Aim 1 will elucidate the impact of variable RNA processing on bovine macrophage response to IFNG stimulation or infection with Toxoplasma or Neospora. It will also include maturation of the bioinformatics pipeline to analyze resulting sequence data.. Aim 2 will decipher the parasites response to changes in the host cell microenvironment. It will exploit dual RNA- and Ribo-seq to reveal Toxoplasma and Neospora transcriptional and translational reprogramming in naïve and IFNG-stimulated macrophages.. The proposed work will yield a comprehensive view of the role for RNA processing in the host and pathogen, as well as new information on the extent of translation of individual gene products. In addition, it will reveal the functions of the numerous recently identified short open-reading frames (sORFs) in cattle, Toxoplasma and Neospora.. Through this project, the student should acquire a solid understanding of molecular biology, immunology, and computational biology. He/she will become proficient ...

The regulation of the transcriptome is key to cellular processes that underpin cell biology, development and tissue function. All classes of cellular RNA are subject to post-transcriptional modification, be it by direct chemical modification, editing or non-templated nucleotide additions. It is now emerging that the modification status of the transcriptome is dynamic and responsive to environmental/developmental cues. Together, this has elicited the realisation of an epitranscriptome where post-transcriptional RNA modification coupled with recruitment of effector RNA binding proteins dynamically regulates genomic output. Importantly, mutations in setting or reading RNA modifications are causative of many human diseases or congenital disorders. This meeting aims to explore all aspects of this emerging topic, from methods development to molecular mechanism. Most importantly, the meeting will place an emphasis on the contribution of RNA modification to mammalian development, tissue homeostasis ...

Patrick, Kristin - Texas A&M University (TAMU) Scholar profile, educations, publications, research, grants, awards, courses, concepts, and topics. My interests lie in understanding the precise spatial-temporal resolution of RNA processing events in Mtb infected macrophages during early infection, focusing on the following questions: Are gene expression changes upon Mtb infection regulated post-transcriptionally (i.e. at the level of pre-mRNA splicing, mRNA release from chromatin, or mRNA export)? Does Mtb hijack normal post-transcriptional RNA processing events in order to promote its survival in the macrophage? Are Mtb-induced changes dependent on the ESX-1 secretion system and can we implicate any specific bacterial gene products? Working alongside Dr. Robert Watson, my group will work to understand how regulation of RNA metabolism can influence early stages of Mtb pathogenesis, with the eventual goal of modulating said pathways in order to control Mtb infection.

Dr. Yi Xing is a Professor in the Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics at UCLA, and the director of UCLAs Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Ph.D. Program. He received his B.S. in Molecular and Cellular Biology and B.E. in Computer Science and Technology from the University of Science and Technology of China (2001). He completed his Ph.D. training in Bioinformatics with Dr. Christopher Lee at UCLA (2001-2006), and his postdoctoral training with Drs. Wing Hung Wong and Matthew Scott at the Stanford University (2006-2007). Dr. Xing has an extensive publication record in bioinformatics, genomics, and RNA biology. His research has provided fundamental insights into the function, regulation, and evolution of post-transcriptional RNA processing in mammals. Today his group combines genomic, bioinformatic, molecular, and systems approaches to elucidate the variation and dynamics of RNA regulatory networks in development and disease. Dr. Xing has received prestigious young ...

Background Sequencing-based large screening of RNA-protein and RNA-RNA interactions has enabled the mechanistic study of post-transcriptional RNA processing and sorting, including exosome-mediated RNA...

Purpose: MicroRNAs (miR), single-stranded non-protein coding gene products, regulate gene expression through post-transcriptional inhibition, and involved in essential biological processes including obesity and insulin resistance. miR-378/378*, which are encoded by PGC-1β gene and counterbalance the metabolic actions of PGC-1β. We conducted to elucidate the role of miR378 expression in human adiposity and adipose tissue inflammation.. Methods: Study 1 (clinical study): Pair samples were obtained from subcutaneous (SAT) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) during elective operation in 71 men and 42 women. MiRNA and adipocytokines levels were determined by qRT-PCR. Study 2 (in vitro study): We quantitated adipocytokine transcription during adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells overexpressing mimics or inhibitors of miR378 and assessed post-transcriptional regulation in HEK 293 cells expressing a renilla-luciferase-adiponectin-3UTR sequence.. Results: Study 1: The mean size, median and mode of adipocytes ...

Summary. Work in my lab is focusing on understanding how microorganisms manage to rapidly adapt (and even thrive) to sudden changes in their environment. Many pathogenic species have developed very sophisticated mechanisms to efficiently scavenge essential nutrients from the host environment and even evade the immune system.. We hypothesize that this successful rapid adaptation program is underpinned by the ability of the microorganism to very rapidly remodel its gene expression profile. Obviously, transcription factors largely dictate which genes are switched on and off during adaptive responses.. However, it is becoming increasingly clear that post-transcriptional regulation plays a key role in this process by shaping gene expression profiles. Small non-coding RNAs (sRNAs) and RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) are believed to play a crucial role in post-transcriptional regulation by modulating the translation efficiency and stability of mRNA targets. However, for the vast majority their function is ...

Förderung: 2011 bis 2016 We are constantly protected by our adaptive immune system. Its functioning requires precise control of gene expression in lymphocytes, since deregulation can cause autoimmune diseases (affecting ~5% of our population) as well as allergic reactions (~9-16%, with increasing incidence). Post-transcriptional control of gene expression is crucial in many immune decisions, however the determinants of specificity in this type of regulation are less well defined. The recently described Rc3h1 or Roquin protein prevents the development of autoimmune disease in mice. Rc3h1 destabilizes the mRNA of the inducible costimulator (ICOS), a co-receptor on T cells. ICOS is critical in the germinal center reaction in which T cell help selects B cells making high affinity antibodies. However, the molecular interactions of this posttranscriptional regulation and the pathways that specify such repressor/target relations are unsolved, and they are the focus of my work in this proposal. Rc3h1 ...

Fur (ferric uptake regulation protein) activates sodB expression, increasing expression levels by a factor of seven and sodB transcript stability by a factor of three. Post-transcriptional regulation of sodB was investigated by searching for endoribonucleases that might be involved in sodB mRNA degradation. The activation of sodB expression was significantly reduced if both the RNaseE and RNaseIII genes were mutated. This correlated with cleavage at a palindromic sequence located in the 5′ untranslated region of the sodB transcript. An RNA-binding assay showed that Fur did not directly protect the sodB transcript. It was hypothesized that the persistence of Fur-mediated activation of sodB expression in the RNase double mutant was probably due to an effect at the transcriptional level. Therefore, it was investigated whether Fur had a direct transcriptional effect in vitro. Fur bound the sodB promoter region with low affinity, but it was not able to increase sodB transcription. H-NS-mediated repression

Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of Cross-talks between transcription and post-transcriptional events within a mRNA factory. Together they form a unique fingerprint. ...

Post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression is achieved through the control of mRNA translation, mRNA stability and subcellular mRNA localization. Post-transcriptional regulation is mediated by RNA-binding proteins and regulatory RNAs that recognize specific sequences within target transcripts. We use both Drosophila and yeast to study the mechanisms that underlie post-transcriptional regulation.. Not Accepting Graduate Students ...

Active Motif offers research kits, assays and biocomputing systems that help researchers study the function, regulation and interactions between genes, proteins and metabolic pathways.

Post-transcriptional regulation of cancer traits and gene expression in a genetically defined, primary cell-derived model of breast tumorigenesis ...

Spinocerebellar ataxia type 7 is a polyglutamine disorder caused by an expanded CAG repeat mutation that results in neurodegeneration. Since no treatment exists for this chronic disease, novel therapies such post-transcriptional RNA interference-based gene silencing are under investigation, in particular those that might enable constitutive and tissue-specific silencing, such as expressed hairpins. Given that this method of silencing can be abolished by the presence of nucleotide mismatches against the target RNA, we sought to identify expressed RNA hairpins selective for silencing the mutant ataxin-7 transcript using a linked SNP. By targeting both short and full-length tagged ataxin-7 sequences, we show that mutation-specific selectivity can be obtained with single nucleotide mismatches to the wild-type RNA target incorporated 3 to the centre of the active strand of short hairpin RNAs. The activity of the most effective short hairpin RNA incorporating the nucleotide mismatch at position 16 was

Post-transcriptional regulation is an important step in the control of bacterial gene expression in response to environmental and cellular signals. Pseudomonas putida KT2440 harbors three known members of the CsrA/RsmA family of post-transcriptional regulators: RsmA, RsmE and RsmI. We have carried out a global analysis to identify RNA sequences bound in vivo by each of these proteins. Affinity purification and sequencing of RNA molecules associated with Rsm proteins were used to discover direct binding targets, corresponding to 437 unique RNA molecules, 75 of them being common to the three proteins. Relevant targets include genes encoding proteins involved in signal transduction and regulation, metabolism, transport and secretion, stress responses, and the turnover of the intracellular second messenger c-di-GMP. To our knowledge, this is the first combined global analysis in a bacterium harboring three Rsm homologs. It offers a broad overview of the network of processes subjected to this type of

Computational identification of cis-acting elements affecting post-transcriptional control of gene expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Journal Article ...

The recent discovery of reversible mRNA methylation has opened a new realm of post-transcriptional gene regulation in eukaryotes. The identification and functional characterization of proteins that specifically recognize RNA N|sup|6|/sup|-methyladenosine (m|sup|6|/sup|A) unveiled it as a modificatio …

Cellular microRNAs play an integral part in the post-transcriptional regulation of almost every cellular gene regulatory pathway and it therefore is not amazing that viruses have found ways to subvert this process. right now known that microRNAs (miRNAs) play key functions in the rules of almost every important cellular process in all multicellular eukaryotes3. Human being E-7010 cells encode over 1000 miRNA varieties, and these have been implicated in cellular differentiation, innate immunity, apoptosis and oncogenic transformation, as well as many other cell fate decisions3. Almost all cellular miRNAs are 1st transcribed as capped, polyadenylated main miRNA (pri-miRNA) transcripts that can encompass one or a cluster of ~22-nt miRNAs4. These miRNAs occupy the upper portion of an ~33-bp imperfect stem that is crowned by a large (10 nt) unstructured loop and flanked by solitary stranded RNA. This ~80-nt RNA structure is definitely identified by Rabbit polyclonal to nephrin. the nuclear ...

Post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) agents such as ribozymes, RNAi and antisense have substantial potential for gene therapy of human retinal degenerations. These technologies are used to knockdown a specific target RNA and its cognate protein. The disease target mRNA may be a mutant mRNA causing an autosomal dominant retinal degeneration or a normal mRNA that is overexpressed in certain diseases. All PTGS technologies depend upon the initial critical annealing event of the PTGS ligand to the target RNA. This event requires that the PTGS agent is in a conformational state able to support hybridization and that the target have a large and accessible single-stranded platform to allow rapid annealing, although such platforms are rare. We address the biocomplexity that currently limits PTGS therapeutic development with particular emphasis on biophysical variables that influence cellular performance. We address the different strategies that can be used for development of PTGS agents intended for

The specification of skeletal muscle cells, starting from totipotent stem cells, lies at the core of skeletal myogenesis. During this process, the genome of the...

If you have a question about this talk, please contact Philipe Mendonca.. The rapid changes in gene expression that accompany developmental transitions, stress responses and proliferation are controlled by signal-mediated co-ordination of transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms. The synthesis of new RNA with the capacity to encode proteins or with regulatory potential is a keystone event in these processes. Of equal importance is the regulation of RNA stability and localisation (on translating ribosomes or elsewhere in the cell). Thus the dynamics of gene expression involve the integration of transcription and post-transcriptional control by signal transduction networks. Understanding the mechanics of these processes and the contexts in which they are employed during haematopoiesis and immune challenge is a goal towards which important progress has been made in recent years. A significant aspect of the progress is the recognition of the importance of non-coding RNA in the development ...

Before the mRNA leaves the nucleus, it is given two protective caps that prevent the end of the strand from degrading during its journey. The 5′ cap, which is placed on the 5′ end of the mRNA, is usually composed of a methylated guanosine triphosphate molecule (GTP). The poly-A tail, which is attached to the 3′ end, is usually composed of a series of adenine nucleotides. Once the RNA is transported to the cytoplasm, the length of time that the RNA remains there can be controlled. Each RNA molecule has a defined lifespan and decays at a specific rate. This rate of decay can influence how much protein is in the cell. If the RNA decays more rapidly, translation has less time to occur, so less protein will be produced. Conversely, if RNA decays less rapidly, more protein will be produced. This rate of decay is referred to as the RNA stability. If the RNA is stable, it will be detected for longer periods of time in the cytoplasm. Binding of proteins to the RNA can influence its stability ...

Apobec-1 protects intestine from radiation injury through posttranscriptional regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 expression.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 ...

Targeted gene- and protein-specific studies report protein regulation at the levels of protein synthesis or protein degradation (15, 45); yet, few global techniques have been developed to efficiently identify multiple targets of posttranscriptional regulation. Our developed methodology uses 2 standard high-throughput approaches tethered to computational analysis to systematically identify targets of posttranscriptional regulation. Our approach has the potential to identify a plethora of novel regulatory strategies because it can be applied to other perturbations and model systems. What we have demonstrated is that matched transcript-protein level studies can be used to identify discrepancies in standard gene regulatory models (i.e., transcript is induced to make more protein). The identification of any discrepancy or unusual regulatory pattern can be challenging to comprehend but detailed study ultimately leads to a better understanding of biology. Here we focused our studies on the large ...

Interactions between RNA binding proteins (RBPs) and mRNAs are critical to post-transcriptional gene regulation. Eukaryotic genomes encode thousands of mRNAs and hundreds of RBPs. However, in contrast to interactions between transcription factors (TFs) and DNA, the interactome between RBPs and … Continue reading →. ...

Methylation of the N(6) position of adenosine (m(6)A) is a posttranscriptional modification of RNA with poorly understood prevalence and physiological relevance. The recent discovery that FTO, an obesity risk gene, encodes an m(6)A demethylase implicates m(6)A as an important regulator of physiologi …

Alternative splicing (AS) is a post-transcriptional regulatory mechanism for gene expression regulation. Splicing decisions are affected by the combinatorial behavior of different splicing factors that bind to multiple binding sites in exons and introns.

In inflammation, the post-transcriptional regulation of transiently expressed genes provides a potential therapeutic target. Tristetraprolin (TTP) is of the factors regulating decay of cytokine mRNAs. The aim of the present ...

Investigating post-transcriptional mechanisms that drive cancer behaviour and researching novel cancer therapeutics for patients with advanced malignancies.

GO:0006364. Any process involved in the conversion of a primary ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcript into one or more mature rRNA molecules. ...

Contact: Lundberg Laboratory, Medicinaregatan 9, room 1413 RESEARCH Posttranscriptional regulation under stress A cell uses several mechanisms to deal with the stress imposed by a rapidly changing environment. It has to focus on expressing those particular proteins that enable it to survive the stress, and then quickly readapt to normal conditions. Regulation on the RNA level (

Click on a genes description to view its network relationships with genes known to be involved in posttranscriptional gene silencing ...

microRNAs (miRNAs) are short (20-24 nt) non-coding RNAs that are involved in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression in multicellular organisms by affecting both the stability and translation of mRNAs. miRNAs are transcribed by RNA polymerase II as part of capped and polyadenylated primary transcripts (pri-miRNAs) that can be either protein-coding or non-coding. The primary transcript is cleaved by the Drosha ribonuclease III enzyme to produce an approximately 70-nt stem-loop precursor miRNA (pre-miRNA), which is further cleaved by the cytoplasmic Dicer ribonuclease to generate the mature miRNA and antisense miRNA star (miRNA*) products. The mature miRNA is incorporated into a RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), which recognizes target mRNAs through imperfect base pairing with the miRNA and most commonly results in translational inhibition or destabilization of the target mRNA. The RefSeq represents the predicted microRNA stem-loop. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2009]

microRNAs (miRNAs) are short (20-24 nt) non-coding RNAs that are involved in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression in multicellular organisms by affecting both the stability and translation of mRNAs. miRNAs are transcribed by RNA polymerase II as part of capped and polyadenylated primary transcripts (pri-miRNAs) that can be either protein-coding or non-coding. The primary transcript is cleaved by the Drosha ribonuclease III enzyme to produce an approximately 70-nt stem-loop precursor miRNA (pre-miRNA), which is further cleaved by the cytoplasmic Dicer ribonuclease to generate the mature miRNA and antisense miRNA star (miRNA*) products. The mature miRNA is incorporated into a RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), which recognizes target mRNAs through imperfect base pairing with the miRNA and most commonly results in translational inhibition or destabilization of the target mRNA. The RefSeq represents the predicted microRNA stem-loop. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2009]

Functions of the PolyA Tail 1.Promotes mRNA stability - Deadenylation (shortening of the polyA tail) can trigger rapid degradation of the mRNA 2.Enhances translation - promotes recruitment by ribosomes - bound by a polyA-binding protein in the cytoplasm called PAB1 - synergistic stimulation with Cap!

View Notes - U07_F08 from BIOBM 330 at Cornell. Unit 7 1 UNIT 7 PART A: RNA STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION PART B: TRANSCRIPTION PART C: CO- AND POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL MODIFICATION OF RNA PART D:

Cancer cells are unique in that they can persist (grow and survive) under stressful conditions, such as hypoxia, chemotherapy, and radiation. Cancer cells do this by re-programing transcriptional and post-transcriptional processes that contribute to cell growth, invasion and survival. These post-transcriptional processes include microRNA-mediated mRNA silencing, mRNA decay, mRNA surveillance and translational repression. The induction of these processes results in the formation of Processing Bodies (P-bodies), dynamic cytoplasmic granules that contain mRNAs, microRNAs, and several mRNA processing enzymes, in the cell. In our lab, we have found that P-bodies are associated with a biological process known as epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in breast cancer cells. EMT promotes the polarization and motility of epithelial cells to undergo biochemical and epigenetic changes to assume a mesenchymal phenotype and often times stem-like properties.. Recent studies indicate a role for tyrosine ...

The invention features a method of identifying a nucleic acid molecule capable of post-transcriptional gene silencing by (a) affixing a plurality nucleic acid molecules onto a surface in discrete, defined locations; (b) contacting eukaryotic cells with the affixed nucleic acid molecules under appropriate conditions for entry of the nucleic acid molecules into the cells, whereby said nucleic acid molecules are introduced into the cells in the location in which they were affixed; and (c) determining the ability of the nucleic acid molecules to post-transcriptionally silence expression of a gene in the cells, wherein post-transcriptional gene silencing at a discrete, defined location identifies the nucleic acid molecules affixed at that location as being capable of post-transcriptional gene silencing.

From NCBI Gene: microRNAs (miRNAs) are short (20-24 nt) non-coding RNAs that are involved in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression in multicellular organisms by affecting both the stability and translation of mRNAs. miRNAs are transcribed by RNA polymerase II as part of capped and polyadenylated primary transcripts (pri-miRNAs) that can be either protein-coding or non-coding. miRNAs bind to complementary sequences in the 3 UTR of multiple target mRNAs, usually silencing the targeted mRNA. miRNAs may trigger the cleavage of their target molecules or act as translational repressors. miRNAs are thought to target approximateley 60% of all genes and are able to repress hundreds of targets each.

In plants, transcription is initiated from a promoter located in the IGS. There are subrepeated regions upstream and downstream of a transcription starting site that have been proposed to have regulatory function (Flavell et al., 1988; Sardana et al., 1993; Komarova et al., 2004). The primary transcript is of variable length (6-9 kb) and is processed into mature 18S, 5.8S, and 26S RNA by excision of ITS1 and ITS2 and a transcribed part of the IGS (called externally transcribed spacer [ETS]). Maturation of primary transcript, post-transcriptional modifications, and ribosome assembly occur in the nucleolus. The regulation of rRNA gene expression occurs through the suppression of whole loci (termed nucleolar dominance) and at genes within the array. Large numbers of repeats are not transcribed and are packed into transcriptionally inactive heterochromatin. Formation of rDNA heterochromatin is believed to be under epigenetic control mediated by modifications of DNA and histones. In mammals, cytosine ...

Our immune system efficiently protects us against the daily onslaught of foreign pathogens. However, the targeting, strength and extent...

In the upcoming releases, we are expecting to provide more data for a multitude of prokaryotic and eukaryotic pathways for more RNA classes. We are looking for contributors, who would like to help us with supplementing data! MODOMICS and RNApathwaysDB are two complementary resources whichpresent RNA metabolism at different levels. While MODOMICS presents RNA modification pathways on the level of nucleosides, RNApathwaysDB deals with RNA metabolism with respect to whole RNA molecules. Our ultimate goal is to integrate these databases, however at the moment the users are invited to consult both of these complementary resources, depending on their needs and interests. ...

Bouguyon, E., Perrine Walker, F., Pervent, M., Rochette, J., Cuesta, C., Benková, E., … Nacry, P. (2016). Nitrate controls root development through posttranscriptional regulation of the NRT1.1/NPF6.3 transporter sensor. Plant Physiology, 172(2), 1237-1248. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.16.01047 ...

LSM2102 - Molecular Biology. This module teaches the structure, organization and function of genes and genomes in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes (e.g.: DNA topology, hierarchy of packaging of DNA in chromosomes and relationship to gene activity and genome dynamics). The functional roles of DNA regulatory ciselements and transcription factors involved in gene expression will be examined extensively. The molecular events of transcription; post-transcriptional modifications and RNA processing; temporal and spatial gene expression, control and regulation, signals of gene expression will be dealt with in detail. The cause and/or effect of dysfunction of gene expression and diseases will be discussed.

RNA Biology. Post-transcriptional processes play a crucial role in controlling gene expression in all organisms. Our research is aimed at elucidating the mechanisms by which such control is imposed. To identify and characterize the proteins, RNA elements, and molecular mechanisms that govern these key regulatory processes, we employ a comprehensive approach combining biochemical, molecular biological, and genetic methods. We are particularly interested in understanding how gene expression in bacterial and mammalian cells is regulated by mRNA degradation.. Detailed Research Summary ...

Peer-reviewed articles. 1: Lopatniuk M, Myronovskyi M, Nottebrock A, Busche T, Kalinowski J, Ostash B, Fedorenko V, Luzhetskyy A. Effect of ribosome engineering on the transcription level and production of S. albus indigenous secondary metabolites. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2019 Sep;103(17):7097-7110. doi: 10.1007/s00253-019-10005-y.. 2: Koshla O, Yushchuk O, Ostash I, Dacyuk Y, Myronovskyi M, Jäger G, Süssmuth RD, Luzhetskyy A, Byström A, Kirsebom LA, Ostash B. Gene miaA for post-transcriptional modification of tRNA(XXA) is important for morphological and metabolic differentiation in Streptomyces. Mol Microbiol. 2019 Jul;112(1):249-265. doi: 10.1111/mmi.14266.. 3: Yushchuk O, Horbal L, Ostash B, Marinelli F, Wohlleben W, Stegmann E, Fedorenko V. Regulation of teicoplanin biosynthesis: refining the roles of tei cluster-situated regulatory genes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2019 May;103(10):4089-4102. doi: 10.1007/s00253-019-09789-w.. 4: Kuzhyk Y, Lopatniuk M, Luzhetskyy A, Fedorenko V, ...

My recent work on a maternal effect mutant, brom bones, leads to an interesting finding that RNA binding proteins play crucial roles during oocyte development, egg activation and embryonic axis formation. Therefore, brom bones mutant provides a powerful tool to study the function of RNA binding protein during early development and the mechanism through which post-transcriptional regulation regulates gene function during vertebrate development. Specifically, my lab is interested in addressing the following questions ...

The central dogma states that DNA is transcribed to generate RNA and that the mRNA components are then translated to generate proteins; a simple statement that completely belies the complexities of gene expression. Post-transcriptional regulation alone has many points of control, including changes in the stability, translatability or susceptibility to degradation of RNA species, where both cis- and trans-acting elements will play a role in the outcome. The present review concentrates on just one aspect of this complicated process, which ultimately regulates the protein production in cells, or more specifically what governs RNA catabolism in a particular subcompartment of human cells: the mitochondrion. ...

GO Process. tRNA splicing, via endonucleolytic cleavage and ligation onclick=removeFacet(GO Process/tRNA splicing, via endonucleolytic cleavage and ligation)> GO Process tRNA splicing, via endonucleolytic cleavage and ligation ...

Switzerland The Gene Regulation Workshop is a one day meeting in Lausanne featuring internationally recognized scientists that work on molecular mechanisms controlling transcriptional and post-transcriptional responses in gene expression to cell-type specific, developmental or environmental cues ...

Plasmid pAAV.EF1a.ChR2-YFP.WPRE.hGH from Dr. Karl Deisseroths lab contains the insert ChR2. This plasmid is available through Addgene.