Several lines of evidence suggest that tyrosine phosphorylation is a key element in myelin formation, differentiation of oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells, and recovery from demyelinating lesions. Multiple sclerosis is a demyelinating disease of the human central nervous system, and studies of experimental demyelination indicate that remyelination in vivo requires the local generation, migration or maturation of new oligodendrocytes, or some combination of these. Failure of remyelination in multiple sclerosis could result from the failure of any of these processes or from the death of oligodendrocytes. Ptprz encodes protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type Z (Ptpz, also designated Rptpbeta), which is expressed primarily in the nervous system but also in oligodendrocytes, astrocytes and neurons. Here we examine the susceptibility of mice deficient in Ptprz to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model of multiple sclerosis. We observe that mice deficient in Ptprz show impaired ...

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) family. PTPs are known to be signaling molecules that regulate a variety of cellular processes including cell growth, differentiation, mitotic cycle, and oncogenic transformation. This PTP contains an extracellular domain, a single transmembrane segment and one intracytoplasmic catalytic domain, thus belongs to receptor type PTP. The extracellular region of this PTP is composed of multiple fibronectin type_III repeats, which was shown to interact with neuronal receptor and cell adhesion molecules, such as contactin and tenascin C. This protein was also found to interact with sodium channels, and thus may regulate sodium channels by altering tyrosine phosphorylation status. The functions of the interaction partners of this protein implicate the roles of this PTP in cell adhesion, neurite growth, and neuronal differentiation. Alternate transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this ...

ENCODES a protein that exhibits identical protein binding (inferred); protein tyrosine phosphatase activity (inferred); INVOLVED IN negative regulation of epithelial cell migration (inferred); peptidyl-tyrosine dephosphorylation (inferred); ASSOCIATED WITH Stomach Neoplasms (ortholog); FOUND IN integral component of membrane (inferred)

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The proper formation of synapses-specialized unitary structures formed between two neurons-is critical to mediating information flow in the brain. Synaptic cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) are thought to participate in the initiation of the synapse formation process. However, functional analysis demonstrates that most well known synaptic CAMs regulate synaptic maturation and plasticity rather than synapse formation, suggesting that either CAMs work synergistically in the process of forming synapses or more CAMs remain to be found. By screening for unknown CAMs using a co-culture system, we revealed that protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type O (PTPRO) is a potent CAM that induces the formation of artificial synapse clusters in co-cultures of human embryonic kidney 293 cells and hippocampal neurons cultured from newborn mice regardless of gender. PTPRO was enriched in the mouse brain and localized to postsynaptic sites at excitatory synapses. The overexpression of PTPRO in cultured hippocampal ...

Efficient elimination of a pathogen is dependent on both rapid and sustained antibody production by B cells. In contrast with conventional (B2) B cells, which produce antigen-specific antibody later in infection, B1 B cells generate natural antibodies and contribute to the T-cell independent (TI) antibody response. B cell activation and subsequent antibody secretion involve tyrosine phosphorylation, which is tightly regulated by protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) and receptor-like protein tyrosine phosphatases (RPTPs). Previous studies from our lab have demonstrated that the RPTPs CD148 and CD45 have redundant positive regulatory roles in the development and antigen receptor signaling of B2 B cells by acting on on Src PTKs. However, the role of RPTPs in signal transduction in B1 B cells is not well understood. We have found that mice with a targeted deletion of the transmembrane domain of CD148 have an impaired IgM response when challenged with a TI antigen. This suggests that CD148 has a unique ...

Complete information for PTPRC gene (Protein Coding), Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Receptor Type C, including: function, proteins, disorders, pathways, orthologs, and expression. GeneCards - The Human Gene Compendium

Author summary The phosphorylation of proteins by kinases is one of the most common post-translational modifications that regulates protein function in a variety of processes. Protein kinases are usually counteracted by specific phosphatases that remove the phosphate groups from proteins. We have undertaken a systematic biochemical (

The activation of the phosphotyrosine phosphatase eta (r-PTP eta) is responsible for the somatostatin inhibition of PC Cl3 thyroid cell proliferation

Ptprq, a receptor-like phosphatase known to be associated with the shaft connectors of stereocilia, is a protein required for the maintenance of the hair-bundle structure. The extracellular domain of Ptprq has numerous potential sites for N-glycosylation and the cytoplasmic domain has phosphatidyl inositol phosphatase activity in vitro. The current project was aimed at determining whether Ptprq regulates inositol phosphate levels in the hair bundle, identifying the intracellular binding partners of Ptprq, understanding what targets Ptprq to the apical membrane, and finally, elucidating whether Ptprq is a proteoglycan. The results show that EHD3, a protein involved in endocytosis, interacts with the intracellular domain of Ptprq and that a major part of the apical targeting signal in Ptprq lies in the N-glycosylated moieties of the extracellular domain. Also, evidence was found indicating that Ptprq is a chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan and that there may be a developmentally-regulated isoform ...

Reactome is pathway database which provides intuitive bioinformatics tools for the visualisation, interpretation and analysis of pathway knowledge.

Wiki-Pi: a web resource for human protein-protein interactions. It shows genes and PPIs with information about pathways, protein-protein interactions (PPIs), Gene Ontology (GO) annotations including cellular localization, molecular function and biological process, drugs, diseases, genome-wide association studies (GWAS), GO enrichments, PDB ID, Uniprot ID, HPRD ID, and word cloud from pubmed abstracts.

Platelets play a fundamental role in hemostasis and thrombosis. They are also involved in pathologic conditions resulting from blocked blood vessels, including myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke. Platelet adhesion, activation, and aggregation at sites of vascular injury are regulated by a diverse repertoire of tyrosine kinase-linked and G protein-coupled receptors. Src family kinases (SFKs) play a central role in initiating and propagating signaling from several platelet surface receptors; however, the underlying mechanism of how SFK activity is regulated in platelets remains unclear. CD148 is the only receptor-like protein tyrosine phosphatase identified in platelets to date. In the present study, we show that mutant mice lacking CD148 exhibited a bleeding tendency and defective arterial thrombosis. Basal SFK activity was found to be markedly reduced in CD148-deficient platelets, resulting in a global hyporesponsiveness to agonists that signal through SFKs, including collagen and ...

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Assignment of the human gene for receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatase IA-2 (PTPRN) to chromosome region 2q35-q36.1 and identification of an intragenic genetic ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Targeting protein tyrosine phosphatase σ after myocardial infarction restores cardiac sympathetic innervation and prevents arrhythmias. AU - Gardner, R. T.. AU - Wang, L.. AU - Lang, B. T.. AU - Cregg, J. M.. AU - Dunbar, C. L.. AU - Woodward, William. AU - Silver, J.. AU - Ripplinger, C. M.. AU - Habecker, Beth. PY - 2015. Y1 - 2015. N2 - Millions of people suffer a myocardial infarction (MI) every year, and those who survive have increased risk of arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. Recent clinical studies have identified sympathetic denervation as a predictor of increased arrhythmia susceptibility. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans present in the cardiac scar after MI prevent sympathetic reinnervation by binding the neuronal protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor σ (PTPσ). Here we show that the absence of PTPσ, or pharmacologic modulation of PTPσ by the novel intracellular sigma peptide (ISP) beginning 3 days after injury, restores sympathetic innervation to the scar and ...

Investigators at Rush University Medical Center in Chicago and the Brigham and Womens Hospital in Boston have reported the discovery of a new gene that is associated with susceptibility to a common form of brain pathology called Tau (image of Tau protein) that accumulates in several different conditions, including Alzheimers disease, certain forms of dementia, and Parkinsonian syndromes, as well as chronic traumatic encephalopathy that occurs with repeated head injuries. Published online on March 21, 2017 in Molecular Psychiatry, the manuscript describes the identification and validation of a genetic variant within the protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor-type delta (PTPRD) gene. The article is titled Susceptibility to Neurofibrillary Tangles: Role of the PTPRD Locus and Limited Pleiotropy with Other Neuropathologies. Aging leads to the accumulation of many different pathologies in the brain, said Co-Principal Investigator Dr. David Bennett who directs the Alzheimer Disease Center at ...

Fibronectin type 3 domain; One of three types of internal repeats found in the plasma protein fibronectin. Its tenth fibronectin type III repeat contains an RGD cell recognition sequence in a flexible loop between 2 strands. Approximately 2% of all animal proteins contain the FN3 repeat; including extracellular and intracellular proteins, membrane spanning cytokine receptors, growth hormone receptors, tyrosine phosphatase receptors, and adhesion molecules. FN3-like domains are also found in bacterial glycosyl hydrolases. ...

CD45RB is an of a receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatase, CD45 glycoprotein. CD45 is crucial in lymphocyte development and antigen signaling, serving as an important regulator of Src-family kinases, promotes cell survival by modulating integrin-mediated signal transduction pathway and is also involved in DNA fragmentation during apoptosis. CD45 isoforms differ in their extracellular domains, whereas they share identical transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains. These isoforms differ in their ability to translocate into the glycosphingolipid-enriched membrane domains and their expression depends on cell type and physiological state of the cell. CD45RB is expressed e.g. in microglia and inflammatory cells ...

Islet cell autoantigen (ICA) 512 is a novel autoantigen of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) which is homologous to receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatases (++PTPases). We show that ICA 512 is an intrinsic membrane protein of secretory granules expressed in insulin-producing pancreatic …

Quantity100 testsVolume1ImmunogenHuman thymocytes and T lymphocytesBackground InformationCD45RB is a receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatase, CD...

Hofmann, I., Geer, M.J., Vögtle, T., Crispin, A., Campagna, D.R., Barr, A.J., Calicchio, M.L., Heising, S., van Geffen, J.P., Kuijpers, M.J.E., Heemskerk, J.W.M., Eble, J.A., Schmitz-Abe, K., Obeng, E.A., Douglas, M., Freson, K., Pondarré, C., Favier, R., Jarvis, G.E., Markianos, K., Turro, E., Ouwehand, W.H., Mazharian, A., Fleming, M.D. and Senis, Y. 2018. Congenital macrothrombocytopenia with focal myelofibrosis due to mutations in human G6b-B is rescued in humanized mice. Blood. 132, pp. 1399-1412. doi:10.1182/blood-2017-08-802769 Targeting Receptor-Type Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases with Biotherapeutics: Is Outside-in Better than Inside-Out? ...

Hofmann, I., Geer, M.J., Vögtle, T., Crispin, A., Campagna, D.R., Barr, A.J., Calicchio, M.L., Heising, S., van Geffen, J.P., Kuijpers, M.J.E., Heemskerk, J.W.M., Eble, J.A., Schmitz-Abe, K., Obeng, E.A., Douglas, M., Freson, K., Pondarré, C., Favier, R., Jarvis, G.E., Markianos, K., Turro, E., Ouwehand, W.H., Mazharian, A., Fleming, M.D. and Senis, Y. 2018. Congenital macrothrombocytopenia with focal myelofibrosis due to mutations in human G6b-B is rescued in humanized mice. Blood. 132, pp. 1399-1412. doi:10.1182/blood-2017-08-802769 Targeting Receptor-Type Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases with Biotherapeutics: Is Outside-in Better than Inside-Out? ...

Domain architecture of human R3 RPTP members[1] Schematic representation of human R3 subtype RPTP protein members. For catalytic PTP, FN3 and signal peptide symbols see the figure. Black and light blue boxes represent the transmembrane segments and the cytoplasmatic regions after the PTP domain, respectively. Note the larger size of the juxtamembrane FN3 domain in PTPRQ, PTPRB and PTPRJ proteins. Protein amino acid numbers are indicated in parenthesis below the protein names. ...

FUNCTION: [Summary is not available for the mouse gene. This summary is for the human ortholog.] This gene encodes a protein with sequence similarity to receptor-like protein tyrosine phosphatases. However, tyrosine phosphatase activity has not been experimentally validated for this protein. Studies of the rat ortholog suggest that the encoded protein may instead function as a phosphatidylinositol phosphatase with the ability to dephosphorylate phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-diphosphate, and this function may be involved in the regulation of insulin secretion. This protein has been identified as an autoantigen in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2015 ...

Protein tyrosine phosphatase CD45 is a key player in T-cell receptor signaling and lymphocyte development. Differential expression of multiple CD45 isoforms resulting from the alternative splicing of exons A, B, and C, which encode part of the extracellular domain, is an important feature of CD45 expression. We report a novel isoform that results from the alternative splicing of a previously undiscovered exon between the constitutively spliced exon 3 and the alternatively spliced exon A. This 123-bpâ€:#x0093:long exon encodes 41 amino acids and is unlikely to undergo te extensive glycosylation seen for the regions encoded by exons A, B, and C. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction demonstrates that this isoform is expressed in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and cell lines of lymphoid origin, but with a clearly different pattern to that of the isoforms caused by exons A, B, and C, implying a different regulatory mechanism.

Abstract. Abstract 3988Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable plasma cell malignancy predominantly negative for the surface protein tyrosine phosphatase CD45. P

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Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) play an important role in regulating cell signaling events in coordination with tyrosine kinases to control cell proliferation, apoptosis, survival, migration, and invasion. Receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPRs) are a subgroup of PTPs that share a transmembrane domain with resulting similarities in function and target specificity. In this review, we summarize genetic and epigenetic alterations including mutation, deletion, amplification, and promoter methylation of PTPRs in cancer and consider the consequences of PTPR alterations in different types of cancers. We also summarize recent developments using PTPRs as prognostic or predictive biomarkers and/or direct targets. Increased understanding of the role of PTPRs in cancer may provide opportunities to improve therapeutic approaches.

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Astrid F. Nottebaum, Giuseppe Cagna, Mark Winderlich, Alexander C. Gamp, Ruth Linnepe, Christian Polaschegg, Kristina Filippova, Ruth Lyck, Britta Engelhardt, Olena Kamenyeva, Maria Gabriele Bixel, Stefan Butz, Dietmar Vestweber ...

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The single-copy mouse gene Ptprr gives rise to different protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) isoforms in neuronal cells through the use of distinct promoters, alternative splicing, and multiple translation initiation sites. Here, we examined the array of post-translational modifications imposed on the PTPRR protein isoforms PTPBR7, PTP-SL, PTPPBSgamma42 and PTPPBSgamma37, which have distinct N-terminal segments and localize to different parts of the cell. All isoforms were found to be short-lived, constitutively phosphorylated proteins. In addition, the transmembrane isoform, PTPBR7, was subject to N-terminal proteolytic processing, in between amino acid position 136 and 137, resulting in an additional, 65-kDa transmembrane PTPRR isoform. Unlike for some other receptor-type PTPs, the proteolytically produced N-terminal ectodomain does not remain associated with this PTPRR-65. Shedding of PTPBR7-derived polypeptides at the cell surface further adds to the molecular complexity of PTPRR biology ...

The effects of a chimeric monoclonal antibody (chA6 mAb) that recognizes both the RO and RB isoforms of the transmembrane protein tyrosine phosphatase CD45 on human T cells were investigated. Chimeric A6 (chA6) mAb potently inhibited antigen-specific and polyclonal T cell responses. ChA6 mAb induced activation-independent apoptosis in CD4 + CD45RO/RB high T cells but not in CD8 + T cells. In addition, CD4 + T cell lines specific for tetanus toxoid (TT) generated in the presence of chA6 mAb were anergic and suppressed the proliferation and interferon (IFN)-γ production by TT-specific effector T cells by an interleukin-10-dependent mechanism, indicating that these cells were equivalent to type 1 regulatory T cells. Similarly, CD8 + T cell lines specific for the influenza A matrix protein-derived peptide (MP.58-66) generated in the presence of chA6 mAb were anergic and suppressed IFN-γ production by MP.58-66-specific effector CD8 + T cells. Furthermore, chA6 mAb significantly prolonged human ...

For many years, the high-affinity receptor for immunoglobulin E (IgE) FcεRI, which is expressed by mast cells and basophils, has been widely held to be the exemplar of cross-linking (that is, aggregation dependent) signaling receptors. We found, however, that FcεRI signaling could occur in the presence or absence of receptor cross-linking. Using both cell and cell-free systems, we showed that FcεRI signaling was stimulated by surface-associated monovalent ligands through the passive, size-dependent exclusion of the receptor-type tyrosine phosphatase CD45 from plasma membrane regions of FcεRI-ligand engagement. Similarly to the T cell receptor, FcεRI signaling could also be initiated in a ligand-independent manner. These data suggest that a simple mechanism of CD45 exclusion-based receptor triggering could function together with cross-linking-based FcεRI signaling, broadening mast cell and basophil reactivity by enabling these cells to respond to both multivalent and surface-presented monovalent

The expression of a novel receptor-type tyrosine phosphatase suggests a role in morphogenesis and plasticity of the nervous system. ...

CD45RA is a 205-220 kD single chain type I glycoprotein. It is an exon 4 splice variant of the tyrosine phosphatase CD45. The CD45RA isoform is expressed on resting/naïve T cells, medullary thymocytes, B cells and monocytes. CD45RA enhances both T cell receptor and B cell receptor signaling. CD45 no

Description: Quantitativesandwich ELISA kit for measuring Human Receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase F(PTPRF) in samples from serum, plasma, urine, tissue homogenates, cell lysates. Now available in a cost efficient pack of 5 plates of 96 wells each, conveniently packed along with the other reagents in 5 separate kits ...

chains in the Genus database with same CATH superfamily 3H90 A; 2ZZT A; 3W65 A; 3W66 A; 3BYP A; 3W8P A; 3W63 A; 3W5X A; 3W61 A; 3W62 A; 3W5Z A; 3W8G A; 3W5Y A; 3W64 A; 3BYR A; 2QFI A; 5HSP A; 3W60 A; #chains in the Genus database with same CATH topology 5GAH I; 5HK4 A; 4DQQ A; 3M2U B; 3T9N A; 2GO9 A; 4DX5 A; 3J81 Y; 4CH1 A; 5J2P A; 1XMQ F; 3W2V A; 2IMO A; 4DV1 F; 2DRA A; 2VC1 A; 1RT5 A; 3ITH A; 2F7V A; 2NSB A; 4DV3 F; 1TQL A; 1J5E J; 5GAE U; 4RUC A; 1IR1 A; 1WF1 A; 1FWP A; 1RAJ A; 2L48 A; 3I96 A; 1U2R A; 3N4W A; 4DMZ A; 4Y0F A; 5HMX A; 3GV5 B; 2UVU A; 2ERR A; 4QWC A; 2FD2 A; 2IRU A; 5A8W A; 2JEI A; 4NZ7 A; 1FFS B; 3AB2 B; 1FRI A; 3DLK B; 4LVO P; 3VZH A; 1RWV B; 2E5L J; 1NCL A; 4CM2 A; 4EWT A; 4ZOS A; 3A8J A; 1OY6 A; 1VC6 A; 4Q0B A; 3W66 A; 1YG0 A; 1DTT A; 1TL1 B; 2DNK A; 2HQ3 A; 2EPI A; 2HBR B; 3DHX A; 3HHK A; 5CQG A; 5I42 A; 4PG8 A; 2DNQ A; 2B4O A; 3D0H E; 4QU6 A; 4M63 A; 1EB0 A; 1S1X A; 2CQ1 A; 4LSN B; 1HNX F; 3A8K A; 4ECQ A; 4ZPW R; 1VHF A; 2QIF A; 5E33 A; 4KIA A; 3MCM A; 4B3M J; 1D09 B; 1MWZ ...

Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Phosphatases (RPTPs) belong to the superfamily of protein-tyrosine phosphatases and have the intrinsic ability to transduce signals across the cell membrane. We are beginning to understand the role of RPTPs in development of invertebrates, due to elegant genetic studies. In …

CD45RA is a specific splice variant of the transmembrane tyrosine phosphatase CD45. The CD45RA isoform is most highly expressed on resting/naive T cells, B cells and monocytes.

p>The checksum is a form of redundancy check that is calculated from the sequence. It is useful for tracking sequence updates.,/p> ,p>It should be noted that while, in theory, two different sequences could have the same checksum value, the likelihood that this would happen is extremely low.,/p> ,p>However UniProtKB may contain entries with identical sequences in case of multiple genes (paralogs).,/p> ,p>The checksum is computed as the sequence 64-bit Cyclic Redundancy Check value (CRC64) using the generator polynomial: x,sup>64,/sup> + x,sup>4,/sup> + x,sup>3,/sup> + x + 1. The algorithm is described in the ISO 3309 standard. ,/p> ,p class=publication>Press W.H., Flannery B.P., Teukolsky S.A. and Vetterling W.T.,br /> ,strong>Cyclic redundancy and other checksums,/strong>,br /> ,a href=http://www.nrbook.com/b/bookcpdf.php>Numerical recipes in C 2nd ed., pp896-902, Cambridge University Press (1993),/a>),/p> Checksum:i ...

chains in the Genus database with same CATH superfamily 3SIO A; 3SH1 A; 3JAD A; 3P4W A; 4QH1 A; 2XQ4 A; 2C9T A; 2BG9 E; 2WN9 A; 4HFE A; 3IGQ A; 4FRR A; 5AIN A; 5BW2 A; 5HEU A; 4Z90 A; 4BQT A; 3U8J A; 4Z91 A; 4ZK4 A; 5AFM B; 3EAM A; 2XQ9 A; 2BR8 A; 3SQ6 A; 2BG9 B; 1UX2 A; 2XYS A; 4UM3 A; 4AFH A; 2BYN A; 3U8K A; 5HCM A; 4QH5 A; 5CO5 A; 2YME A; 4PIR A; 5CFB A; 2WNJ A; 5HEG A; 3WTM A; 3U8L A; 2UZ6 A; 4IL4 A; 1OED E; 3EHZ A; 4IL9 A; 3EI0 A; 3C79 A; 2W8F A; 2BYR A; 2VL0 A; 5TVC A; 3UQ7 A; 2BYS A; 3TLU A; 4HQP A; 4QAC A; 5J5F A; 4TWD A; 3U8N A; 4TWF A; 5KZU A; 2XQ6 A; 2PGZ A; 4IRE A; 4QAA A; 4ZJS A; 4AFT A; 4ZZB A; 5HCJ A; 2Y54 A; 2XQ7 A; 4ALX A; 2YOE A; 3RIF A; 4XK9 A; 5LXB A; 2XQ3 A; 5J5I A; 4HFI A; 4B5D A; 3ZKR A; 3RQU A; 4ILA A; 4LML A; 3TLW A; 4F8H A; 2XQA A; 4BFQ A; 4HFC A; 2M6B A; 4NPP A; 5L4E A; 2ZJV A; 5AFK A; 2KSR A; 3RHW A; 4ZZC A; 4AFG A; 2YMD A; 3WTO A; 2W8G A; 3ZDG A; 2WNL A; 2M6I A; 1UW6 A; 2X00 A; 3PMZ A; 2XNV A; 2LM2 A; 5SYO A; 3RQW A; 2BYP A; 3JAF A; 3UU4 A; 4ZRU A; 3ZDH A; 4DBM A; ...

Yoshihara Y, Kawasaki M, Tamada A; et al. (1996). «Overlapping and differential expression of BIG-2, BIG-1, TAG-1, and F3: four members of an axon-associated cell adhesion molecule subgroup of the immunoglobulin superfamily.». J. Neurobiol. 28 (1): 51-69. PMID 8586965. doi:10.1002/neu.480280106 ...

We review here recent results on the structure and function of a receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase, RPTPμ. In addition to their intercellular catalytic domains which bear the phosphatase activity, the RPTPs are cell-surface-receptor-type molecules and in many cases have large extracellular regions. What role can these extracellular regions play in function? For RPTPμ, the extracellular region is known to mediate homophilic adhesion. Sequence analysis indicates that it comprises six domains: an N-terminal MAM (meprin/A5/μ), one immunoglobulin-like domain and four fibronectin type III (FN) repeats. We have determined the crystal structure of the entire extracellular region for RPTPμ in the form of a functional adhesion dimer. The physical characteristics and dimensions of the adhesion dimer suggest a mechanism by which the location of this phosphatase can be influenced by cell-cell spacings.. ...

|jats:p|We review here recent results on the structure and function of a receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase, RPTPμ. In addition to their intercellular catalytic domains which bear the phosphatase activity, the RPTPs are cell-surface-receptor-type molecules and in many cases have large extracellular regions. What role can these extracellular regions play in function? For RPTPμ, the extracellular region is known to mediate homophilic adhesion. Sequence analysis indicates that it comprises six domains: an N-terminal MAM (meprin/A5/μ), one immunoglobulin-like domain and four fibronectin type III (FN) repeats. We have determined the crystal structure of the entire extracellular region for RPTPμ in the form of a functional adhesion dimer. The physical characteristics and dimensions of the adhesion dimer suggest a mechanism by which the location of this phosphatase can be influenced by cell-cell spacings.|/jats:p|

C. elegans and C. briggsae contain an unusual number of receptor-type gcy genes. Insects such as Drosophila melanogaster or Anopheles gambiae contain six receptor-type guanylyl cyclases (Morton 2004), mammals contain seven (four orphan and three peptide-binding receptors) (Lucas et al. 2000; Wedel and Garbers 2001), but C. elegans contains 27 and C. briggsae 25 (this study). The physiological function of insect gcy genes is entirely unknown, although the expression of the only two analyzed receptors in sensory neurons (among other neurons) has been noted (Morton 2004). Vertebrate gcy genes are expressed in several different tissue types, including chemosensory neurons (Wedel and Garbers 2001).. We propose that the significant expansion of receptor-type gcy genes in the nematode lineage is a reflection of their employment as chemoreceptors used to assess and navigate through their natural habitat. This hypothesis, which was also put forward by Yu et al. (1997), is mainly based on the observation ...

Type O Negative byla gothic metalová kapela z Brooklynu v New Yorku v USA. Kapela vznikla ze skupiny Carnivore.. Skupina Type O negative je z Brooklynu, New York. Vznikla v roce 1990. Kenny Hickey (kytara), Josh Silver (klávesy) a za bicími sedí Johnny Kelly ale původním bubeníkem skupiny byl Sal Abruscato.. Frontman kapely, zpěvák a baskytarista Peter Steele (vlastním jménem Petrus T. Ratajczyk), zemřel dne 14. dubna 2010 v důsledku srdeční příhody[2].. ...

Pkd1 encodes PC1, a transmembrane receptor-like protein, and Pkd2 encodes PC2, a calcium channel, which interact to form functional polycystin complexes that ar...

Im fairly new to Elementary, so Im still having problems every once in a while.. Its been a couple of weeks since I downloaded OS updates the last time, but the App center has ceased to work properly ever since.... Heres the notification that comes out every time I try to fetch new updates:. E: http://packages.elementary.io/appcenter xenial/main DEP-11 64x64 Icons is not (yet) available (Could not open file /var/lib/apt/lists/partial/packages.elementary.io_appcenter_dists_xenial_main_dep11_icons-64x64.tar.gz - open (13: Permission denied) [IP: 104.28.4.44 80]). Can anybody help me to fix the bug?. Thanks in advance. ...