The THO/TREX complex is the transcription- and export-related complex associated with spliceosomes that preferentially deal with spliced mRNAs as opposed to unspliced mRNAs. Thoc2 plays a role in RNA polymerase II (RNA pol II)-dependent transcription and is required for the stability of DNA repeats [1]. In humans, the TRE complex is comprised of the exon-junction-associated proteins Aly/REF and UAP56 together with the THO proteins THOC1 (hHpr1/p84), Thoc2 (hRlr1), THOC3 (hTex1), THOC5 (fSAP79), THOC6 (fSAP35), and THOC7 (fSAP24). Although much evidence indicates that the function of the TREX complex as an adaptor between the mRNA and components of the export machinery is conserved among eukaryotes, in Drosophila the majority of mRNAs can be exported from the nucleus independently of the THO complex [2]. ...

Multiple DNA- and RNA-related transactions coexist in eukaryotic nuclei, their synchronization being critical for genome homeostasis. In this frame, mRNA metabolism has recently emerged as an unappreciated player, not only in the gene expression process, but also in the maintenance of genome stability (Fig. 1). On the one hand, the combinatorial association of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) with mRNAs control their synthesis, processing, transport and turnover, ultimately defining their cellular fate and their translation into proteins. On the other hand, proper mRNA biogenesis counteracts the accumulation of R-loops: these structures, which comprise DNA:mRNA hybrids and displaced strands of DNA, can increase genome sensitivity to genotoxic agents and interfere with its replication, triggering transcription-associated genetic instability in a wide range of species. To keep in check mRNA biogenesis, the activities of several multiprotein machineries are thereby coupled along the mRNA production ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - RNA transport to the vegetal cortex of Xenopus oocytes. AU - Zhou, Yi. AU - King, Mary Lou. N1 - Funding Information: We thank Kim L. Mowry for providing us with the XβG, XβG-340/3′, and pSP73XβM5′ constructs, Joel K. Yisraeli for sharing his in situ hybridization protocol, and the members of the King laboratory, especially Jian Zhang and Caryl Forristall, for helpful advice and discussions. This was supported by NIH Grant GM 33932 to M. L. King.. PY - 1996/10/10. Y1 - 1996/10/10. N2 - Xcat-2 RNA, a component of the germ plasm in Xenopus, localizes with the mitochondrial cloud material to the vegetal cortex in stage II oocytes. Vg1 RNA also localizes to the vegetal cortex, but later in stage III/IV oocytes, using a microtubule dependent pathway. To further analyze the mechanisms involved in RNA transport, in situ hybridization and autoradiography were used to follow the localization of endogenous Vg1 and injected Xcat-2 transcripts in stage IV oocytes. We show that Xcat-2 ...

During gene expression, RNA export factors are mainly known for driving nucleo-cytoplasmic transport. While early studies suggested that the exon junction complex (EJC) provides a binding platform for them, subsequent work proposed that they are only recruited by the cap binding complex to the 5 end of RNAs, as part of TREX. Using iCLIP, we show that the export receptor Nxf1 and two TREX subunits, Alyref and Chtop, are recruited to the whole mRNA co-transcriptionally via splicing but before 3 end processing. Consequently, Alyref alters splicing decisions and Chtop regulates alternative polyadenylation. Alyref is recruited to the 5 end of RNAs by CBC, and our data reveal subsequent binding to RNAs near EJCs. We demonstrate that eIF4A3 stimulates Alyref deposition not only on spliced RNAs close to EJC sites but also on single-exon transcripts. Our study reveals mechanistic insights into the co-transcriptional recruitment of mRNA export factors and how this shapes the human transcriptome.

RNA import into mammalian mitochondria is considered essential for replication, transcription, and translation of the mitochondrial genome but the pathway(s) and factors that control this import are poorly understood. Previously, we localized polynucleotide phosphorylase (PNPASE), a 3 --, 5 exoribonuclease and poly-A polymerase, in the mitochondrial intermembrane space, a location lacking resident RNAs. Here, we show a new role for PNPASE in regulating the import of nuclear-encoded RNAs into the mitochondrial matrix. PNPASE reduction impaired mitochondrial RNA processing and polycistronic transcripts accumulated. Augmented import of RNase P, 5S rRNA, and MRP RNAs depended on PNPASE expression and PNPASE-imported RNA interactions were identified. PNPASE RNA processing and import activities were separable and a mitochondrial RNA targeting signal was isolated that enabled RNA import in a PNPASE-dependent manner. Combined, these data strongly support an unanticipated role for PNPASE in mediating ...

RNA transport from the nucleus to the cytoplasm is fundamental for gene expression. The different RNA species that are produced in the nucleus are exported through the nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) via mobile export receptors. The majority of RNAs, such as tRNAs, rRNAs, and U snRNAs, are transported by specific export receptors, which belong to the karyopherin-beta family proteins. A feature of karyopherins is their regulation by the small GTPase Ran. However, general mRNA export is mechanistically different. Nuclear export of mRNAs is functionally coupled to different steps in gene expression processes, such as transcription, splicing, 3-end formation and even translation ...

RNA transport from the nucleus to the cytoplasm is fundamental for gene expression. The different RNA species that are produced in the nucleus are exported through the nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) via mobile export receptors. The majority of RNAs, such as tRNAs, rRNAs, and U snRNAs, are transported by specific export receptors, which belong to the karyopherin-beta family proteins. A feature of karyopherins is their regulation by the small GTPase Ran. However, general mRNA export is mechanistically different. Nuclear export of mRNAs is functionally coupled to different steps in gene expression processes, such as transcription, splicing, 3-end formation and even translation ...

Our results indicate that disturbed THOC1 and ALY expression are associated with tumorogenesis. Overexpression of THOC1 has previously been correlated to the grade of invasiveness in breast tumor, and also a relationship between the levels of this protein in non-small lung cancers has been suggested [12, 15]. This study shows that not only the expression of THOC1, but also that of THO/TREX complex is upregulated in breast cancer cells. Moreover, new links between the expression of THOC1 and different tumors were found. THOC1 mRNA and protein levels are up-regulated in ovarian, and lung tumors and down-regulated in those of testis and skin. Interestingly, we show that ALY, another mRNP biogenesis factor is highly detected in proliferative cells and overexpressed in a broad range of tumors. The different pattern of expression of THOC1 and ALY in tumors could indicate a different relevance for each factor in tumorogenesis. Nevertheless, since many genes are differentially expressed in cancer ...

In higher eukaryotes, messenger RNAs (mRNAs) are exported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm via factors deposited near the 5 end of the transcript during splicing. The signal sequence coding region (SSCR) can support an alternative mRNA export (ALREX) pathway that does not require splicing. However …

Acts as component of the THO subcomplex of the TREX complex which is thought to couple mRNA transcription, processing and nuclear export, and which specifically associates with spliced mRNA and not with unspliced pre-mRNA. TREX is recruited to spliced mRNAs by a transcription-independent mechanism, binds to mRNA upstream of the exon-junction complex (EJC) and is recruited in a splicing- and cap-dependent manner to a region near the 5 end of the mRNA where it functions in mRNA export to the cytoplasm via the TAP/NFX1 pathway (By similarity).

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Component of the SAC3-THP1 complex, which functions in transcription-coupled mRNA export from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. SAC3-THP1 functions in docking export-competent ribonucleoprotein particles (mRNPs) to the nuclear entrance of the nuclear pore complex (nuclear basket), by association with components of the nuclear mRNA export machinery (MEX67-MTR2 and SUB2) in the nucleoplasm and the nucleoporin NUP1 at the nuclear basket. THP1 binds to RNA in vitro.

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This project will explore the effect of CRISPR/Cas9 mediated mutations in the NXF1 gene on the outgrowth and function of primary hippocampal and cortical neurons in culture systems.Marie-Louise HammarskjoldSchool of MedicineGeorge S. BloomCollege and Graduate School of Arts & SciencesDavid RekoshSchool of MedicineFind out more: https://3c.virginia.edu/projects/121

In Situ Hybridization for mRNA Localization Purpose: In Situ hybridization for mRNA localization is used to identify the position of target mRNA in the cell or tissues being examined(Smith, 2001).Methods: In order for in situ hybridization for localiza...

Wang et al. applied all of the above to a cell line that harbors two mutations. Both mutations cause an inefficiency in tRNA translation, which results in defective cell respiration. Remember, tRNA is what defines the protein primary structure out of the instructions handed over by the mRNA. So, if theres not enough tRNA, not enough proteins are made, and that usually isnt a good thing. Though a complete recovery was not expected, as the mutant mt-tRNAs are still present, not substituted, the imported wild-type mt-tRNAs with three elements expressed (the extended stem, the RP sequence, and MRPS12 3 UTR -- see paper for details) were able to partly restore the respiratory defect caused by the mutations ...

1KOH: The crystal structure and mutational analysis of a novel RNA-binding domain found in the human Tap nuclear mRNA export factor.

Cytoplasmic mRNA localization provides a method of generating cell asymmetry and segregating protein activity. K homology) site containing protein thats thought to hyperlink translational repression towards the localization procedure (12). Another localized mRNA, encodes a plasma membrane proteins thats enriched within the bud. Along with bud-localized ZC3H13 appearance, Ist2p protein can be avoided from diffusing in to the mom cell with the septin hurdle on the mother-bud junction (13). Furthermore to hybridization techniques, however, uncovered just also to end up being localized asymmetrically, whereas the rest had been inconclusive or ambiguous (13). These same 11 transcripts had been immunoprecipitated by each of She proteins separately, recommending these total outcomes reveal real associations. However, the electricity of this strategy for genome-wide id of localized mRNAs continued to be to be set up. In this scholarly study, we have additional refined different 65646-68-6 supplier ...

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Author Summary Herpesviruses hijack cellular components to enhance viral gene expression. This is particularly important for the efficient nuclear export of herpesvirus intronless mRNAs to allow the production of viral proteins. We have previously demonstrated that Kaposis sarcoma-associated herpesvirus encodes a conserved protein, ORF57, which recruits essential cellular mRNA export proteins onto the viral intronless mRNAs to form an export competent viral ribonucleoprotein particle. Specifically, we have shown that ORF57 interacts directly with the cellular export adaptor protein, Aly, to recruit other cellular mRNA export proteins. Surprisingly however, depletion of Aly has a limited effect on both cellular and viral mRNA nuclear export levels, suggesting a degree of redundancy in the export pathways and the existence of other export adaptor proteins. Here we have identified a novel interaction between ORF57 and a second export adaptor protein, UIF. We show for the first time that the ORF57-UIF

Gene expression requires proper messenger RNA (mRNA) export and translation. However, the functional links between these consecutive steps have not been fully defined. Gle1 is an essential, conserved mRNA export factor whose export function is dependent on the small molecule inositol hexakisphosphat …

IFN-γ induces the expression of a wide variety of genes, many of which are involved in antiviral response (23). To determine whether induction of Nup98 and Nup96 was sufficient to reverse the M protein export block, we tested whether transfection with Nup98 and Nup96 cDNA would substitute for IFN-γ and relieve the inhibition of mRNA export. Using a luciferase reporter gene assay (24), cells were co-transfected with a mixture of plasmids coding for the M protein alone, for Nup98 and Nup96 alone, or for both. M protein expression clearly inhibited luciferase expression, and this inhibition was partially relieved by Nup98 and Nup96 expression (Fig. 4C). Thus, Nup98 and Nup96 expression is capable of reversing M protein-mediated inhibition of nuclear mRNA export.. The mechanism by which increased expression of Nup98 and of Nup96 reverses M protein-mediated inhibition of mRNA export remains to be elucidated. The inhibitory region of the M protein has been mapped (12, 25) and shown to target the ...

RNA granules are protein/RNA condensates proposed to form by liquid-liquid phase separation, a process akin to the separation of oil and vinegar in salad dressing. Studying the P granules of C. elegans, we have found that RNA granules are stabilized in the cytoplasm by a gel-like coat. The coat is made by. intrinsically-disordered proteins that are stimulated by RNA to form gels in vitro. Similar proteins exist across eukarya, raising the possibility that protein gels may be a common strategy to stabilize liquid condensates in eukaryotic cells.. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27914198. ...

Efficient neuronal function depends on the continued modulation of the local neuronal proteome. Local protein synthesis plays a central role in tuning the neuronal proteome at specific neuronal regions. Various aspects of translation such as the localization of translational machinery, spatial spread of the newly translated proteins, and their site of action are carried out in specialized neuronal subcompartments to result in a localized functional outcome. In this review, we focus on the various aspects of these local translation compartments such as size, biochemical and organelle composition, structural boundaries, and temporal dynamics. We also discuss the apparent absence of definitive components of translation in these local compartments and the emerging state‐of‐the‐art tools that could help dissecting these conundrums in greater detail in the future. ...

THO complex subunit 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the THOC2 gene. THO2 is part of the TREX (transcription/export) complex, which includes TEX1 (MIM 606929), HPR1 (MIM 606930), ALY (MIM 604171), and UAP56 (MIM 606390).[supplied by OMIM] GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000125676 - Ensembl, May 2017 GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000037475 - Ensembl, May 2017 Human PubMed Reference:. Mouse PubMed Reference:. Strasser K, Masuda S, Mason P, Pfannstiel J, Oppizzi M, Rodriguez-Navarro S, Rondon AG, Aguilera A, Struhl K, Reed R, Hurt E (May 2002). TREX is a conserved complex coupling transcription with messenger RNA export. Nature. 417 (6886): 304-8. doi:10.1038/nature746. PMID 11979277. Entrez Gene: THOC2 THO complex 2. Coffey AJ, Brooksbank RA, Brandau O, et al. (1998). Host response to EBV infection in X-linked lymphoproliferative disease results from mutations in an SH2-domain encoding gene. Nat. Genet. 20 (2): 129-35. doi:10.1038/2424. PMID 9771704. Strausberg RL, ...

This entry represents the N terminus of THO complex subunit 2 (THO2, THOC2) [ (PUBMED:15998806) (PUBMED:11060033) ]. THO/TREX, a nuclear protein complex conserved from yeast to humans, plays an important role in mRNP biogenesis connecting transcription elongation, mRNA export and preventing genetic instability. THO could be relevant to different mRNA processing steps, including the 3-end formation, transcript release and export [ (PUBMED:22207203) ]. ...

Selective cytoplasmic organelle and protein targeting has long been thought to constitute the sole determinant of cell polarity and complexity. This view has been changed, however, by the discovery of

繼承對種族主義的批判. 印度種姓制度以血緣世襲的方式區分人的貴賤，達利特人（賤民）最低等被視為不可接觸，至今仍存。另一邊廂，美國上幾個世紀的黑奴制度以膚色區劃奴隸階級，即使後來黑奴解放，深膚色人種仍然受著嚴重的經濟和文化歧視。. 人為地建構身份階層，對特定族群作出有違人性的區分，是鞏固權力和維持優勢地位的一貫做法。但這做法也反向操作，用來挑戰某些價值和社會規範。例如，應用於性傾向，可得出異性戀中心主義：異性戀是一種由人建構出來的階級體制，令社會裡不是異性戀的人受到排拒，剝削了同性戀的人性和尊嚴……藉由建構同性戀和被壓迫的身份，他們聚集了群眾和得到某種道德力量。在建構出假想敵後，同性戀政治份子批判異性戀中心主義的社會，製作仇恨名單（The Export of ...

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The various steps of mRNP biogenesis (transcription, processing and export) are interconnected. It has been shown that the transcription machinery plays a pivotal role in mRNP assembly, since several mRNA export factors are recruited during transcription and physically interact with components of the transcription machinery. Although the shuttling DEAD-box protein Dbp5p is concentrated on the cytoplasmic fibrils of the NPC, previous studies demonstrated that it interacts physically and genetically with factors involved in transcription initiation. We investigated the effect of mutations affecting various components of the transcription initiation apparatus on the phenotypes of mRNA export mutant strains. Our results show that growth and mRNA export defects of dbp5 and mex67 mutant strains can be suppressed by mutation of specific transcription initiation components, but suppression was not observed for mutants acting in the very first steps of the pre-initiation complex (PIC) formation. Our results

Component of the cap-binding complex (CBC), which binds co-transcriptionally to the 5 cap of pre-mRNAs and is involved in various processes such as pre-mRNA splicing, translation regulation, nonsense-mediated mRNA decay, RNA-mediated gene silencing (RNAi) by microRNAs (miRNAs) and mRNA export. The CBC complex is involved in mRNA export from the nucleus via its interaction with ALYREF/THOC4/ALY, leading to the recruitment of the mRNA export machinery to the 5 end of mRNA and to mRNA export in a 5 to 3 direction through the nuclear pore. The CBC complex is also involved in mediating U snRNA and intronless mRNAs export from the nucleus. The CBC complex is essential for a pioneer round of mRNA translation, before steady state translation when the CBC complex is replaced by cytoplasmic cap-binding protein eIF4E. The pioneer round of mRNA translation mediated by the CBC complex plays a central role in nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD), NMD only taking place in mRNAs bound to the CBC complex, but ...

Nuclear mRNA transport is often thought of in terms of translocation through the nuclear pore, but mRNA export also requires intranuclear progression of transcripts from the gene to the nuclear pore. In some genetic diseases, failed export of a mutant mRNA is critical to the phenotype, yet typically it is not well understood how nuclear export is impeded or whether mutant mRNA accumulates at a specific point within the nuclear structure. In fact, the examination of mRNA blocked at a specific step in export may help illuminate the path whereby mRNA normally transits from the gene to the nuclear pore. The analysis of human disease gene mutations that impact nuclear metabolism of the mRNA provides an avenue to study both disease pathogenesis and the interrelationship between nuclear structure and steps in mRNA biogenesis. In addition, the study of naturally occurring disease alleles in patient cells provides the advantage that the mutant mRNA is expressed in a normal structural and physiological ...

Previous work has shown that MBP mRNA microinjected into oligodendrocytes is assembled into RNA granules that are transported along the processes and localized to the myelin compartment, while control mRNAs (globin and actin) are assembled into RNA granules that remain in the perikaryon (Ainger et al., 1993). The differential distribution of these mRNAs is presumably controlled by some aspect of their structure. In this study, deletion analysis of MBP RNA was used to identify sequences or structures that are required for transport and/or localization. Digoxigenin-labeled RNAs were synthesized by in vitro transcription and microinjected into cultured oligodendrocytes. Cells were fixed and labeled by immunofluorescence with both anti-digoxigenin antibody to visualize the injected RNA and anti-MBP antibody to visualize the overall cell morphology.. The unique morphology of oligodendrocytes in primary culture makes it possible to spatially resolve three stages in the RNA sorting pathway: (a) granule ...

In zebrafish embryos, factors involved in both axis induction and primordial germ cell (PGC) development are localized to the vegetal pole of the egg. However, upon egg activation axis induction factors experience an asymmetric off-center shift whereas PGC factors undergo symmetric animally-directed movement. We examined the spatial relationship between the proposed dorsal genes wnt8a and grip2a and the PGC factor dazl at the vegetal cortex. We find that RNAs for these genes localize to different cortical depths, with the RNA for the PGC factor dazl at a deeper cortical level than those for axis-inducing factors. In addition, and in contrast to the role of microtubules in the long-range transport of dorsal determinants, we find that germ line determinant transport depends on the actin cytoskeleton. Our results support a model in which vegetal cortex differential RNA transport behavior is facilitated by RNA localization along cortical depth and differential coupling to cortical transport ...

RNA efflux from isolated nuclei can be studied either as a means of elucidating the general mechanism of nucleo-cytoplasmic RNA transport, or as part of an investigation of the processing and utilization of particular gene transcripts. The present paper describes an assessment of three methodological criticisms of RNA-efflux measurements that are made for the former reason: for such measurements, it is sufficient to show that the post-incubation supernatant RNA is similar overall to homologous cytoplasmic mRNA, rather than to nuclear RNA, that is nevertheless of intranuclear origin, and that alterations to the medium during experiments do not markedly perturb this general nuclear restriction. The results seem to justify the following conclusions. (1) Although degradation of the nuclear RNA occurs during incubation in vitro, this process does not account for the appearance of RNA in the postnuclear supernatant. The degradation can be largely prevented by the addition of serine-proteinase ...

Specific L10N bugs like typos and translation mistakes should be directly reported to the local translation team mailing list or a bug report should be filed at Bugzilla against the related language. General bugs that affect all languages like strings not marked for translation, downstream patching that breaks translations and input method issues should be filed against the related package. If you are unsure about exactly how to file the report or what other information to include, just ask on IRC and we will help you. Translation teams are free to prioritize packages they find more important to test. Please use the following format when posting results to this page: ...

Dendrin, 0.1 mg. Synaptic plasticity and memory formation involve remodeling of the postsynaptic cytoskeleton, a process that is in part based on both local translation of dendritic mRNAs and synaptic recruitment of newly synthesized proteins.

When installing Trex decking, customers should paint the top of the joists black to minimize their appearance and avoid sanding the planks. Trex also recommends that customers avoid routing balusters...

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Hey team,We are getting empty response while using export api.Request url is : https://data.mixpanel.com/api/2.0/export?from_date=2020-08-21&to_date...

Types of Export   The Service offers data export of three types: as general statistics link Download statistics in  section

Types of Export   The Service offers data export of three types: as general statistics link Download statistics in  section

Electronic Export Information (EEI) filing is generally required by the U.S. Customs and Border Protection for U.S. exports that contain a single commoditys value exceeding US$2,500.00.

I am thinking about building a TREX 550 FBL heli. But I am really confused about all the different versions of the kits that are out there - ESP, EFL,

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Kazimiero Simonavičiaus universitetas (KSU) yra akredituota privati aukštojo mokslo institucija, turinti padalinius Vilniuje ir Klaipėdoje.

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The results described in this paper indicate that HIV unspliced RNA export and Gag trafficking to the plasma membrane are linked. By simply changing the RNA export element from the RRE to 4 × CTE, we can restore Gag assembly and budding in murine cells (Figures 3 and 5). To explain how a pretranslational event, RNA export, could modulate a post‐translational event, membrane trafficking, we hypothesize that HIV RNA is marked at (or by) nuclear export such that the cytosolic fate of the encoded Gag is predetermined. Based on our findings, both the RRE/Rev/Crm1 and 4 × CTE/NXF1 nuclear export pathways successfully mark unspliced gag‐pol mRNA in human cells and promote proper assembly. However, in murine cells, marking through the action of RRE/Rev/Crm1 is defective and HIV assembly is inhibited. Possibilities for the mark include the structure of the mRNA itself or proteins that comprise the mRNP; these could be added or removed as the export complex is formed, as it transits the NPC, ...

In chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEFs), beta-actin mRNA localizes near an actin-rich region of cytoplasm specialized for motility, the lamellipodia. This localization is mediated by isoform-specific 3-untranslated sequences (zipcodes) and can be inhibited by antizipcode oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) (Kislauskis, E.H., X.-C. Zhu, and R.H. Singer. 1994. J. Cell Biol. 127: 441-451). This inhibition of beta-actin mRNA localization resulted in the disruption of fibroblast polarity and, presumably, cell motility. To investigate the role of beta-actin mRNA in motility, we correlated time-lapse images of moving CEFs with the distribution of beta-actin mRNA in these cells. CEFs with localized beta-actin mRNA moved significantly further over the same time period than did CEFs with nonlocalized mRNA. Antizipcode ODN treatment reduced this cell translocation while control ODN treatments showed no effect. The temporal relationship of beta-actin mRNA localization to cell translocation was investigated using serum

DDX3 is a DEAD-box protein (Figure 3A). Although DDX3 has been shown to interact with RNA transport factors TAP/NXF1 and REF/Aly, it does not appear to play a role in bulk mRNA export [32-34]. It is interesting to note that Ded1 (yeast DDX3 homolog) modulates translation by controlling the conformation of eIF4F-mRNA complex [35], suggesting a role of Ded1/DDX3 in translation. The function of DDX3 in RNA export was not recognized until DDX3 was found to participate in the Rev-dependent export of unspliced and partially spliced HIV-1 RNAs [3]. Rev is co-immunoprecipitated with DDX3, but a direct interaction between the two proteins has not been experimentally demonstrated. Rather, the purified GST-CRM1 is able to pull down the in vitro translated DDX3. This direct interaction depends on the DDX3 fragment at amino acid positions 260 to 517 that does not include the NES (nuclear export signal) sequence, and is Ran-GTP independent (Figure 3A, 3C), which suggests that instead of a cargo, DDX3 acts as ...

The localization of mRNA forms a key facet of the post-transcriptional control of gene expression and recent evidence suggests that it may be considerably more widespread than previously anticipated. For example, defined mRNA-containing granules can be associated with translational repression or activation. Furthermore, mRNA P-bodies (processing bodies) harbour much of the mRNA decay machinery and stress granules are thought to play a role in mRNA storage. In the present review, we explore the process of mRNA localization in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, examining connections between organellar mRNA localization and the response to stress. We also review recent data suggesting that even where there is a global relocalization of mRNA, the specificity and kinetics of this process can be regulated. ...

1JN5: Structural basis for the recognition of a nucleoporin FG repeat by the NTF2-like domain of the TAP/p15 mRNA nuclear export factor.

Exports to Chile in China decreased to 694740 USD THO in February from 1263609 USD THO in January of 2017. Exports to Chile in China averaged 1078662.86 USD THO from 2014 until 2017, reaching an all time high of 1293716 USD THO in December of 2016 and a record low of 617563 USD THO in February of 2014. This page includes a chart with historical data for China Exports - Chile.

According to Statistics Netherlands, the volume of exports of goods was 6.4 percent up in September 2014 from September 2013. In the preceding month, exports grew by more than 1 percent. Higher exports of Dutch products and higher re-exports contributed to the growth.

Studies of maser sources with the aid of ultralong-baseline radiointerferometry, Kogan L.R., Matveenko L.I., Moiseev I.G., Sorochenko R.L. Export as Medline

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