiro J.. PY - 2015/3/7. Y1 - 2015/3/7. N2 - Maximum gait speed and physical activity (PA) relate to mortality and morbidity, but little is known about gender-related differences in these factors in elderly hospitalized cardiac inpatients. This study aimed to determine differences in maximum gait speed and daily measured PA based on sex and the relationship between these measures in elderly cardiac inpatients. A consecutive 268 elderly Japanese cardiac inpatients (mean age, 73.3 years) were enrolled and divided by sex into female (n=75, 28%) and male (n=193, 72%) groups. Patient ...

Description: There is extraordinary diversity in sexual dimorphism (SD) among animals, but little is known about its epigenetic basis. To study the epigenetic architecture of SD in a haplodiploid system, we performed RNA-seq and whole-genome bisulfite sequencing of adult females and males from two closely related parasitoid wasps, Nasonia vitripennis and Nasonia giraulti. More than 75% of expressed genes displayed significantly sex-biased expression. As a consequence, expression profiles are more similar between species within each sex than between sexes within each species. Furthermore, extremely male- and female-biased genes are enriched for totally different functional categories: male-biased genes for key enzymes in sexpheromone synthesis and female-biased genes for genes involved in epigenetic regulation of gene expression. Remarkably, just 70 highly expressed, extremely male-biased genes account for 10% of all transcripts in adult males. Unlike expression profiles, DNA methylomes are ...

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Myocardial ischemia is a leading cause of heart failure and death in both men and women. Restoration of blood flow to ischemic myocardium results in ischemia / reperfusion (I/R) injury. Sex-specific differences have been noted in myocardial I/R. Clinically, when compared to women, men experience: a higher overall incidence of heart failure, more rapid heart failure progression, worse age-matched cardiac contractility, and less preservation of myocardial mass as they age. These differences may be attributable to the effects of the sex hormone testosterone. Surprisingly, little information exists regarding the effect of testosterone on myocardial injury. Myocardial inflammation occurs following cardiac I/R injury and plays a crucial role in myocardial dysfunction. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) is increased in myocardial tissue following I/R, and contributes to post-ischemic myocardial dysfunction, proinflammatory signaling and myocyte apoptosis. The effect ...

The answer is D. (Hursts The Heart, 14th Edition, Chap. 60) CMR studies in normal adult volunteers demonstrated the following sex- and age-related differences: (1) the compacted but not the trabeculated layer is thicker in men than in women (option A); (2) the compacted layer thickens, whereas the trabeculated layer thins with systole (option B); (3) trabeculated LV segments show increased systolic thinning of trabeculated layers and greater thickening of the compact segments (P , .05) with age (option C); (4) total wall thickening is neither sex nor age dependent; (5) there were no sex-specific differences in the trabeculated/compacted ratio at end systole or end diastole (option D); and (6) in end systole, the trabeculated/compacted ratio was lower in older (50-79 years) subjects than in younger (20-49 years) subjects (P , .05) (option E).3 Overall, the application of current ...

A quantitative analysis of the volume of 4 cell groups in the preoptic- anterior hypothalamic area (PO-AHA) and of the supraoptic nucleus (SON) of the human brain was performed in 22 age-matched male and female individuals. We suggest the term Interstitial Nuclei of the Anterior Hypothalamus (INAH 1-4) to identify these 4 previously undescribed cell groups in the PO-AHA. While 2 INAH and the SON were not sexually dimorphic, gender-related differences were found in the other 2 cell groups. One nucleus (INAH-3) was 2.8 times larger in the male brain than in the female brain irrespective of age. The other cell group (INAH-2) was twice as large in the male brain, but also appeared to be related in women to circulating steroid hormone levels. Since the PO- AHA influences gonadotropin secretion, maternal behavior, and sexual behavior in several mammalian species, these results suggest that functional sex differences in the hypothalamus may be related to sex differences in neural structure. ...

SJL mice exhibit a unique gender-dependent bias in their immune response. Males mount an anti-inflammatory Th2 response, whereas females react with an inflammatory Th1 response, which correlates with susceptibility to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, a mouse model for multiple sclerosis. Castration as well as macrophage transfer from females reverses the male phenotype. Utilizing this mouse strain for the study of gender-dependent mechanisms of immune regulation, the role of CD25 regulatory T cells was examined. These cells maintain a Th2 environment in naïve males by regulating macrophage responsiveness. Transfer of macrophages from naïve CD25+-depleted males into untreated males results in a Th1 response after immunization demonstrating that regulatory T cells directly influence macrophage function. Males have a two-fold increase in the number of regulatory T cells compared to females, but no difference in cell surface marker expression or in vitro suppressive action was detected. ...

Sex chromosomes have evolved from non-sex-determining chromosomes (autosomes) many times throughout the tree of life. Ever since their discovery, these chromosomes have captivated researchers because of their obvious involvement in fundamental aspects of an organisms life, such as sex determination, sexual reproduction and sexual conflicts. Despite this long-lasting fascination, their biology remains unclear in several central aspects, in particular regarding their almost ubiquitous evolution of recombination cessation and impoverished gene content, and the multifaceted consequences thereof. This lack of detailed knowledge about sex chromosome evolution compromises our understanding of fundamental biological questions (e.g. the evolution of sexual conflicts) as well as more practical ones (e.g. about sex-linked genetic diseases).. Our research focuses mainly on Sylvioidea passerine birds where we have recently detected a new sex chromosome, a neo-sex chromosome, which has been formed by a ...

The morphological difference between male and female stag beetles is widely known. Male stag beetles have a pair of fully developed mandibles that are commonly called hasami, while females do not exhibit such mandible growth. What is the mechanism that causes such significant difference within the same species? In order to understand this mechanism, a developmental study was carried out on Cyclommatus metallifer, focusing on sex-determination genes and juvenile hormone*2 signaling pathways.. Results indicate that the dsx gene, a sex-determining gene for insects, regulates sexual dimorphism in stag beetles. It is also suggested that a large difference in sexual dimorphism of mandible growth is due to the dsx gene that regulates juvenile hormone responsiveness in different directions depending on whether the individual is male or female. These results are a major milestone, and mark the discovery of the sexual differentiation regulatory mechanism by the dsx gene via hormone responsiveness, ...

MACHIMBARRENA, Juan M. and GARAIGORDOBIL, Maite. Bullying and Cyberbullying: Sex-Based Differences in the 5th and 6th Grade of Primary Education. Suma Psicol. [online]. 2018, vol.25, n.2, pp.102-112. ISSN 0121-4381. http://dx.doi.org/10.14349/sumapsi.2018.v25.n2.2.. The scientific literature has found dissenting results upon analyzing gender-based differences in bullying - and especially in cyberbullying. This study undertook to analyze these differences between sexes in a sample of the last cycle of primary education in the Basque Country. The Cyberbullying: Screening of peer harassment test was administered to 1993 participants (average age = 10.68) - 50.2% boys and 48.8% girls. As for bullying the results show a similar percentage of pure-victims, pure-bullies and bystanders in both sexes; only a higher percentage of victim-aggressive children was confirmed. Upon analyzing the behaviors suffered and perpetrated, it was found that a significantly higher percentage of children participated as ...

Most, if not all, species with two sexes exhibit sexually dimorphic behavior and physical characteristics. These dimorphisms can be attributed to differences in the brain, such as size or function of structure, and these brain structures can be affected by the hormones circulated throughout the organism. It has been held that the sexual dimorphisms rely only on the presence or absence of androgen, namely, testosterone, during the critical period of development for an organism; however, new research suggests that the presence of estrogen has an active role in sexual differentiation.. In rats, a region known as the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area (SDN-POA) is larger in males, and administering testosterone to a female rat can increase the size of her SDN-POA. (2) The SDN-POA was said to develop in a female fashion without hormones. More recent experiments concur that a female rat pup treated with androgen will develop a larger SDN-POA, similar in size to that of a male. However, ...

The role of sex in the organization of movement is not commonly addressed in the literature. The objective of this thesis was to determine whether differences exist between males and females in the way they organize their movements during dodging to protect a food item. Detailed kinematic analysis of these movements in adult rats shows that females move their snout through a greater spatial curvature, relative to the pelvis, than males. The sex of the robbing animal did not alter the sex-typical movement paterns exhibited. Manipulation of neonatal androgens altered the sex-typical dodge patterns of both males and females. Removal of androgens at weaning however, did not affect the male-typical pattern. The existence of sex differences in the organization of movement provides a new level of analysis for the study of sexual dimorphism in behavior ...

Background Few studies have examined sex-specific associations of maternal gestational glycemia with cord blood hormones, which might predict later health. Methods In 976 women without pre-existing diabetes in the Project Viva cohort, we used linear regression to examine associations of maternal gestational glycemia with cord hormone concentrations, adjusted for maternal characteristics and stratified by infant sex. Results A total of 6.1% of women had gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), 8.8% isolated hyperglycemia, 3.2% gestational impaired glucose tolerance, and 81.9% were normoglycemic. In boys, compared with infants of normoglycemic mothers, infants of GDM mothers had higher cord levels of IGF-2 (β 35.55 ng/mL; 95% CI: 2.60, 68.50), IGFBP-3 (111.2 ng/mL; 5.53, 216.8), insulin (4.66 uU/mL; 2.38, 6.95), C-peptide (0.46 ng/mL; 0.25, 0.67), and leptin (3.51 ng/mL; 1.37, 5.64), but lower IGF-1 (- 6.71 ng/mL; - 12.7, - 0.76, adjusted for IGFBP-3). In girls, GDM offspring had higher cord blood ...

We found that both social isolation and loneliness predicted mortality over 7 y of follow-up in a national sample of older men and women. The association between social isolation and mortality remained strong after demographic factors and baseline health and mobility had been taken into account in multivariable models, but the association between loneliness and mortality was largely accounted for by baseline mental and physical health. There were no significant sex differences in these findings.. Our results indicate that loneliness did not affect the independent association between social isolation and mortality, and this conclusion was unchanged when deaths during the first 2 y after baseline were excluded. This finding suggests that the subjective experience of loneliness-often thought to be the psychological manifestation of social isolation-is not the primary mechanism explaining the association between social isolation and mortality in this study.. The levels of loneliness in this sample ...

When it comes to pain, guys may be tougher than gals because they have more of a particular type of protein, new research suggests. Two studies published online this week by the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences implicate proteins known as GIRKs in sex-based differences in pain sensitivity in mice. The findings could help researchers develop new gender-specific treatments for discomfort. Previous research had shown that males tend to have a higher threshold for pain than females do and that medications affect the sexes differently, although the precise mechanism remained unclear. In the new work, scientists tested analgesic drugs on mice unable to produce the GIRK2 protein. Allan I. Basbaum of Rockefeller University and his colleagues found that male mutants had lower pain thresholds than normal male mice. Female mutants exhibited a tolerance comparable to that of their normal counterparts, however, suggesting that GIRK2 is responsible for sex differences in pain sensitivity. Male ...

Results: Mean age of the participants was 4.03 years. Significant sex differences (p< 0.05) of anthropometric characteristics were found with respect to the mean values of body weight, BMI, HC, WHR, CI, and BAIp. Mean value of BAIp was higher in girls (13.0%fat) than in boys (12.28%fat). The BAIp was highly correlated (p< 0.05) to WHtR (r=0.87 in boys, 0.86 in girls) than to BMI (r= 0.36 in boys, 0.41 in girls) and CI (r=0.52 in boys, 0.46 in girls). In linear regression models, adiposity measures were observed to be significantly related to BAIp in preschoolers; age and sex were other predictors; coefficient was highest for WHtR (78.89) and least for WC (0.34 ...

The teleost brain is characterized by exceptionally high levels of aromatase, the enzyme that converts androgens into estrogens, and by its continuous growth throughout life. Gonadal estrogens have been implicated in sex differentiation and the control of reproduction in adult fish, but the role of neural estrogens during early development is far from clear. The present study describes the isolation and characterization of the cDNA sequence from brain aromatase (P450aromB) in the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.), a well established model for neuroendocrine research in fish. P450aromB was cloned from a brain cDNA library and encoded a predicted protein of 505 residues, with a calculated molecular weight of 57.2 kDa. Comparisons of the deduced amino acid sequence to that of the ovarian aromatase (P450aromA) in the same species revealed 62% identity, lower than the 84% identity shared between sea bass and tilapia brain aromatases. Phylogenetic analysis showed the occurrence of a gene ...

Section of Genomics and Genetics, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy. Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ London, United Kingdom. University of Geneva Medical School and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland. Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA. Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland. Polo dInnovazione di Genomica, Genetica e Biologia, 06132 Perugia, Italy. Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, CB10 1SA Hinxton, United Kingdom ...

Experience Changes Brain. Prior work suggests that women rely mostly on landmarks tonavigate (Turn right at the drugstore, then left at thegrocery) while men lean toward using geometry, as one wouldfigure from a map (The museum should be over that way).. The womens activity in the cortex might reflect the effort ofkeeping landmark cues in mind, while the hippocampus activity inthe men might be needed for the geometric approach, the researcherssaid.. Riepe said his study could not explore whether the braindifferences are learned or biologically programmed. But he said hesuspects the latter, because they also appear in rats.. Diane Halpern, a psychologist at California State University inSan Bernardino and an expert on gender differences in thinking,noted that sex differences in brain activity have been observed forother tasks, such as reading.. So its not surprising to find another example, she said. Suchdifferences probably result from both experience and programmedinfluences, because the ...

The evolutionary consequences of the perceptions of relationships between objects in space. Burke, A. (2012). Spatial abilities, cognition and the pattern of Neanderthal and modern human dispersals. Quaternary International, 247, 230-235. Burke, A., Kandler, A., & Good, D. (2012). Women who know their place: Sex-based differences in spatial abilities and their evolutionary significance. Human Nature, 23, 133-148.…

Looking for online definition of Sex differences in the Medical Dictionary? Sex differences explanation free. What is Sex differences? Meaning of Sex differences medical term. What does Sex differences mean?

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Sex-based differences are known to significantly contribute to patient outcomes of chronic disease however the role of patient sex in cirrhosis is unclear. We aim to study the relationship between patient sex and cirrhosis.We analyzed a cohort of 20,045 patients with cirrhosis using a Chicago-wide electronic health record database that was linked with the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) and the state death registry cause of death data. Adjusted Cox survival analyses and competing risk analyses were performed to obtain sub-distribution hazard ratios for liver-related cause of death.Female and male patients had similar age, racial distribution, insurance status, and comorbidity status by Elixhauser score. Females had high rates of cholestatic liver disease (17.1% vs 6.2%, p,0.001) and NASH (29.8% vs 21.2% p,0.001) than males. They were less likely to have portal hypertensive complications and had lower peak MELD-Na scores during follow up. Female sex was associated with a decreased hazard ...

In the present study, several interesting and relevant results were found. Gender dimorphism was found to be one of the effects of housing rats in IVCs compared to CCs. In addition, housing male and female rats in IVCs was observed to increase water intake and decrease food intake. Furthermore, the internal cage temperature of IVCs was higher than that of CCs.. The lower food intake of male and female offspring housed in IVCs and absence of differences in body weight between the experimental groups indicates lower energy expenditure in IVCs. Living organisms continuously expend energy, and the rate varies with activity, ambient temperature, and many other factors 12. The lower energy expenditure can most likely be explained by the higher temperatures observed in IVCs, leading to lower food intake among the rats housed in these cages.. Water intake did not differ between the male offspring groups, whereas for female offspring, the water intake was higher in the IVC group than in the CC group ...

OBJECTIVE: The limbic structures in early-onset schizophrenia-spectrum illness (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BPD) were studied to discern patterns associated with diagnosis and sex. METHODS: Thirty-five youths with DSM-IV BPD without psychosis, 19 with BPD with psychosis, 20 with SZ, and 29 healthy controls (HC), similar in age (6-17 years) and sex, underwent structured and clinical interviews, neurological examination, and cognitive testing. Structural magnetic resonance images (MRIs) were acquired on a 1.5 Tesla, General Electric Signa Scanner. Differences in subcortical brain volumes, including the amygdala and hippocampus, were evaluated using two-way (diagnosis, sex) univariate analyses covarying for total cerebral volume and age. RESULTS: Youth with SZ and BPD showed no differences in amygdala and hippocampal volumes. However, boys with SZ had smallest left amygdala and girls with BPD had the smallest left hippocampal volumes. In exploratory analyses, SZ showed reduced thalamic volumes bilaterally

The size of a fully grown O. ingens, inclusive of tentacles, is currently unknown. Many estimates, however, predict that the mantle may reach lengths of up to 94 cm (37 in). Research has found that egg sizes of the squid average 2.1 mm inside mature females, while juveniles average 4.6 mm or larger. Juveniles are presumed to live near the surface, until they reach a mantle length of approximately 200 mm, at which time they relocate to deeper water, and larger prey. O. ingens exhibit sexual dimorphism, with females growing linearly twice as fast as males, and reaching a fully mature size of more than five times that of male counterparts.[4] Penis elongation has been observed in this species; when erect, the penis may be as long as the mantle, head and arms combined.[5][6] As such, deep water squid like M. ingens have the greatest known penis length relative to body size of all mobile animals, second in the entire animal kingdom only to certain sessile barnacles.[5] .mw-parser-output .tmulti ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Ovine prenatal growth-restriction and sex influence fetal adipose tissue phenotype and impact postnatal lipid metabolism and adiposity in vivo from birth until adulthood. AU - Wallace, Jacqueline M. AU - Milne, John S. AU - Aitken, Beth W. AU - Aitken, Raymond P. AU - Adam, Clare L. N1 - Funding: This work was funded by the Scottish Governments Rural and Environmental Science and Analytical Services Division (RESAS) including the Strategic Partnership for Animal Science. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. PY - 2020/2/14. Y1 - 2020/2/14. N2 - Adipose tissue development begins in utero and is a key target of developmental programming. Here the influence of nutritionally-mediated prenatal growth-restriction on perirenal adipose tissue (PAT) gene expression and adipocyte phenotype in late fetal life was investigated in both sexes in an ovine model. Likewise circulating leptin concentrations ...

The present study demonstrates that chronic OTA administrations reduce pair bonding in a colony environment while leaving other behaviours unaffected. Within-sex analyses demonstrate sex-specific effects only for females, however, because no significant sex × treatment interactions are obtained, and because males exhibit weak trends in the direction of females, we cannot conclude that oxytocic receptors are completely irrelevant to male pairing behaviour. These findings are only partially consistent with the effects of peripheral OTA administration, which produce deficits in both pair bonding and male courtship [29], suggesting that peripheral injections may influence behaviour via both central and peripheral mechanisms. Indeed, OTA-treated males in the present study tended to sing more courtship songs than controls, and previous experiments likewise show that central administrations of OTA and MT produce no significant effects on male song [31]. The present effects are also partially ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Sex differences associated with corpus callosum development in human infants. T2 - A longitudinal multimodal imaging study. AU - IBIS Network. AU - Schmied, Astrid. AU - Soda, Takahiro. AU - Gerig, Guido. AU - Styner, Martin. AU - Swanson, Meghan R.. AU - Elison, Jed T.. AU - Shen, Mark D.. AU - McKinstry, Robert C.. AU - Pruett, John R.. AU - Botteron, Kelly N.. AU - Estes, Annette M.. AU - Dager, Stephen R.. AU - Hazlett, Heather C.. AU - Schultz, Robert T.. AU - Piven, Joseph. AU - Wolff, Jason J.. PY - 2020/7/15. Y1 - 2020/7/15. N2 - The corpus callosum (CC) is the largest connective pathway in the human brain, linking cerebral hemispheres. There is longstanding debate in the scientific literature whether sex differences are evident in this structure, with many studies indicating the structure is larger in females. However, there are few data pertaining to this issue in infancy, during which time the most rapid developmental changes to the CC occur. In this study, we examined ...

Current research interests include determining the mechanisms responsible for cellular and subcellular alterations following soft tissue trauma, bone fracture, hemorrhage and sepsis. Additionally, the use of novel, readily available, FDA approved inexpensive therapeutic agents to attenuate such alterations in patients following trauma is planned. Other areas include evaluation of: (1) gender dimorphism and the mechanisms responsible for producing cardiovascular and hepatocellular dysfunction and immunological alterations following trauma-hemorrhage; (2) trauma-induced changes in the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis; (3) apoptosis of immune cells; and (4) traumatic brain injury. Specific research interests include determining the mechanism of regulation of estradiol levels by hypothalamic/pituitary factors, adrenals and steroidogenic enzyme activity and how differences in estradiol levels or the estradiol:androgen ratio due to the estrus cycle, ovariectomy, and age affect immune responses ...

We analyzed 197 patients with stage III esophageal cancer who were treated with pac and carboplatin in a prospective study between 2008 and 2013. CL of pac, which was estimated using nonlinear mixed effects modeling (NONMEM) was used as a measure of systemic pac exposure (de Graan et al, 2012). Skeletal muscle index (SMI, cm2/m2), muscle attenuation (MA) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT; cm2) were measured at the level of the 3rd lumbar vertebra on computed tomography (CT) scans performed before treatment. Gender-specific differences in pac CL, based on the 1st quartile and the 4th quartile of the SMI and VAT measurement were analyzed with a Mann-Whitney test. A Spearman rank correlation (r) was calculated to explore the relationship between pac CL and SMI, VAT and MA, respectively. ...

The goal of this study was to evaluate gender-related differences of some metabolic determinants of insulin sensitivity and of susceptibility to the effects of diabetes. Changes in body weight, blood glucose, and serum insulin concentrations were compared between female and male Wistar rats in prepubertal, pubertal, and adult stages of life. A diabetic model was induced by streptozotocin (STZ) under nicotinamide protection in both sexes and metabolic patterns were evaluated during the next 4 weeks. Finally, the pancreases were processed for morphometric analysis. In the three age groups, at similar blood glucose levels, higher fasting serum insulin levels were found in female as compared with age matched male rats. After STZ treatment, female rats show lower insulin and higher glucose levels, and a worse survival rate as compared with male rats. The more severe disease phenotype observed in female animals is associated with a more dramatic perturbation of pancreatic islet morphology. Significant ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Sex differences in membrane potential in the intact perfused rat liver. AU - Weisiger, R. A.. AU - Fitz, J. G.. PY - 1988. Y1 - 1988. N2 - The electrical potential difference across the plasma membrane was compared in paired livers from male and female rats perfused single-pass with Krebs-bicarbonate buffer. Variability in the membrane potential measured for different cells within the same liver was small (SD = 1.3 mV). The mean membrane potential was 5.1 mV more negative for male livers than for female livers (-30.3 ± 0.6 vs. -25.2 ± 1.0 mV, P , 0.001), and the female liver in all nine pairs studied. No correlation between membrane potential and perfusion rate was seen. Variability among female livers was more than twice as great (range -19.6 to -30.0 mV) as for male livers (range -26.7 to -31.9 mV). These results suggest that hepatic membrane potential may be modulated by sex hormone levels, which are more variable in female animals. Because the hepatic uptake of bile acids ...

Hendricks, J. C., Lu, S. M., Kume, K., Yin, J. C. P., Yang, Z. H., Sehgal, A. (2003) Gender dimorphism in the role of cycle (BMAL1) in rest, rest regulation, and longevity in Drosophila melanogaster. Journal of Biological Rhythms, 18 (1). pp. 12-25. ISSN 0748-7304 Hengartner, M. O. (1997) Genetic control of programmed cell death and aging in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Experimental Gerontology, 32 (4-5). pp. 363-74. ISSN 0531-5565 (Print) ...

Gender-specific differences between the levels and structures of proteins present in the white matter and the mitochondria of the brains of men and women suffering from dementia have been revealed for the first time in a study published in the open access journal Molecular Brain.

In this study, we have used medaka to unravel evolutionary and molecular mechanisms of the paradox that genetic diversity is retained under sexual selection. Our data have shown that (i) medaka anal fin has geographical difference in the degree of sexual dimorphism, (ii) medaka CYP polymorphisms have variations of enzyme activity, (iii) corresponding to the difference of geographical populations, and (iv) the high-enzyme-activity allele has been plausibly maintained by sexual selection, while the low-enzyme-activity allele seems to be retained probably by environmental adaptation beyond sexual selection. The considerable criticism is that these might have been generated by genetic fixation during maintaining small populations bred in a laboratory for many generations. In order to see genetic diversity of medaka populations, we have preliminary conducted population genetic analyses for the medaka populations maintained in the closed colony. We have compared the diversity of CYP1B1 sequences to ...

April Is Womens Eye Health and Safety month The following article was written by VisionAware Peer Advisor, Audrey Demmitt, who kindly permitted me to share it with you: We all know men are from Mars and women Venus. But you may be surprised to learn there are gender differences when it comes to eye health…

CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) are immunopathogenic in cancers by impeding tumor-specific immunity. B7-homologue 1 (B7-H1) (CD274) is a cosignaling molecule with pleiotropic effects, including hindering antitumor immunity. In this study, we demonstrate sex-dependent, B7-H1-dependent differences in tumor immunity and response to immunotherapy in a hormone-independent cancer, murine B16 melanoma. Antitumor immunity was better in B7-H1(-/-) females versus males as a result of reduced regulatory T cell function in the B7-H1(-/-) females, and clinical response following B7-H1 blockade as tumor immunotherapy was significantly better in wild-type females than in males, owing to greater B7-H1 blockade-mediated reduction of Treg function in females. Wild-type female Tregs expressed significantly lower B7-H1 versus males but were insensitive to estrogen in vitro. Female B7-H1(-/-) Tregs were exquisitely sensitive to estrogen-mediated functional reduction in vitro, suggesting that B7-H1 ...

Nematodes often exhibit sexual dimorphism, usually with the males being smaller than the females. An extreme example is found in species of the genus Tetrameres, which live in the glands of the proventriculus of birds. The males look like typical nematodes, long and thin, but the females expand as they become distended with eggs to these bright red, pea-sized individuals that barely resemble nematodes at all, dwarfing the males. As they expand, they can cause pressure necrosis in the tissues of the host ...

You might want to try to keep your own personal pet caveman in the dark on this one, but in her inevitably best-selling new book, The Male Brain (Broadway Books), neuropsychiatrist Louann Brizendine, MD, officially, scientifically lets guys off the hook for skirt-chasing, conking out after sex, avoiding emotionality-even spending Sundays glued to ESPN.... Despite accusations leveled in publications from Nature to The New York Times that Brizendine engaged in weak science in The Female Brain, The Male Brain is, like its predecessor, a breezy and loosey-goosey girlfriend-gab take on the state of gender-based brain science. Brizendine often relies on unreplicated or small-scale experiments, studies, and surveys to draw sweeping, possibly oversimplified conclusions about gender and human nature and to spin small distinctions and differences in the data into vive la différence ...

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This paper is the second of a series on occupational psychiatry. It provides a brief review of the literature on organic psychiatric syndromes due to work conditions. Aspects related to concept, diagnosis, clinical presentation, milieu and factor risks as well as their psychosocial and organizational effects are discussed. The theoretical framework is in line with the approach proposed by the Laboratory of Mental Health and Work of the Department of Medical Psychology and Psychiatry of the State University of Campinas ...

Vaishnavi Vedam V.K. and Rao, Jagadish Padubidri and Menezes, Ritesh G. and Boaz, Karen and *, Srikant N (2015) Anthropometry, cephalometry, and cranial trait assessment with sexual dimorphism - A preliminary study. The Journal of South India Medicolegal Association, 7 (1). pp. 9-14. ...