The accurate detection of approximal caries is generally difficult. The aim of this study was to assess the ability of the pen-type laser fluorescence device (LF pen) to detect approximal carious lesions in comparison to bitewing radiographs (BW). Three hundred forty-one tooth surfaces were diagnosed in 20 patients with an average age of 26.70 (±2.82) years. Each test tooth was sequentially assessed by a single calibrated examiner using visual inspection, BW, and the LF pen. Radiographs were used as the gold standard to calculate an appropriate cut-off. Sensitivity, specificity and accuracy values for cut-off limits of 15, measured by the LF pen were compared using the chi2 test (McNemar test). For approximal caries at D3 level, the highest values of specificity and sensitivity were observed for the LF pen at a cut-off value of 15 (96.8 and 83.0 %) and for visual inspection (99.3 and 4.3 %). Within the limitations of this study, dentin caries on approximal surfaces could be detected equally well by the
Abutment: A tooth or implant used to support a prosthesis.. Acid Etching: Use of a chemical substance to prepare the enamel surface to provide retention for bonding.. Alloplastic: Refers to synthetic materials often used for tissue augmentation.. Alveolar: Referring to the bone to which a tooth is attached.. Alveoloplasty: Surgical procedure for recontouring alveolar structures, usually in preparation for a prosthesis.. Amalgam: An alloy used in dental restorations; always includes mercury.. Anterior: Refers to the teeth in the forward part of the mouth--incisors and canines.. Apicoectomy: Amputation of the root end of a tooth.. Apex: The tip or end of the root of the tooth.. Avulsion: Separation of tooth from its socket due to trauma (evulsion).. Benign: Not malignant.. Biopsy: Process of removing tissue for determination of existence of pathology.. Bitewing Radiograph: Interproximal view radiograph of the coronal portion of the tooth.. Bridge: Fixed bridge is a prosthetic replacement of one or ...
Purpose: The aim of the present study was to report the radiographical prevalence of overhanging fillings in a group of Swiss Army recruits in 2006 and to relate the dimensions of the overhangs to clinical parameters. Materials and Methods: A total of 626 Swiss Army recruits were examined for their periodontal conditions, prevalence of caries, and stomatological and functional aspects of the masticatory system and halitosis. In particular, the present report deals with the presence or the absence of fillings, the presence or the absence of overhangs and their relation to clinical and radiographic parameters. Results: A total of 16,198 interdental sites were evaluated on bitewing radiographs. Of these sites, 15,516 (95.8%) were sound and 682 (4.2%) were filled. Amalgam restorations were found in 94.1% and resin composite fillings in 5.9% of the sites. Of these 682 sites, 96 (14.1%) yielded overhanging margins of various sizes. This low prevalence of fillings represents not only a substantial ...
The patient dreads dental appointments but currently experiences less anxiety because she has been following 6-month oral prophylaxis schedule and her appointments take less time. Her dental health is good. After her medical history is updated and her vital signs are obtained, bitewing radiographs are taken. While the dental hygienist leaves to process the radiographs, the patient remains seated in an upright position. Upon returning to the patient, the dental hygienist notes that she is breathing rapidly, and she complains of tightness in her chest and tingling in her fingers ...
It is likely that if the child is young and hasnt had that much of an experience with dentists, that their compliance will not be very good either so management can be difficult. A useful tip to assess whether a patient may be compliant for treatments is to try to take bitewing radiographs. If they will not let you place the holder in their mouth, or will not sit still to take the radiograph, the best thing to do is to refer on to either a hospital or a community dental setting ...
Dental Product Shopper delivers practical, unbiased product information. Our peer to peer product reviews help you select the best products for your practice.
Welcome back to Tabletop Tastes: My favorite flavors in board games! This is a series where we spend each episode diving deep into an essential element of game design. For hobbyist… ...
DESCRIPTION provided by applicant This project aims to improve the accuracy of tests for early tooth decay dental caries specifically for interproximal surfaces where the posterior teeth abut one another In these regions there is no physical space to visually inspect or probe for caries Instead dentists rely on bitewing X rays BWs But dentists cannot tell whether lucencies observed .... ...
Course Description Provides the foundation necessary to enter into the program s dental clinic. Learn the knowledge and skills required to maintain a safe dental environment. Includes federal and state regulations regarding chemical use and infection control in the dental office. Introduction to basic concepts of radiology. Learn how to evaluate need for X-rays including: exposing, processing and mounting intraoral radiographs utilizing the bitewing technique. Prerequisite Prerequisite: DEN 100 and 105 or concurrent enrollment. ...
Errors of angulation of the tube head are common. When using an instrument such as the Rinn, make sure that the tube head is aligned correctly, parallel with the indicator rod and aligned with the ring. If not using a Rinn, the beam should be parallel with the bitewing tab, or at an angle that splits the difference between the angulation of the film and the angulation of the tooth. Film positioning devices are helpful and, when used correctly, they generally produce acceptable results. When the patients anatomy alters the usefulness of the instrument, it is best to revert to the the bisecting angle technique. For example, if the patient has a shallow palate, and the instrument will not allow the film to be parallel with the long axis of the tooth, this is an ideal time to compensate using a split angle technique to avoid foreshortening.. Overlapping is another common error of angulation. If the cone is not perpendicular to the film, the contacts will be overlapped. Some offices routinely use a ...
Looking for online definition of bite-wing intraoral radiographic examination in the Medical Dictionary? bite-wing intraoral radiographic examination explanation free. What is bite-wing intraoral radiographic examination? Meaning of bite-wing intraoral radiographic examination medical term. What does bite-wing intraoral radiographic examination mean?
Radiographic techniques are important and useful tools in different aspects of dentistry. One of the most important uses of radiography is the analysis of dental pulps, for which radiography is the only diagnostic tool. Pulp calcifications have histologic and biologic views similar to dentin, with more calcium content than dentin. Different factors like size and degree of calcification affect the visualization of such structures [7]. Ranjitkar [12] evaluated the presence of pulp calcifications by using bitewing radiographs and reported that the majority of these structures were not visible because of superimposition of dentin on conventional radiographs [16]. In this study, we benefited from digital radiography by increasing the image quality through the use of software options. Comparison of digital radiographic images with the gold standard showed that enhanced digital images have higher accuracy in the diagnosis of pulp calcifications ...
People who get regular dental X-rays are more likely to suffer a common type of brain tumor, US researchers said on Tuesday, suggesting that yearly exams may not be best for most patients.. The study in the US journal Cancer showed people diagnosed with meningioma who reported having a yearly bitewing exam were 1.4 times to 1.9 times as likely as a healthy control group to have developed such tumors.. A bitewing exam involves an X-ray film being held in place by a tab between the teeth.. Also, people who reported getting a yearly panorex exam - in which an X-ray is taken outside the mouth and shows all the teeth on one film - were 2.7 to three times more likely to develop cancer, said the study.. ...
Explains what dental X-rays are and why they are done. Covers commonly used types of dental X-rays, including bitewing and panoramic X-rays. Includes info on risks. Also covers what results mean.
The results of the comparison among the mean values of the measurements obtained by transperiodontal probing, and from periapical and bite-wing radiographs in relation to the trans-surgical measurements (gold standard) are shown in Table 3. Also, correlations of each method, compared to the gold standard, are demonstrated. It was observed that the mean trans-surgical measurement (gold standard) was 1.97 mm. Statistically significant differences were observed when all measurements were compared to the gold standard. The mean closest to this measurement was the transperiodontal assessment (2.05 mm). When the intraclass correlation coefficient was calculated, transperiodontal measurement was the most accurate as compared to the trans-surgical assessment, followed by the bite-wing and periapical measurements, respectively. Table 4 shows the means and frequencies of the differences found between each method and the gold standard. It can be observed that there were no differences between the mean ...
This visit includes a clinical examination, recording findings, periodontal probing, diagnosis and treatment recommendations. We will also take x-rays, which includes the panoramic x-ray for proper diagnosis of the anterior (front) and posterior (back) teeth as well as the bite-wing x-ray series for proper diagnosis of proximal decay of posterior teeth.. The first step in every treatment is the diagnosis and this involves clinical examination, dental photographs, dental casts, dental radiographs, and laboratory examinations. All of these procedures help the dentist provide a level of care that is specific to the needs of the patient.. Intraorally, the normal state of the oral cavity is compared to what is present. The condition of the teeth, gums, tongue, cheeks, floor of the mouth, palate and other pertinent structures are studied. Extraorally, the condition of the lips, the muscles of mastication and the appearance of the jaw is examined. Facial symmetry is assessed and the overall condition ...
Our Peotone office offers a range of procedures from implant dentistry to cosmetic dental services. Learn more about our services when you visit our site.
The item(s) denoted below (*) cannot be added to your cart. For more information, click HERE Please unselect this item(s) to proceed to your cart ...
Purpose: To evaluate the reproducibility of visual exams under natural light (VE1), visual exams under artificial light (VE2), radiographic bitewing exams (BW), fibre optic transillumination exams (FOTI) and DIAGNOdent exams (DD) in epidemiological settings. Materials and Methods: Three examiners and one benchmark examiner examined thirteen 12-year-old schoolchildren under epidemiological conditions for the D3 (carious lesions in dentin) and D1+D3 (carious lesions in enamel or dentin) diagnostic criteria. Results: The reproducibility (intra/interexaminer agreement) under both diagnostic criteria was almost perfect for the exams VE1 (D3: κintra = 0.91/κinter = 0.85; D1+D3: κintra = 0.89/κinter = 0.84), VE2 (D3: κintra = 0.91/κinter = 0.85; D1+D3: κintra = 0.88/κinter = 0.83), BW (D3: κintra = 0.95/κinter = 0.92; D1+D3: κintra = 0.99/κinter = 0.90) and FOTI (D3: κintra = 0.97/κinter = 0.93; D1+D3: κintra = 0.87/κinter = 0.83) exams and fair for the DD exam (D3: κintra = ...
Activist Post. How often does your dentist insist on you giving you a dental X-ray just to make sure all is well? While a dental x-ray may be justifiable if there is some serious risk, research is pointing out that too many of these X-rays may result in a twofold risk increase in a brain cancer known as meningioma.. For the research, Elizabeth B. Claus, MD, PhD, of Yale University, and colleagues examined the records of 1,433 patients who were diagnosed with meningioma between May 2006 and April 2011. The researchers made a control group matched for sex, age, and geography.. Researchers found that bitewing X-rays (showing upper and lower back teeth) performed less than once per year was associated with patients being 1.1 to 1.6 times more likely to experience meningioma across age groups.. They also found that annual or more frequent panorex dental X-ray (an X-ray showing all teeth and surrounding bones) exposure increased odds by 2.7 to 3.0 in 3 of the oldest age groups, while x-rays performed ...
Suffering from teeth problems and getting regular dental X-rays done? Beware. You may be vulnerable to a common type of tumour-meningioma. It forms in the membrane around brain or spinal cord. Most of the time the tumours are benign but they can be fatal. Researchers found that people who have a yearly bitewing test done are 1.4 to 1.9 times more likely to have the tumour due to exposure to ionising radiations. The examination involves an X-ray film being held in place by a tab between the teeth. Moreover, people who get a yearly panorex examination-an X-ray taken outside the mouth which shows all the teeth on one film-are three times more vulnerable to cancer. Cancer, April 10 ...
This visit includes a clinical examination, recording findings, periodontal probing, diagnosis and treatment recommendations. We will also take x-rays, which includes the panoramic x-ray for proper diagnosis of the anterior (front) and posterior (back) teeth as well as the bite-wing x-ray series for proper diagnosis of proximal decay of posterior teeth.. The first step in every treatment is the diagnosis and this involves clinical examination, dental photographs, dental casts, dental radiographs, and laboratory examinations. All of these procedures help the dentist provide a level of care that is specific to the needs of the patient.. Intraorally, the normal state of the oral cavity is compared to what is present. The condition of the teeth, gums, tongue, cheeks, floor of the mouth, palate and other pertinent structures are studied. Extraorally, the condition of the lips, the muscles of mastication and the appearance of the jaw is examined. Facial symmetry is assessed and the overall condition ...
X-ray film mounts are used for arranging, displaying and supporting dental radiographs. They can also be used to store X-rays and to protect them against stains and scratches ...
Examinations: You are covered for the routine examination of the oral cavity and the charting of teeth. GHI will cover two (2) examinations for each Member per calendar year. You are eligible for one (1) initial examination per provider per lifetime. All subsequent non-emergency examinations done by the same provider are paid as periodic examinations.. Prophylaxes: You are covered for Prophylaxis which is the scaling, cleaning and polishing of teeth. You are covered for two (2) prophylaxes per calendar year. Prophylaxis is not payable if periodontic treatment is rendered on the same day.. X-Rays: You are covered for the taking of x-ray films of the teeth, mouth or jaw. You are covered for four (4) bitewing x-rays in each calendar year. GHI will cover fourteen (14) standard periapical x-ray films or one (1) panoramic film once every three (3) years. GHI will also cover two (2) occlusal intra-oral x-ray films within a three (3) year period. Individual periapical x-rays performed on the same day as ...
Panoramic X-rays (also known as Panorex® or orthopantomograms) are wraparound photographs of the face and teeth. They offer a view that would otherwise be invisible to the naked eye. X-rays in general, expose hidden structures, such as wisdom teeth, reveal preliminary signs of cavities, and also show fractures and bone loss.. Panoramic X-rays are extraoral and simple to perform. Usually, dental X-rays involve the film being placed inside the mouth, but panoramic film is hidden inside a mechanism that rotates around the outside of the head.. Unlike bitewing X-rays that need to be taken regularly, panoramic X-rays are generally only taken on an as-needed basis. A panoramic X-ray is not conducted to give a detailed view of each tooth, but rather to provide a better view of the sinus areas, nasal areas and mandibular nerve. Panoramic X-rays are extremely versatile in dentistry, and are used to:. ...
According to a study published online April 10, 2012 in the journal Cancer, researchers examined answers to a health survey from a group of 1433 meningioma patients and compared them to answers from a control group of 1350 people without these tumors. The meningioma group was twice as likely as the control group to report ever having had a bitewing exam, the meningioma group also was more likely to report having had a panorex exam at a young age (under 10 years old) or on a yearly or more frequent basis. The panorex exam is taken outside the mouth and shows all of the teeth in one film ...
Objectives: To survey the current radiographic prescriptions in dental implant assessment amongst dentists in Brazil.Methods: Sixty-nine dentists were interviewed during a dental implant meeting by two calibrated graduate students, using a 19-question questionnaire, considering imaging modality options both for pre-operative implant site assessment and for follow-up, particularly with respect to cost, patient radiation dose, and broad coverage of facial bones and teeth. Epi-Info 6.04 software was used to analyse the database file.Results: Approximately 63.8% of the dentists prescribed only panoramic radiography for dental implant assessment and 28.9% ordered panoramic radiography plus periapical radiography and/or conventional tomography and/or computed tomography (CT). Only 7.2% of the dentists ordered conventional tomography or CT as a single examination, although 10.1% ordered it in combination with other imaging modalities. The main reasons given for prescribing panoramic radiography were ...
Oviedo diagnodent Dentist, For all these reasons, weve invested in DIAGNOdent: a revolutionary new, ... DIAGNOdent technology uses a simple laser diode to inspect your teeth
UPPER MARLBORO diagnodent Dentist, For all these reasons, weve invested in DIAGNOdent: a revolutionary new, ... DIAGNOdent technology uses a simple laser diode to inspect your teeth
Feasterville diagnodent Dentist, For all these reasons, weve invested in DIAGNOdent: a revolutionary new, ... DIAGNOdent technology uses a simple laser diode to inspect your teeth
Dr. Martin Burbano is a professional dedicated to Excellence in General, Family, & Cosmetic Dentistry such as Dental Makeovers, Porcelain Veneers, Teeth Whitening, Crowns/Caps & many other dental procedures. Please come and visit Forest Grove dentist, Dr. Martin Burbano.
Learn more about the procedures offered at Dixon Dental Center including dental implants, restorations, and cosmetic services. Schedule an appointment today.
West Monroe Dentist, Dr. Henry Long is dedicated to family dentistry such as Exams, Teeth Whitening, Veneers and more. We are looking forward to your visit to our West Monroe, Louisiana dental office.
A discussion of how to assess the technical quality of a chest x-ray, including assessment of rotation, adequacy of inspiration, and adequacy of exposure/pen ...
One of the most frequent pathology in our daily restorative practice is represented by the proximal caries. Restoring the class II cavities in a proper way is v...
At the University of the Western Cape there has been a rapid increase in the number of patients requesting orthodontic therapy. The Extent of the problem in this area is not known as no studies have been undertaken in this ...
We propose to develop in this Phase I SBIR a technique to produce high-energy, multi-aspect radiographic images in near real-time, using a conventional real time radiography (RTR) system. This techniq ... ...
Frankfort diagnodent Dentist, For all these reasons, weve invested in DIAGNOdent: a revolutionary new, ... DIAGNOdent technology uses a simple laser diode to inspect your teeth
Ahwatukee Animal Care Hospital 10855 South 48th Street Phoenix AZ 85044 One of the most common and valuable medical diagnostic tools is radiography, or x-rays. X-rays are highly useful for screening areas of the body that have contrasting tissue densities or when evaluating solid tissues. Our hospital is equipped to perform routine radiology services to identify many types of illness or injury when pets are sick or suffer a trauma. X-rays can be used to detect a variety of ailments, including arthritis, tumors, bladder and kidney stones, and lung abnormalities, including pneumonia. They are also used to evaluate bone damage, organ integrity, and to identify foreign objects that may have been ingested. Dental radiographs will help to distinguish between healthy teeth and those that may need to be extracted. Dental radiographs also help identify any abnormalities beneath the gum line, including root damage, tumors, and abscesses. Our veterinarians may recommend x-rays as a part of a diagnostic
X-rays of the teeth are ordered for a complete evaluation your pets teeth and the supporting bones. These X-rays help detect abnormalities that cannot be seen by the veterinarian.. There are several reasons why we would order a dental X-ray for your pet:. ...
UsedKavo Diagnodent Classic 2095 Dental Caries Laser Cavity Detection Unit.Tested to be fully functional CalibratesQuestions Please Call or Text 617 719 7019Disclaimer: The sale of this item may be subject to regulation by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and state and local regulatory agencies. If so, do not bid
Kaše kamni - pulp stones lahko strukturno classi﫿ed in glede na mesto. Strukturno, so true in napačne celuloza kamni, tretja vrsta, amorfne celuloze kamni, več je nepravilne oblike kot napačne celuloza kamni, ki se pojavljajo v tesni povezavi z krvnih žil. Res celuloze kamni so iz dentina in podložene s odontoblasts, ker so napačne celuloza kamnov, sestavljeni iz izrodil celic celuloze, ki iskati rudnine. Take mineralizacije pojavi v fazah, sprva celico gnezda postane obdan s concentrically urejen 﫿bres, ki nato napojile z mineralnimi solmi. Glede na mesto, kaše kamni lahko vgrajeni, drži in brezplačno. Vdelani kamni so oblikovane v pulpi, vendar s stalno fiziološkega dentina tvorbo postane obdanim stene kanala. Najdemo jih najpogosteje v vršnem delu koren in prisotnost odontoblasts in calci﫿ed tkiva, ki spominja dentina lahko pojavijo na perifernih vidik teh kamnov. Priraslo celuloze kamni so preprosto manj pritrjen dentina kot vdelan celuloze kamni, razlika med drži in ...
Digital x-rays are a more streamlined way of taking dental radiographs. Like traditional x-rays, digital versions provide an in-depth view of the structures of the. ...
Performing a thorough oral exam requires the use of general anesthesia, so your vet will first give your pet a pre-anesthetic exam. Once the anesthesia is administered your pets vitals, including respiration, temperature and heart rate, will be monitored while the veterinarian takes dental radiographs and uses instruments to scale and polish your pets teeth. ...
Varano Dental Excellence​ providing professional dental care. Dr. Sal​ Varano​ is a Garden City​ Dentist, call us today at 516-481-2380​!!
Gaukroger Isuzu UTE, is the home of Isuzu UTE in Inverell, NSW. Isuzu UTE New Car Specials, Quality Pre-Owned Vehicles, Finance, Service and Isuzu UTE Genuine Parts.
What does the Diagnodent® process involve?. The Diagnodent® process is performed within the scope of a regular dental checkup. It is strikingly similar to having a laser pointer aimed at the teeth. Diagnodent® is a hi-tech tool, which first scans a clean tooth surface with a laser beam. This scanning procedure serves to calibrate the instrument by providing information about the tooth structure.. The Diagnodent® System is actually measuring the amount of laser fluorescence within the tooth. As each tooth is scanned, the amount of reflected laser light is recorded to produce a digital readout. If the tooth contains little or no decay, little or no laser light will be reflected back to the instrument. However, if a tooth contains caries of any significance, more laser light is reflected back. High readings (compared to the tooth originally scanned) indicate that caries are present within the structure of a particular tooth. The amount of laser light reflected back correlates with the amount of ...
This study was conducted to assess caries treatment thresholds among Japanese dentists and to identify characteristics associated with their decision to intervene surgically in proximal caries lesions within the enamel. Participants (n = 189) were shown radiographic images depicting interproximal caries and asked to indicate the lesion depth at which they would surgically intervene in both high- and low-caries-risk scenarios. Differences in treatment thresholds were then assessed via chi-square tests, and associations between the decision to intervene and dentist, practice, and patient characteristics were analyzed via logistic regression. The proportion of dentists who indicated surgical intervention into enamel was significantly higher in the high-caries-risk scenario (73.8%, N = 138) than in the low-caries-risk scenario (46.5%, N = 87) (p < 0.001). In multivariate analyses for a high-caries-risk scenario, gender of dentist, city population, type of practice, conducting caries-risk assessment, ...
In a radiographic image processing apparatus for generating synthesized image data by synthesizing a plurality of partial radiographic images generated by radiation that has passed through the same object, additional information added to each of the plurality of partial radiographic images is acquired. On the basis of the acquired additional information, it is determined whether synthesis is to be permitted. When it is determined that synthesis is not to be permitted, generation of the synthesized image data is inhibited.
In dentistry, the approximal surfaces are those surfaces which form points of contact between adjacent teeth. However, in diastemic individuals these surfaces may not make contact but are still considered approximal. Due to the topography of approximal sites the removal of plaque by brushing may be difficult and hence a significant build-up may occur increasing the risk of plaque-related diseases such as dental caries or gingivitis. It is recommended that teeth be professionally cleaned every six months, in part, to avoid this build-up and therefore maintain the health of the dentition and surrounding tissues. Fejerskov, O; Kidd, E (2008). Dental Caries: The Disease and Its Clinical Management, 2nd Edition. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-3889-5 ...
A rescued Greyhound, Walker, had received dental care at another clinic. Many teeth were pulled but all the roots were left, creating significant pain and infection. Dr. Kris performed dental radiographs and found and extracted 14 roots that had been left behind. The procedure required 6 hours of anesthesia. Walker is feeling much better now! This is a great illustration of the importance of full mouth radiographs, and the proper dental training Dr. Kris and each staff member has received.. In honor of National Pet Dental Health Month, Olivia, a 7 year old DSH, received a dental cleaning and assessment, along with full mouth dental radiographs. Olivia was surrendered to Foothills Animal Shelter and was chosen by the FAS staff to receive this procedure. GVH is committed to community service and Annies Fund made this possible for Olivia.. ...
The need for dental X-rays depends on each patients individual dental health needs. Your dentist and dental hygienist will recommend necessary x-rays based on the review of your medical and dental history, dental exam, signs and symptoms, age consideration, and risk for disease.. A full mouth series of dental X-rays is recommended for new patients. A full series is usually good for three to five years. Bite-wing X-rays (X-rays of top and bottom teeth biting together) are taken at recall (check-up) visits and are recommended once or twice a year to detect new dental problems.. Contact us for more information on X-Rays and booking your appointment today ...
Phone: +1 (631) 632-8755; Fax: +1 (631) 632-8670; E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT. Introduction: The aim was to comprehensively review the various laser-based systems used in early detection of dental caries.. Methodology: PubMed/Medline and Google-scholar databases were searched from 1995 up to June 2015 using various combinations of the following keywords: dental early caries, diagnosis, laser and light fluorescence (LF). Literature reviews, letters to the Editor, and commentaries were excluded. Articles published only in English were included. The pattern of the present study was customized to primarily summarize the pertinent information.. Results: Laser fluorescence at 655 nm (DIAGNOdent) is a promising tool for early detection of occlusal caries. Other systems based on the LF concept include VistaProof (VP) and DIAGNOdent Pen; however, no statistically significant difference in the caries detection efficacy has been reported between VP, DIAGNOdent Pen and ...
CBCT is a medical imaging procedure consisting of X-ray computed tomography. CBCT allows us to see pathology that was not visible on periapical radiographs.