White bass (Roccus chrysops) retinal horizontal cells possess two types of voltage-activated calcium currents which have recently been characterized with regard to their voltage dependence and pharmacology (Sullivan, J., and E. M. Lasater. 1992. Journal of General Physiology. 99:85-107). A low voltage-activated transient current was identified which resembles the T-type calcium current described in a number of other preparations, along with a sustained high threshold, long-lasting calcium current that resembles the L-type calcium current. Here we report on the modulation of horizontal cell calcium channels by dopamine. Under whole-cell voltage clamp conditions favoring the expression of both calcium currents, dopamine had opposing actions on the two types of voltage-sensitive calcium currents in the same cone-type horizontal cell. The L-type calcium current was significantly potentiated by dopamine while the T-type current was simultaneously reduced. Dopamine had no effect on calcium currents in ...

The cell cycle is a highly complex process that is under the control of several pathways. Failure to regulate and/or complete the cell cycle often leads to cell cycle arrest, which may be followed by programmed cell death (apoptosis). One cell type that has a variety of unique cell cycle properties is the horizontal cell of the chicken retina. In this thesis we aimed to characterize the final cell cycle of retinal horizontal cells. In addition, the regulation of the cell cycle and the resistance to apoptosis of retinal horizontal cells are investigated.. Our results show that the final cell cycle of Lim1-expressing horizontal progenitor cells is heterogenic and three different cell cycle behaviors can be distinguished. The horizontal cells are generated by: (i) an interkinetic nuclear migration with an apical mitosis; (ii) a final cell cycle with an S-phase that is not followed by mitosis, such cells remain with a fully or partially replicated genome; or (iii) non-apical (basal) mitoses. ...

PubMed comprises more than 30 million citations for biomedical literature from MEDLINE, life science journals, and online books. Citations may include links to full-text content from PubMed Central and publisher web sites.

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TY - JOUR. T1 - Low sodium uncouples electrotonic connections between horizontal cells. AU - Miller, Robert F.. PY - 1978/1/6. Y1 - 1978/1/6. UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=0017918834&partnerID=8YFLogxK. UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=0017918834&partnerID=8YFLogxK. U2 - 10.1016/0006-8993(78)90071-9. DO - 10.1016/0006-8993(78)90071-9. M3 - Article. C2 - 620348. AN - SCOPUS:0017918834. VL - 139. SP - 178. EP - 182. JO - Brain Research. JF - Brain Research. SN - 0006-8993. IS - 1. ER - ...

Our results demonstrate that the neurotransmitter glutamate induces an alkalinization of the solution directly adjacent to the plasma membrane of both cone and rod horizontal cells of the catfish. This glutamate-induced decrease in proton concentration is precisely opposite to the prediction made by the H+ hypothesis of lateral inhibition; according to this hypothesis, addition of glutamate should result in an increase in the level of H+ around the cell membrane. The observation that glutamate produces an alkalinization of the extracellular face in both cone and rod horizontal cells of the catfish, as well as the rod-driven horizontal cells of the skate (Molina et al., 2004), suggests that it is not the type of horizontal cell that is important in determining the nature of the response. Rather, this phenomenon is likely to be a general property of horizontal cells across species. Indeed, preliminary data obtained from isolated horizontal cells of the goldfish also indicate that glutamate ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - The spalt family transcription factor Sall3 regulates the development of cone photoreceptors and retinal horizontal interneurons. AU - de Melo, Jimmy. AU - Peng, Guang Hua. AU - Chen, Shiming. AU - Blackshaw, Seth. PY - 2011/6/1. Y1 - 2011/6/1. N2 - The mammalian retina is a tractable model system for analyzing transcriptional networks that guide neural development. Spalt family zinc-finger transcription factors play a crucial role in photoreceptor specification in Drosophila, but their role in mammalian retinal development has not been investigated. In this study, we show that that the spalt homolog Sall3 is prominently expressed in developing cone photoreceptors and horizontal interneurons of the mouse retina and in a subset of cone bipolar cells. We find that Sall3 is both necessary and sufficient to activate the expression of multiple cone-specific genes, and that Sall3 protein is selectively bound to the promoter regions of these genes. Notably, Sall3 shows more prominent ...

en] In all mammalian females, follicular growth and maturation are essentially dependent on the pituitary gonadotropins, FSH and LH. These glycoprotein hormones have many similarities, but their action, based on high affinity binding to specific membrane receptors, are quite different. The purpose of this study was to perform a sensitive localization of FSH and LH in secretory granules of gonadotrophs using highly specific antisera. This morphological study included light microscopy (PAP) and electron microscopy (immunogold single and double labeling) procedures. Histologically, approximatively 11.5% of cells were positive for LH, whereas only 5.4% of cells were positive for FSH. With the electron microscope, single labeling allowed identification of morphologically distinct LH-containing cells and FSH-containing cells. Double immunostaining confirmed that no cells contained both hormones. The finding that FSH and LH are produced in separate pituitary cells is in agreement with recent studies ...

The horizontal cells of the outer plexiform layer of the vertebrate retina and their peculiar pattern of interconnection may very well provide a major organizational substratum in vision. Available data suggest they (not photoreceptors) are the primary source of adaption in vision, that they mediate the emergence of opponent-process-like color units from three basic cone pigments, and that they -- by combining finite conduction time with laterally directed processes -- contribute largely to the high subjective sensitivity to the motion as well as to the form of objects in the visual field. (Author)(*RETINA

4. Single Cell Modular Generator - A modular design vessel containing a single horizontal cell measuring approximately 15 cm x 25 cm x 8 cm. The vessel was made from 18 mm thick acrylic material with a top cover of 9.5 mm thick aluminum. The cover allowed for the connection of a thermocouple to monitor water temperature. The vessel contained a single cell connected to a 24 volt DC power supply, a single driver and a single electronic digital waveform generator. The single cell within its own vessel was intended by Xogen to function as the basic building block of its modular, scaleable system ...

0. NeuroSpatCo - The package is used to search for patterns of organization in human prefrontal cortex of both horizontal (cell body) and vertical plane (minicolumns ...

0. NeuroSpatCo - The package is used to search for patterns of organization in human prefrontal cortex of both horizontal (cell body) and vertical plane (minicolumns ...

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The cellular mechanisms underlying feedback signaling from horizontal cells to photoreceptors, important for formation of receptive field surrounds of early visual neurons, remain unsettled. Mammalian horizontal cells express a complement of synaptic proteins that are necessary and sufficient for calcium-dependent exocytosis of inhibitory neurotransmitters at their contacts with photoreceptor terminals, suggesting that they are capable of releasing GABA via vesicular release. To test if horizontal cell vesicular release is involved in feedback signaling, we perturbed inhibitory neurotransmission in these cells by targeted deletion of the vesicular GABA transporter (VGAT), the protein responsible for uptake of inhibitory transmitter by synaptic vesicles. To manipulate horizontal cells selectively, an iCre mouse line with Cre recombinase expression controlled by connexin57 (Cx57) regulatory elements was generated. In Cx57-iCre mouse retina, only horizontal cells expressed Cre protein and its ...

The differentiation of retinal cells has been studied with special reference to the formation of functionally important structures. Three phases could be revealed: from day 3 to day 6 retinal cells in the mostly advanced central part show signs of general cell differentiation (formation of ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria). In the second phase from day 6 to day 9 characteristic nerve cell structures appear (neurites, dendrites, synapses, receptor outer and inner segments). In the last phase from day 9 to day 12 these special structures attain their final, mature appearance, synapses seem ready for function, dendritic invaginations and synaptic ribbons are formed, twin cones become arranged in mosaic patterns. This developmental order conforms to a gradient running from the ganglion cells to the receptors. Neurites and dendrites appear in the ganglion cells on day 3, in the intermediate neuron layer not before day 4. The horizontal cells are the last ones to differentiate out of the ...

Functional interactions between neurons, vasculature, and glia within neurovascular units are critical for maintenance of the retina and other CNS tissues. For example, the architecture of the neurosensory retina is a highly organized structure with alternating layers of neurons and blood vessels that match the metabolic demand of neuronal activity with an appropriate supply of oxygen within perfused blood. Here, using murine genetic models and cell ablation strategies, we have demonstrated that a subset of retinal interneurons, the amacrine and horizontal cells, form neurovascular units with capillaries in 2 of the 3 retinal vascular plexuses. Moreover, we determined that these cells are required for generating and maintaining the intraretinal vasculature through precise regulation of hypoxia-inducible and proangiogenic factors, and that amacrine and horizontal cell dysfunction induces alterations to the intraretinal vasculature and substantial visual deficits. These findings demonstrate that ...

Yesterday I visited a site to which I often go, pingtest.net. Normally, when I visit that site, a thin horizontal bar appears at the top of the browser viewing frame. I do not recall what it says, but it stretches the entire length of frame, from left to right. On the right edge of the bar is an x, if I wish to close it. In addition, when this horizontal bar appears, I also get a box which is about six to seven times the height of the thin horizontal bar that appears over the left edge of the thin horizontal bar. This box stretches across the width of about a sixth or fifth of the width of the horizontal bar. It contains something like the following: Show All, Allow, Allow and Remember. I normally click the Show all option, and I normally select Allow Now for all options. Heres what happened yesterday: I went to pingtest.net, the horizontal bar appeared, and everything seemed normal. However I took no action. Instead, I changed my mind and decided to go to a different URL. My cursor was in the ...

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Fitting securely on any of your ShotBox mounts this pack enables you to point your ShotBox camera in any direction, back/front or left/right. Left or right, up or down, the ShotBox Horizontal/Vertical mount pack lets you position your ShotBox S60 or ShotBox S71 in any position.

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TY - JOUR. T1 - Quantal mEPSCs and residual glutamate. T2 - How horizontal cell responses are shaped at the photoreceptor ribbon synapse. AU - Cadetti, Lucia. AU - Bartoletti, Theodore M.. AU - Thoreson, Wallace B.. PY - 2008/5. Y1 - 2008/5. N2 - At the photoreceptor ribbon synapse, glutamate released from vesicles at different positions along the ribbon reaches the same postsynaptic receptors. Thus, vesicles may not exert entirely independent effects. We examined whether responses of salamander retinal horizontal cells evoked by light or direct depolarization during paired recordings could be predicted by summation of individual miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs). For EPSCs evoked by depolarization of rods or cones, linear convolution of mEPSCs with photoreceptor release functions predicted EPSC waveforms and changes caused by inhibiting glutamate receptor desensitization. A low-affinity glutamate antagonist, kynurenic acid (KynA), preferentially reduced later components of ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Organization and development of horizontal cells in the goldfish retina, I. T2 - The use of monoclonal antibody AT101. AU - Lam, Dominic Man Kit. AU - Peng, You Wei. PY - 1991/4. Y1 - 1991/4. N2 - We have produced and characterized a monoclonal antibody, AT101, which selectively labels both viable and formaldehyde-fixed horizontal cell axon terminals, but not their somas or axons, of the goldfish (Carassius auratus) retina. The antigen recognized by AT101 appears to be a cell surface glycoprotein with a molecular weight of about 35,000 Daltons, and is present exclusively or predominantly in nervous tissues of all vertebrate species examined. We have used AT101 as a probe to analyze immunocytochemically the organization of horizontal cell axon terminals (HCATs) in the adult goldfish retina, and the emergence and maturation of these terminals during retinal development. Because of continued growth at the retinal margin in adult goldfish, there is a peripheral-to-central gradient in ...

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About Horizontal Machining Center. A Horizontal Machining Center (HMC) operates with its spindle in a horizontal position instead of a Vertical position like a VMC. The CNC horizontal milling machine model allows constant load and unloading of production work with 2 or more pallets.. ...

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Abstract The two-region hydraulic averaging model was used to analyze the problem of cuttings transport during horizontal well drilling. This model considers a two-phase two region system composed of a moving bed ( ω-region) and a stationary b

HPSC HCS एडमिट कार्ड 2021: हरियाणा लोक सेवा आयोग, ने HCS (Ex.Br.) और अन्य संबद्ध सेवा परीक्षा के लिए प्रारंभिक परीक्षा की तारीखों में फिर से बदलाव किया है। जिन उम्मीदवारों ने HPSC HCS 2021 के लिए आवेदन किया है। वो उम्मीदवार एचपीएससी की आधिकारिक वेबसाइट.iehpsc.gov.in के माध्यम से नया परीक्षा अनुसूची डाउनलोड कर सकते हैं। नए शेड्यूल के अनुसार, HPSC HCS (Ex.Br.) और अन्य अलाइड सर्विसेज प्रीलिम्स 2021 को अस्थायी रूप से 12 सितंबर 2021 को ...

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Horizontal milling machines do not use a fixed spindle, multiple cutters can be mounted on a horizontal spindle across the table when the horizontal arbor stretches across the entire length of the bed, the rotating cutting tool press against the workpiece and remove excess materials from the piece to produce the desired CNC milling parts.Some horizontal machines have a built-in rotary table ...

This paper, Onecut1 Is Essential for Horizontal Cell Genesis and Retinal Integrity in the Journal of Neuroscience by authors Fuguo Wu, Renzhong Li, Yumiko Umino, Tadeusz J. Kaczynski, Darshan Sapkota, Shengguo Li, Mengqing Xiang, Steven J. Fliesler, David M. Sherry, Maureen Gannon, Eduardo Solessio, and Xiuqian Mu describes the gene regulator Onecut1 as being the key to healthy retinal […]. ...

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Horizontal Mount Automatic Control for 3 HP Individual drive air & water coolant controls Precision Comfort Syringe Wet/Dry foot control Control dimensions: 8 1/2 x 1 3/4 x 5 Cut-out dimensions: 7 1/2 x 1 1/2 Horizontal system can ...

Mar 31, 2018· Horizontal analysis just means comparing accounting statement items or ratios over time. Its a way of trying to understand how a company is growing, so you can make a better guess about its future. Generally youre more concerned with income statement items and mixed income statement and balance sheet items than you are pure balance sheet .... ...

For decades, global health experts, policymakers, and others have been debating the merits of disease-specific initiatives versus broader efforts to strengthen health systems. Its the old the vertical vs. horizontal argument. No one has settled that debate. But maybe we should stop asking that particular question. Or at least start asking some new ones.

A horizontal cleavage tear is a degenerative tear of a meniscus, extending into the meniscus substance, and cleaving it horizontally into two parts, like a clam.

Hey Developers, happy new year! Lets talk about UI components today! I have been playing around with custom controls, custom renders and other tools to try to get to the best solution for Cross Platform Horizontal Lists with Xamarin Forms! I reached a few solutions and Would like to share them with you! If you…

x_minor is the horizontal distance from the left to the start point x_major is the horizontal distance from the start point to the right y_minor is the vertical distance from the bottom to the start point y_major is the vertical distance from the start point to the top ...