The role of the two galactose binding sites of ricin B chain in ricin toxicity was evaluated by studying a series of ricin point mutants. Wild-type (WT) ricin and three ricin B chain point mutants having mutations in either 1) the first galactose binding domain (site 1 mutant, Met in place of Lys-40 and Gly in place of Asn-46), 2) the second galactose binding domain (site 2 mutant, Gly in place of Asn-255), or 3) both galactose binding domains (double site mutant containing all three amino acid replacements formerly stated) were expressed in Xenopus oocytes and then reassociated with recombinant ricin A chain. The different ricin B chains were mannosylated to the same extent. Cytotoxicity of these toxins was evaluated when cell entry was mediated either by galactose-containing receptors or through an alternate receptor, the mannose receptor of macrophages. WT ricin and each of the single domain mutants was able to kill Vero cells following uptake by galactose containing receptors. Lactose ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Evaluation of ricin A chain-containing immunotoxins directed against different epitopes on the δ-chain of cell surface-associated IgD on murine B cells. AU - May, Richard D.. AU - Finkelman, Fred D.. AU - Thomas Wheeler, H.. AU - Uhr, Jonathan W.. AU - Vitetta, Ellen S.. PY - 1990. Y1 - 1990. N2 - Over the past decade, immunotoxins (IT) composed of mAb covelantly coupled to toxins or their subunits have been developed for the treatment of malignancies and autoimmune diseases. Despite specific binding to target cells, not every mAb makes a therapeutically potent ricin A chain-containing IT (IT-A). A number of variables influence the potency of a mAb as an IT-A, including the affinity of the mAb, the nature and density of the cell surface Ag, and the type of target cell used. The present report investigates the influence of the epitope specificity of a mAb on the effectiveness of that mAb as an IT-A. Seven mAb directed against different regions of the mouse δ H chain of surface ...

Therapeutic antibodies can confer an instant protection against biothreat agents when administered. In this study, intact IgG and F(ab)2 from goat anti-ricin hyperimmune sera were compared for the protection against lethal ricin mediated intoxication. Similar ricin-binding affinities and neutralizing activities in vitro were observed between IgG and F(ab)2 when compared at the same molar concentration. In a murine ricin intoxication model, both IgG and F(ab)2 could rescue 100% of the mice by one dose (3 nmol) administration of antibodies 1 hour after 5 × LD50 ricin challenge. Nine days later, when the rescued mice received a second ricin challenge (5 × LD50), only the IgG-treated mice survived; the F(ab)2-treated mice did not. The experimental design excluded the possibility of residual goat IgG responsible for the protection against the second ricin challenge. Results confirmed that the active immunity against ricin in mice was induced quickly following the passive delivery of a single dose of

The ribosome-inhibiting toxin ricin binds exposed β1→4 linked galactosyls on multiple glycolipids and glycoproteins on the cell surface of most eukaryotic cells. After endocytosis, internal cell trafficking is promiscuous, with only a small proportion of ricin proceeding down a productive (cytotoxic) trafficking route to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Here, the catalytic ricin A chain traverses the membrane to inactivate the cytosolic ribosomes, which can be monitored by measuring reduction in protein biosynthetic capacity or cell viability. Although some markers have been discovered for the productive pathway, many molecular details are lacking. To identify a more comprehensive set of requirements for ricin intoxication, the authors have developed an RNAi screen in Drosophila S2 cells, screening in parallel the effects of individual RNAi treatments alone and when combined with a ricin challenge. Initial screening of 806 gene knockdowns has revealed a number of candidates for both productive ...

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Ricin toxins enzymatic A subunit (RTA) is a 267 amino acid RNA N-glycosidase that depurinates a conserved adenine residue of 28S rRNA, resulting in ribosome arrest and apoptosis. One of the leading subunit vaccine candidates for ricin is RiVax, a two point mutant (V76M, Y80A) of RTA. RiVax has proven to be safe in humans, however, it could not elicit a robust toxin-neutralizing antibody response. In order to redesign a potent ricin subunit vaccine candidate based on RTA, an immunological rationale has to be implemented. Protection against ricin is antibody mediated and hence generating a comprehensive B cell epitope map of ricin toxin would not only help in evaluating future ricin vaccine candidates in humans but also provides an immunological rationale for designing new vaccine candidates. Previous studies have shown that toxin neutralizing antibodies recognized four immunodominant regions on RTA i.e. four epitope clusters (namely cluster I to IV). RTAs active site is surrounded by cluster ...

Purified Native Ricinus Communis Ricin B Chain Protein from Creative Biomart. Native Ricinus Communis Ricin B Chain Protein can be used for research.

The plant A/B toxin ricin represents a heterodimeric glycoprotein belonging to the family of ribosome inactivating proteins, RIPs. Its toxicity towards eukaryotic cells results from the depurination of 28S rRNA due to the N-glycosidic activity of ricin toxin A chain, RTA. Since the extention of RTA by a mammalian-specific endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retention signal (KDEL) significantly increases RTA in vivo toxicity against mammalian cells, we here analyzed the phenotypic effect of RTA carrying the yeast-specific ER retention motif HDEL. Interestingly, such a toxin (RTAHDEL) showed a similar cytotoxic effect on yeast as a corresponding RTAKDEL variant on HeLa cells. Furthermore, we established a powerful yeast bioassay for RTA in vivo uptake and trafficking which is based on the measurement of dissolved oxygen in toxin-treated spheroplast cultures of S. cerevisiae. We show that yeast spheroplasts are highly sensitive against external applied RTA and further demonstrate that its toxicity is greatly

TY - JOUR. T1 - The transition state for RNA depurination by ricin a-chain. AU - Chen, Xiangyang. AU - Link, Todd M.. AU - Schramm, Vern L.. PY - 1997/12/1. Y1 - 1997/12/1. N2 - Ricin A-chain (RTA) catalyzes a specific depurination of ribosomal RNA at the elongation factor binding site, causing loss of protein biosynthesis. In vitro, RTA also catalyzes the hydrolysis of synthetic oligonucleotides. The Km and kcat for a 10-base stem-loop RNA, CGC GAGA GCG (A-10) are 4.1 #M and 4.1 rain-l, respectively. The purpose of this study is to characterize the transition state of RTA depurination by multiple V/K kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) using labeled A-10 as the substrate. The specifically labeled A-10 was synthesized enzymatically by conversion of labeled glucose or ribose 5-phosphate to ATP and subsequently incorporation into RNA by RNA polymerase. KIEs for the hydrolysis are the following: primary 14C = 0.997 + 0.002, primary lSN = 1.020 :t: 0.004, a-secondary 3H = 1.163 + 0.010, /3-secondary aH= ...

Unlike the illnesses so far listed, ricin is a toxin not a disease. Though its not something that you will likely come across in any natural situation, it is a very likely candidate for bio-terrorism. And so its been included.. Mortality rate: not known. Incubation period: symptoms appear within hours, death can occur within 3 days. Ricin Poisoning Ricin is a kind of protein that is found naturally in the beans of the castor oil plant. It is extremely toxic to humans, and you can be effected if its ingested, inhaled or injected. Absorption through the skin is a poor way to administer it, and it seldom has any effect. When inhaled it would only take an amount like a grain or two of salt to kill an adult.. Though various methods have been used to kill people with ricin over the years, a mass bio-terrorism attack will almost certainly be an air-borne delivery of a powder (i.e inhalation exposure). The rest of this discussion of ricin will be based on this scenario.. History of Ricin as a ...

PRIMARY OBJECTIVES:. I. To define the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of Combotox (deglycosylated ricin A chain-conjugated anti-CD19/anti-CD22 immunotoxins) when added to high-dose cytarabine during salvage therapy for adult patients with relapsed or refractory B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia.. SECONDARY OBJECTIVES:. I. To evaluate the efficacy of this regimen. II. To assess for the presence of a postulated CD34+/CD38-/low/CD19+ leukemic stem cell phenotype in the bone marrow at time of relapse and to assess its association with treatment outcome.. III. To determine the development of human mouse or ricin antibodies (human anti-mouse antibodies [HAMA]/human anti-ricin antibodies [HARA]).. IV. To determine the pharmacokinetic characteristics of Combotox. V. To evaluate the value of fractional excretion of sodium (FeNa) as early marker of toxicity.. OUTLINE: This is a dose-escalation study of deglycosylated ricin A chain-conjugated anti-CD19/anti-CD22 immunotoxins.. Patients receive high-dose ...

Blast cells from patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) commonly express CD64, the high-affinity receptor for immunoglobulin G (FcgammaRI). An immunotoxin (MDX-44) was constructed by coupling humanized anti-CD64 monoclonal antibody (mAb) H22 via a bivalent linker to deglycosylated ricin A-chain (RA). Human leukemia cell lines were incubated with MDX-44 or H22/free RA. The effect of MDX-44 on the proliferation of leukemia cells was assessed by [(3)H]thymidine incorporation. In the presence of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), MDX-44 significantly inhibited the proliferation of CD64(+) HL-60, NB4, and U937 cells in 72-h cultures in a dose-dependent manner. The mechanism of action appeared to be the induction of apoptosis, as measured by propidium iodide staining and flow cytometry analysis. However, CD64(-) KG-1a and Daudi cells were not affected by MDX-44/IFN-gamma. Incubating HL-60 cells with MDX-44/IFN-gamma resulted in a 99% decrease in colony-forming units, whereas colony-forming cells

The 2003 ricin letters refer to two ricin-laden letters found on two separate occasions between October and November 2003. One letter was mailed to the White House and intercepted at a processing facility; another was discovered with no address in South Carolina. A February 2004 ricin incident at the Dirksen Senate Office Building was initially connected to the 2003 letters as well. The letters were sent by an individual calling him or herself Fallen Angel. The sender, who claimed to own a trucking company, expressed anger over changes in federal trucking regulations. As of 2008, no connection between the Fallen Angel letters and the Dirksen building incident has been established. A $100,000 reward was offered in 2004 by the federal law enforcement agencies investigating the case, but to date the reward remains unclaimed. Ricin is a white powder that can be produced as a liquid or a crystal. Ricin is an extremely toxic plant protein that can cause severe allergic reactions, and exposure to ...

Ricin A chain has been isolated from extremely toxic RCA II. Our ricin A chain has less than 0.01% of the toxicity of the native lectin in a cell culture test system, yet is as potent as native ricin in a cell-free protein synthesis assay.

Ricin A chain-containing immunotoxins (IT-As) specific for the human B-cell antigens, CD22 and CD19, were constructed using the monoclonal antibodies, HD6 and HD37, respectively. IT-As were prepared by coupling intact antibodies, F(ab′)2, or Fab fragments to native or chemically deglycosylated ricin A chain. The IT-As were then evaluated for cytotoxicity to normal and neoplastic human B-cells in vitro with the major objective of appraising their suitability for in vivo therapy of human B-cell tumors. The IT-As prepared with both the HD6 and HD37 antibodies were specifically toxic to normal B-cells and to most of the neoplastic B-cell lines tested. However, the IT-As prepared from HD6 were generally more potent than those prepared from HD37. On Daudi cells, to which the two antibodies bound in similar numbers and with similar affinities, IT-As prepared with intact HD6 antibody or its Fab fragment were 10-fold and 1.5- to 4-fold more potent, respectively, than the corresponding HD37 IT-As. The ...

ATLANTA (AP) - Federal prosecutors have charged a north Georgia man with possession of the deadly toxin ricin.An indictment filed Wednesday says William...

Monoclonal antibody RFB4-ricin chain A conjugate is an immunotoxin that is comprised of deglycosylated ricin chain A (dgA) coupled to the murine IgG1 anti-CD22

Ricin is a highly toxic protein that occurs naturally in seeds from the castor bean plant. Because it is relatively easy to obtain, cases of attempted ricin poisoning periodically emerge. The article and accompanying slides help explain what ricin is, where it comes from, and what its effects are on the human body.

Carcinostatic products are formed by coupling, by covalent bonding, the A chain of ricin with an antibody which is capable of selectively recognizing a given antigen at the surface of cancerous cells. Such products can be made by the formation of a disulphide bridge between the free thiol group in the A chain of ricin and an immunoglobulin or immunoglobulin fragment into which a thiol group or an activated disulphide group has been introduced. The A chain of ricin and the immunoglobulin are carefully purified before use.

DescriptionRibosome-inactivating proteins (RIP) represent a family of plant and bacterial toxins that inhibit protein synthesis and are cytotoxic to mammalian cells. Ricin is isolated from seeds of the castor bean plant and has potential as a weapon of bioterrorism. Shiga-like toxins (stx) are produced from enterohemorrahagic Escherichia coli strains, and contamination of food by stx represents a substantial public health threat. Both ricin and stx consist of A and B chains. The A-chain of each protein inactivates the ribosome by cleaving an adenine from the ribosomal RNA. The B-chain of ricin (RTB) binds to galactose binding sites on the cell surface while the pentameric B subunit of stx binds to the cell surface receptor, globotriaosylceramide to facilitate cell entry. While both ricin and stx inhibit protein synthesis and induce cell death, the molecular mechanisms that underlie these effects are relatively unexplored. An ultimate goal of this research is to produce recombinant mutant ricin ...

WASHINGTON (AP) - An envelope addressed to Sen. Roger Wicker of Mississippi tested positive Tuesday for ricin, a potentially fatal poison, congressional officials said, heightening concerns about terrorism a day after a bombing killed three and left more than 170 injured at the Boston Marathon. One senator, Claire McCaskill of Missouri, said authorities have a suspect in the fast-moving ricin case, but she did not say if an arrest had been made. She added the letter was from an individual who frequently writes lawmakers. The FBI and U.S. Capitol Police are both investigating. Terrance W. Gainer, the Senate sergeant-at-arms, said in an emailed message to Senate offices that the envelope to Wicker, a Republican, had no obviously suspicious outside markings, bore a postmark of Memphis, Tenn., and lacked a return address. He added there was no indication that there are other suspect mailings. Yet he urged caution, and also said the Senate off-site mail facility where the initial tests were ...

British white supremacist jailed for making ricin Fri May 14, 2010 12:45pm EDT British white supremacist jailed for making ricin | Reuters LONDON (Reu

Ricin: | | | Ricin | | | | ||| ... World Heritage Encyclopedia, the aggregation of the largest online encyclopedias available, and the most definitive collection ever assembled.

DOR Submits Application for RiVaxTM in Response to BARDA Biodefense RFP DOR BioPharma, Inc. (OTCBB DORB) ( DOR or The Company ) announced today that it has succ

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Understanding how certain protein toxins from the normally insecticidal bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis ( Bt ) target human cell lines has implications for both the risk assessment of products containing these toxins and potentially for cancer therapy. This understanding requires knowledge of whether the human cell active toxins work by the same mechanism as their insecticidal counterparts or by alternative ones. The Bt Cry41Aa (also known as Parasporin3) toxin is structurally related to the toxins synthesised by commercially produced transgenic insect-resistant plants, with the notable exception of an additional C-terminal β-trefoil ricin domain. To better understand its mechanism of action, we developed an efficient expression system for the toxin and created mutations in regions potentially involved in the toxic mechanism. Deletion of the ricin domain did not significantly affect the activity of the toxin against the human HepG2 cell line, suggesting that this region was not responsible for ...

As a member of the wwPDB, the RCSB PDB curates and annotates PDB data according to agreed upon standards. The RCSB PDB also provides a variety of tools and resources. Users can perform simple and advanced searches based on annotations relating to sequence, structure and function. These molecules are visualized, downloaded, and analyzed by users who range from students to specialized scientists.

The SCOP classification for the Ricin B-like lectins superfamily including the families contained in it. Additional information provided includes InterPro annotation (if available), Functional annotation, and SUPERFAMILY links to genome assignments, alignments, domain combinations, taxonomic visualisation and hidden Markov model information.

Gentaur molecular products has all kinds of products like :search , Meridian Life Science \ MAb to Ricin, RCA60 \ C01387M for more molecular products just contact us

Background: Ricin is known as to become perhaps one of the most deadly poisons and gained its favour being a bioweapon which has a serious public and biological influence, because of its widespread character and abundant availability. research we chosen six analogs that possessed suitable pharmacokinetic and powerful property. Weve also performed a computational docking of the analogs with the mark. Results: Based on the dock ratings and hydrogen connection interactions weve discovered analog 64 to become the very best interacting molecule. Molecule 64 appears to have steady interaction using the residues Tyr80, Arg180, and Val81. The pharmacophore feature that represents the key useful top features of a molecule was also examined and presented. Bottom line: The pharmacophore top features of the medications provided suggests the main element functional groups that may aid in the look and synthesis of even more potential inhibitors. injestion, inhalation, or shot, which the last mentioned two ...

96638-31-2 - Ricin, pro- (castor-oil plant protein moiety reduced) - Searchable synonyms, formulas, resource links, and other chemical information.

An envelope addressed to Sen. Roger Wicker of Mississippi twice tested positive Tuesday for ricin, a potentially fatal poison, congressional officials said, heightening concerns about terrorism a day after a bombing killed three and left more than 170 injured at the Boston Marathon.

At an undisclosed location 10 miles from Washington, Senate employees in protective garb go envelope by envelope through millions of letters destined for the Capitol to thwart mail-borne bioterrorism threats like the recent ricin scare.

Ever since the anthrax and terrorist attacks of Sept. 11, 2001, the poison ricin has at times been lumped in with other bioterrorism agents because it comes from a relatively common plant and seems easy to make.

A Mississippi man accused of mailing letters with suspected ricin to national leaders believed he had uncovered a conspiracy to sell human body parts on the black market and sometimes performed as an Elvis Presley impersonator.Paul Kevin Curtis, 45, was arrested Wednesday at his home in Corinth, near the Tennessee state line about 50 miles north of Presleys birthplace in Tupelo.Authorities were waiting for definitive tests on intercepted letters that were addressed to President Barack Obama

OXFORD, Miss. -- The ricin mailed to the president and a U.S. senator is relatively easy to make but generally cant be used to target a large number of people, experts say.

OXFORD, Miss. (AP) - The ricin mailed to the president and a U.S. senator is relatively easy to make but generally cant be used to target a large number of people, experts say.

OXFORD, Miss. (AP) The ricin mailed to the president and a U.S. senator is relatively easy to make but generally can t be used to target a large number of people, experts say.

Miss. ricin-letters case headed to grand jury - OXFORD Miss. (AP) - A dust mask that tested positive for ricin also contained DNA from a Mississippi man suspected of sending poison-laced letters to President Barack Obama and others an FBI agent te...

A FAN of hit TV series Breaking Bad was jailed for eight years yesterday for copying the shows plot and trying to buy deadly ricin poison.

A hybrid molecule including a first part and a second part connected by a covalent bond, (a) the first part including a portion of the binding domain of a cell-binding ligand, which portion is able to cause the hybrid molecule of the invention to bind to an animal cell; and (b) the second part including a portion of a translocation domain of a protein, provided that (i) the hybrid molecule does not include an enzymatically-active portion of the protein, (ii) the first part and the second part are not segments of the same naturally-occurring polypeptide toxin, and (iii) the portion of the translocation domain, when covalently bonded to the enzymatically-active effector region of a toxin selected from diphtheria toxin, Pseudomonas exotoxin A, cholera toxin, ricin toxin, and Shiga-like toxin, is capable of translocating such effector region across the cytoplasmic membrane of the cell.

Ricin toxin is a threatening agent with significance in global warfare. Scientists have been working in the development of several distinct analytical methods for the detection of toxin with improved sensitivity and specificity but they still tend to suffer from critical limitations especially under circumstances when direct immuno probe based protein toxin profiling was made in complex biochemical samples including food stuffs that resulted in ambiguities.It stood as one of the fundamental reasons which has diverted researchers to concentrate on genetic profiling of toxin in samples for precise interpretation.. US scientists have now developed a technique called real time PCR which targets the genetic material in samples.They applied a genetic probe specific for the toxin in DNA samples isolated from milk and egg for generating a fingerprint.Experimental results showed that their probe functioned relatively well and was able to detect toxin at concentrations of 5ng per ml of milk or liquid ...

Manfred J. Schmitt is the author of this article in the Journal of Visualized Experiments: A Simple Fluorescence-based Reporter Assay to Identify Cellular Components Required for Ricin Toxin A Chain (RTA) Trafficking in Yeast

The ENVI Assay System biodefence tests provide fast, simple and reliable solution for BWA identification from environmental samples. The ENVI Assay System Gold offers disposable, separate assays for seven highly poisonous agents: ricin toxin, botulinum toxin, SEB, POX, anthrax, yersinia pestis (plague) and Fransicella tularensis (tularemia). ENVI Assay System test kits include all tools required for performing a test: test cartridges, sampling swabs, buffer solution vials, dispensers and antibody reagents and instructions for use - no separate sample collection kits are needed. ENVI Assay System test are designed to use with ChemPro Reader Module which enables long term data storage and enhances the reliability when working in demanding environment.. ...

Paul Kevin Curtis Arrested Facts (BIO PHOTOS) Ricin toxin mail that has been sent to the President as well as senators, the FBI Paul Kevin Curtis

TYTU : A single point mutation in ricin A-chain increases toxin degradation and inhibits EDEM1-dependent ER retrotranslocation ...

IN THE NEWS. There is a mail gathering & screening facility adjacent but separate from the Pentagon, used to screen all mail going to the Pentagon. It was built after 9/11 to prevent mail from entering the Pentagon that may be a danger to personnel or put the building at risk.. On Monday, Oct 1, the Pentagon Force Protection Agency, which screens all the mail 24/7, detected a suspicious substance in two packages; one was addressed to Secretary of Defense Jim Mattis and the other to Chief of Naval Operations, Admiral John Richardson. The screening building and all the mail received that day were immediately quarantined. Because of the nature of their work, the screeners wear appropriate PPE, so no Pentagon or other Dept of Defense personnel were injured or exposed. No status report was made on whomever delivered the mail to the facility. Today, the FBI, which is the lead agency for this investigation, took control of the packages for further processing/testing. This was all confirmed by D o D ...

The other side not only would refuse to denounce one of their people for wrongdoing, but would in fact either 1) insinuate that s/he must be one of ours, or 2) when the wrongdoer was caught and forced to confess, would celebrate said wrongdoers troubled upbringing or other youthful trauma as some sort of excuse or exoneration for the wrongdoing. (Any number of Democratic congresscritters have received this sort of absolution at the hands of their party; it is the rare Dem duck who loses his seat or pays any kind of political price...and the price is usually temporary at best, cf. Anthony Weiner.) Random gunmen and terrorist bombers are always assumed by the other side to be hard right-wing militia types until it turns out theyre just loser leftists, at which point shut up ...

Home page for all CDC smallpox information. Includes basic information as well as information for health and lab professionals. Part of the CDC Emergency Preparedness & Response site.

TY - JOUR. T1 - Decreases in levels of serum fibronectin predict the severity of vascular leak syndrome in patients treated with ricin A chain-containing immunotoxins. AU - Baluna, Roxana. AU - Sausville, Edward A.. AU - Stone, Marvin J.. AU - Stetler-Stevenson, Mary Alice. AU - Uhr, Jonathan W.. AU - Vitetta, Ellen S.. PY - 1996/10. Y1 - 1996/10. N2 - The major dose-limiting adverse effect of ricin A chain-containing immunotoxin (IT) therapy is vascular leak syndrome (VLS). Since plasma fibronectin (Fn) plays a role in maintaining microcirculatory integrity and since the gradient between plasma and tissue Fn can be altered in various pathological situations, we determined whether the administration of IT-ricin A chain to patients resulted in changes in the levels of serum Fn and, if so, whether these changes correlated with the severity of VLS. We also measured the serum levels of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), a proinflammatory cytokine which has been implicated in tissue damage and in ...

Bangor police received a report of the suspicious letter at 1:39 p.m., and teams of investigators and a hazardous materials team from Orono were soon on scene at Collins home on West Broadway. Photos and television footage showed a large area around Collins gray house cordoned off with yellow police tape and several officers wearing protective suits.. The testing of the letter, as well as the investigation into its origins, remain ongoing, Clarks statement said. Todays incident is the latest in a series of threats against Senator Collins, her loved ones, and her staff.. Collins had been in Washington, D.C., when the letter arrived and had returned to Bangor by Monday night.. We are very grateful for the immediate and professional assistance that we received from the Bangor Police Department, the Maine Crime Lab, the Maine State Police Department, the Capitol Police, the FBI, the Orono Hazmat Unit, the Bangor Fire Department, the U.S. Army, and the U.S. Postal Inspection Service, ...

A coffee grinder and castor bean seeds procured online were used to create the deadly toxin ricin for a planned Islamic extremist attack on Germany, authorities say.

Hegde, Ramesh and Podder, Sunil K (1998) Evolution of tetrameric lectin Ricinus communis agglutinin from two variant groups of ricin toxin dimers. In: European Journal of Biochemistry, 254 (03). pp. 596-601. Hegde, Ramesh and Podder, Sunil K (1997) A- and B-Subunit Variant Distribution in the Holoprotein Variants of Protein Toxin Abrin: Variants of Abrins I and III Have Constant Toxic A Subunits and Variant Lectin B Subunits. In: Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 344 (1). pp. 75-84. Hegde, Ramesh (1992) Coated pits,endosome CURLing and intracellular receptor--ligand trafficking. In: Current Science (Bangalore), 62 (8). pp. 555-564. Hegde, Ramesh and Podder, Sunil K (1991) Studies on the variants of the protein toxins ricin and abrin. In: European Journal of Biochemistry, 204 (1). pp. 155-164. Hegde, Ramesh and Podder, SK and Maitia, TK (1991) Purification and characterization of three toxins and two agglutinins from Abrus precatorius seed by using lactamyl-Sepharose affinity ...

Process Development and cGMP Manufacturing of a Recombinant Ricin Vaccine: an Effective and Stable Recombinant Ricin A-Chain Vaccine-RVEcTM, Michael M. Meagher, Javier G. Seravalli, S. Todd Swanson, Roger G. Ladd, Yogender P. Khasa, Mehmet Inan, Jay C. Harner, Scott K. Johnson, Kevin E. Van Cott, Changhong Lindsey, Robert Wannemacher, and Leonard A. Smith. ...

Single molecule recognition imaging and dynamic force spectroscopy (DFS) analysis showed strong binding affinity between an aptamer and ricin, which was comparable with antibody-ricin interaction. Molecular simulation showed a ricin binding conformation with aptamers and gave different ricin conformations im

The development of RiVax™ has been sponsored through a series of overlapping grants from both NIAID and the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which were granted to Soligenix and to University of Texas Southwestern (UTSW) where the vaccine originated. To date, Soligenix and Dr. Ellen Vitetta and colleagues at UTSW have collectively received approximately $25 million in grant funding from the US government for development of RiVax™ and related vaccine technologies. RiVax™ would potentially be added to the Strategic National Stockpile and dispensed in the event of a terrorist attack.. About ThermoVax™. ThermoVax™ is a technology that is designed to eliminate the standard cold chain production, distribution and storage logistics required for most vaccines. Cold chain requirements add considerable cost to the production and storage of current conventional vaccines. According to the Biopharma Cold Chain Sourcebook of 2010, 98% of all vaccines (with a total value of $20.6 billion) ...

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The hysteria over botulin toxin is similar to the hysteria over ricin. Ricin is not really a biological weapon, although for some reason its often called one. Its a toxin that happens to be derived from a plant, as are most common poisons. Cyanide, atropine, all the good murder mystery poisons, come from plants. Ricins claim to fame is potency by weight, but its not outstandingly useful as a military or even terrorist weapon (however defined). As a dry powder, its not volatile, not easily dispersed. You could open a 50 pound bucket of it in the subway and it would just sit there. However, during the WMD hysteria leading to the attack on Iraq, the federal government and the corporate media had a grand time creating immense conniption fits about ricin. Its easy to make and various common criminals and nut cases have been found with it, so regular yelping about ricin helped maintain the desired atmosphere of fear and hysteria. But there are plenty of perfectly good ways to poison people, ...

The perfect poison: Ricin used in 3 recent cases - JACKSON Miss. (AP) - The key ingredient - castor beans - is easy to find. Crude instructions for extracting the lethal poison in them can be found on the Internet. And it doesnt require a chemi...

However, the public knows theres not much book in ricin terrorism having experienced a uniquely remarkable period of it this year. Ricin, or more descriptively - castor powder, in mail is hardly a hazard. This despite the national line, now twelve years old, that it is profoundly deadly and easy to make.. Yes, powder from beans is easy to make. A crazy beauty in a Halloween cat-suit did it. A karate studio instructor starring in a Bud Light beer Battle of the Bands promotion did it. And a guy in Washington who looked like he fell off the nasty end of a garbage truck also did it.. In the long period between now and the beginning of the bioterror defense boom theres been essentially no change in the science used to examine ricin or samples suspected to be contaminated with it. In fact, the science is the almost the same as when I was in grad school working protein biochemistry in the mid-Eighties.. I know. Ive seen the work from ricin cases, been asked about it from a professionals standpoint. ...

In this report we demonstrate that human α2-macroglobulin (α2M) reacts with deglycosylated ricin A chain (dgA) and its immunotoxins to form high molecular weight complexes (molecular mass approximately 800 kDa). This interaction has a t1/2 at 37°C of 5 h and reaches completion at 24 h. Complexes of α2M-dgA cannot be dissociated by guanidine, sodium dodecyl sulfate, or low pH, but can be partially dissociated by reducing agents, such as 2-mercaptoethanol in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. This indicates that dgA or dgA-containing immunotoxins are bound to α2M by disulfide bonds. The dgA-binding site on α2M and the mechanism underlying its interaction with dgA are different from those described for proteases or methylamine. α2M complexes do not bind to Blue-Sepharose 4B or anti-A chain-Sepharose, suggesting that the sites on dgA which bind Cibacron Blue or polyclonal anti-A chain antibodies are sterically blocked or modified by interaction with α2M. The interaction of α2M with dgA ...

A lot of people seem to have offered their interpretations, but Ill toss in mine anyway:. At the end of Season 4, when Brock is poisoned, Jesse searches his pockets and discovers that his ricin cigarette is missing. He concludes that Walt had it stolen when Huell bumped into him, and goes to kill Walt. Walt then convinces Jesse that Gus stole the ricin cigarette to frame Walt. Here, the idea is that because Jesse wont find the ricin cigarette, hell believe Brock was poisoned with it. That is why Walt needed to have Huell steal it.. Early in Season 5, Walt needs to make Jesse not believe that Walt did in fact steal it, since Jesse knows Brock was poisoned with FOTW. He therefore needs to explain why the ricin cigarette is missing. He does this by planting it in the Roomba. Hence, Jesse believes that hed just lost his cigarette into the Rooma, and mistakenly believed that Walt had taken it. (And then mistakenly believed that Gus had taken it to frame Walt.). When Jesse searches his pockets for ...

President of the United States (Executive Command and Control of Intelligence Agencies), Pretty Good Privacy (PGP), Privacy: Legal and Ethical Issues, Profiling, Propaganda, Uses and Psychology, Pseudoscience Intelligence Studies, Psychotropic Drugs, Public Health Service (PHS), United States, Pueblo Incident, Purple Machine, etc…

A Mississippi man charged with mailing letters with suspected ricin to national leaders wrote in online postings that he had uncovered a conspiracy to sell human body parts on the black market, and on Thursday his attorney said he was surprised by his arrest and maintains he is innocent.

The FBI has identified a Mississippi man suspected of mailing letters containing poisonous ricin as 45-year-old Paul Kevin Curtis. US Postal Service mailbox

Just days after two bombs in Boston killed three people and injured 170 more, letters that may - or may not - have been poisoned with ricin addressed to President Obama and a Mississippi senator have been intercepted by authorities. But dont panic yet. The rapid test that authorities used in this case frequently causes [...]The post Dont panic over apparent ricin letters

Siki jarak ngandung minyak ricinic 40- 50 % anu ngandung glyceride tina ricinoleic acid, isoricinoleic acid, oleic acid, linolenic acid, jeung stearic acid ricinine, cytochrome C, Lipase sarta sababaraha enzym.[1] Salian ti ricin D, ogé ngandung acidic ricin jeung basic ricin.[1] Ari daunna ngandung kaemferol-3-rutinoside, nicotiflorin, isoquercitrin, rutin, kaempferol, quercetin, astragalin, reynoutrin, ricinine, jeung vitamin C 275 mg %.[1] Sedengkeun minyakna ngandung ricinoleic acid 80%, palmitic acid, stearic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, dihydroxystearic acid, triricinolein 68,2%, diricinolein 28%, monoricinolein 2,9%, nonricinolein 0,9%.[1] Akarna ngandung Methyltrans-2-decene-4,6,8-triynoate, 1-tridecene-3,5,7,9,11-pentyne, Beta-sitosterol.[1]. ...

R icin toxin, an extremely potent toxin produced from the bean of the ubiquitous Ricinus communis (castor bean plant), has been categorized by the US Center...

Therapy of lymphomas with immunotoxins comprised of soluble T-cell receptors conjugated to ricin A-chain.. Immunotoxins are conjugates of cell-binding moieties linked to toxins or toxin subunits. Many investigators have used antibodies directed against tumor specific-antigens as the cell- binding moiety. B-cell tumors are ideal for this type of therapy because of their tumor-specific idiotype (Id). However, B-cell tumors often secrete Id which competes with tumor cells for binding of anti-Id antibodies. Therefore, to overcome this obstacle, my research focuses on developing soluble T-cell receptors (TCR) from tumor specific T cell clones as the cell-binding moiety, and ricin-A chain as the toxic moiety. T-cells recognize cell-bound (but not soluble) antigen in association with products of the major histocompatibility complex. Therefore, free idiotype should not interfere with binding of soluble TCRs to tumor cells. Id specific T-cells have been cloned from mice immunized with the murine tumor, ...

Toxins produced by plants and bacteria pose a significant threat to humans, as emphasized by the recent effects of cucumber-borne Shiga toxin in Germany. Now, new research published on July 21st by the Cell Press journal Developmental Cell provides a clearer view of the combination of similar and divergent strategies that different toxins use to invade a human host cell.. Ricin is a highly toxic protein derived from the castor bean plant that has raised concerns as a potentially lethal biological weapon. Pseudomonas Exotoxin A (PE) is a sometimes deadly protein produced by a common bacterium that can infect the lungs and urinary tract. Although from very different origins, both PE and ricin share several points in common, says senior study author, Dr. Fr©d©ric Bard from the Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Singapore. Like many other toxins, they have evolved mechanisms for hijacking intracellular membrane transport processes. Previous research has identified some of the proteins ...

Thank you for your interest in spreading the word about Biochemical Society Transactions.. NOTE: We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. We do not capture any email address.. ...

TUPELO, Miss. (AP) - When poison-laced letters were sent to President Barack Obama and two other officials, it didnt take long to track down a suspect based on a phrase often used by an Elvis impersonator named Kevin Curtis: I am KC and I approve this message.

Researchers in Wales have identified properties in a common cup of tea that could help deactivate some bioterror agents and fight the hospital superbug Clostridium difficile.

The kidney is comprised of a number of epithelial cell types, which carry out various essential roles including metabolite excretion, electrolyte homeostatic maintenance, and drug and toxin transport. Although pharmacokinetic studies often focus on the fate of drugs in the adult situation, there is a critical need to understand the kinetics of pharmacological agents in newborns and infants given that their renal functional capacity is still undergoing maturation (Hook and Bailie, 1979). Using rat and mouse mRNA microarray expression data published previously, we describe the expression of many components of the major drug transport systems during kidney development, through the postnatal period, and on to adulthood. Overall, there seems to be an up-regulation of the SLC and ABC transporters with developmental time. The expression of SLC22 family of transporters also increases with time, but perhaps of particular interest are the clinically relevant transporters, of which 11 transporters are ...

There are more than 6,000 plant species worldwide that form this very differently toxic substance. This includes rag or old herbs, Echium species and borage

TY - JOUR. T1 - Novel CD7-specific nanobody-based immunotoxins potently enhanced apoptosis of CD7-positive malignant cells.. AU - TANG, J. AU - LI, J. AU - ZHU, X. AU - YU, Y. AU - CHEN, D. AU - YUAN, L. AU - GU, Z. AU - ZHANG, X. AU - QI, L. AU - GONG, Z. AU - JIANG, P. AU - YU, J. AU - YANG, L. PY - 2016/8/1. Y1 - 2016/8/1. M3 - Article. VL - doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.8710. JO - Oncotarget.. JF - Oncotarget.. ER - ...

The global Immunotoxins market is valued at USD XX million in 2016 and is expected to reach USD XX million by the end of 2022, growing at a CAGR of XX% between 2016 and 2022

Zolimomab aritox is a mouse monoclonal antibody which has been investigated for the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus[1] and graft-versus-host disease[2], but the studies failed to show positive effects of the drug.. It is an anti-CD5 antibody which is linked to the A chain of the ricin protein (which is reflected by the aritox in the drugs name).[3]. ...

In the season 5 episode Confessions Jesse realises that Saul and Huell took his ricin cigerette on the orders of Walt (Jesse finds this out by threatening them with a gun) which causes him to also realise that Walter was behind the whole false story of Gus poisoning Brock when it had been him all along ...

Although anthrax is a very different agent than ricin, all of us in this community lived through that. And we know the impact it can have in terms of terror, in terms of making all of us feel less secure, in terms of affecting a community directly. And we have seen the range of terror all the way through to death caused by a biological agent which was directed at the United States Senate, individuals in the United States Senate, and had an impact that none of us foresaw at that juncture ...

Heres your #1 argument for the death penalty, protection of gun rights, and putting ricin in the cocaine. Apparently, these guys robbed soulja boy (oh, okay, I get it, thats punny!) and after hearing he claimed seven men had robbed him with AKs, they came forward to show off their Walther PPK and clarify that there were, indeed, only two thugs holding the gat to that suckas head. B2FTjvQ1868 Anyone out there know how to reverse the voice masking on that video?

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Here, we show that the BH3-only mimetic, ABT-737, has two properties: one, it can overcome resistance to immunotoxin-mediated apoptosis; and two, it can increase immunotoxin delivery from the ER to the cytosol resulting in enhanced killing by as much as 20-fold. Both activities were achieved using concentrations (3 or 10 μmol/L) of ABT-737 that were nontoxic when added alone. Combinations of immunotoxin and ABT-737 were effective at overcoming resistance because each agent targeted a distinct Bcl-2 family member. By inhibiting protein synthesis, immunotoxin treatment promotes a decline in Mcl-1 levels. This was reported previously for both cycloheximide (27) and PE immunotoxins (26), and was confirmed here. ABT-737 is a peptide mimetic modeled on a BH3-only domain and exhibits high binding affinity binding for Bcl-2, Bcl-xl, and Bcl-w (19). Binding of ABT-737 to either Bcl-2 or Bcl-xl neutralizes their prosurvival activity, allowing Bax or Bak to initiate the intrinsic arm of the apoptosis ...

Supplementary Materials [Supplemental materials] molcellb_27_7_2765__index. decreased activity. Hence, we conclude that GADD45 binding induces MTK1 N-C dissociation, dimerization, and autophosphorylation at Thr-1493, resulting in the activation from the kinase catalytic domains. Constitutively energetic MTK1 mutants induced the same occasions, but in the absence of GADD45. Living organisms are frequently exposed to cellular stresses, which are defined as diverse environmental conditions that are detrimental to the normal growth and survival of the cells. Typical cellular stresses include UV, ionizing radiation, genotoxins, hyperosmolarity, oxidative stress, low-oxygen supply (hypoxia), and inhibition of protein synthesis by antibiotics and plant toxins. In coping with the barrage of these and other cellular stresses, multicellular eukaryotic organisms have developed strategies for how damaged cells will respond to stresses. In general, if the intensity of damage is moderate, the affected cell ...

pep:known chromosome:VEGA66:7:28833854:28841708:1 gene:OTTMUSG00000022686 transcript:OTTMUST00000054398 gene_biotype:protein_coding transcript_biotype:protein_coding gene_symbol:Lgals4 description:lectin, galactose binding, soluble 4 ...