J:56095 Kawauchi S, Takahashi S, Nakajima O, Ogino H, Morita M, Nishizawa M, Yasuda K, Yamamoto M, Regulation of lens fiber cell differentiation by transcription factor c-Maf. J Biol Chem. 1999 Jul 2;274(27):19254-60 ...

J:56095 Kawauchi S, Takahashi S, Nakajima O, Ogino H, Morita M, Nishizawa M, Yasuda K, Yamamoto M, Regulation of lens fiber cell differentiation by transcription factor c-Maf. J Biol Chem. 1999 Jul 2;274(27):19254-60 ...

Recently we have identified a novel protein NIP45 (nuclear factor of activated T cells [NFAT]-interacting protein) which substantially augments interleukin (IL)-4 gene transcription. The provision of NIP45 together with NFAT and the T helper cell type 2 (Th2)-specific transcription factor c-Maf to cells normally refractory to IL-4 production, such as B cells or Th1 clones, results in substantial IL-4 secretion to levels that approximate those produced by primary Th2 cells. In studies designed to further our understanding of NIP45 activity, we have uncovered a novel facet of IL-4 gene regulation. We present evidence that members of the tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor (TRAF) family of proteins, generally known to function as adapter proteins that transduce signals from the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, contribute to the repression of IL-4 gene transcription and that this effect is mediated through their interaction with NIP45. Keywords: NIP45, interleukin-4, ...

Macrophages have been linked to tumor initiation, progression, metastasis, and treatment resistance. However, the transcriptional regulation of macrophages driving the protumor function remains elusive. Here, we demonstrate that the transcription factor c-Maf is a critical controller for immunosuppressive macrophage polarization and function in cancer. c-Maf controls many M2-related genes and has direct binding sites within a conserved noncoding sequence of the Csf-1r gene and promotes M2-like macrophage-mediated T cell suppression and tumor progression. c-Maf also serves as a metabolic checkpoint regulating the TCA cycle and UDP-GlcNAc biosynthesis, thus promoting M2-like macrophage polarization and activation. Additionally, c-Maf is highly expressed in tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and regulates TAM immunosuppressive function. Deletion of c-Maf specifically in myeloid cells results in reduced tumor burden with enhanced antitumor T cell immunity. Inhibition of c-Maf partly overcomes ...

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) represent the most abundant hematopoietic cell type in the solid tumor microenvironment. TAMs drive T cell inhibition, promote angiogenesis, and produce tumor growth factors. Although they can paradoxically exert antitumor activity and prime protective immunity, the pathways driving this phenotype remain unclear. In this issue of the JCI, Liu and colleagues identified the c-Maf transcription factor as a master regulator of protumoral TAM polarization. The authors found that c-Maf promoted TAMs immunosuppressive activity, governed their metabolic programming, and drove expression of the macrophage differentiation protein, CSF1R. Further, inhibiting c-Maf in myeloid progenitors, and consequent myeloid-lineage cells, including TAMs, delayed tumor growth. Importantly, β-glucan treatment reduced c-MAF expression in macrophages and monocytes from patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) where c-MAF is overexpressed. These results reveal mechanisms whereby ...

IL-10 is an immunomodulatory cytokine with a critical role in limiting inflammation in immune-mediated pathologies. The mechanisms leading to IL-10 expression by CD4(+) T cells are being elucidated, with several cytokines implicated. We explored the effect of IL-4 on the natural phenomenon of IL-10 production by a chronically stimulated antigen-specific population of differentiated Th1 cells. In vitro, IL-4 blockade inhibited while addition of exogenous IL-4 to Th1 cultures enhanced IL-10 production. In the in vivo setting of peptide immunotherapy leading to a chronically stimulated Th1 phenotype, lack of IL-4Rα inhibited the induction of IL-10. Exploring the interplay of Th1 and Th2 cells through co-culture, Th2-derived IL-4 promoted IL-10 expression by Th1 cultures, reducing their pathogenicity in vivo. Co-culture led to upregulated c-Maf expression with no decrease in the proportion of T-bet(+) cells in these cultures. Addition of IL-4 also reduced the encephalitogenic capacity of Th1 ...

A faulty MAF sensor in your Mercedes can seriously affect the performance of the car and lead to costly repairs. Here are the signs of a Faulty MAF sensor.

The oncogene c-maf is translocated in approximately 5%-10% of multiple myelomas. Unexpectedly, we observed c-maf expression in myeloma cell lines lacking c-maf translocations and in 50% of multiple myeloma bone marrow samples. By gene expression profiling, we identified three c-maf target genes: cyc …

Purpose: : FGF signaling controls numerous processes during cell lineage specification, organogenesis and terminal differentiation. In lens, FGF signaling was implicated as the key pathway that controls lens fiber cell differentiation, but little is known about its nuclear components such as DNA-binding transcription factors and its cross-talk with other signaling pathways that function downstream and/or in parallel with FGF signaling. Methods: : We employed a rat lens epithelial explant system and performed integrated RNA and microRNA expression profiling in cells induced to differentiate by FGF2 (100 ng/ml). The RNAs were isolated at 2, 4, 12 and 24 hours following the treatment. RNA expression profiling was conducted using rat Affymetrix 230 2.0 arrays. MicroRNA profiling was conducted using the rodent TaqMan Low Density Array v2 ABI system. Candidate microRNA targets were identified through a combination of TargetScan 5.0 and integrated prediction databases in miRWalk and by inverse ...

Diabetes results from a loss in the capacity of β cells to produce enough insulin to meet the bodys needs, either as a result of autoimmune destruction of β cells (i.e., in type I diabetes mellitus [35]) or of reduced function (i.e., in type II [72]). Here, we have isolated and shown that the MafA transcription factor represents a β-cell-enriched DNA-binding component of the C1/RIPE3b1 activator complex that is involved in cell type-specific and glucose-regulated expression of the insulin gene. MafA is a member of the large Maf family of basic leucine-zipper containing DNA-binding proteins. In addition to MafA, there are three other closely related members of this family-c-Maf, MafB, and NRL-each of which have very similar DNA-binding (basic leucine zipper) and N-terminal transactivation domains (5, 73).. Phosphorylation of conserved serine and threonine residues in the large Maf proteins is important in activation domain function (4). In addition, phosphorylation of a tyrosine(s) appears to ...

When DArcy Wentworth Thompsons On Growth and Form was published 100 years ago, it raised the question of how biological forms arise during development and across evolution. In light of the advances in molecular and cellular biology since then, a succinct modern view of the question states: how do genes encode geometry? Our new special issue is packed with articles that use mathematical and physical approaches to gain insights into cell and tissue patterning, morphogenesis and dynamics, and that provide a physical framework to capture these processes operating across scales.. Read the Editorial by guest editors Thomas Lecuit and L. Mahadevan, as they provide a perspective on the influence of DArcy Thompsons work and an overview of the articles in this issue.. ...

Twist-1 (Twist-related protein 1; also H-Twist and bHLHa38) is a 25‑27 kDa class B member of the bHLH transcription factor family of proteins. It is widely expressed in embryo, and select adult cells such as white adipocytes. In fat, Twist-1 induces fatty acid oxidation via PGC-1 alpha and CPT-1, and promotes MCP-1 and TNF-alpha secretion by adipocytes. In epithelium, Twist-1 dysregulation represses E-Cadherin and induces N-Cadherin expression, resulting in an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition that can lead to cancer. Human Twist-1 is 202 amino acids (aa) in length. It contains a bHLH domain (aa 109-164) with an embedded DNA-binding motif. Twist-1 forms homodimers, and heterodimerizes with TCF3, HAND 1 and HAND 2. Two distinct mutations exist that may impact its dimerization pattern. There is one seven aa insertion after Ile135, and a second seven aa insertion after Pro139. A third unrelated variant shows a four Gly insert after Gly92. Full-length human Twist-1 shares 98% aa identity with ...

Figure 6. Expression pattern of p57Kip2. In situ hybridizations were done on ocular sections of nontransgenic (marked +/+; A,B), OVE1934 (C-F), and OVE1935 (G-J) embryos using 35S-labeled p5735 riboprobe. In wild-type lenses, p57Kip2 expression is upregulated in the equatorial region where fiber cell differentiation is initiated (A,B, red arrowheads). In lenses of homozygous (Tg/Tg) transgenic mice from OVE1934 and OVE1935 embryos, the zone of p57Kip2 induction has migrated toward the posterior of the lens (E,F,I,J, red arrowheads). Expression of p57 was nearly normal in heterozygous (Tg/+) embryos from these same families (C,D,G,H). The cornea (c), lens epithelial cells (le), lens fiber cells (lf), and retina (r) are identified in A. The scale bar (I) represents 100 μm.. ...

RosBREEDSNP_SNP_TC_45022535_Lg15_ACS_MAF50_1618441_exon1, RosBREEDSNP_SNP_TC_45022535_Lg15_ACS_MAF50_1618441_exon1 (genetic_marker) Malus x ...

Small Maf transcription factors possess a basic region-leucine zipper motif through which they form homodimers or heterodimers with CNC and Bach proteins. Different combinations of small Maf and CNC/Bach protein dimers bind to cis-acting DNA elements, collectively referred to as Maf-recognition elem …

c-Maf, which is one of the large Maf transcription factors, can bind to Maf recognition element (MARE) and activates transcription of target genes. Although c-Maf is expressed in macrophages and directly regulates the expression of interleukin-10, detailed information regarding its function in the null mutant phenotype of tissue macrophages remain unknown. In this study, we demonstrated that c-Maf is specifically expressed in the F4/80 positive fetal liver and adult macrophages. The expression of F4/80, which is a tissue macrophage-specific seven trans-membrane receptor, was dramatically suppressed in the c-Maf-deficient macrophage, whereas the expression of Mac-1 was not affected, suggesting that c-Maf is not necessary for the lineage commitment of macrophages. Luciferase reporter and EMSA showed that c-Maf directly regulates the expression of F4/80 by interacting with the half-MARE site of the F4/80 promoter. These results suggest that c-Maf is required for the F4/80 expression in macrophages in vivo.

RosBREEDSNP_SNP_AC_27071636_Lg15_02084_MAF30_187884_exon1, RosBREEDSNP_SNP_AC_27071636_Lg15_02084_MAF30_187884_exon1 (genetic_marker) Malus x ...

Title: Maf transcription factors in the development of somatosensory neurons By Patrick Carroll, INSERM U-583, F34091 Montpellier, France.

The results of the RT-PCR assay and EMSA, shown in this study, have established that Bach2 functions in B cells as a major MARE‐binding factor. In terms of cell differentiation, B cell is the second hematopoietic cell lineage in which partners of MARE‐effectors have been identified, with a precedent being NF‐E2 p45 in erythroid cells (Andrews et al., 1993a, b; Igarashi et al., 1994). This is somewhat surprising in view of our previous observation that, among various hematopoietic cell lines tested, Bach2 expression was detected in the monocytic leukemic cell line M1 but not in BaF3 cells, which are supposed to have a pro‐B status (Oyake et al., 1996). However, in this study we examined Bach2 expression in primary B cells and in a large set of established B‐cell lines, and the results clearly indicate that Bach2 is in fact a B‐cell‐specific factor. The specific deployment of Bach2 in B cells suggests that Bach2 and its interacting bZip proteins are important regulators of B‐cell ...

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To better visualize individual fiber cell morphologies and F-actin organization at different stages of maturation located at different depths in the lens, we developed a novel method to immunostain single lens fiber cells. Mouse lenses were microdissected, decapsulated, and fixed overnight at 4°C; and after fixation, lenses were cut into quarters and postfixed before immunostaining. Single fiber cells as well as fiber cell bundles spontaneously detached from the bulk lens quarters during the immunostaining process, and segments up to 200 μm long could be imaged by confocal microscopy. From our preparation, we observed three types of fiber cells: tightly apposed fiber cell bundles (Fig. 1), loosely dissociated lens fiber cell bundles (Fig. 2), and single lens fibers that are detached from neighboring cells (Figs. 3-7). Immunostaining of three neighboring fiber cell segments showed that F-actin is enriched in protrusions and paddles, and that the complex morphology of this ingenious 3D zipper is ...

This Angel tattoo design from our Religious & Spiritual tattoo category was created by Monica Moses. This tattoo design comes with a printable adjustable size color reference, and tattoo-able matching stencil. This design can be found in official Tattoo Johnny flash sets.

Mewn anatomeg rhan or bibell faeth (neur alimentary canal) ydyr coluddyn bach, un or coluddion. Mewn bodau dynol ceir tair rhan ir coluddyn bach: y dwodenwm: y coluddyn gwag (neur jejunum) ar iliwm. Mewn bodau dynol dyma lle maer rhan fwyaf or bwyd yn cael ei dreulio. Mewn oedolion, mae ei hyd oddeutu 7 metr: ...

From the library of…Selfies to communicate with my husband and this ridiculous long distance relationship we have.. What I can tell you is that the past few weeks have been a steady build of me trying to get all of my Training Peak boxes to turn green and 9, 13, 15 and now 18 hour training weeks.. But it hasnt been without a fair share of hiccups.. This training cycle has been much different than the past as I am working with Sonja and focused on MAF training. MAF training is Maximum Aerobic Function training and focuses on developing your aerobic foundation, which is especially important in endurance events.. You do this by a variety of ways, but the first is by using the 180 formula to find your MAF number. Training and various workouts are then developed around your individual MAF number and let me tell you…it is frustrating.. In order to hit your MAF you have to slow down…I mean really slow down. According to Sonja, I was running around town with an extremely high heart-rate, and ...

From the library of…Selfies to communicate with my husband and this ridiculous long distance relationship we have.. What I can tell you is that the past few weeks have been a steady build of me trying to get all of my Training Peak boxes to turn green and 9, 13, 15 and now 18 hour training weeks.. But it hasnt been without a fair share of hiccups.. This training cycle has been much different than the past as I am working with Sonja and focused on MAF training. MAF training is Maximum Aerobic Function training and focuses on developing your aerobic foundation, which is especially important in endurance events.. You do this by a variety of ways, but the first is by using the 180 formula to find your MAF number. Training and various workouts are then developed around your individual MAF number and let me tell you…it is frustrating.. In order to hit your MAF you have to slow down…I mean really slow down. According to Sonja, I was running around town with an extremely high heart-rate, and ...

We asked three engineers who have played key roles in the research and development of optical element to help us explore this situation of aspherical lens development at Sony.

Characterization of lens fiber cell triton insoluble fraction reveals ERM (ezrin, radixin, moesin) proteins as major cytoskeletal-associated proteins.

Anyone can help me I have a 2009 toyota tacoma 2.7L I bought a URD MAF sensor but I want to know where to connect the vacuum hose. Someone told me...

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