Nathalie Bréda, Hervé Cochard, Erwin Dreyer, A. Granier. Field comparison of transpiration, stomatal conductance and vulnerability to cavitation of Quercus petraea and Quercus robur under water stress. Annales des sciences forestières, INRA/EDP Sciences, 1993, 50, pp.571-582. ⟨hal-02702582⟩ ...

Oak Sessile Oak Quercus Petraea Quercus Oak Leaves photo, resolution 2448×3264 pixel, Image type JPG, free download and free for commercial use.

TY - JOUR. T1 - Acute renal failure in 2 adult llamas after exposure to Oak trees (Quercus spp.). AU - Chamorro, Manuel F.. AU - Passler, Thomas. AU - Joiner, Kellye. AU - Poppenga, Robert H. AU - Bayne, Jenna. AU - Walz, Paul H.. PY - 2013/1. Y1 - 2013/1. N2 - Two adult llamas (Lama glama) previously exposed to oak trees (Quercus spp.) were presented with a history of depression and anorexia. Clinicopathological abnormalities included severe gastroenteritis, acute renal failure, and increased liver enzymes. This is believed to be the first report of oak toxicosis in South American camelids.. AB - Two adult llamas (Lama glama) previously exposed to oak trees (Quercus spp.) were presented with a history of depression and anorexia. Clinicopathological abnormalities included severe gastroenteritis, acute renal failure, and increased liver enzymes. This is believed to be the first report of oak toxicosis in South American camelids.. UR - ...

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Quercus robur is a large deciduous tree, with circumference of grand oaks from 4 m (13 ft) to exceptional 12 m (39 ft).[citation needed] The Majesty Oak with a circumference of 12.2 m (40 ft) is the thickest tree in Great Britain,[citation needed] and the Kaive Oak in Latvia with a circumference of 10.2 m (33 ft) is the thickest tree in Northern Europe.[citation needed] Quercus robur has lobed and nearly sessile (very short-stalked) leaves 7-14 cm (2.8-5.5 in) long. Flowering takes place in mid spring, and their fruit, called acorns, ripen by the following autumn. The acorns are 2-2.5 cm (0.79-0.98 in) long, pedunculate (having a peduncle or acorn-stalk, 3-7 cm (1.2-2.8 in) long) with one to four acorns on each peduncle.. Q. robur is very tolerant to soil conditions and the continental climate but it prefers fertile and well-watered soils. Mature trees tolerate flooding.[4]. It is a long-lived tree, with a large wide spreading crown of rugged branches. While it may naturally live to an age of a ...

Looking for Oak trees? Find out information about Oak trees. any tree or shrub of the genus Quercus of the family Fagaceae . This complex genus includes as many as 600, found chiefly in north temperate zones and also... Explanation of Oak trees

TY - JOUR. T1 - In vitro antifungal activity of a 29-kDa glycoprotein purified from the galls of Quercus infectoria. AU - Yamunarani, K.. AU - Jaganathan, R.. AU - Bhaskaran, R.. AU - Govindaraju, P.. AU - Velazhahan, R.. PY - 2005. Y1 - 2005. N2 - The antifungal activity of 30 medicinal plants belonging to different families was tested in vitro on the phytopathogenic fungus Rhizoctonia solani. The results revealed that protein extract from the galls of Quercus infectoria belonging to Fagaceae family was highly effective in inhibiting the mycelial growth of R. solani. The gall extract of Q. infectoria also inhibited the growth of other agronomically important fungal pathogens viz. Fusarium oxysporum, Cochliobolus miyabeanus, Macrophomina phaseolina, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Magnaporthe salvinii, Cochliobolus lunatus, Alternaria solani, Pythium aphanidermatum and Colletotrichum falcatum. A 29-kDa glycoprotein was purified from the galls of Q. infectoria by ammonium sulphate fractionation ...

Manjakani is the name used in Malaysia for the galls of the Quercus infectoria tree (Aleppo oak) a species of oak, that have been used for centuries in softening leather and in making black dye and ink. In Malaysia and Indonesia the galls of the Quercus Infectoria tree are known as Manjakani and in India Majuphal among many other names. Quercus infectoria is indigenous to parts of southern Europe (Greece and the East Aegean Islands) and the Middle East (Turkey, Cyprus, Iran, Iraq, Kurdistan, Lebanon and Syria). It also grows in South and Southwestern Asia. The galls arise on young branches of the Quercus Infectoria tree when gall wasps sting the oak tree and deposit their larvae the chemical reaction causes an abnormality in the oak tree causing hard balls to be formed. They are corrugated in appearance. The main constituents found in the galls of Quercus infectoria are tannin (50-70%, the highest naturally occurring tannin concentration) and small amounts (2-4% each) of free gallic acid and ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Taxon-Independent and Taxon-Dependent Responses to Drought in Seedlings from Quercus robur L., Q-petraea (Matt.) Liebl. and Their Morphological Intermediates. AU - Vander Mijnsbrugge, Kristine. AU - Turcsan, Arion. AU - Maes, Jorne. AU - Duchene, Nils. AU - Meeus, Steven. AU - Van der Aa, Beatrijs. AU - Steppe, Kathy. AU - Steenackers, Marijke. PY - 2017/11. Y1 - 2017/11. U2 - 10.3390/f8110407. DO - 10.3390/f8110407. M3 - A1: Web of Science-article. VL - 8. JO - FORESTS. JF - FORESTS. SN - 1999-4907. IS - 11. ER - ...

Extraction of hemicelluloses with subcritical water is an efficient and environmentally benign way of fractionating biomass, including lignocelluloses. The composition and extraction behavior of hemicelluloses from wood depends significantly on the species, which affects the obtained product and the requirements of the extraction process. The current work focuses on the extraction of hemicelluloses from three chemically and structurally different, interesting and economically important tree species namely stone pine (Pinus pinea), holm oak (Quercus ilex), and Norway spruce (Picea abies), for which the literature on holm oak and stone pine hemicelluloses is almost non-existent. The work was performed with identical experimental methods, to obtain completely comparable results. The effect of temperature, raw material and solid-liquid ratio on the extraction kinetics, pH and molar mass, was studied. The results revealed significant differences in the extraction behavior and composition of the ...

Related entries: Nutgalls - Acorn cups - Cork. Quercus. N. F. IV (U. S. VIII). Oak. White Oak Bark. Stone Oak. Scarce de Chene, Fr. Cod. Cortex Quercus, P. G. Eichenrinde, G. Quercia, Corteccia de quercia. It.-The dried bark of the trunk and branches of Quercus alba Linné (Fam. Fagacecae), deprived of the periderm. N. F.. There are about sixty-five species of oak found in the United States. Many of these are applied to important practical purposes. Quercus Robur, or European oak, has a very wide distribution. It is the common British oak, constitutes a large part of the European forests, and has spread itself over almost the whole northern section of Asia and along the northern coast of Africa. There are two distinct varieties of it, one, pedunculata, with sessile or shortly stalked leaves and the acorns on long peduncles; the other, sessiflora, with the leafstalks more or less elongated and the acorns either sessile or provided with a very short peduncle. The dried bark of the smaller ...

Oak trees provide a cooling shade and offer a dramatic element to landscaping. Because mature oak trees can grow over 100 feet, you have a greater rate of success with an oak a few years old, under 3 feet tall and with a small root system. Oak trees need well-drained soil and full sunlight.

We investigated N source for shoot growth in 50-year-old sessile oak trees using a long term continuous in situ 15N labeling of soil N during bud burst. The recovery of 15N in the growing tissues of sun shoots (leaves, twigs and buds) and in the phloem sap was quantified weekly in order to assess the contribution of soil N uptake to spring growth. During the first 2 weeks of bud burst, remobilized N contributed to more than 90% of total N of the developing leaves and twigs. N uptake from soil started concomitantly to N remobilization and contributed to a small extent to bud burst. The fraction of new N in the total N increased markedly in plant tissues when bud burst was achieved and reached 27% in fully expanded leaves and 18% in developed twigs. In the phloem sap, 15N tracer appeared early after the first labeling and increased until the end of bud burst then decreased at full leaf expansion in June. Among shoot compartments, leaves were the major sink for newly assimilated N, accounting for 80% of

Holm oak (Quercus ilex) is a Mediterranean tree species that was introduced to Britain in the 1500s. Unlike our native oak species, Holm oak is evergreen and holds its leaves all year round. Its latin name, ilex, refers to the fact … Continue reading →. ...

Oak Tree House has made it possible for me to continue to keep my Mom at home. Without the reprieve I get while she is there I would not have the capacity to continue to care for her on my own - she would have to be in a care facility at this point. I believe the social stimulation my Mom gets by attending Oak Tree House has slowed the progression of her Alzheimers Disease. - Caregiver. Many thanks for my days at OTH each month. You give my days hope and purpose. - Ruth Blum, participant. Oak Tree House provides a safe and caring environment in which cognitively and/or physically impaired individuals including those diagnosed with any level of dementia, including Alzheimers disease, can socialize, participate in activities and have fun. Trained staff and volunteers coordinate an array of physical, mental/memory and social activities. Discussion groups, life review, and peer counseling are also available as is the opportunity for just plain restful relaxing and garden strolls. Participants ...

Explants from five clones of Quercus robur (three of juvenile origin and two from adult trees) were cultured on Gresshoff and Doy medium supplemented with 0.2 mg l(-1) 6-benzylaminopurine. Shoot proliferation from apical and nodal segments was influe

Used by humans since ancient times, evergreen oak forests still cover extensive mountain areas of the Mediterranean Basin. These broadleaved evergreen forests occupy a transitional zone between the cool-temperate deciduous forest biome and the drier Mediterranean pine forests and shrublands. Slow growing and casting a deep shade, the sclerophyllous holm oak (Quercus ilex) absolutely dominates the closed canopy of many Mediterranean evergreen oak forests. This is a synthesis of 20 years of research on the structure, function, and dynamics of holm oak forests in two intensively studied experimental areas in Spain. By combining observational measurements at the leaf, tree, plot, and catchment scales with field experiments and modelling, the authors explore how these forests cope with strong water limitation and repeated disturbances.

A holm oak forest was exposed to an experimental drought during 5 years to elucidate the growth responses of the dominant species Quercus ilex, Arbutus unedo and Phillyrea latifolia. Soil water availa

This season, the Truman State University football team welcomes back former head coach and Truman hall-of-famer Eric Holm.. Holm has been part of the Bulldog football program since 1976 when he was a wide receiver for the team. As a member of the team, Holm received first-team all-conference honors in the Mid-America Intercollegiate Athletics Association in 1980, and was an honorable mention in 1979. After his playing days ended, Holm joined the team as a graduate assistant in 1981, and later accepted an assistant position in 1984. In 1989, Holm accepted a position at Eastern Illinois University, where he spent one season before returning to Kirksville to take control of the Truman football program. Holm led the Bulldog program from 1990-1994. In his five seasons at the helm, the football program made three National Collegiate Athletic Association playoff appearances and posted a record of 37-19, leaving Holm as the fifth winningest coach in program history. Prior to Holm accepting his new role ...

Department of Natural Resources - Like American elm in the 1950s and ash trees in more recent history, Michigans red oak trees are facing potentially significant die-offs due to an exotic and largely invisible killer: oak wilt. In addition to various preemptive means of preventing or slowing the spread of oak wilt that the public can help with, the DNRs Forest Resources and Parks and Recreation divisions have partnered with the U.S. Forest Service to develop and implement a method of treating stands of oak trees that are already infected.

Twenty species of oak (Quercus) are known from California. The white oak group is the most diverse, and includes a complex of scrub oak species that are often encountered in chaparral, mixed forest and desert margin habitats. The Protobalanus group (e.g., Quercus chrysolepis) is a unique and distinctive clade of western North American species that appears to be most closely related to the white oak group. Within the white oaks and red oaks (black oaks), the majority of California species do not have obvious, close relationships to species outside of the region. In addition, these species either have lobed leaves (e.g., Q. kelloggii, Q. lobata, Q. garryana) or have leaves that appear to be derived from ancestors with lobed leaves by reduction (e.g., Q. dumosa, Q. berberidifolia, Q. john-tuckeri, Q. cornelius-mulleri, Q. agrifolia). Lobed leaves, such as those found in numerous oaks of the eastern U.S., are characteristic of species from temperate or cold climates, but not any of the more tropical ...

Quercus is considered as one of the most important genera in the Northern Hemisphere as its economic and ecological importance. Oaks are taxonomically perplexing due to interspecific shared morphological traits and intraspecific morphological variation, which mainly attributed to hybridization. Universal plastid markers could not provide sufficient variable sites to explore the phylogeny of this genus and chloroplast genome-scale data proved to be useful to resolve intractable phylogenetic relationships. In this study, four complete chloroplast genomes of Quercus species were sequenced and one published chloroplast genomes of Q. baronii was retrieved for comparative analyses. The sizes of these five chloroplast genomes ranged from 161,072 bp (Q. baronii) to 161,237 bp (Q. dolicholepis), which has been identified the gene organization, gene order and GC content are similar to other published Fagaceae species. We analyzed the nucleotide substitution, indels and repeats in chloroplast genomes. The

Long-term exposure to elevated [CO2] in a natural Quercus ilex L. community: net photosynthesis and photochemical efficiency of PSII at different levels of water ...

To detect and avoid illegal logging of valuable tree species, identification methods for the origin of timber are necessary. We used next-generation sequencing to identify chloroplast genome regions that differentiate the origin of white oaks from the three continents; Asia, Europe, and North America. By using the chloroplast genome of Asian Q. mongolica as a reference, we identified 861 variant sites (672 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs); 189 insertion/deletion (indel) polymorphism) from representative species of three continents (Q. mongolica from Asia; Q. petraea and Q. robur from Europe; Q. alba from North America), and we identified additional chloroplast polymorphisms in pools of 20 individuals each from Q. mongolica (789 variant sites) and Q. robur (346 variant sites). Genome sequences were screened for indels to develop markers that identify continental origin of oak species, and that can be easily evaluated using a variety of detection methods. We identified five indels and one ...

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A fairly hard, heavy and dense timber, with high crushing and bending strength, low stiffness and resistance to shock loads. See our use of oak timber here.

The state tree of both Illinois and Connecticut is the white oak (Quercus alba). This oak tree grows in a large portion of the eastern United States. The trees may live for hundreds of years if left undisturbed. The tree also goes by the name stave oak, thanks to the woods use in making barrels.

Discover 20 health benefits of oak leaves and a few oak tree natural remedies with oak leaves and oak bark from the forests medicine.

Nucleotide sequences from the plastome are currently the main source for assessing taxonomic and phylogenetic relationships in flowering plants and their historical biogeography at all hierarchical levels. One exception is the large and economically important genus Quercus (oaks). Whereas differentiation patterns of the nuclear genome are in agreement with morphology and the fossil record, diversity patterns in the plastome are at odds with established taxonomic and phylogenetic relationships. However, the extent and evolutionary implications of this incongruence has yet to be fully uncovered. The DNA sequence divergence of four Euro-Mediterranean Group Ilex oak species (Quercus ilex L., Q. coccifera L., Q. aucheri Jaub. & Spach., Q. alnifolia Poech.) was explored at three chloroplast markers (rbcL, trnK-matK, trnH-psbA). Phylogenetic relationships were reconstructed including worldwide members of additional 55 species representing all Quercus subgeneric groups. Family and order sequence data were

Observations To Make When Choosing Quality Red Oak Tree Seeds Service Provider. The need to secure healthy red oak tree seeds services is a universal run and majority of the people have been able to enjoy top class outcome by focusing on such run. There are more ways that you must be significantly aware of in order to enjoy better run while choosing a red oak tree seeds service provider. Through accessing the firm people have been able to enjoy top results and this is a solid move why you need to be considerate on this feature. Make a top check on some of the focuses and people might always be assured of better and top red oak tree seeds service score.. There are more people who tend to evaluate the performance of a firm before choosing it and this element might help you enjoy some of the common runs that you ought to observe. The performance run is a common trend that you must be checking on if only you desire better and top red oak tree seeds services. Focusing on this run might help you score ...

Oak trees live longer than people do. Some trees live for more than 200 years. They also get to towering heights over 150 feet in height and 80 feet wide. The majestic oak trees are the most sought-after trees because of their stability and endurance when planted in landscaping.All oaks possess the same sturdy attributes and live for centuries.

Many varieties of caterpillars feed on the leaves of oak trees. To identify and treat the problem, educate yourself about the traits of different caterpillars and the symptoms and damage they cause, which takes the guesswork out of diagnosing your oak tree problem. Grow vigorous trees that can recover from harmful, ...

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Ratings of oak populations revealed that around 90 % of all oak trees affected by viruslike symptoms showed chlorotic ringspots and that these symptoms are widely spread in oaks in north and central Germany. In this study the putative agent of these symptoms should be isolated and specified. Rod-shaped particles with a length of 450 nm were recovered from two different samples of leaves displaying chlorotic ringspots by mechanical inoculation of herbaceous indicator plants. These particles were identified to be Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)- and Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV)- isolates by RT-PCR analyses of the coat- and movement protein genes. Infections with other well known viruses of forest trees, like Cherry leaf roll virus (CLRV) and the agent causing ringspots in European mountain ash, were excluded by ELISA and RT-PCR. DsRNA fragments of 1.5 and 1.6 kb as well as 1.8 and 2.0 kb were extracted from leaves, inner bark and bulbs of all symptomatic and asymptomatic samples of common oak. The ...

Ratings of oak populations revealed that around 90 % of all oak trees affected by viruslike symptoms showed chlorotic ringspots and that these symptoms are widely spread in oaks in north and central Germany. In this study the putative agent of these symptoms should be isolated and specified. Rod-shaped particles with a length of 450 nm were recovered from two different samples of leaves displaying chlorotic ringspots by mechanical inoculation of herbaceous indicator plants. These particles were identified to be Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)- and Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV)- isolates by RT-PCR analyses of the coat- and movement protein genes. Infections with other well known viruses of forest trees, like Cherry leaf roll virus (CLRV) and the agent causing ringspots in European mountain ash, were excluded by ELISA and RT-PCR. DsRNA fragments of 1.5 and 1.6 kb as well as 1.8 and 2.0 kb were extracted from leaves, inner bark and bulbs of all symptomatic and asymptomatic samples of common oak. The ...

Author(s): Mead, Alayna | Advisor(s): Sork, Victoria | Abstract: Drought is a major stress for plants, and creates strong selection pressure for adaptive responses. Many drought responses will be conserved, species-wide responses, but when populations are distributed across heterogeneous environments, local selection pressures may shape differences in their response to drought. This study tests whether populations of valley oak (Quercus lobata), a widely-distributed California endemic oak, are locally adapted in their response to water stress. Using groups of seedlings sampled from dissimilar climates and exposed to soil-drying or high water treatments, we measured ecophysiological traits and gene expression (RNA-seq) data. Valley oak seedlings under water stress had a lower leaf water potential and turgor loss point, but populations were not significantly different from each other, indicating a generalized species-wide response. However, most genes that were differentially expressed between treatments

Quercus x alvordiana, the Alvord oak, is a hybrid oak in the genus Quercus. It has been reported to be a hybrid between Quercus douglasii and Quercus turbinella, or between Q. douglasii and Quercus john-tuckeri, which was formerly considered to be a variety of Q. turbinella. This is the most common hybrid of Q. douglasii. It is endemic to California, where it occurs in the Southern Inner California Coast Ranges and western Transverse Ranges. Quercus x alvordiana is a shrub or tree under 3 metres (9. 8 ft) tall which may be evergreen or deciduous. The leaves are up to 5 centimeters long, a dull blue to gray-green on top and paler green on the undersides. The leaf blades have toothed edges and some have pointed tips. The acorn is narrow in shape and up to 4 centimeters long, with a cup up to 1. 6 centimeters wide ...

The term Italian Sclerophyllous and deciduous forests ecoregion, in the Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub Biome, is in Italy. The region extends from the Po Basin to the Apennine Mountains of Basilicata and Calabria. Rock types are limestone, dolomite, marl, schist-marl, and sandstone. Since there is a wide altitudinal range there are three forest zones. Characteristic low elevations forest zone species are: sclerophyllous evergreen oaks: Quercus ilex, Quercus suber deciduous trees such as: Quercus pubescens, Fraxinus ornus, Ostrya carpinifolia, Celtis australis, Acer monspessulanum, Carpinus orientalis Crataegus monogyna. The medium elevations forest zone predominant species are: Quercus cerris, Quercus pubescens, Quercus frainetto, Castanea sativa Ostrya carpinifolia The high elevation forest zone has very diverse and extensive mixed deciduous forests species are: The dominant species of the tree canopy Fagus sylvatica Other trees are: Acer pseudoplatanus, Acer opalus ssp. obtusatum, ...

Vol 42: The Effect of Raffaelea quercus-mongolicae Inoculations on the Formation of Non-conductive Sapwood of Quercus mongolica.. . Biblioteca virtual para leer y descargar libros, documentos, trabajos y tesis universitarias en PDF. Material universiario, documentación y tareas realizadas por universitarios en nuestra biblioteca. Para descargar gratis y para leer online.

Though oaks are not typically regarded for their flowers, like other hardwoods they are flowering plants. Oak flowers are wind pollinated and emerge in mid-spring, with male catkins (pollen coated, dangling appendages) and female flowers (usually golden in color) occurring on the same tree. Trees follow this display with moderately shiny green leaves. The underside of white oak and swamp white oak leaves is white to whitish-green. Acorns typically ripen in early to mid-autumn, with red oak acorns ripening earlier than most native oak species, as early as mid-summer. Red oaks are named for their brick-red fall foliage. White oaks also produce notable autumn colors, with showy shades ranging from reddish-brown to reddish-purple.. ...

Friedrich, Michael (2007): Tree-ring width of Quercus species from historical object sample HOH3424-3. Institute of Botany, University of Hohenheim, PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.575827

Determination of the post-antibiotic effect (PAE) of combinations of extracts from galls of Quercus infectoria with vancomycin against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

Characterisation and pathogenicity of Cryphonectria parasitica on sweet chestnut and sessile oak trees in Serbia | Dragan Karadžić, Zlatan Radulović, Katarzyna Sikora, Zoran Stanivuković, Vesna Golubović Ćurguz, Tomasz Oszako, Ivan Milenković | Agricultural Journals

Background and objectives: Quercus brantii subsp. persica is used in folk medicine to treat infections in Iran. There is not available report on the anti-biofilm activity of Quercus brantii subsp. persica. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of Quercus brantii subsp. persica against bacterial biofilms. Methods: Eighty biofilm producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were collected. Quercus brantii subsp. persica fruits aqueous extraction (QBAE) was prepared though maceration method. Chemical analysis to distinguish the main components of the QBAE was carried out using thin-layer chromatography. The antibacterial effects of QBAE on bacterial isolates were determined by the Kirby-Bauer and broth microdilution methods. The antibiofilm effects of QBAE on bacterial isolates were determined using a microtiter assay. Results: The Quercus brantii subsp. persica exhibited bacterial growth inhibition and

Oswalt, Christopher M.; Clatterbuck, Wayne K.; Oswalt, Sonja N.; Houston, Allan E.; Schlarbaum, Scott E. 2004. First-year Effects of Microstegium Vimineum and Early Growing Season Herbivory on Planted High-quality Oak (Quercus Spp.) Seedlings in Tennessee. In: Yaussy, Daniel A.; Hix, David M.; Long, Robert P.; Goebel, P. Charles, eds. Proceedings, 14th Central Hardwood Forest Conference; 2004 March 16 19; Wooster, OH. Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-316. Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Research Station: 1-9. ...

Drought conditions are the major constraint to the early establishment of Quercus suber species. However, drought responses of this species depend on provenances. The objective of this study was to obtain more comprehensive knowledge on the influence of drought conditions on the response of Q. suber L. seedlings originating from Algeria. Soil water status in soil (SWC) and relative water content (RWC) in leaves, morphological parameters for growth evaluation and physiological parameters, and ectomycorrhization were evaluated in two plots of seedlings: watered (W) and none watered (NW). Ten weeks of water starvation induced a reduction in RWC, ectomycorrhization rate and height and diameter growth of none watered seedlings. Under drought conditions, both soluble sugars and proteins were enhanced while polyphenols and %N decreased. The reduction of soil water content was negatively correlated with carbon isotope discrimination. The survival of the seedlings under these drought conditions was due to two

Definition: The category is part of the IUCN 1994 Categories & Criteria (version 2.3), which is no longer used in evaluation of taxa, but persists in the IUCN Red List for taxa evaluated prior to 2001. It was assigned to species or lower taxa which were dependent on conservation efforts to prevent the taxon becoming threatened with extinction ...

California Black Oak (Quercus kelloggii), also known as simply Black Oak, or Kellogg Oak, is an oak in the red oak section (Quercus sect. Lobatae), native to western North America. It is a close relative of the Black Oak (Quercus velutina) found in eastern and central North America. California Black Oak is a deciduous tree, typically growing from 9-25 meter (30-80 feet) in height and from 0.3-1.4 meter (1-4.5 feet) in diameter. Large trees may exceed 36 meter (120 feet) in height and 1.6 meter (5 feet) diameter. The species also grows in scrub form on poor sites. In open areas the crown is broad and rounded, with lower branches nearly touching the ground or forming a browse line. In closed stands, the crown is narrow and slender in young trees and irregularly broad in old trees. Trunks are usually free of branches for 6-12 meter (20-40 feet) in closed stands. Trunks are often forked, and usually decayed and hollow in older trees. The bark is thin and smooth in young trees, becoming moderately ...

Stately oak trees (Quercus spp.) dense canopies shade yards and public spaces across U.S. Department of Agriculture plant hardiness zones 3 through 10. These slow-growing hardwoods -- with a ...