A radioimmunoassay (RIA) has been developed for the detection of Russell's viper venom in body fluids. This is a competitive binding technique using a monoclonal antibody directed against the factor X activator of Russell's viper venom. The sensitivity of the test in urine was 4 ng/ml, in 0.1% bovine serum albumin-phosphate buffered saline it was 20 ng/ml and in serum it was 5 micrograms/ml. This was adequate to detect venom in the serum of four patients bitten by Russell's viper. Urine from an isolated kidney preparation perfused with Russell's viper venom contained coagulant activity and was positive using the competitive RIA. Testing of sera from other envenomated patients and pure venom from seven other species of snake indigenous to Thailand revealed RIA cross reactivity between cobra venom and Russell's viper venom. In practice, the absence of coagulant activity in cobra venom clearly distinguishes between the two. Although further development is required to elucidate the serum factors interfering

TY - JOUR. T1 - Neutralisation of local haemorrhage induced by the saw-scaled viper Echis carinatus sochureki venom using ethanolic extract of Hibiscus aethiopicus L.. AU - Hasson, S. S.. AU - Al-Balushi, M. S.. AU - Said, E. A.. AU - Habbal, O.. AU - Idris, M. A.. AU - Mothana, R. A A. AU - Sallam, T. A.. AU - Al-Jabri, A. A.. PY - 2012. Y1 - 2012. N2 - The objective of the study is to investigate the anti-snake venom activities of a local plant, Hibiscus aethiopicus L. The H. aethiopicus was dried and extracted with ethanol. Different assays were performed according to standard techniques, to evaluate the plant's acute toxicity and its antivenom activities. The results of evaluating the systemic acute toxicity of the H. aethiopicus extract using "oral and intra-peritoneal" route were normal even at the highest dose (24g/kg) tested. All guinea pigs (n=3) when treated with venoms E. c. sochureki (75g) alone induced acute skin haemorrhage. In contrast, all guinea pigs (n=18) treated with both ...

BACKGROUND Death adders (Acanthophis spp) are found in Australia, Papua New Guinea and parts of eastern Indonesia. This study aimed to investigate the clinical syndrome of death adder envenoming and response to antivenom treatment. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Definite death adder bites were recruited from the Australian Snakebite Project (ASP) as defined by expert identification or detection of death adder venom in blood. Clinical effects and laboratory results were collected prospectively, including the time course of neurotoxicity and response to treatment. Enzyme immunoassay was used to measure venom concentrations. Twenty nine patients had definite death adder bites; median age 45 yr (5-74 yr); 25 were male. Envenoming occurred in 14 patients. Two further patients had allergic reactions without envenoming, both snake handlers with previous death adder bites. Of 14 envenomed patients, 12 developed neurotoxicity characterised by ptosis (12), diplopia (9), bulbar weakness (7), intercostal muscle

The objective of this study was to investigate the in vitro effect of Vipera lebetina venom on human erythrocytes osmotic fragility with respect to differ...

The edema-forming activity of eight Costa Rican crotaline snake venoms and its neutralization by a polyvalent antivenom were studied using the mouse footpad test. All of the venoms induced edema, the highest activity being present in the venoms of Bothrops lateralis and Bothrops picadoi. When experiments were performed with preincubation of venom and antivenom, neutralization of edema was poor. Moreover, it was observed that, with some venoms, edema increased when large doses of antivenom were used. This effect was also observed when some venoms were incubated with coral snake antivenom, suggesting that venoms may release some pharmacologically active component(s) from antivenom, since the latter contains traces of alpha-2 and beta globulins. Based on these findings, an alternative approach to the study of the neutralization of edema was used; in this new method, antivenom was injected i.v. before venom administration, thereby avoiding preincubation. With this technique, a much better ...

CASE REPORT Unusual visual loss after snakebite. Tungpakorn N Department of Ophthalmology, Sawanpracharak Hospital, Nakhonsawan, Thailand. Correspondence to ABSTRACT Snakebites are endemic in some parts of Thailand, being associated with several complications. Ocular disturbances are uncommon, except in cases of corneal or conjunctival injury, when the eye is directly exposed to the snake venom. The present study presents a case of combined ophthalmic artery occlusion and transient central retinal artery occlusion with macular ischemia after a Russell's viper bite.. Key words: snakebite, central retinal artery occlusion, macular ischemia, Vipera russelli siamensis.. INTRODUCTION Snakebites are a common medical emergency in the tropics, particularly in rural and farming areas. Venomous snakebites may result in neurologic or hemostatic dysfunction, and cause multisystemic involvement. Viperidae venoms act mainly on blood and blood vessels. Reports of ophthalmic manifestations after viperine ...

Primary data were collected on the incidence, severity and species responsible for snake bites in 4 areas of Kenya: (i) Kakamega and western Kenya, (ii) Lake Baringo and Laikipia, (iii) Kilifi and Malindi, and (iv) northern Kenya. The overall average frequency of snake bite was 13.8 per 100,000 population per year (range 1.9-67.9). The minimum rate of snake bite mortality was 0.45/100,000/year. Thirty-four of the 50 units visited reported no knowledge of death from snake bite in the last 5 years. Possible reasons for the low estimates are discussed. Traditional treatments were common, especially the use of herbal remedies and incisions at the wound site.

To address questions related to the functional importance of this phenotype, the authors conducted a field experiment on both islands with snake replicas made of clay. These results clearly indicated a strong inter-island difference in predator attack rates where snake replicas that resembled coral snakes received protection in Trinidad but not in Tobago. Color patterns from museum specimens confirmed that E. ocellatus is indeed a poor mimic of coral snakes in many respects, especially in regards to the relative proportions of colors and the lack of discrete band. This implies that the classic coral snake mimicry adaptation has been degraded in this species. Field experiment revealed that E. ocellatus replicas were not protected from predator attacks on Tobago (where no coral snakes occur) compared to controls. However, on Trinidad (where coral snakes do occur) we found the expected lower attack rate on coral snake and mimic replicas compared to controls. Thus, E. ocellatus does not just look ...

We report the first detailed accounts of bites by the Balkan adder, Vipera bents bosniensis from Bulgaria. Documentation of bites by this subspecies is very rare in the literature and most available accounts are from the northern limit of its distribution. V berus bosniensis is considered to possess neurotoxic venom but little evidence has hitherto been available to support this supposition. In this case series symptoms typical of adder bites developed including oedema, nausea, dizziness, lymphangitis, vomiting, and diarrhoea together with aberrant symptoms such as diplopia and ptosis that confirm the presence of neurotoxic venom in Balkan adders. In addition, unusual and atypical symptoms of adder bites such as painless bites and muscle cramps appeared. The inadequate treatment in hospital and the remote habitats in which this species is encountered are potential sources of complication.. ...

It is not clear that ARF results from a direct cytotoxic effect on renal epithelia or from a renal ischemia due to systemic hemodynamic disturbances. This work investigated the in vitro effect of Echis Carinatus crude venom, using cultured Human embryonic kidney (HEK 293) mono layers as a model to see the cytotoxic effect of Echis carinatus venom.

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Abstract Eight patients with acute renal failure following snakebite were studied. Intravascular hemolysis and disseminated intravascular coagulation contributed to the development of acute renal failure in 6 patients. Direct nephrotoxicity causing acute renal failure is postulated in 2 patients, 1 of whom also revealed evidence of mild, disseminated intravascular coagulation. Three patients had histopathological lesions of acute symmetrical cortical necrosis and 3 had acute tubular necrosis. In 1 patient with acute tubular necrosis, in whom direct nephrotoxicity seemed to be responsible for renal failure, the striking histological feature was a uniform debasement and disappearance of tubular epithelium. In 2 patients with a clinical course of acute tubular necrosis, histological lesions could not be documented. All the 5 patients with acute tubular necrosis regained full recovery of renal function, 3 of them with the help of dialysis and 2 with conservative management. None of the 3 patients with acute

TY - JOUR. T1 - A quantitative inventory of yeast P body proteins reveals principles of composition and specificity. AU - Xing, Wenmin. AU - Muhlrad, Denise. AU - Parker, Roy. AU - Rosen, Michael K.. PY - 2020/6. Y1 - 2020/6. N2 - P bodies are archetypal biomolecular condensates that concentrate proteins and RNA without a surrounding membrane. While dozens of P body proteins are known, the concentrations of components in the compartment have not been measured. We used live cell imaging to generate a quantitative inventory of the major proteins in yeast P bodies. Only 7 proteins are highly concentrated in P bodies (5.1-15 uM); the 24 others examined are appreciably lower (most ≤ 2.6 uM). P body concentration correlates inversely with cytoplasmic exchange rate. Sequence elements driving Dcp2 concentration into P bodies are distributed across the protein and act synergistically. Our data indicate that P bodies, and probably other condensates, are compositionally simpler than suggested by ...

Define Asian coral snake. Asian coral snake synonyms, Asian coral snake pronunciation, Asian coral snake translation, English dictionary definition of Asian coral snake. Noun 1. Asian coral snake - of India coral snake, Old World coral snake - any of various venomous elapid snakes of Asia and Africa and Australia Calliophis,...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Total knee replacement in a patient with lupus anticoagulant.. AU - Bhagia, U. T.. AU - Corpe, Raymond S. AU - Steflik, D.. PY - 1997/1/1. Y1 - 1997/1/1. N2 - The lupus anticoagulant is an acquired circulating anticoagulant that was first described in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). This rare hematologic entity is seen in about 1% to 2% of the general population and about 10% to 35% of the patients with SLE. Although associated with a prolonged partial thromboplastin time (PTT), the lupus anticoagulant does not cause bleeding complications but may be associated with an increase in thromboembolic complications. This report is presented to alert orthopedic surgeons of the increased risk of thromboembolic disease with a paradoxically prolonged PTT in patients with the lupus anticoagulant.. AB - The lupus anticoagulant is an acquired circulating anticoagulant that was first described in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). This rare hematologic entity ...

Lupus anticoagulants prolong clotting times in phospholipid-dependent coagulation tests. Lupus Ratio assays are integrated tests for lupus anticoagulants that may be based on APTT, RVVT or dPT clotting times. If a patient is being treated with unfractionated heparin, however, the heparin prolong clotting times and the diagnosis of lupus anticoagulant is invalidated. Commercial assays may have heparin neutralising agents added to their reagents. However, the type and efficacy of the heparin neutralisation is often not documented. We wanted to test the influence and efficacy of heparin neutralisers in the Lupus Ratio assay. Several heparin neutralisers were tested, and polybrene was chosen for further testing. Unfractionated heparin and/or polybrene were added to normal plasma and to plasma from patients with or without lupus anticoagulant and clotting times compared before and after the additions. Lupus anticoagulant-positive patients were given 5000 IU i.v. of unfractionated heparin and plasma was

Antiphospholipid antibodies occur in various clinical states, including the primary antiphospholipid syndrome. Clinical features in these conditions appear to be caused by vasculopathy associated with the presence of these antibodies.. We report the case of a patient with primary antiphospholipid syndrome who experienced cardiac necrosis secondary to myocardial microvasculopathy in the absence of vasculitis. This case demonstrates unequivocally that noninflammatory myocardial microvasculopathy occurs in the primary antiphospholipid syndrome per se without any clinical or immunologic signs of systemic lupus erythematosus or other disease process. The histopathologic findings in the skin and myocardial biopsies showed a noninflammatory vasculopathy characterized by bland thrombi and lack of infiltration of the vessel wall by inflammatory cells. Ultrastructural examination of the myocardial biopsy confirmed the vascular thrombosis and endothelial activation and showed no deposits in basement ...

Funk, R. 1965. Food of Crotalus cerastes laterorepens in Yuma County, Arizona. Herpetologica, 21/1: 15-17. Gillingham, J., C. Carpenter, J. Murphy. 1983. Courtship, male combat and dominance in the western diamondback rattlesnake, Crotalus atrox. Journal of Herpetology, 17/3: 265-270. Jayne, B. 1988. Muscular mechanisms of snake locomotion: An electromyographic study of the sidewinding and concertina modes of Crotalus cerastes, Nerodia fasciata and Elaphe obsoleta. Journal of Experimental Biology, 1998/4: 1-33. Keenlyne, K. 1978. Reproductive cycles in two species of rattlesnakes. The American Midland Naturalist, 100/2: 368-375. Lewis, T. 1949. Dark coloration in the reptiles of the Tularosa Malpais, New Mexico. Copeia, 1949-3: 181-184. Macartney, J., P. Gregory. 1988. Reproductive biology of female rattlesnakes (Crotalus viridis) in British Columbia. Copeia, 1988/1: 47-57. Miller, L., W. Gutzke. 1999. The role of the vomeronasal organ of crotalines (Reptilia: Serpentes: Viperidae) in predator ...

A seminal question in ecotoxicology is the extent to which contaminant exposure evokes prolonged effects on physiological function and fitness. A series of studies were undertaken with American kestrels ingesting environmentally realistic concentrations of the second-generation anticoagulant rodenticide (SGAR) brodifacoum (BROD). Kestrels fed BROD at 0.3, 1.0 or 3.0 µg/g diet wet wt for 7 d exhibited dose-dependent hemorrhage, histopathological lesions and coagulopathy (prolonged prothrombin and Russell's viper venom times). Following termination of a 7 d exposure to 0.5 µg BROD/g diet, prolonged blood clotting time returned to baseline values within a week, but BROD residues in liver and kidney (terminal half-life estimates |50 d) persisted during the 28 d recovery period. In order to examine the hazard of sequential AR exposure, kestrels were exposed to either the firstgeneration AR chlorophacinone (CPN; 1.5 µg/g diet) or the SGAR BROD (0.5 µg/g diet) for 7 d, and following a recovery period,...

Deaths from snake bites are relatively rare - an estimated five million snakebites occur worldwide each year, causing about 125,000 deaths. The most dangerous snakes include the Australian brown snake, carpet vipers in the Middle East, Russell's vipers and cobras in Southern Asia, and coral and rattlesnakes in North America.. Most snakebites are the result of harassment - biting is a snake's defensive reaction. As snakes bite people when they're frightened rather than to kill them for food, many bites inject little poison. However, the venom of a small immature snake may be more concentrated that that of an adult.. ...

BackgroundLoxoscelism is a severe human envenomation caused by Loxosceles spider venom. To the best of our knowledge, no study has evaluated the presence of antibodies against Loxosceles venom in loxoscelism patients without treatment with antivenom immunotherapy. We perform a comparative analysis for the presence of antibodies capable of recognizing Loxosceles venom in a group of patients diagnosed with loxoscelism and in a group of people without loxoscelism.MethodsThe detection of L. laeta venom, Sicarius venom and recombinant phospholipases D from Loxosceles (PLDs) in sera from people with loxoscelism (Group 1) and from healthy people with no history of loxoscelism (Group 2) was evaluated using immuno-dot blot, indirect ELISA, and Western blot.ResultsWe found naturally heterophilic antibodies (IgG-type) in people without contact with Loxosceles spiders or any clinical history of loxoscelism. Either serum pools or single sera from Group 1 and Group 2 analyzed by dot blot tested positive for L. laeta

Looking for online definition of Shwachman-Diamond syndrome in the Medical Dictionary? Shwachman-Diamond syndrome explanation free. What is Shwachman-Diamond syndrome? Meaning of Shwachman-Diamond syndrome medical term. What does Shwachman-Diamond syndrome mean?

The acquired inhibitors of coagulation have been observed in very rare cases of monoclonal gammopathies. We report a very rare case of anti-factor XI antibodies in patient with plasma cell leukemia (PCL). This is a 59-year-old male patient without pathological history, admitted to the nephrology department for management of renal insufficiency and anemia syndrome. The history and physical examination revealed stigmata of hemorrhagic syndrome including hemothorax and hemoptysis. The hemostasis assessment showed an isolated prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) with APTT ratio = 2.0.The index of circulating anticoagulant (37.2%) revealed the presence of circulating anticoagulants. The normalized dilute Russell viper venom time ratio of 0.99 has highlighted the absence of lupus anticoagulants. The coagulation factors assay objectified the decrease of the factor XI activity corrected by the addition of the control plasma confirming the presence of anti-factor XI autoantibodies. In addition,

article{4ac00774-2f85-4776-9b6d-b14fe0384556, abstract = {Antisense oligodeoxynucleotides to endothelin ETA receptor mRNA were used to characterize vascular smooth muscle receptors. The concentration-response curve showed a significant attenuation of endothelin-1-induced contraction in circular segments of the human superficial temporal artery. Endothelin ETB receptor antisense or mismatch oligodeoxynucleotides showed no alteration of the endothelin-1-induced contraction. Complementary experiments with the selective endothelin ETA receptor antagonist FR139317 demonstrated a shift of the concentration-response curve to the right in a competitive manner (pA2 = 6.93). The specific method of using the receptor antisense oligodeoxynucleotides approach revealed the presence of endothelin ETA receptors mediating contraction in the human superficial temporal artery.}, author = {Adner, Mikael and Erlinge, David and Salford, Leif and Yee, Frances and Wahlestedt, Claes and Edvinsson, Lars}, issn = ...

A myotoxic, basic phospholipase A2 (pI greater than 9.5) with anticoagulant activity has been purified from the venom of Bothrops asper, and its amino acid sequence determined by automated Edman degradation. It is distinct from the B. asper phospholipase A2 known as myotoxin I [Lomonte, B. and Gutierrez, J. M., 1989, Toxicon 27, 725] but cross-reacts with myotoxin I rabbit antisera, suggesting that the proteins are closely related isoforms. To our knowledge, this is the first myotoxic phospholipase to be sequenced that lacks presynaptic neurotoxicity (iv LD50 approximately equal to 8 micrograms/g in mice). The protein appears to exist as a monomer, contains 122 amino acids, and fits with subgroup IIA of other sequenced phospholipase A2 molecules. Its primary sequence shows greatest identity with ammodytoxin B (67%), a phospholipase A2 presynaptic neurotoxin from Vipera ammodytes ammodytes venom. Hydropathy profiles of B. asper phospholipase and the ammodytoxins also show great similarities. In ...

Kraits (genus Bungarus) and cobras (genus Naja) are two representative toxic genera of elapids in the old world. Although they are closely related genera and both of their venoms are very toxic, the compositions of their venoms are very different. To unveil their detailed venoms and their evolutionary patterns, we constructed venom gland cDNA libraries and genomic bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) libraries for Bungarus multicinctus and Naja atra, respectively. We sequenced about 1500 cDNA clones for each of the venom cDNA libraries and screened BAC libraries of the two snakes by blot analysis using four kinds of toxin probes; i.e., three-finger toxin (3FTx), phospholipase A2 (PLA2), kunitz-type protease inhibitor (Kunitz), and natriuretic peptide (NP). In total, 1092 valid expressed sequences tags (ESTs) for B. multicinctus and 1166 ESTs for N. atra were generated. About 70% of these ESTs can be annotated as snake toxin transcripts. 3FTx (64.5%) and β bungarotoxin (25.1%) comprise the main toxin

Order Recombinant Bothrops jararaca Thrombin-like enzyme TL-BJ 2 Thrombin-like enzyme TL-BJ 2 03015123706 at Gentaur Bothrops jararaca Thrombin-like TL-BJ 2[Thrombin-like TL-BJ 2]

This page includes the following topics and synonyms: Antiphospholipid Antibody Test, aPL Antibody, Antiphospholipid Antibodies, Antiphospholipid Antibody, Anticardiolipin Antibody Test, Anticardiolipin Antibody.

Cerastotin, a thrombin-like enzyme from the venom of the desert viper Cerastes cerastes, has been purified by gel filtration on Sephadex G-75 and two ion-exchange chromatographies on Mono S columns. It is a neutral glycoprotein (pI = 6.6), present as a single polypeptide chain of 40 kDa. Its N-terminal sequence shows strong similarity with those of other thrombin-like enzymes from snake venoms. Cerastotin possesses esterase and amidolytic activities measured with N(alpha)-tosyl-L-arginine methyl ester and the thrombin chromogenic substrate D-phenylalanyl-L-pipecolyl-L-arginine p-nitroanilide, respectively. The amidolytic activity is inhibited by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, N(alpha)-tosyl-L-lysine chloromethane, N(alpha)-tosyl-L-phenylalanyl chloromethane, D-phenylalanyl-L-prolyl-L-arginyl chloromethane and benzamidine, suggesting that cerastotin is a serine protease. Cerastotin efficiently clots human plasma and cleaves preferentially the alpha chain of fibrinogen. Cerastotin did not induce

In this study, a modified on-column frit preparation method for fused silica capillaries was used to analyze a venom mixture which contained the milkings from approximately ten snakes of the Agkistrodon contortrix contortrix (southern copperhead) species. One hundred and twenty-three proteins were identified by in-gel digestion coupled with nano-HPLC MS. Among them, twenty proteins matched the references and databases identified as snake venom proteins. In addition, de novo sequencing is applied to analyze the collision-induced dissociation (CID) data generated by in-solution digestion coupled with nano-HPLC MS. Twenty-three proteins matched the databases and references previously identified as snake venom proteins.; Because of insufficient sequences in the database, many peptides and hypothetical proteins could not be matched to the venom proteins. Some venom proteins we identified were found in other species. To build up an intact knowledge base to help toxicant study and clinical treatment, ...

An enzyme-immunoassay (EIA) for the quantitation of antibodies against myotoxins present in the venoms of Bothrops asper (Costa Rica), B. atrox (Colombia) and B. moojeni (Brazil), was developed. This EIA was utilized for the evaluation of four antivenoms produced in Mexico (Laboratorios Myn; MYN), Costa Rica (Instituto Clodomiro Picado; ICP), Colombia (Instituto Nacional de Salud; INS) and Brazil (Instituto Butantan; IB). Antivenoms ICP, IB and INS showed a higher titer of antibodies against the three myotoxins tested, with only slight differences between them, depending on the antigen utilized. In contrast, MYN antivenom had very low levels of antibodies to the three myotoxins. Seventeen batches of ICP antivenom were analyzed by EIA, using B. asper myotoxin II as antigen. Although all batches had high anti-myotoxin titers, these varied significantly. Batches produced after 1988 had, in general, higher titers than older (1986-1987) ones. Antivenom stored for one year at 37 degrees C had a ...

Seborrheic keratoses are harmless growths of the skin. Also called the barnacles of aging, these spots become more numerous as a person gets older. Pregnancy and estrogen therapy may also cause eruptions of these lesions, according to the American Academy of Dermatology.. What do they look like? Seborrheic keratoses may appear individually or in clusters. They range in color from tan to dark bluish-black. They are identified by their waxy, stuck-on look. The spots may begin as small bumps on the skin and develop a wartlike crust. Treatment Though these blemishes are not a health threat, people may decide to have them removed. Treatments for removing seborrheic keratoses include: ...

Carboxysome provides an efficient mechanism for cyanobacteria and chemoautotrophs to fix carbon dioxide (CO_2) and organic metabolites into building blocks of biomolecules. It is a polyhedral body that encapsulates ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO), an enzyme that carries out the CO_2 fixation and meanwhile competitively reacts with O_2. Its outer surface is coated by the assembly of thousands of small shell proteins. Many of these shell proteins form oligomeric structures with a semi-permeable 2-3Å radius central pore, suggesting a favorable feature for the binding of anions such as bicarbonate (HCO_3-), the aqueous soluble form of CO_2. The present study examines the translocation HCO_3-, CO_2 and O_2 through the central pores of different isoforms of shell protein complexes from alpha and beta cyanobacteria. We employed umbrella sampling simulations to calculate partitioning free energy profiles of these small molecules and performed detailed electrostatic analysis of ...

The Rhino Viper, also known as the River Jack, Butterfly Viper and specifically Bitis nasicornis (for specificity) is a brightly coloured, stout viper known for its nasal horns. It is brightest and at its most vivid after shedding its skin. Usually around 80 centimetres in length but can grow to as long as 1.3 metres. After this, silt accretes onto its scales and dims its colouration. It's most similar to the Gaboon Viper, but its velvet-like pattern is more colourful. It is a nocturnal, terrestrial snake found in rainforests, swamps and plantations in West and Central Africa, however a semi-prehensile tail allows it to climb successfully into trees and shrubs, and it can also be found in watery environments ...

Secretory phospholipasesA2 (sPLA2s) form a large family of structurally related enzymes widespread in nature. Herein, we studied the inhibitory effects of sPLA2s from Vipera lebetina (VLPLA2), Vipera berus berus (VBBPLA2), and Naja naja oxiana (NNOPLA2) venoms on (i) human platelets, (ii) four different bacterial strains (gram-negative Escherichia coli and Vibrio fischeri; gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis) and (iii) five types of cancer cells (PC-3, LNCaP, MCF-7, K-562 and B16-F10) in vitro. sPLA2s inhibited collagen-induced platelet aggregation: VBBPLA2 IC50 = 0.054, VLPLA2 IC50 = 0.072, NNOPLA2 IC50 = 0.814 μM. p-Bromophenacylbromide-inhibited sPLA2 had no inhibitory action on platelets. 36.17 μM VBBPLA2 completely inhibited the growth of gram-positive Bacillus subtilis whereas no growth inhibition was observed towards gram-negative Escherichia coli. The inhibitory action of sPLA2s (~0.7 μM and ~7 μM) towards cancer cells depended on both venom and cell type. VBBPLA2

2017 The Author(s). Snake envenomation is an important medical problem. One of the hurdles in antivenom development is the in vivo assay of antivenom potency which is expensive, gives variable results and kills many animals. We report a novel in vitro assay involving the specific binding of the postsynaptic neurotoxins (PSNTs) of elapid snakes with purified Torpedo californica nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR). The potency of an antivenom is determined by its antibody ability to bind and neutralize the PSNT, thus preventing it from binding to nAChR. The PSNT of Naja kaouthia (NK3) was immobilized on microtiter wells and nAChR was added to bind with it. The in vitro IC 50 of N. kaouthia venom that inhibited 50% of nAChR binding to the immobilized NK3 was determined. Varying concentrations of antisera against N. kaouthia were separately pre-incubated with 5xIC 50 of N. kaouthia venom. The remaining free NK3 were incubated with nAChR before adding to the NK3 coated plates. The in vitro and ...

The authors investigated the roles of endothelin (ET)-1 and the ETA receptor in the pathogenesis of delayed cerebral vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). A study was made of the preventive effect of a novel ETA receptor antagonist, BQ-123, on vasospasm and the expression of the ETA receptor messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) using a canine two-hemorrhage SAH model. Continuous intrathecal administration of BQ-123 (5 x 10(-6) mol/day) prevented narrowing of the basilar artery on Day 7 after SAH in 97.6% of cases in the study group versus 70.7% of cases in the control group (p | 0.05). While expression of the mRNA-coding ETA receptor was not detected in the control animals, it markedly increased on Day 3 after SAH and was also detected on Day 7. The results suggest that endothelin-1 and the ETA receptor participate in the pathogenesis of delayed cerebral vasospasm following SAH.

Profile of two carboxyosome subunits of Synechocystis Todd O. Yeates Nam Tonthat Goal  To profile two carboxysome hexamers of Synechocystis, which were recently structurally solved by the Yeates Lab. Carboxysomes        Inclusion bodies Present in cyanobacteria and many chemoautotrophs Filled with RuBisCO RuBisCO fixes inorganic carbons (HCO3-, CO2) to an organic form (PGA) RuBisCO lacks specificity for CO2 and O2 RuBisCO is less efficient, compared to other typical enzymes Working hypothesis:  Carbon fixation can be optimized by localizing RuBisCO in a CO2 rich environment *Badger, Murray. Price, Dean. 2003 Carboxysome shells  Shell subunits are small, homologous proteins which form hexamers or pentamers   Hexamers/Pentamers form sheets Two such subunits in Synechocystis:  ccmk2 and ccmk4  A: ccmk2  B: ccmk4 *Kerfeld, Sawaya, Tanka, Phillips, Beeby, Yeates 2005 ccmk2 & ccmk4   Overall folding of ccmk2 & ccmk4 is practically identical Major ...

Using a polyphasic approach, a taxonomic study was performed on seven strains of an unknown Gram-reaction-positive, non-spore-forming, obligately anaerobic coccus-shaped bacterium, isolated from a swine-manure storage pit. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequencing confirmed that all seven isolates were highly related to each other and formed a hitherto unknown lineage within the clostridial rRNA XI cluster of organisms. Pairwise analysis demonstrated that the novel organism was most closely related to Peptostreptococcus anaerobius CCUG 7835T and Peptostreptococcus stomatis CCUG 51858T with 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities of 95.5 and 93.0 %, respectively. The peptidoglycan type of the cell wall was determined to be A4α l-Lys-d-Asp and glucose, xylose and traces of mannose were detected as the cell-wall sugars. Based on biochemical, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic evidence the unknown bacterium represents a new species of the genus Peptostreptococcus, for which the name Peptostreptococcus russellii sp.

Can you have an allergic reaction to a tick bite. 15072019 Tick bites are often harmless but they can cause allergic reactions and can spread diseases like Lyme disease and Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Sometimes large local swelling and inflammation can arise at the site of a bite and last several days. Yes but not an anaphylactic reaction to the tick bite. 25092015 Depending on the tick species and the person bites can result in allergic reactions ranging from an itch to full anaphylactic shock. 09072020 All insect stings can cause life-threatening allergic reactions and bee stings are no exception. Go to the emergency room if you have. That does not represent allergy. Rather the transmission of diseases such as Lyme disease and Rocky Mountain spotted fever may be your main worry. Bugs that bite or sting include wasps hornets bees horseflies ticks mosquitoes fleas bedbugs spiders and midges. Bites from the lone star tick may cause you to develop an allergic reaction to meat. Monitor your ...

As serpentes peçonhentas dos gêneros Bothrops e Crotalus têm sido mantidas em cativeiro visando à extração de venenos para a produção de imunobiológicos. O conhecimento da fisiologia desses animais e as alterações na concentração de proteínas e suas frações séricas são importantes para a identificação precoce de importantes enfermidades que cursam com estados de hipoproteinemia e hiperproteinemia. O objetivo do trabalho foi determinar a concentração de proteína total e o perfil eletroforético das proteínas séricas de serpentes Crotalus durissus terrificus (cascavel) criadas em cativeiro. Foram colhidas amostras de sangue da veia coccígea ventral de 21 serpentes adultas e sadias, divididas em dois grupos: Grupo 1 de 12 machos com peso médio de 588,89±193,55g, e Grupo 2 de nove fêmeas com peso médio de 708,33±194,04g. A proteína total sérica foi determinada pelo método de refratometria e a eletroforese em gel de agarose. Obtiveram-se valores da proteína total ...

Shwachman Diamond Syndrome (SDS) is a rare blood disorder that affects the pancreas, bone marrow, and skeleton, but other organs may also be affected. The following provides more detailed symptoms/features of SDS.

A 50 kDa protein that inhibits platelet adhesion to collagen has been isolated from snake venom of Crotalus atrox (western diamondback rattlesnake) and has been named 'catrocollastatin'. The cDNA cloning of catrocollastatin has been accomplished. A full-length cDNA of 2310 bp with an open reading frame between nucleotides 51 and 1880 was obtained. The deduced amino acid sequence consists of 609 amino acids. The cDNA-predicted amino acid sequence is highly similar to that of haemorrhagic metalloproteinase jararhagin from Bothrops jararaca venom, HR1B from Trimeresurus flavoviridis, Ht-e from C. atrox and trigramin from T. gramineus. Like jararhagin and HR1B, catrocollastatin is a multidomain molecule composed of an N-terminal domain, a metalloproteinase domain, a disintegrin-like domain and a cysteine-rich C-terminal domain. In the disintegrin-like domain, the frequently seen RGD (Arg-Gly-Asp) sequence is replaced by SECD (Ser-Glu-Cys-Asp). This cDNA was expressed in Spodoptera frugiperda (fall ...

The Koggala lagoon is a coastal wetland affected by a major oil spill and other anthropogenic pollution sources. In this study, gill and liver histological alterations and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure indicative bile fluorescence patterns of the fish species inhabiting the lagoon were examined in order to explore the potential biological impacts. Fixed wavelength fluorescence patterns in the bile of Mugil cephalus, Lutjanus russellii and Etroplus suratensis showed bioavailability of naphthalene type-, phenanthrene type-, pyrene type- and benzo(a)pyrene type- metabolites indicating recent exposure of the fishes to petrogenic and pyrogenic PAHs. Histological analysis revealed the occurrence of prominent gill and liver lesions, especially in the tissues of M. cephalus and L. russellii. Of the fish species examined, which included 43 individual fishes, the liver tissues of M. cephalus (two fish) and L. russellii (one fish) displayed foci of hepatocellular alterations with nodular ...

Background The Red-headed krait (Bungarus flaviceps, Squamata: Serpentes: Elapidae) is a medically important venomous snake that inhabits South-East Asia. Although the venoms of most species of the snake genus Bungarus have been well characterized, a detailed compositional analysis of B. flaviceps is currently lacking. Results Here, we have sequenced 845 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from the venom gland of a B. flaviceps. Of the transcripts, 74.8% were putative toxins; 20.6% were cellular; and 4.6% were unknown. The main venom protein families identified were three-finger toxins (3FTxs), Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitors (including chain B of β-bungarotoxin), phospholipase A2 (including chain A of β-bungarotoxin), natriuretic peptide (NP), CRISPs, and C-type lectin. Conclusion The 3FTxs were found to be the major component of the venom (39%). We found eight groups of unique 3FTxs and most of them were different from the well-characterized 3FTxs. We found three groups of Kunitz-type serine

Shwachman-Diamond syndrome (SDS) is a rare inherited bone marrow failure syndrome, characterised by neutropenia, exocrine pancreatic dysfunction and often skeletal abnormalities. To date, and to our knowledge, we report a novel genetic mutation in SDS that, we believe, is associated with minimal consequence, and report the fertility and pregnancy in this individual. ...

This study was designed to achieve better understanding of (1) how carboxysome genes are regulated and expressed to yield with precise relative ratios and (2) the in vivo roles of two sets of conserved bacterial microcompartment genes, namely the three csoS1 and two csoS4 genes of H. neapolitanus , in the biogenesis and function of the carboxysome. For the first goal, a detailed transcriptional profile of carboxysomal genes in H. neapolitanus was established using absolute quantification real-time RT-PCR and transcript ends analysis. This transcriptional profile revealed that a single promoter, denoted cso promoter, was located upstream from the clustered carboxysomal genes. Transcripts of all nine carboxysomal genes were detectable but were present at different levels. In vivo activities of the cso promoter and selected internal non-coding regions within the carboxysome operon were further examined by using a promoter reporter vector and by generating a cso promoter deletion mutant. Both

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Flaviviruses were proposed to prevent rather than to induce host translation shutoff (36, 37, 40). Several technical aspects might explain this difference from our findings, including the use of nonhuman cells, different DENV serotype 2 strains, and time points p.i. chosen for analysis. Of note, polysome profiles of Huh7 cells infected with the DENV serotype 2 Bangkok strain 16681 (40) revealed in our experiments a similar translation repression to that induced by DENV1 infection (see Fig. 1F for reference), which also correlated with reduced cytopathic effect in Huh7 cells (data not shown). Analyses of human cells early p.i. by polysome profiling identified host cell translation repression as a new feature of flavivirus infection.. Flaviviruses actively block eIF2α-mediated stress response at different levels, supposedly to avoid the associated host translation suppression. First, WNV and DENV inhibit SG formation in nonhuman cells (36). Consistently, we observed that DENV and WNV, as well as ...

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