TY - JOUR. T1 - Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Diagnostic Accuracy of Serum Refractometry and Brix Refractometry for the Diagnosis of Inadequate Transfer of Passive Immunity in Calves. AU - Buczinski, S.. AU - Gicquel, E.. AU - Fecteau, G.. AU - Takwoingi, Y.. AU - Chigerwe, Munashe. AU - Vandeweerd, J. M.. PY - 2017/1/1. Y1 - 2017/1/1. N2 - Background: Transfer of passive immunity in calves can be assessed by direct measurement of immunoglobulin G (IgG) by methods such as radial immunodiffusion (RID) or turbidimetric immunoassay (TIA). IgG can also be measured indirectly by methods such as serum refractometry (REF) or Brix refractometry (BRIX). Objectives: To determine the accuracy of REF and BRIX for assessment of inadequate transfer of passive immunity (ITPI) in calves. Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic accuracy studies. Methods: Databases (PubMed and CAB Abstract, Searchable Proceedings of Animal Science) and Google Scholar were searched for relevant studies. ...

We introduce a novel approach to refractometry using a low coherence interferometer at multiple angles of incidence. We show that for plane parallel samples it is possible to measure their phase refractive index rather than the group index that is usually measured by interferometric methods. This is a significant development because it enables bulk refractive index measurement of scattering and soft samples, not relying on surface measurements that can be prone to error. Our technique is also noncontact and compatible with in situ refractive index measurements. Here, we demonstrate this new technique on a pure silica test piece and a highly scattering resin slab, comparing the results with standard critical angle refractometry.. © 2008 Optical Society of America. Full Article , PDF Article ...

In the scope of miniaturized optical sensors for liquid refractometry, this work details the design, numerical simulation, and experimental characterization of a Fabry-Pérot resonator consisting of two deeply-etched silicon cylindrical mirrors with a micro-tube in between holding the liquid analyte under study. The curved surfaces of the tube and the cylindrical mirrors provide three-dimensional light confinement and enable achieving stability for the cavity illuminated by a Gaussian beam input. The resonant optofluidic cavity attains a high-quality factor (Q)-over 2800-which is necessary for a sensitive refractometer, not only by providing a sharp interference spectrum peak that enables accurate tracing of the peak wavelengths shifts, but also by providing steep side peaks, which enables detection of refractive index changes by power level variations when operating at a fixed wavelength. The latter method can achieve refractometry without the need for spectroscopy tools, provided certain criteria

Purpose: To compare lens dimensions and refractive index distributions in type 1 diabetes and age-matched control groups. Methods: There were 17 participants with type 1 diabetes, consisting of two subgroups (7 young [23 ± 4 years] and 10 older [54 ± 4 years] participants), with 23 controls (13 young, 24 ± 4 years; 10 older, 55 ± 4 years). For each participant, one eye was tested with relaxed accommodation. A 3T clinical magnetic resonance imaging scanner was used to image the eye, employing a multiple spin echo (MSE) sequence to determine lens dimensions and refractive index profiles along the equatorial and axial directions. Results: The diabetes group had significantly smaller lens equatorial diameters and larger lens axial thicknesses than the control group (diameter mean ± 95% confidence interval [CI]: diabetes group 8.65 ± 0.26 mm, control group 9.42 ± 0.18 mm; axial thickness: diabetes group 4.33 ± 0.30 mm, control group 3.80 ± 0.14 mm). These differences were also significant ...

Refractometry, a combination of physics, materials, and chemistry, is a measurement technique which determines the composition of known substances by means of calculating their respective refractive indexes (RI). RIs are evaluated via a refractometer, a device which measures the curve, or refraction, resulting when the wavelength of light moves from the air into and through a tested substance. The unitless number given by the refractometer, usually between 1.3000 and 1.7000, is the refractive index. The composition of the substance is then determined with a comparison of the measured RI to standard curves developed for the substance. There are four general types of refractometers: digital, analog, lab, and inline process. Although refractometry can measure a variety of substances, the most common group of known substances to calculate is liquids. Liquid based continuous processes benefit from the use of an inline process refractometer to provide real time data about process output or ...

In the course of the characterization of a NLO crystal the temperature dependence of the refractive indices is an important aspect: phase matching conditions e.g. for SHG can be adjusted effectively by changes of temperature. In this work two techniques for the measurement of the temperature dependence of refractive indices are presented, based on a Jamin interferometer and on the Rotating-Analyser method. Six borate crystals of different symmetry: Zn4[O(BO2)6] (PG: 43m), Li2B4O7 (PG: 4mm), beta-BaB2O4 (PG: 3m), PbB4O7 (PG: mm2), BiB3O6 (PG: 2) and Bi2ZnB2O7 (PG: mm2) were investigated in the temperature range 70-285 K. The influence of temperature change on phase matching is rather large for BiB3O6 while it is small for the other borates Li2B4O7, beta-BaB2O4 and Bi2ZnB2O7. Using the example of zinc guanidinium sulfate, Zn[C(NH2)3]2(SO4)2, the temperatur dependence of refractive indices, as well as of electro-optic and piezoelectric coefficients were studied with a special focus on the symmetry ...

Optical diffraction tomography relies on solving an inverse scattering problem governed by the wave equation. Classical reconstruction algorithms are based on linear approximations of the forward model (Born or Rytov), which limits their applicability to thin samples with low refractive-index contrasts. More recent works have shown the benefit of adopting nonlinear models. They account for multiple scattering and reflections, improving the quality of reconstruction. To reduce the complexity and memory requirements of these methods, we derive an explicit formula for the Jacobian matrix of the nonlinear Lippmann-Schwinger model which lends itself to an efficient evaluation of the gradient of the data-fidelity term. This allows us to deploy efficient methods to solve the corresponding inverse problem subject to sparsity constraints.. © 2017 Optical Society of America. Full Article , PDF Article ...

Optical diffraction tomography using a digital micromirror device for stable measurement of 4-D refractive index tomography of ...

Many materials have a well-characterized refractive index, but these indexes depend strongly upon the frequency of light. Standard refractive index measurements are taken at the yellow doublet sodium D line, with a wavelength of 589 nanometers. There are also weaker dependencies on temperature, pressure/stress, etc., as well on precise material compositions (presence of dopants, etc.); for many materials and typical conditions, however, these variations are at the percent level or less. Thus, it is especially important to cite the source for an index measurement if precision is required. In general, an index of refraction is a complex number with both a real and imaginary part, where the latter indicates the strength of absorption loss at a particular wavelength-thus, the imaginary part is sometimes called the extinction coefficient ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Refractive index measurements of solid parahydrogen. AU - Perera, Manori. AU - Tom, Brian A.. AU - Miyamoto, Yuki. AU - Porambo, Michael W.. AU - Moore, Lauren E.. AU - Evans, William R.. AU - Momose, Takamasa. AU - McCall, Benjamin J.. PY - 2011/3/15. Y1 - 2011/3/15. N2 - Solid para-H2 is a promising gain medium for stimulated Raman scattering, due to its high number density and narrow Raman linewidth. In preparation for the design of a cw solid hydrogen Raman laser, we have made the first measurements, to our knowledge, of the index of refraction of a solid para-H2 crystal, in the wavelength range of 430-1100nm. For a crystal stabilized at 4:4K, this refractive index is measured to be np-H2 = 1.130 ± 0:001 at 514nm. A slight, but significant, dependence on the final crystal-growth temperature is observed, with higher np-H 2 at higher crystal-growth temperatures. Once a crystal is grown, it can be heated up to 10 K with no change in np-H2 . The refractive index varies only ...

The concentration dependences of the refractive index in aqueous ethanol solutions at equilibrium have been studied experimentally. Special attention was paid to their behavior in a vicinity of the peculiar point defined as the intersection point of the concentration dependences of the contraction measured at different temperatures or as a point, at which the intensity of molecular light scattering has a maximum. The refractive index is found to noticeably deviate from its reference values in a vicinity of the peculiar point, 0.05 , x , 0.1 (x is the mole fraction of ethanol). This effect reflects the fact that the equilibrium properties of the solutions concerned are established only during a few weeks. Arguments that the system becomes microinhomogeneous in this concentration interval are presented.. ...

Purpose: Many labs use optical coherence tomography (OCT) to determine ocular parameters in the mouse eye when studying refractive development. The optical linear distance obtained with the OCT is converted to geometrical linear distance using the refractive index of the tissue. Since the optical power of the nocturnal mouse eye is largely dependent on the large ocular lens, many published studies have used the refractive index value of 1.433 for C57BL/6J mouse lenses reported by Remtulla and Hallett (Vision Res 25:21-31; 1985) using the Abbé refractometer. Calculations from the mouse paraxial schematic eye model suggest that refractive index increased from 1.568 to 1.605 between 22 and 100 days in C57BL/6J mice (Schmucker & Schaeffel, Vision Res 44:1857-67; 2004 ). The purpose of this study was to measure the refractive index of isolated mouse lenses across age and in different strains using OCT.. Methods: Lenses were carefully dissected from C57BL/6J wild-type (C57) and nob mice eyes at 4, ...

For many applications, there is a need to measure small changes in refractive index that are easily overwhelmed by nonspecific background signals. For example, measurements of concentration via refractive index require accurate temperature control, and refractive index based biosensors need to be made insensitive to non-specific binding or bulk refractive index changes. Differential measurements with two devices offer a partial remedy. However, the attainable background suppression is often limited due to alignment errors, fabrication tolerances, and other differences between independent sensors.. Diffractive optical microdevices open up a path to differential sensing with direct background cancellation by the interference of light waves. One key advantage of these devices is that the signal of interest and the reference are closely integrated and lie on the same beam path. This principle has previously been used for displacement sensing in micromechanics,11-13 for chemical sensing,14-17 and for ...

Chrysotile has the lowest refractive indices of the six legally defined asbestos minerals. The refractive index along the length of the fiber ranges from 1.545 to 1.558. The refractive index across the fiber ranges from 1.532 to 1.552. Low iron content and missing OH groups drives the refractive index lower. High iron and restructuring following the removal of nearly all of the OH groups increases the refractive index. When thermally modified the refractive indices may go as high as 1.57 and though still a fiber, it looses its x-ray diffraction pattern as chrysotile but has not yet become forsterite. In this form it seems to become even more hazardous than chrysotile. This is the material created on older high temperature thermocouple leads, oven gaskets, and break drums. This form is easily identified using light microscopy but will not show up in an analysis based on x-ray or electron diffraction.. On rare occasions parachrysotile is found with chrysotile. Parachrysotile has a negative sign of ...

An experimental study of polarisation rotation in a semiconductor optical amplifier is presented. Two techniques are used to investigate the gain and birefringence along the two eigenmodes of the component waveguide, with and without injection. The first investigation is based on the residual reflectivity of the facet mirrors. From the modulation depth of polarisation resolved spectra, the gain and the refractive indices of these modes are determined. The second investigation takes into account the variation of the eigenmode gain and refractive indices as a function of injected power over the range 83.3 to 413 /spl mu/W. The results of these two experiments are compared, and it is determined that the refractive index and the single-pass gain along the horizontal axis of the waveguide are higher than those along the vertical axis. Both gain and refractive index differences increase as a function of injected power in the sample under test. Furthermore, it is concluded that polarisation rotation in ...

Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) based fiber optic sensor has been studied for multichannel and multianalyte sensing. Simulations have been carried out for a fiber optic sensor having two sensing regions coated with silver and gold for multichannel and multianalyte sensing. The simulated results have been obtained for different combinations of refractive indices of the samples around the probes. To support simulations optical fiber SPR probes with two sensing regions coated with silver and gold have been fabricated. SPR spectra for these sensors have been recorded for aqueous sucrose solutions of varying refractive indices. The refractive index of the liquid samples around both the gold and silver coated regions was kept the same to see the potential of SPR based fiber optic multichannel sensing, while it was kept different for studies related to multianalyte sensing. Both the theoretical and experimental results match qualitatively. The SPR resonance wavelengths for gold and silver being ...

Part physics, part material science and part chemistry, refractometry is the process which measures the composition of known substances by means of calculating their respective refractive indexes (RI). RIs are evaluated via a refractometer, a device which measures the curve, or refraction, resulting when the wavelength of light moves from the air into and through a tested substance. The unitless number given by the refractometer, usually between 1.3000 and 1.7000, is the RI. The composition of substances is then determined when the RI is compared to a standard curve specific to the material of the substance ...

JML-135-2007-105-114. This paper contains the results of a new experimental study of the effect of temperature on density, refractive index on mixing and ultrasonic velocity for a number of linear n-alkanes conbined with ethanol. A perusal of deviations between the experimental and calculated derived magnitudes shows that the predictive procedures give a qualitative estimation for the studied mixtures due to their high nonideality.. ...

A photonic nanojet (PNJ) corresponds to the specific highly localized spatial region of electromagnetic near-field distribution in the vicinity of a transparent micrometer-sized particle illuminated by a light wave. Here we consider dielectric spherical composite particles consisting of a core and several concentric shells having different refractive indices. The longitudinal and latitudinal sizes of a PNJ and its peak intensity depending on the optical contrast variation of shells are numerically investigated. We show that by properly changing the refractive indices of neighboring shells, it is possible to manipulate the PNJ shape and, in particular, extend its longitudinal size or increase its peak intensity.. © 2011 Optical Society of America. Full Article , PDF Article ...

Currently there is a need for retarders that do not degrade under elevated temperatures and intense illumination for use in displays and devices such as rear projection televisions. A stack of inorganic planar layers with alternating high and low refractive indices behaves as a form birefringent uniaxial material, but the sign of the birefringence is always negative. In the presentation we outline the use of serial bideposition with 90 deg incremental substrate rotations to generate positive uniaxial materials with a typical difference of 0.12 between the ordinary and extraordinary refractive indices. Optical methods for displaying the axial symmetry of the coatings and for measuring the birefringence are described and contrasted with previous and current work on inorganic biaxial materials ...

An F.sub.2 -excimer laser has multiple closely-spaced spectral lines of interest around 157 nm, and one of the lines is selected by wavelength selection optics. The wavelength selection optics of a first preferred embodiment include a birefringent Brewster window enclosing the laser gas volume of the discharge chamber. The window preferably comprises MgF.sub.2 and is located at one end of the discharge chamber. One line is selected of the two when the optical thickness of the window is selected in coordination with rotatably adjustable, orthogonal refractive indices of the window. The transmissivity of the window is dependent on the orthogonal refractive indices and the optical thickness of the window. The wavelength selection optics of a second preferred embodiment include are at least partially within the laser active volume. In this way, line selection is performed in a manner which optimizes the combination of optical and discharge efficiency,

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Digital Hand-held "Pocket" Sodium bicarbonate Refractometer PAL-64S, ATAGO - 23-5584 23-5584-58 Digital Hand-held Pocket Sodium bicarbonate Refractometer PAL-64S ATAGO 4464 P-R, Refractometers, ATAGO Refractometers, Food Additives, Ingredient Refractometers, ATAGO Handheld pocket refractometer for chemical product ingredient measurement of sodium bicarbonate 0.0 to 10.0%, with a temperature range between 10.0 to 40.0 degrees C Automatic temperature compensation (ATC) for immediate and accurate calibration readings, regardless of ambient temperature LED-illuminated digital display, with an external light interference (ELI) feature to alert of outside light interference Rectangular palm-sized shape (109 x 55 x 31mm), with prism housed in circular sample well Durable, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) resin body, with Ingress-Protection (IP)-65 rating for protection against dust and water jets

Information about In-line process refractometers and industrial refractometry for the pulp and paper, chemical, and food and beverage industries.

Information about In-line process refractometers and industrial refractometry for the pulp and paper, chemical, and food and beverage industries.

Date: Thu, 07 Jan 1999 14:26:03 -0600 From: Louis Bonham ,lkbonham at phoenix.net, Subject: Alcohol determination by refractometry [long] Hi folks: [Warning: hard-core beer geek information follows. ,g,] Many of us use a refractometer to assay the gravity of wort during the mash or before fermentation starts. Once fermentation begins, however, the alcohol in the wort/beer skews the reading because it has a different refractive index than water; i.e., it causes light to bend more than water. As a result, a beer that actually has a specific gravity of, say, 1.010 (as measured by a hydrometer, pycnometer, digital density meter, etc.) might read as 5.5 degrees Brix (SG 1.022) on a refractometer. Because of this significant discrepancy, the conventional wisdom has been that refractometers are useless once fermentation starts. (I plead guilty to being one of the parties promulgating this.) In fact, the difference between the actual specific gravity and the apparent gravity as measured by a ...

Photonic crystals give butterflies their color and can also guide light. A typical photonic crystal consists of a piece of glass with holes arranged in regular periodic pattern throughout its volume. Since glass and the air have different refractive indices, the refractive index has a periodic structure. This is the reason these materials are called crystals-their atoms form an ordered, three-dimensional lattice as found in crystalline salt or silicon, for example. In a conventional crystal, the precise design of the 3D structure determines the behavior of electrons, resulting for example in electrical insulators, conductors and semiconductors.. In a similar manner, the optical properties of a photonic crystal depend on the periodic 3D microstructure, which is responsible for the shimmering colors of some butterfly wings, for example. Being able to control the optical properties of materials is useful in a wide variety of applications. The photonic crystal fibers developed by Philip Russell and ...

We present a novel methodology for optical fiber polymer microtip manufacturing ant testing, which supports the structure optimization process through utilization of an optical diffraction tomography system based on the lateral shear digital holographic microscope. The most important functional parameter of an optical fiber microtip is the output beam distribution in the far-field region, which depends on geometrical properties and refractive index distribution within the microtip. These factors, in turn, are determined by the optical power distribution of the actinic light and the exposition time during the photopolymerization process. In order to obtain a desired light field distribution we propose to govern the manufacturing process by a hybrid opto-numerical methodology, which constitutes a convenient feedback loop for modification of the fabrication parameters. A single cycle of the proposed scheme includes numerical modeling, tomographic measurements and modifications of fabrication ...

Solid para-H-2 is a promising gain medium for stimulated Raman scattering, due to its high number density and narrow Raman linewidth. In preparation for the design of a cw solid hydrogen Raman laser, we have made the first measurements, to our knowledge, of the index of refraction of a solid para-H-2 crystal, in the wavelength range of 430-1100 nm. For a crystal stabilized at 4.4 K, this refractive index is measured to be n(p-H2) 1.130 +/- 0.001 at 514 nm. A slight, but significant, dependence on the final crystal-growth temperature is observed, with higher n(p-H2) at higher crystal-growth temperatures. Once a crystal is grown, it can be heated up to 10 K with no change in n(p-H2). The refractive index varies only slightly over the observed wavelength range, and no significant birefringence was observed. (C) 2011 Optical Society of America. ...

Wholesale Ophthalmic Refractometer - Select 2018 high quality Wholesale Ophthalmic Refractometer products in best price from certified Chinese Digital Refractometer manufacturers, Portable Refractometer suppliers, wholesalers and factory on Made-in-China.com

Multilayer interference pigment consisting of plateletlike titanium dioxide as carrier material, coated with alternating layers of metal oxides of low and high refractive index, the difference in the refractive indices being at least 0.1, which is obtainable by solidification and hydrolysis of an aqueous solution of a thermally hydrolysable titanium compound on a continuous belt, detachment of the resulting coat, coating of the resulting titanium dioxide platelets, with or without drying in between, by a wet method with, alternately, a metal oxide hydrate of high refractive index and a metal oxide hydrate of low refractive index by hydrolysis of the corresponding, water-soluble metal compounds, separation, drying and, if desired, calcining of the material obtained.

Vegetable oils are a class of natural products commonly used and appreciated due to their nutritional, sensorial, technological principles. Vegetable oils constitutes an important component of human diet often used in daily consumption with beneficial effects for the body balance. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare some of the physicochemical characteristics (dynamic viscosity, refractive index, surface tension, relative density and acidity index) in case of six food consumption vegetable oils, cold pressed. The analysed oil assortments, in these work were soybean, rapeseed, corn oil, almond, sesame and pumpkin seed oil purchased from the speciality stores with natural products, having different origins. The refractive index was measured using the refractometry method, and the dynamic viscosity using the Ostwald-type viscometer. From the physicochemical analyzed characteristics, it was observed that the values differ from one category of oil to another. Oils density varies from ...

A fiber-optic refractive index (RI) sensor based on a long period fiber grating (LPFG) coated with a zinc oxide (ZnO) thin film was fabricated and characterized. A method to overcoat the LPFGs with a homogeneous ZnO thin films was developed. Characterization of ZnO thin films, deposited simultaneously on silicon (Si) planar substrates, was performed using Scanning Electron Microscope, Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. The LPFGs with ZnO coatings from 29 to 145 nm of thickness were characterized and compared in terms of the wavelength shift and the intensity of the attenuation bands changing the surrounding refractive index (SRI) from 1.300 to 1.600. An average wavelength sensitivity of similar to 7162 nm/RIU was achieved in the RI range from 1.440 to 1.456 and more than 12,000 nm/RIU at 1.440 RI. Using a ZnO film thickness of 116 nm and in the RI region between 1.320 and 1.360 the average sensitivity of similar to 806 nm/RIU was measured for a 145 nm ...

This invention is directed to the preparation of silver halide-containing photochromic glasses exhibiting refractive indices between 1.585-1.610, Abbe numbers higher than 41, and densities less than 2.80 g/cm.sup.3 generally consisting essentially, in weight percent, of:

9 patients with monocular cataract aged 55-82 underwent surgery.The uncorrected visual acuity equaled 0.02-0.4.All patients underwent femto�â� � assisted phacoemulsification with the implantation of pseudo-accommodative IOL AcrySof ReSTOR (Alcon, USA) with �.0 D additional.The optical power of the IOL was calculated in emmetropic eye according to SRK/T formula.Femto laser stage was performed on a ZiemerFEMTO LDVZ8. Phacoemulsification was performed on StellarisPC Vision Enhancement system (Baush&Lomb,USA). The follow-up period was 6 months.The causes of loss of the paired eye were: phthisis bulbi, corneal leukoma, operated retinal detachment. Preoperative ophthalmological examination included visometry, tonometry, keratometry, refractometry, multiple biometrics,tomography of the retina ...

Urinary tract infections are the second infectious trouble which affects pets just after dermatologic affections. It is considered that 15% dogs and 1 to 3% cats have at least one urinary infection in their life time.. Two types of errors may be made in establishing the diagnosis: false positive animals diagnosed from clinical findings only and from a wrong interpretation of biological findings, and non identified infections due to the lack of systematic urinalysis.. Diagnostic steps. Urinalysis. Urinalysis is to be performed in order to analyze the physical, chemical, cytologic and microbiological features of urine. This includes several steps such as collecting urine, examining it, realizing a reagent strip, assessing urine specific gravity by refractometry, performing a nitric acid test to assess proteinuria, realizing urine sediment.. Use of urinalysis for the diagnosis of urinary tract infections Identification of organisms in urine is the only determining factor in the diagnosis of urinary ...

This study aimed to evaluate the digital Brix and optical serum total protein (STP) refractometers for measuring concentrations of serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) in alpacas and compare them to IgG concentrations measured by the reference method of radial immunodiffusion (RID) assay. The appropriate cutoff point for Brix and STP refractometers and the transmission infrared (TIR) spectroscopy method was determined for low IgG concentrations (, 10 g/L). Serum samples were collected from alpacas (N = Show moreThis study aimed to evaluate the digital Brix and optical serum total protein (STP) refractometers for measuring concentrations of serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) in alpacas and compare them to IgG concentrations measured by the reference method of radial immunodiffusion (RID) assay. The appropriate cutoff point for Brix and STP refractometers and the transmission infrared (TIR) spectroscopy method was determined for low IgG concentrations (, 10 g/L). Serum samples were collected from alpacas (N = ...

This study aimed to evaluate the digital Brix and optical serum total protein (STP) refractometers for measuring concentrations of serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) in alpacas and compare them to IgG concentrations measured by the reference method of radial immunodiffusion (RID) assay. The appropriate cutoff point for Brix and STP refractometers and the transmission infrared (TIR) spectroscopy method was determined for low IgG concentrations (, 10 g/L). Serum samples were collected from alpacas (N = Show moreThis study aimed to evaluate the digital Brix and optical serum total protein (STP) refractometers for measuring concentrations of serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) in alpacas and compare them to IgG concentrations measured by the reference method of radial immunodiffusion (RID) assay. The appropriate cutoff point for Brix and STP refractometers and the transmission infrared (TIR) spectroscopy method was determined for low IgG concentrations (, 10 g/L). Serum samples were collected from alpacas (N = ...

Anton Paar produces high precision measuring and laboratory instruments for industry and research. It is the world leader in the measurement of Density, Concentration and CO2 and in the field of Rheometry. Other areas of specialty are: Viscometry, Polarimetry, Refractometry, Microwave Sample Preparation & Synthesis, Surface Analysis and Characterisation, Nanostructure Analysis and X-Ray Scattering. Established in 1922, Anton Paar GmbH today is owned by the charitable Santner Foundation. Over 3200 employees at the headquarters in Graz and the sales subsidiaries worldwide ensure that Anton Paar products live up to their excellent reputation. The core competence of Anton Paar - high-precision production - and close contact to the scientific community form the basis for the quality of Anton Paars instruments. Located in St Albans, Anton Paar Limited provides sales, application support and service to users across the UK and ...

Elscolab offers an extensive range of instrumentation for industrial processes. There are dedicated solutions for every industry and all applications, ranging from food manufacturing via the pharmaceutical industry to heavy chemical processes.. Our equipment meets and exceeds todays industry standards. Of course they meet international guidelines and norms for safety (ATEX, SIL...) and hygiene (FDA, USP, EHEDG, …). The inline and online sensors are capable of digital and analogue communication with your process control system.. Our specialties: pH/ORP, oxygen, UV-VIS-NIR spectrophotometry, conductivity, colour, turbidity, refractometry, viscosity, pressure, temperature, flow, galvanic separators and much more.. ...

Our THz laboratory is centered on a terahertz time-domain spectroscopy system that provides picosecond THz pulses at a ~100 MHz repletion rate. These short pulses provide a spectral bandwidth from ~100 GHz to 4 THz. By monitoring position-dependent changes in the reflected or transmitted THz signal, we can build up an image of the material utilizing various contrast mechanisms. For example, in the time domain in a stratified medium, due to the Fresnel coefficient associated with refractive-index variations between the layers, the detected signal will be composed of various time-delayed echoes that are detected and then disentangled to identify layer thicknesses and refractive indices. Using advanced signal-processing techniques, we can obtain in some cases layer-thickness estimates down to ~20 microns. Such thicknesses are significantly below the expected resolution based on the available bandwidth.One of our laboratorys specific strength is our state-of-the-art ability to extract as much ...

The paper presents the technology and testing measurements of Mach-Zehnder interferometer made by K^{+}-Na^{+} ion exchange in glass. As a splitter and coupler of measuring and reference arms we used gradient index multimode interference structures in symmetrical configuration. The investigated interferometer, working in asymmetrical configurations, registers the phase shifts resulting from the changes of refractive index of the cover of both interferometer arms ...

Chilton Company. Refractometers Measure Jam/Jelly Brix During Cooking. Food Engineering 67 (1995): 30. Print. Considine, P. E., Douglas M., and Glenn D. Considine. Refractometers. Van Nostrands Scientific Encyclopedia . 8th ed. 1995. Print. Hanning, Anders, and Johan Roeraade. A Spectroscopic Refractometer for Temperature- Independent Refractive Index Detection. Analytical Chemistry 69 (1997): 1496-1503. Print. Sprow, Eugene E. and Production Lines Staff Refraction Test Refines Wandering Coolant. Manufacturing Engineering 114 (1995):70-72. Print. Podoleanu, A. Gh., S. R. Taplin, D. J. Webb, and D. A. Jackson. Channeled Spectrum Liquid Refractometer. Review of Scientific Instruments 64 (1993): 3028-3029. Print. Warenghem, M., and J. M. Lefebvre. Double Arm Pulfrich Refractometer: Application to the Optical Characterization of Biaxially Stretched Polystyrene. Polymer Engineering & Science 33 (1993): 1360-1365. Print. ...

Wyatt Technology is the recognized leader in light scattering instrumentation and software for determining the absolute molar mass, size, charge and interactions of macromolecules and nanoparticles in solution.. Wyatts line of multi-angle static light scattering products couple to size exclusion chromatography (SEC-MALS), field-flow fractionation (FFF-MALS) and stop-flow composition-gradient systems (CG-MALS). Our dynamic light scattering (DLS) products operate in traditional cuvette as well as on-line and automated, high-throughput modes. We also offer unique instruments for electrophoretic light scattering (MP-PALS), differential refractometry and differential viscosity.. +1 805-681-9009 Headquarters , 6330 Hollister Ave, Santa Barbara, CA ...

Wyatt Technology is the recognized leader in light scattering instrumentation and software for determining the absolute molar mass, size, charge and interactions of macromolecules and nanoparticles in solution. Wyatt provides in-line multi-angle static light scattering - SEC-MALS; field flow fractionation (separation with no stationary phase) - FFF-MALS; composition gradients for interaction analysis - CG-MALS; high-throughput dynamic light scattering - DLS; high-sensitivity electrophoretic mobility - MP-PALS; differential refractometry, and differential viscosity.. ...

Anton Paar develops, produces and distributes highly accurate laboratory instruments and process measuring systems, and provides custom-tailored automation and robotic solutions.. It is the world leader in the measurement of density, concentration and CO2 and in the field of Rheometry. Other areas of specialty are: Viscometry, Polarimetry, Refractometry, Microwave Sample Preparation & Synthesis, Chemical and Mechanical Surface and Nanostructure Analysis.. With over 2200 employees at the headquarters in Graz (Austria) and the 25 sales subsidiaries worldwide, Anton Paar ensure that their products live up to their excellent reputation. The core competence of the company - high-precision production - and close contact to the scientific community form the basis for the quality of Anton Paars instruments.. A strong sales network in more than 110 countries guarantees customers rapid support and answers to their application and service queries.. Innovation is the basis for progress and every year Anton ...

ASTM-D5006 Standard Test Method for Measurement of Fuel System Icing Inhibitors (Ether Type) in Aviation Fuels - aviation fuel; diethylene glycol monomethyl ether; fuel system icing inhibitor; refractometry ;; ICS Number Code 75.160.20 (Liquid fuels)

Microlenses are fabricated with a refractive-index gradient. The refractive-index gradient is produced in a microlens material such that the refractive index is relatively higher in the material nearest the substrate, and becomes progressively lower as the layer gets thicker. After formation of the layer with the refractive-index gradient, material is etched from the layer through a resist to form microlenses. The index of refraction can be adjusted in the microlens material by controlling oxygen and nitrogen content of the microlens materials during deposition. High-oxide material has a lower index of refraction. High-oxide material also exhibits a faster etch-rate. The etching forms the material into a lens shape. After removal of the resist, the microlenses have a lower relative refractive index at their apex, where the index of refraction preferably approaches that of the ambient surroundings. Consequently, light loss by reflection at the ambient/microlens interface is reduced.

Despite the fact that many refractometers sold to aquarists recommend calibration in pure water, such a calibration alone will not ensure accuracy for the reasons described above. So my recommendation for calibration is as follows:. 1. First calibrate the refractometer in pure freshwater. This can be distilled water, RO (reverse osmosis) water, RO/DI water, bottled water and even tap water with reasonably low TDS (total dissolved solids). Calibrating with tap water that has a TDS value of 350 ppm introduces only about a 1% error in salinity, causing readings in seawater to read a bit low. So 35 ppt seawater (specific gravity = 1.0264) will read to be about 34.7 ppt, and will show a specific gravity of about 1.0261.. This calibration should ordinarily be carried out at room temperature using an ATC refractometer. The directions with some ATC refractometers insist that the calibration be carried out at a specific temperature, but Ive never understood how that could matter and I would not worry ...

A quaternary system consisting of three solutes, namely ethanol, diethylene glycol (DEG) and triethylene glycol (TEG) in benzene at 298.15 K and 1.0125 × 105 Pa was studied. An experimental design in the range of concentration 0.006 < xsolute-i < 0.023 was explored, optimizing the metric distance among the solutes to avoid clustering. On-line simultaneous experimental measurements using a densitometer and a refractometer were utilized to measure bulk solution density and bulk refractive index, respectively. Response surface models describing the total molar volume and total molar refraction were employed to determine the partial molar volumes and the partial molar refractions of each solute from the dilute multi-component data alone. Neither densities nor refractive indices of any of the pure components were used and no binary information was required for the analysis. Definitions for the mean electronic polarizability and the effective molecular radius of a solute based on the partial molar ...

We demonstrate a method for the fast and simple packaging of silicon sensors into a microfluidic package consisting of the recently introduced {OSTE} polymer. The microfluidic layer is first microstructured and thereafter dry-bonded to a silicon photonic sensor, in a process compatible with wafer-level production, and with the entire packaging process lasting only 10 minutes. The fluidic layer combines molded microchannels and fluidic (Luer) connectors with photopatterned through-holes (vias) for optical fiber probing and fluid connections. All the features are fabricated in a single photocuring step. We report measurements with an integrated silicon photonic {Mach-Zehnder} interferometer refractive index sensor packaged by these means.. ...

This product is a surface-emitting semiconductor laser with a photonic crystal structure that features a narrow spot beam pattern (narrow beam spread angle, circular shape) and a narrow spectral linewidth. The photonic crystal is an optical nanostructure having a periodic refractive index distribution with dimensions nearly equal to the light wavelengths. In this product, light is amplified and diffracted by the photonic crystal mounted in the vicinity of a light amplification layer called an active layer, and the amplified light is output as a laser beam in a direction perpendicular to the surface. Even with a large area, this laser allows a stable resonance action and so delivers a high quality beam with a narrow radiant angle.

Chan, F. and Harris, M. and Singh, R. 2015. Modelling Body Mass Index Distribution using Maximum Entropy Density, 21st International Congress on Modelling and Simulation (MODSIM) held jointly with the 23rd National Conference of the Australian-Society-for-Operations-Research / DSTO led Defence Operations Research Symposium (DORS, pp. 1036-1042: MODELLING & SIMULATION SOC AUSTRALIA & NEW ZEALAND INC ...

Organic-inorganic hybrid sol-gel materials have attracted increasing attention in recent years as low-cost, rugged materials for integrated optical devices such as optical couplers, splitters, and electro-optic modulators. These materials can be easily processed by spin-coating, wet-etching photolithography, and low-temperature baking. Precise control of waveguide core-cladding refractive indices produces well-confined low-loss propagation and good matching of the absolute refractive index to that of fused silica results in low optical coupling loss to optical fiber. The increased thermal and mechanical stability of these materials, relative to optical polymers, results in numerous packaging options and improved reliability. However organic-inorganic hybrid sol-gel materials have not yet been often used as host of active dopants such as erbium (III) ions for 1550nm optical amplification. This limitation owes primarily to matrix and chelate dominated nonradiative relaxation processes, as high ...

Interferometric probing using an extreme ultraviolet (EUV) laser has measured both transmission and phase information through laser-irradiated plastic (parylene-N C8H8) targets (thickness 350 nm). Unusually, the probe beam is incident longitudinally in approximately the same direction as the incident optical laser. Agreement of the experimental interferometry results has been obtained with two-dimensional radiation hydrodynamic code (h2d) simulations of EUV (21.2 nm) probe transmissions and phase shifts. We show that the transmission of the EUV probe beam provides a measure of the rate of target ablation, as ablated plasma becomes close to transparent when the photon energy is less than the ionization energy of the predominate ion species. Here C3+ ions with ionization energy 64.5 eV are transparent, while lower carbon ionization stages, present in the unablated target and close to the ablation surface, absorb the 58.5 eV photons. Similarly, we show that refractive indices η below the solid ...

Plasma polymerized a-C:H thin films have been deposited on Si (100) and aluminum coated glass substrates by a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) operated at medium pressure using C2Hm/Ar (m = 2, 4, 6) gas mixtures. The deposited films were characterized by Fourier transform infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (FT-IRRAS), Raman spectroscopy, and ellipsometry. FT-IRRAS revealed the presence of sp3 and sp2 C-H stretching and C-H bending vibrations of bonds in the films. The presence of D and G bands was confirmed by Raman spectroscopy. Thin films obtained from C2H4/Ar and C2H6/Ar gas mixtures have ID/IG ratios of 0.45 and 0.3, respectively. The refractive indices were 2.8 and 3.1 for C2H4/Ar and C2H6/Ar films, respectively, at a photon energy of 2 eV.

13. A single mode optical fiber, comprising:a first central region defining a radius r1, said first central region having a maximum refractive index value n1.sub.max and a minimum refractive index value n1.sub.min; anda second ring surrounding said first central region, wherein said second ring has a substantially constant refractive index value n2 that is less than the minimum refractive index value n1.sub.min of said first central region;wherein the refractive index value of said first central region decreases from the central axis of symmetry in said first central region in a radial direction over a distance equal to the radius r1, the refractive index value decreasing from n1.sub.max to n1.sub.min in a substantially linear fashion, whereby said first central region is substantially free of a portion having a constant refractive index value, and wherein the decrease takes place in accordance with the following equation: slope = ( D 1 max - D 1 min ) / ( r 1 ) , wherein 0.13 , slope , 0.19 , D ...

The diffusion of Magnesium dopant into the Lithium Niobate host induces negative index changes. The process starts by deposition of a stripe Magnesium source, usually the oxide of Magnesium, onto the Lithium Niobate crystal. The sample is then heated for several hours, similar to the Titanium diffusion process. Formally, the resulting refractive index distribution can be modeled using similar formulas, so all parameters have the same meaning in both cases. However, the default parameters are different.. The major differences between the Ti and Mg diffusion processes:. • Magnesium distribution constants are negative in contrast to positive values for Ti diffusion. From the literature data, the constants are approximately one order of magnitude larger than those for Titanium diffusion.. • The power distribution factors for the Magnesium process are the same for ordinary and extraordinary indices and equal to unity in contrast to Titanium process.. • Different diffusion constants and ...

This study proposes a method for measuring the refractive index of articular cartilage within a thin and small specimen slice. The cartilage specimen, with a thickness of about 50 μm, was put next to a thin film of immersion oil of similar thickness. Both the articular cartilage and immersion oil were scanned along the depth direction using a confocal microscope. The refractive index mismatch between the cartilage and the immersion oil induced a slight axial deformation in the confocal images of the cartilage specimen that was accurately measured by a subpixel edge-detection-based technique. A theoretical model was built to quantify the focal shift of confocal microscopy caused by the refractive index mismatch. With the quantitative deformations of cartilage images and the quantified function of focal shift, the refractive index of articular cartilage was accurately interpolated. At 561 nm, 0.1 MPa and 20 °C, the overall refractive index of the six cartilage plugs was 1.3975 ± 0.0156. The ...

Today, silicate photothermorefractive (PTR) glasses are well known as a holographic medium for fabrication of holographic volume diffractive optical elements. The photothermoinduced crystallization process is used for recording high-efficiency phase volume holograms in this material. These holograms are used for developing unique diffractive optical elements that provide new opportunities for the laser technique, for example, narrowband filters for solid-state lasers and laser diodes, beam combiners, holographic collimator sights, chirped gratings for laser pulse compression, etc. By now, the photothermoinduced crystallization and properties of the PTR glass are investigated well enough. However, there are some issues and features still, which are solved in the present work. The mechanism of refractive index change in fluoride photothermorefractive glass during photothermoinduced crystallization and refractive index profile of the volume Bragg gratings were discussed. We studied a fine structure of a

Other possible mechanisms could be involved in the compensation we found. One is the possible effect on the aberration of the posterior corneal surface. It should be noted that what we referred to as internal ocular optics also includes the posterior surface of the cornea (Guirao & Artal, 2000). The difference in refractive index between the cornea and the aqueous humor is about 10% of the difference of indexes between air and cornea. It is, therefore, unlikely that the posterior corneal surface makes a significant contribution to the aberrations. However, if the posterior surface of the cornea has a shape similar to the first surface, because the refractive index change is opposite, a small amount of first-surface aberration could be compensated. Precise measurements of both corneal surfaces would allow determination of the posterior surfaces exact role in the aberrations. A decentration of the eyes pupil could also explain part of the balance obtained between cornea and internal surfaces. ...

Refractometer for measuring of seawater/saltwater. It comes programmed with both Seawater PPT (parts per thousand) and Specific Gravity (SG) scales.

Digital Wide Range protein / Urine Refractometer General Tools Corp. General Tool Digital Wide Range Protein / Urine Refractometer

The Europe Refractometers Industry 2016 Market Research Report is a professional and in-depth study on the current state of the Refractometers industry. The

D6550 Standard Test Method for Determination of Olefin Content of Gasolines by Supercritical-Fluid Chromatography D6591 Standard Test Method for Determination of Aromatic Hydrocarbon Types in Middle Distillates-High Performance Liquid Chromatography Method with Refractive Index Detection. D6750 Standard Test Methods for Evaluation of Engine Oils in a High-Speed, Single-Cylinder Diesel Engine-1K Procedure (0.4 % Fuel Sulfur) and 1N Procedure (0.04 % Fuel Sulfur). D6987/D6987M Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Diesel Engine Oils in T-10 Exhaust Gas Recirculation Diesel Engine. D7347 Standard Test Method for Determination of Olefin Content in Denatured Ethanol by Supercritical Fluid Chromatography. D7422 Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Diesel Engine Oils in T-12 Exhaust Gas Recirculation Diesel Engine. D7484 Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive Engine Oils for Valve-Train Wear Performance in Cummins ISB Medium-Duty Diesel Engine. D7549 Standard Test Method for Evaluation of ...

NEW With the popular Osmocheck now obsolete, we have sourced a new range of accurate urine analysis devices, including this benchtop Digital Urine Specific Gravity Refractometer UG-α.

A new optical diffraction tomography (ODT) technique can measure the positions of optically trapped particles in three dimensions at high speed.

A fiber-based polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT) system uses a new polarization diversity detection (PDD) scheme and requires no active polarization modulating components. Retardation of the sample can be determined from amplitudes of arbitrarily-oriented x- and y-components of the reflected light. A hybrid custom 50/50 coupler with single-mode fiber inputs and polarization maintaining (PM) fiber outputs combines light from sample and reference arms of an interferometer. Another embodiment ...

The century old process of staining biological tissue for examination under a microscope remains today as the standard assessment tool for pathologists looking for signs of cancer. Now a new stain-free imaging method for cancer diagnosis has been developed that provides images that rival or surpass those from histological staining. In addition, the technique is automated, and it provides quantitative data on structures at the cellular level.. Researchers from the Beckman Institute, Christie Clinic in Urbana, and the University of Illinois at Chicago reported on the results of using the method for cancer detection in a paper for the Journal of Biomedical Optics titled Tissue refractive index as marker of disease. Gabriel Popescu, director of the Quantitative Light Imaging Laboratory (QLI) at Beckman and faculty member in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Illinois, developed the technique, called Spatial Light Interference Microscopy (SLIM), and led the study.. SLIM employs ...

Majeed H, Kandel M, Han K, Luo Z, Macias V, Tangella K, Balla A, Popescu G. In Press. Breast cancer diagnosis using Spatial Light Interference Microscopy (SLIM). Journal of Biomedical Optics - Special Section on Quantitative Phase Imaging in Medicine. ...

LUMISIL® 590 and LUMISIL® 591 are highly transparent, addition-curing silicone elastomers with a refractive index of 1.53, which means they rank among the high-refractive-index (HRI) encapsulants. Such grades are particularly suitable for manufacturing highly efficient LEDs. The HRI silicone protects the sensitive LED chip against mechanical influences and corrosive gases. At the same time, the silicones high refractive index enables optimum light efficiency. Semiconductor chips used to generate light in LEDs have a high refractive index. To maximize the amount of light emitted by the LED chip that can pass through the encapsulation, the refractive index of the chip and encapsulant must be roughly the same value. Thanks to their refractive index of 1.53, LUMISIL® 590 and LUMISIL® 591 make LEDs highly efficient. Whats more, the highly transparent silicones are almost completely transparent for light in the visible spectral range (approx. 400 to 700 nm) and do not yellow even when radiation ...

Dublin, Oct. 29, 2020 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- The Cladding Market - Growth, Trends, and Forecast (2020-2025) report has been added to ResearchAndMarkets.coms offering. Cladding helps maintain a balance between the exterior and interior environment of the structure and is designed to meet the aesthetic and functional requirements simultaneously. Cladding is done based on the operational requirement of the building. The rise in infrastructure and construction activities in residential and non-residential spaces worldwide are the main factors driving the growth of the cladding market.Stringent government regulations, green buildings regulations, and codes such as LEED certifications are also propelling the investments in lightweight and energy-efficient market cladding systems in residential and non-residential buildings.The demand for fire resistance, thermal resistance, water resistance, and soundproof cladding systems is growing. Innovative eco preferred cladding materials are preferred in the market

I think what you say is correct. By saying it should be unitary, he means it should be time-reversible. It is indeed time-reversible if before reaching the detector 2 it is in the same state as the initial state. It starts off with the superposition, and then only vertical polarization in the top part and horizontal in the lower part of the arms, which finally recombine into the superposition after the beam splitter near detector 2.. ...

This disclosure concerns optical waveguides of semiconductor material through which light is adapted to be propagated. The optical waveguides comprise respective first and second layers of semiconductor material of the same conductivity type, wherein one of the semiconductor layers has a relatively low refractive index, while the other semiconductor layer has a relatively high refractive index, with the light being adapted to be propagated through the semiconductor layer having the relatively high refractive index. The optical waveguide structures are characterized by having the semiconductor layer through which the light is to be propagated so formed as to include each of its two side surfaces and top surface as being planar faceted growth surfaces of extreme smoothness to avoid scattering light as it is being propagated therethrough, thereby minimizing losses. In a particular aspect, an optical waveguide is provided in which each of its four planar surfaces including top, bottom, and side surfaces is

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