In the final study dairy calves were fed a high concentrate diet (50% grain mix and 50% corn silage) at an ad libitum level of feed intake. A four x four Latin square design with a two x two factorial arrangement of treatments were used to compare the dietary supplementation of sodium bicarbonate and monensin fed singly or in combination. It was hypothesized that monensin feeding would decrease proteolysis and deamination of amino acids in the rumen and lead to increased amounts of peptides and amino acids reaching the lower gastrointestinal tract via increased water flux through the rumen brought about by feeding sodium bicarbonate. Sodium bicarbonate increased water intake, increased rumen fluid dilution rate and decreased both the molar proportion and production rate of propionate in the rumen. Monensin in contrast, did not affect rumen fluid dilution rate but increased the molar proportion and production of propionate in the rumen. Acetate production was also increased with the monensin ...

Yeast culture based on Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC) has a beneficial effect on the rumen via shifting the ruminal microbial populations, and its effects on animal productivity have been interpreted widely in terms of its action in the rumen (Nagaraja et al., 1997). Increased bacterial count seems to be central to the action of S. cerevisiae associated with increased degradability of forages (Wallace & Newbold, 1992), altered ruminal VFA proportions (Moya et al., 2009), decreased ruminal ammonia concentration, along with increased flow of microbial protein leaving the rumen (Erasmus et al., 1992). However, most studies (Dorea & Jouany, 1998; Lila et al., 2004; Giger-Reverdin et al., 2004) reported that the effect of SC on rumen fermentation and production performance have been marginal and variable. The source and amount of yeast supplemented and interactions among yeast, diet and animal effect (e.g. lactation stage) have been regarded as causes of difference in response to added yeast ...

Ruminal microbes are vital to the conversion of lignocellulose-rich plant materials into nutrients for ruminants. Although protozoa play a key role in linking ruminal microbial networks, the contribution of protozoa to rumen fermentation remains controversial; therefore, this meta-analysis was conducted to quantitatively summarize the temporal dynamics of methanogenesis, ruminal volatile fatty acid (VFA) profiles and dietary fiber digestibility in ruminants following the elimination of protozoa (also termed defaunation). A total of 49 studies from 22 publications were evaluated. The results revealed that defaunation reduced methane production and shifted ruminal VFA profiles to consist of more propionate and less acetate and butyrate, but with a reduced total VFA concentration and decreased dietary fiber digestibility. However, these effects were diminished linearly, at different rates, with time during the first few weeks after defaunation, and eventually reached relative stability. The acetate to

A metabolism experiment was conducted to evaluate rumen pH, digestibility, and in situ nutrient disappearance in steers fed either a diet containing 95% corn silage or diets containing 15 or 45% corn silage and 20 or 40% modified distillers grain with solubles (MDGS). Steers fed 45% compared to 15% corn silage had increased ruminal pH, DMI, NDF intake, and NDF digestibility. Decreased DM and OM digestibility were observed in diets containing 40% MDGS compared to 20%. Disappearance of corn bran NDF was increased in diets containing 45% corn silage. These results imply enhanced fiber digestibility as diets increased in corn silage.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of cellulase and xylanase plus enzymes on in vitro ruminal fermentation of Eragrostis curvura hay, maize stover and a total mixed ration (TMR) at six levels of application. The feed samples were incubated for 2, 12, 24, 32, 48, 72, h in an in vitro batch culture with buffer and ruminal fluid, and the fibrolytic enzymes associated with the six levels of application. Gas production was measured using a pressure transducer connected to a data tracker. Degradability of fiber was measured after 48 hrs of incubation. Increased level of enzyme inclusion increased the volume of gas, the total volatile fatty acid (VFA) production and fibre disappearance, but the rate of increment associated with each mg of additional enzyme application was reduced beyond 1-2mg/g DM. Considering the enzymes cost and their efficiency at different rates on gas production and NDF degradability the medium levels of applications (1-2mg/g DM) were found to be the most efficient ...

2015. In vitro ruminal fermentation of ground and dry-rolled barley samples differing in starch content was evaluated using a batch culture technique. The study was arranged in a 2 (low and high starch)×2 (ground and dry-rolled) factorial design. Gas production (GP), short chain fatty acids (SCFA), dry matter (DM) and starch disappearance were estimated at 3, 6, 12 and 24h of incubation using rumen fluid from 3 ruminally fistulated beef cattle. Rate of GP was greater (P,0.05) in both high starch and ground (2mm) barley samples. Kinetics of DM and starch disappearance were calculated using the equation of a+b (1-e,sup,-c(t-L),/sup,). Starch content×processing interactions were noted for the b fraction and rate of DM disappearance. Consistently, both high starch and ground barley samples had greater (P,0.05) a and b fractions, rate constant of disappearance of b fraction and effective degradability versus low starch and dry-rolled samples. Expectedly, molar proportions of individual and total ...

The digestion kinetics of a variety of pure celluloses were examined by using an in vitro assay employing mixed ruminal microflora and a modified detergent extraction procedure to recover residual cellulose. Digestion of all of the celluloses was described by a discontinuous first-order rate equation to yield digestion rate constants and discrete lag times. These kinetic parameters were compared with the relative crystallinity indices and estimated accessible surface areas of the celluloses. For type I celluloses having similar crystallinities and simple nonaggregating particle morphologies, the fermentation rate constants displayed a strong positive correlation (r2 = 0.978) with gross specific surface area; lag time exhibited a weaker, negative correlation (r2 = 0.930) with gross specific surface area. Crystallinity was shown to have a relatively minor effect on the digestion rate and lag time. Swelling of microcrystalline cellulose with 72 to 77% phosphoric acid yielded substrates which were ...

A trial was conducted to investigate the effect of lasalocid (Bovatec®) on ruminal degradation of dietary protein in Holstein steers. Five ruminally and duodenally cannulated steers (305 kg) were fed a corn-alfalfasoybean meal diet (17% CP), with or without lasalocid, in a three period, switch-back experiment. Ruminal pH, ammonia, volatile fatty acids, and amino acid and peptide concentrations were unaffected by lasalocid. Lasalocid reduced (P,.05) ruminal protease activity by 15%, but did not change deaminase activity. Digestibilities of dry matter, organic matter, fiber, and crude protein were similar between treatments. Intestinal flows of microbial and feed crude protein fractions, as well as amino acids, remained unchanged when lasalocid was fed. Thus, in this experiment, lasalocid failed to decrease feed protein degradation in the rumen and, therefore, was unable to increase the supply of crude protein or amino acids to the small intestine ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Differential recovery of bacterial and archaeal 16S rRNA genes from ruminal digesta in response to glycerol as cryoprotectant. AU - McKain, Nest. AU - Genc, Buğra. AU - Snelling, Timothy J.. AU - Wallace, R. John. PY - 2013/12. Y1 - 2013/12. N2 - Bacteria and archaea in frozen (− 20 °C) ruminal digesta were analysed by qPCR and cloning/sequencing of 16S rRNA genes. Samples frozen with and without glycerol as cryoprotectant indicated a major loss of Bacteroidetes in unprotected samples, resulting in higher proportions of Firmicutes. Archaeal numbers and diversity were unaffected.. AB - Bacteria and archaea in frozen (− 20 °C) ruminal digesta were analysed by qPCR and cloning/sequencing of 16S rRNA genes. Samples frozen with and without glycerol as cryoprotectant indicated a major loss of Bacteroidetes in unprotected samples, resulting in higher proportions of Firmicutes. Archaeal numbers and diversity were unaffected.. KW - cryoprotection. KW - glycerol. KW - rumen. KW - ...

ERASMUS, L.J; BESTER, Z and COERTZE, R.J. Milk composition as technique to evaluate the relative bioavailability of a liquid rumen protected methionine source. S. Afr. j. anim. sci. [online]. 2013, vol.43, suppl.1, pp.86-92. ISSN 2221-4062.. Rumen protected amino acids (RPAA) are increasingly being used in dairy cattle diet formulation to obtain the required concentrations of lysine and methionine in metabolisable protein for optimal milk and milk protein production. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relative bioavailability of a liquid rumen protected lysine prototype using the milk composition technique. Forty mid-lactation Holstein cows were used in a complete randomised block design experiment and allocated to one of four experimental treatments. The treatments were: (1) Methionine deficient (Met-) diet, (2) Met- diet supplemented with Smartamine M (SMM), (3) Met- diet supplemented with liquid rumen protected prototype (LRPMet) and (4) Met- diet supplemented with DL Met ...

Influence of rumen protein degradability and supplementation frequency on performance and nitrogen use in ruminants consuming low-quality forage: cow performance and efficiency of nitrogen use in wethers.

Particle size alterations during neutral detergent fiber (NDF) determination and in situ rumen incubation were analyzed by dry sieving and image analysis to evaluate the in situ procedure for estimation of NDF degradation parameters and indigestible NDF concentration in terms of particle size. Early-cut and late-cut grass silages, corn silage, alfalfa silage, rapeseed meal, and dried distillers grains were examined. Treatments were (1) drying and grinding of forage samples and grinding of concentrates; (2) neutral detergent-soluble (NDS) extraction; (3) machine washing and NDS extraction; (4) 24-h rumen incubation, machine washing, and NDS extraction; and (5) 288-h rumen incubation, machine washing, and NDS extraction. Degradation profiles for potentially degradable NDF were determined and image analysis was used to estimate particle size profiles and thereby the risk for particle loss. Particle dimensions changed during NDF determination and in situ rumen incubation and variations depended on ...

The ciliate Diploplastron affine is known as a common species of the rumen fauna in cattle and sheep. This protozoon is able to digest cellulose, whereas its amylolytic activity is not well known. The objective of the reported studies was to examine

TY - JOUR. T1 - Sequestration, migration and lysis of protozoa in the rumen. AU - Ankrah, P.. AU - Loerch, S. C.. AU - Dehority, B. A.. N1 - Copyright: Copyright 2017 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.. PY - 1990. Y1 - 1990. N2 - A container with nylon and stainless steel mesh screens (10 μm and 20 μm pores, respectively), which allowed the passage of bacteria and soluble substrate but restricted the passage of protozoa, was used to investigate the phenomena of sequestration, migration and lysis of protozoa in the rumen of steers. After feeding, the concentration of Isotrichidae in the rumen increased 8.7-fold within 40 min and then decreased 88% by 4 h; however, the concentration of Isotrichidae inside the containers remained almost constant. Fluctuations in concentrations of Isotrichidae were shown to be due to migration and sequestration within the rumen. Ophryoscolecidae did not exhibit the phenomena of sequestration and migration. When steers were fed once a day, about 50% of the ...

Background: In ruminants, physiological and nutritional changes occur peripartum. We investigated if gastro-intestinal microbiota, rumen metabolism and antioxidant status were affected around parturition and what could be the impact of a daily supplementation of a live yeast additive in late gestating ewes. Methods: Rumen, feces and blood samples were collected from 2 groups of 14 ewes one month and a few days before parturition, and 2 weeks postpartum. Results: In the control ewes close to parturition, slight changes in the ruminal microbiota were observed, with a decrease in the concentration F. succinogenes and in the relative abundance of the Fibrobacteres phylum. Moreover, a decrease in the alpha-diversity of the bacterial community and a reduced relative abundance of the Fibrobacteres phylum were observed in their feces. Control ewes were prone to oxidative stress, as shown by an increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration, a lower total antioxidant status, and higher glutathione peroxidase

The superior milk production efficiency of Jersey (JE) and Jersey × Holstein-Friesian (JE × HF) cows compared with Holstein-Friesian (HF) has been widely published. The biological differences among dairy cow genotypes, which could contribute to the milk production efficiency differences, have not been as widely studied however. A series of component studies were conducted using cows sourced from a longer-term genotype comparison study (JE, JE × HF, and HF). The objectives were to (1) determine if differences exist among genotypes regarding gastrointestinal tract (GIT) weight, (2) assess and quantify whether the genotypes tested differ in their ability to digest perennial ryegrass, and (3) examine the relative abundance of specific rumen microbial populations potentially relating to feed digestibility. Over 3 yr, the GIT weight was obtained from 33 HF, 35 JE, and 27 JE × HF nonlactating cows postslaughter. During the dry period the cows were offered a perennial ryegrass silage diet at ...

A possible option to meet the increased demand of forage for dairy industry is to use the agricultural by-products, such as corn stover. However, nutritional value of crop residues is low and we have been seeking technologies to improve the value. A feeding trial was performed to evaluate the effects of four levels of Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product (SCFP; Original XP; Diamond V) on lactation performance and rumen fermentation in mid-lactation Holstein dairy cows fed a diet containing low-quality forage. Eighty dairy cows were randomly assigned into one of four treatments: basal diet supplemented with 0, 60, 120, or 180 g/d of SCFP per head mixed with 180, 120, 60, or 0 g of corn meal, respectively. The experiment lasted for 10 wks, with the first 2 weeks for adaptation. Dry matter intake was found to be similar (P > 0.05) among the treatments. There was an increasing trend in milk production (linear, P ≤ 0.10) with the increasing level of SCFP supplementation, with no effects on

Five ruminally cannulated steers (464 ± 26 kg BW) consuming low-quality forage (5% CP; 78% NDF; DM basis) were used in an incomplete 5 × 4 Latin square with four 18-d periods to determine the influence of supplemental N source and supplementation frequency (SF) on ruminal fermentation dynamics. Treatments (TRT), arranged as a 2 × 2 factorial with a negative control (CON), consisted of no supplemental CP and daily (D) or every-other-day (2D) provision of supplements in which SBM or urea was the primary source of supplemental CP. Urea supplements were provided to meet 100% of the degradable intake protein requirement while SBM supplements were provided on an isonitrogenous basis. The D TRT were provided CP at 0.04% of BW/day while 2D TRT were provided CP at 0.08% of BW every-other-day. Therefore, all supplemented TRT received an equal quantity of supplemental CP over a 2-d period. Ruminal indigestible ADF (IADF) passage rate and NH3-N increased (P , 0.04) with supplemental CP on the day all ...

The emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance is the most urgent current threat to human and animal health. An improved understanding of the abundance of antimicrobial resistance genes and genes associated with microbial colonisation and pathogenicity in the animal gut will have a major role in reducing the contribution of animal production to this problem. Here, the influence of diet on the ruminal resistome and abundance of pathogenicity genes was assessed in ruminal digesta samples taken from 50 antibiotic-free beef cattle, comprising four cattle breeds receiving two diets containing different proportions of concentrate. Two hundred and four genes associated with antimicrobial resistance (AMR), colonisation, communication or pathogenicity functions were identified from 4966 metagenomic genes using KEGG identification. Both the diversity and abundance of these genes were higher in concentrate-fed animals. Chloramphenicol and microcin resistance genes were dominant in samples from forage-fed

All rumen ciliates whether grown in vivo or in vitro contain bacteria in vesicles in their endoplasm and attached to the outside of the pellicle. However studies in the electron microscope show that...

As mentioned above there is a lag period between introducing a new diet and the rumen adjusting to more efficiently utilise the new diet. Studies have shown that the rumen papillae respond to dietary changes by changing size and shape in order to increase or decrease the surface area of the rumen wall and thus speed up or slow down absorption of nutrients. It is estimated that a period of about 4-6 weeks is required before papillae adjust to a new diet and consequentially prevent acid build up. Microbial populations have also been observed adjusting to changes in diet and may also be responsible for the lag period. It is recommended that cows switching to a high grain diet be transitioned slowly by gradually increasing their grain intake and therefore allow the rumen to adapt to the new diet.. One of the major problems with high grain diets is the lack of rumination it causes and therefore the lack of saliva produced. Saliva production in cows can easily exceed 100 litres a day and is essential ...

Though not easily detected, sub-acute ruminal acidosis (SARA) can have a serious impact on milk production, general health and longevity. It is caused by an imbalance between the production of volatile fatty acids, their absorption by the rumen wall, and the buffering mechanisms of the rumen. Technically, a bout of SARA occurs when rumen pH drops below 5.8 for at least three hours (or pH 5.6, or even 6.0, according to other authors). Fiber digestion is reduced and noticeably affects production. It can also result in lower feed intake, lower feed efficiency, and hoof problems (laminitis).

Rumen microbial protein supply as estimated from purine derivative excretion on sheep receiving faba beans (vicia faba) as supplement delivered at different feeding frequencies

A system of continual data acquisition of feed intake and ruminal pH has been developed for studying subacute acidosis in finishing steers. Feed intake is monitored with feedbunks which are suspended from weigh cells. Ruminal pH is monitored with submersible pH electrodes suspended in the rumen. Numerous anecdotal observations of subacute acidosis have been made throughout the feeding periods of several steers, providing information unlikely to be recognized during a planned trial. Therefore, this model for studying subacute acidosis offers many unique opportunities for enhancing our understanding of the interactions between feed intake and acidosis.

Protozoa grow slowly in the rumen and have low requirements for protein building blocks. They remain in the rumen for a much longer period than bacteria. Although they detach from feed particles to soak up the soluble feed components on entry into the rumen, this appears to be the only time that they are washed from the rumen at the same rate as bacteria free in the rumen. They attach to feed particles and as these reduce in size through the action of both bacteria and protozoa, the protozoa move on to larger particles. Protozoa can store energy and protein and when soluble feeds are exhausted in the rumen they also flock together and attach to the wall of the rumen. In this way only a small proportion are actually washed out of the rumen ...

Three ethanol extracts, chamomile (CHA), clove (CLO) and tarragon (TAR), were tested at five doses (0, 250, 500, 750 and 1000 µL/L) to determine their effects on in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD), metabolizable energy (ME), net energy of lactation (NEL), short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), microbial mass (MM) and rumen fermentation kinetics of a 40:60 forage: concentrate diet using in vitro gas production. These three extracts had significant effects on gas production kinetics. CHA (at 500 µL/L dose) and CLO (at 1000 µL/L dose) decreased (P|0.05) potential gas production. The initial gas production rate constants (c) was increased (P|0.05). However, CHA, CLO and TAR ethanol decreased (P|0.05) later gas production rate constants (d). Lag time (h) was decreased (P|0.05) due to addition of CHA and TAR ethanol (at 750 µL/L dose), and CLO (at 500 and 1000 µL/L doses). TAR and CLO ethanol did not affect fermentation rate (h-1), but CHA at 1000 µL/L increased it. The TAR and CLO ethanol did not

Animal nutritionists have been attempting to manipulate rumen fermentation not only in order to improve fibre digestibility, but also to reduce CH4 emissions and N excretion. Researchers from the Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University in Thailand conducted an experiment to find out if it can be improved with herbs such as lemongrass ...

A protein of ~ 70-kDa was identified as a candidate Na +/Mg 2+ exchanger in rumen epithelial cells (REC). Melastatin-related Transient Receptor Potential 7 (TRPM7) and Magnesium Transporter 1 (MagT1) transcripts and, from them, encoded proteins were also detected. The regulation of these Mg transport pathways by extracellular [Mg] changes was the main focus of this study. Therefore, a 24-h pre-incubation of ovine REC in control (1.2 mM), low (0.12 mM)-Mg, and high (5 mM)-Mg medium was performed. Na +/Mg 2+ exchangers, TRPM7 and MagT1 abundance and activity were investigated by Western blot analysis, flow cytometry, immunocytochemistry and fluorescence spectroscopic measurements of [Mg 2+] i changes. Inhibitors were employed to differentiate Na +/Mg 2+ exchanger-mediated (imipramine) and channel-mediated (cobalt(III)hexaammine, nitrendipine) Mg transport. Basal [Mg 2+] i (0.40 ± 0.02 mM) was not influenced by pre-incubation in low- or high-Mg medium. However, compared with control REC (4.1 ± ...

Metabolisable energy, in situ Rumen degradation and in vitro fermentation characteristics of linted cottonseed hulls, delinted cottonseed hulls and cottonseed linter residue.

BioMed Research International is a peer-reviewed, Open Access journal that publishes original research articles, review articles, and clinical studies covering a wide range of subjects in life sciences and medicine. The journal is divided into 55 subject-specific sections.

The diet transition phase is thought to be the highest risk period for development of low ruminal pH, while pathology associated with low reticulo-ruminal pH (RRpH) induced ruminal acidosis (RA) is often found at slaughter, months after the diet transition. Two experiments were conducted to 1) determine the risk of low RRpH during the transition phase and 2) explore the association of rumen fermentation and acute phase protein response during finishing with pathology identified post mortem. In experiment 1, RRpH was measured in 32 mixed breed steers (n = 16) and heifers (n = 16) housed in commercial feedlot pens with 227 ±13 and 249 ± 6 hd/pen cohort steers and heifers, respectively. Cattle were transitioned from a diet containing 46.5% forage and 53.5% concentrate to a diet containing 9.5% forage and 90.5% concentrate dry matter (DM) basis) over 40 d. In addition, wheat replaced barley as the grain source during the dietary transition. Both mean and minimum RRpH decreased as the proportion of ...

Rumen health is of vital importance in ensuring healthy and efficient dairy cattle production. Current feeding programs for cattle recommend concentrate-rich diets to meet the high nutritional needs of cows during lactation and enhance cost-efficiency. These diets, however, can impair rumen health. The term subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) is often used as a synonym for poor rumen health. In this review, we first describe the physiological demands of cattle for dietary physically effective fiber. We also provide background information on the importance of enhancing salivary secretions and short-chain fatty acid absorption across the stratified squamous epithelium of the rumen; thus, preventing the disruption of the ruminal acid-base balance, a process that paves the way for acidification of the rumen ...

A three-step in vitro procedure was developed by Calsamiglia and Stern [J. Anim. Sci. 73 (1995) 1459] to estimate intestinal protein digestion after 16 h incubation in the rumen. The objective of our work was to modify this procedure to give an accurate estimation of N digestibility without the use of surgically modified animals by replacing the rumen incubation step by an in vitro protease enzyme incubation, and the use of small nylon bags for samples instead of the time-consuming filtration Show moreA three-step in vitro procedure was developed by Calsamiglia and Stern [J. Anim. Sci. 73 (1995) 1459] to estimate intestinal protein digestion after 16 h incubation in the rumen. The objective of our work was to modify this procedure to give an accurate estimation of N digestibility without the use of surgically modified animals by replacing the rumen incubation step by an in vitro protease enzyme incubation, and the use of small nylon bags for samples instead of the time-consuming filtration step. ...

Citation: Boyd, J.A., West, J.W., Bernard, J.K. 2013. Effects of feeding different amounts of supplemental glycerol on ruminal environment and digestibility of lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science. 96:470-476. Interpretive Summary: Glycerol can be used to replace corn in a dairy cows diet, but feeding glycerol to dairy cattle has been cost prohibitive because of its value in other fields. However, feeding glycerol became more feasible when it became a byproduct of biodiesel production. A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of increasing amounts of dietary glycerol on rumen environment, blood metabolites, and nutrient digestibility. Results indicated that the inclusion of dietary glycerol in the ration of high producing dairy cows may reduce intake, and alter milk yield and composition because of changes in ruminal fermentation. This trial was one step in determining optimal inclusion rates for glycerol in dairy cattle diets. Technical Abstract: A study was conducted to ...

Clostridium (C.) perfringens is the causative agent of several diseases in animals and humans, including histotoxic and enteric infections. To gain more insight into the occurrence of its different toxin-genotypes in dairy herds, including those toxin genes previously associated with diseases in cattle or humans, 662 isolates cultivated from feces, rumen content and feed collected from 139 dairy farms were characterized by PCR (detecting cpa, cpb, iap, etx, cpe, and both allelic variants of cpb2). Isolates from feces were assigned to type A (cpa positive, n = 442) and D (cpa and etx positive, n = 2). Those from rumen content (n = 207) and feed (n = 13) were all assigned to type A. The consensus and atypical variants of the cpb2 gene were detected in 64 (14.5 %) and 138 (31.22 %) of all isolates from feces, and 30 (14.5 %) and 54 (26.1 %) of all isolates from rumen content, respectively. Both allelic variants of cpb2 occurred frequently in animals without signs of acute

by Heather Dann and Luiz Ferraretto, William H. Miner Agricultural Research Institute, Chazy, NY. Fermentable carbohydrates are the main energy source in diets of high-producing dairy cows and play a major role in microbial growth and protein synthesis in the rumen. Neutral detergent fiber (NDF), soluble fiber, starch, and sugars are the main carbohydrate sources. Although these varied carbohydrate sources can be used for energy, they differ in fermentation end-products produced by rumen microorganisms, which in turn alter metabolism and performance by dairy cows.. Starch is rapidly fermented into propionate in the rumen, the propionate is absorbed into the blood, and then it is later transformed into glucose in the liver. Alternatively, starch may be digested in the small intestine directly to glucose. Although starch is not considered a required nutrient for dairy cattle, it directly affects glucose supply; hence, it affects lactation performance of dairy cows.. Corn is the predominant starch ...

Bloat is simply the build up of gas in the rumen. This gas is produced as part of the normal process of digestion, and is normally lost by belching (eructation). Bloat occurs when this loss of gas is prevented. There are two sorts of bloat. The least common type is gassy bloat, which occurs when the gullet is obstructed (often by foreign objects such as potatoes) or when the animal cant burp (such as with milk fever or tetanus). The second type of bloat is frothy bloat, which happens as the result of a stable foam developing on top of the rumen liquid, which blocks the release of the gas. This is by far the most common form of bloat, and unlike gassy bloat, it is highly seasonal with peaks in the spring and autumn. This is because the foam is formed by breakdown products from rapidly growing forages (particularly legumes such as clover and alfalfa). These increase the viscosity (stickiness) of the rumen fluid and prevent the small bubbles of gas formed by rumen fermentation from coming together ...

A recording apparatus comprises an inlet for accepting a liquid to be delivered to an outlet orifice through a liquid flow path. Liquid is supplied to the inlet for flow through the liquid flow path to a heating element, which heats liquid in the liquid flow path. Heating is sufficient to cause a change of state of the liquid (that is, to generate a bubble) and produce a force acting on the liquid which overcomes the surface tension of liquid at the orifice and thereby projects a droplet of liquid from the orifice. The temperature of the heating element is raised at each actuation to a temperature above the maximum temperature at which the liquid in the liquid flow path is subjected only to nucleate boiling so as to promote substantially instantaneous transfer of heat to the liquid proximate to the heating element and to retard the transfer of heat from the heating element to liquid at other locations in the liquid flow path. A processing circuit changes either the size or number of the projected

The present invention relates to a pelletization-resistant rumen bypass formulation of a feed additive resistant to pelletization by applying a reinforcement measure resisting to a mechanical stress during the pelletization and humidification and heating at steaming, etc. to a rumen bypass formulation formed of biologically active principles and protective matrices and a feed pellet for ruminants containing said pelletization-resistant rumen bypass formulation therein. More particularly, the present invention relates to a pelletization-resistant rumen bypass formulation prepared by including one or more rumen bypass formulations formed of biologically active principles and protective matrices in the moldings of various types of macromolecules described above (pelletization-resistant protective matrices) having a shape retaining property during a process of pelletization, and a feed pellet for ruminants applying the same. The present invention enabled

Dairy heifer growth body size and average daily gain (ADG) at the first calving are regarded as an important management target for the future of heifers because both can affect future milk yield potential [22]. In the current trial, the ADG of heifers increased as the dietary MG/MP increased (p,0.05) (Table 3). And there were no significant (p,0.05) effects of the treatments on DMI, initial body weight (BW) and final BW. Heifers could achieve daily BW gains of approximately 1,000 g from 100 to 300 kg BW without a negative effect on future milk yield if the intakes of CP were in the range of 90% to 100% of the NRC [23] recommendations [24]. The reason for increasing BW could be explained based on the fact that a balance between glucose and amino acids in the diet is critical factor for growing heifers. Amino acid nutritional status may depend on the status of glucose supply in ruminants. Thus, only when the energy supply was matched, can amino acids be used for protein synthesis [25]. Sun et al ...

We report on the isolation of the previously uncultured Neocallimastigomycota SK4 lineage by two independent research groups from a wild aoudad sheep rumen sample (Texas, USA) and an alpaca fecal sample (Baden-Württemberg, Germany). Isolates from both locations showed near identical morphological and microscopic features, forming medium-sized white filamentous colonies with a white center of sporangia on agar roll tubes and a heavy biofilm in liquid media. Microscopic analysis revealed monocentric thalli, and spherical polyflagellated zoospores with 7–20 flagella. Zoospore release occurred through an apical pore as well as by sporangial wall rupturing, a duality that is unique amongst described AGF strains. Isolates were capable of growing on a wide range of mono-, oligo-, and polysaccharides substrates. Phylogenetic assessment based on the D1-D2 large rRNA subunit (D1-D2 LSU) and internal transcribed spacer-1 (ITS-1) regions demonstrated high sequence identity (minimum identity of 99.07% and

Nutribio High-Energy contains completely natural top quality ingredients including, Molasses, Oilseeds (and Oilseed by-products), Protected Protein, Cereals, Protected Fat and Minerals/Vitamins. No urea is included as it is poorly utilised in the energy deficient rumens of hungry stock. Instead Nutribio High Energy feed blocks provide a readily soluble supply of sugars to activate rumen microbes and maximise forage utilisation. Weather Proof - unlike ordinary feed blocks that either melt in the field or crumble at the edges, Nutribio High Energy Feed Block is firmly set in weatherproof buckets for maximum protection and ease of handling ...

The prevalence of subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) was determined in 197 dairy cows in 18 herds in the Dutch province of Friesland. Samples of rumen fluid were taken by rumenocentesis from between five and 19 animals on each farm and the pH of each sample was determined. The body condition of 139 of the cows was scored approximately three weeks before they calved and three weeks after they calved. The overall prevalence of SARA was 13·8 per cent, and the prevalence on individual farms ranged between 0 per cent (on seven of the farms) and 38 per cent (on one farm). The stage of lactation did not influence the prevalence of SARA but the cows with the condition lost more body condition over the calving period.. ...

Most milk tests report milk urea nitrogen (MUN) levels, and these values can provide significant insight into how dairy cows are using ration protein. MUN is a natural occurrence in cows, and is caused by protein consumption. When cows ingest protein, it is either broken down in the rumen to become available to rumen microbes or escapes to be an available supply of protein and amino acids to the cow for milk production.. Read More April 2016. ...

Isobutyrate supplements could improve rumen development by increasing ruminal fermentation products, especially butyrate, and then promote the growth performance of calves. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of isobutyrate supplementation on growth performance, rumen development, blood metabolites and hormone secretion in pre- and post-weaned dairy calves. In total, 56 Chinese Holstein male calves with 30 days of age and 72.9±1.43 kg of BW, blocked by days of age and BW, were assigned to four groups in a randomized block design. The treatments were as follows: control, low-isobutyrate, moderate-isobutyrate and high-isobutyrate with 0, 0.03, 0.06 and 0.09 g isobutyrate/kg BW per calf per day, respectively. Supplemental isobutyrate was hand-mixed into milk of pre-weaned calves and the concentrate portion of post-weaned calves. The study consisted of 10 days of an adaptation period and a 50-day sampling period. Calves were weaned at 60 days of age. Seven calves were chosen ...

Randhawa, C.S.; Randhawa, S.S.; Rajvir Singh; Setia, M.S., 1993: Effect of exclusive feeding of paddy straw on macro and micro elements in rumen liquor, blood, plasma and tissues in buffalo calves (Bubalus bubalis)

Beneficial changes in rumen bacterial community profile in sheep and dairy calves as a result of feeding the probiotic Bacillus amyloliquefaciens ...

Professional ruminant farming conference in Catalonia: from rumen health to meat quality March 21st, 140 feed and ruminant professionals from around Europe,

Defatted rumen protein and soy protein concentrate were extruded in a 15.5:1 L/D single-screw extruder at the optimum conditions for their expansion (150°C and 35% moisture, and 130°C and 35% mois ...

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygeno.2021.04.039 Interpretive Summary: Comprehensive analyses of tissues at single-cell level will benefit our understanding of genetic bases for complex traits. We provided the first cell type profiles for cattle rumen epithelial cells before and after weaning at a single-cell resolution. These results fill our knowledge gaps and provide the foundation for incorporating new transcriptome insights into the future animal breeding program. Farmers, scientist, and policy planners who need improve animal health and production based on genome-enabled animal selection will benefit from this study. Technical Abstract: Background: Comprehensive analyses of tissues at single-cell level will benefit our understanding of genetic bases for complex traits. Although single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) has been widely explored in humans and other model species, its applications in livestock like cattle are still largely unreported. Here we present an initial effort of ...