article{a0664c60-953a-406f-b55b-d0e2f468bd84, abstract = {,p,We determined the concentration of proteoglycan fragments in knee joint fluid collected from knee-ligament injured patients more than 6 months after the trauma and from patients with acute pyrophosphate arthritis and arthrosis or with arthrosis only. Injured patients with normal or only mildly altered cartilage at arthroscopy and with normal radiographs, had twice the average concentration of healthy volunteers. Other injured patients with advanced, radiographic signs of arthrosis, had synovial fluid proteoglycan fragment concentrations within the range of healthy volunteers. Patients with pyrophosphate arthritis had the highest concentrations, substantially increased compared with both arthrosis patients, with or without knee injury and healthy volunteers. Likewise, there was an inverse relation between the degree of arthrosis and the concentration of proteoglycan fragments in the joint fluid in patients with pyrophosphate arthritis ...
The proteoglycan superfamily now contains more than 30 full-time molecules that fulfill a variety of biological functions. Proteoglycans act as tissue organizers, influence cell growth and the maturation of specialized tissues, play a role as biological filters and modulate growth-factor activities, regulate collagen fibrillogenesis and skin tensile strength, affect tumor cell growth and invasion, and influence corneal transparency and neurite outgrowth. Additional roles, derived from studies of mutant animals, indicate that certain proteoglycans are essential to life whereas others might be redundant. The review focuses on the most recent genetic and molecular biological studies of the matrix proteoglycans, broadly defined as proteoglycans secreted into the pericellular matrix. Special emphasis is placed on the molecular organization of the protein core, the utilization of protein modules, the gene structure and transcriptional control, and the functional roles of the various proteoglycans. ...
Purified proteoglycan subunits from human articular, bovine articular and nasal cartilages, and a rat chondrosarcoma were phosphorylated in vitro by beef heart cAMP-dependent protein kinase in the presence of gamma 32P-ATP. In these experiments, a maximum of 1.7 moles of 32P were incorporated per mole of proteoglycan from human cartilage. Phosphorylation was dependent on the presence of cAMP. Analysis by autoradiography revealed that serine residues in the core protein of the proteoglycan were the sites of phosphorylation. Treatment of proteoglycan subunits with chondroitinase ABC and alkaline phosphatase prior to reaction with cAMP-dependent protein kinase increased the incorporation of 32P by 12-30% when compared with untreated proteoglycans. These data indicate that proteoglycans in cartilage can be phosphorylated by cAMP-dependent protein kinase.
The anti-angiogenic effects of an antitumor protein-bound polysaccharide, PSK, obtained from cultured mycelia of Coriolus versicolor in basidiomycetes were examined by the mouse dorsal air sac assay. PSK suppressed the mouse hepatoma MH134-induced angiogenesis when assessed by morphological and biochemical examinations. This finding suggested that the anti-metastatic effect of PSK is attributed to the suppression of tumor-induced angiogenesis.[...]
The protein-bound polysaccharide PSK was tested for the ability to activate human natural killer (NK) cells. When blood lymphocytes and purified CD3-CD16 ?
The tumor microenvironment may play a crucial role in tumor progression metastasis and invasion. immunohistochemistry and review. The increased loss of appearance of E-cadherin was even more prominent in the intrusive front side of tumor compared to the surface area where PF299804 α-even muscles actin-positive carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are gathered. The signaling substances from the Wnt and TGF-β1-Smad pathway had been expressed more often in the tumor cells and/or CAFs from the intrusive margin than those from the tumor surface area. The expressions of related transcription elements such as for example SNAIL and ZEB1 had been elevated in the tumor cells and CAFs. The procedure of EMT may be activated in the tumor margin of CRC beneath the control of CAFs. Related signaling transcription and molecules points may be induced by paracrine ramifications of the encompassing CAFs. [36] reported that huge aggregates of CRC cells (much bigger than tumor buds) induced matrix degradation ...
Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) is a polypeptide growth factor that affects the accumulation of extracellular matrix by many cell types. We have examined the ability of mouse mammary epithelial (NMuMG) cells to respond to TGF-beta and assessed the effect of the growth factor on the expression of their cell surface heparan sulfate/chondroitin sulfate hybrid proteoglycan. NMuMG cells respond maximally to 3 ng/ml TGF-beta and the response is consistent with occupancy of the type III receptor. However, cells that are polarized, as shown by sequestration of the cell surface PG at their basolateral surfaces, must have the growth factor supplied to that site for maximal response. Immunological quantification of proteoglycan core protein on treated cells suggests that the cells have an unchanging number of this proteoglycan at their cell surface. Nonetheless, metabolic labeling with radiosulfate shows a approximately 2.5-fold increase in 35SO4-glycosaminoglycans in this proteoglycan fraction, ...
Background In this paper we modify our previously developed conjoint tumor-normal cell super model tiffany livingston to make a differentiation between tumor cells that are attentive to chemotherapy and the ones that may present level of resistance. starting period. Conclusion The outcomes provide us using a deeper knowledge of the feasible evolution of regular drug-responsive and drug-resistant tumor cells through the cancers progression which might contribute to enhancing the healing strategies. are respectively the full total variety of tumor cells at period are previously described. In each formula the second conditions represent the relationship between tumor and regular cells. Right here and also have the systems of 1/period. ABT-869 For consistency and also have systems of cells Also. is the vital size from the tumor so that as how big is tumor exceeds the vital size the standard cells growth price decreases. Body?1(a) illustrates enough time evolution of regular and tumor cells within a ...
article{5ef78189-ec01-47e8-9d1b-6801154bb647, abstract = {Fibromodulin belongs to the small leucine-rich repeat proteoglycan family, interacts with collagen type I, and controls collagen fibrillogenesis and assembly. Here, we show that a major fibromodulin-binding site for collagen type I is located in leucine-rich repeat 11 in the C terminus of the leucine-rich repeat domain. We identified Glu-353 and Lys-355 in repeat 11 as essential for binding, and the synthetic peptide RLDGNEIKR, including Glu-353 and Lys-355, inhibits the binding of fibromodulin to collagen in vitro. Fibromodulin and lumican compete for the same binding region on collagen, and fibromodulin can inhibit the binding of lumican to collagen type I. However, the peptide RLDGNEIKR does not inhibit the binding of lumican to collagen, suggesting separate but closely situated fibromodulin- and lumican-binding sites in collagen. The collagen-binding Glu-353 and Lys-355 residues in fibromodulin are exposed on the exterior of the ...
Define Proteoglycans. Proteoglycans synonyms, Proteoglycans pronunciation, Proteoglycans translation, English dictionary definition of Proteoglycans. n. Any of various glycoproteins that have glycosaminoglycan chains attached by covalent bonds to the protein, usually found in the extracellular matrix of...
Profound changes occur in the cervix during pregnancy. In particular, the connective tissue is remodelled. To elucidate the mechanisms behind this process, the metabolism of cervical connective tissue was studied using tissue cultures. Cervical biopsies from non-pregnant and pregnant women were incubated with [35S]sulphate. The proteoglycans of the tissue specimens were purified by ion-exchange and gel chromatography and characterized by SDS/PAGE and by enzymic degradation. In the non-pregnant cervix, the incorporation of [35S]sulphate into the proteoglycans was linear for 48 h. During the first 6 h of incubation the accumulation of chiefly one small labelled proteoglycan (apparent Mr 110,000) substituted with dermatan sulphate was recorded. This is in accordance with the known proteoglycan composition of non-pregnant cervical tissue. In addition, small amounts of two larger radioactive dermatan/chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans (apparent Mr values 220,000 and greater than 500,000) were ...
Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of CCN3-mediated promotion of sulfated proteoglycan synthesis in rat chondrocytes from developing joint heads. Together they form a unique fingerprint. ...
TY - JOUR. T1 - The Effect of TGF-\beta1 on Cell Proliferation and Proteoglycan Production in Human Melanoma Depends on the Degree of Cell Differentiation. AU - Heredia, A.. AU - Villena, J.. AU - Romarís, M.. AU - Molist, A.. AU - Bassols, A.. PY - 1998/1/1. Y1 - 1998/1/1. M3 - Article. VL - 0. SP - 1. EP - 1. IS - 0. ER - ...
Objective: Examine effects of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), transforming growth factor β2 (TGFβ2) and fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) on proteoglycan and collagen network and biomechanical properties of the newly formed cartilage matrix. Methods: Bovine articular chondrocytes were cultured in alginate beads for 3 weeks with or without FGF2, TGFβ2 or IGF1 in the presence of 10% FCS. Proteoglycan content, collagen content, hydroxylysylpyridinoline cross-links and overall matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity in the culture medium were measured. Alginate disks cultured for 5 weeks were used to evaluate the effect of growth factors on mechanical properties of the construct by determining the equilibrium aggregate modulus and secant modulus. Results: IGF1 increased collagen and proteoglycan deposition. FGF2 mainly decreased collagen deposition and TGFβ2 proteoglycan deposition. A decrease in cross-links was observed in matrix produced by chondrocytes cultured in the presence of TGFβ2. ...
Versican is present throughout advanced lesions of atherosclerosis as well. A large CSPG has been isolated from atherosclerotic lesions of large hydrodynamic size with a core protein ranging in size from 160 to 245 and containing a mixture of chondroitin 6-sulfate and chondroitin 4-sulfate chains with chondroitin 6-sulfate predominating.20,35-38 Versican is prominent at the edges of the necrotic core in more advanced lesions of atherosclerosis and in close proximity to deposited lipoproteins,25,29,30 suggesting a role in the retention of lipoproteins in the vessel wall. The response to retention hypothesis of atherosclerosis,39 based on pioneering work performed in the 1970s and 1980s40-44 invokes a critical role in atherogenesis for the retention of lipoproteins by ECM proteoglycans. A number of studies have shown that versican as well as other proteoglycans such as biglycan are associated with lipoprotein deposits in human atherosclerotic lesions25,27,29,31 and in lipid induced lesions in ...
human EPYC protein: member of the small leucine-rich repeat proteoglycan (SLRP) family; predominantly expressed in cartilage; RefSeq NM_004950
Proteoglycans Proteoglycans are molecules composed of a polypeptide and one or several sulfated glycosaminoglycans attached by chemical bindings. They are found in every animal tissue. Almost every cell may synthesize proteoglycans, and then they are released, incorporated in the plasma membrane or stored in internals vesicles. They are essential molecules of the pericellular space. Proteoglycans are assembled inside the cell. The polypeptide is synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum, where some monosaccharides are also added. However, the elongation of the glycosaminoglycan chains, as well as the addition of sulfate groups, occurs in the trans domain of the Golgi complex. Most of the proteoglycans are exocytosed to the extracellular space, but some of them will be part of the plasma membrane, where they are inserted among the fatty acid chains of lipids thanks to a sequence of hydrophobic amino acids of the polypeptide Different proteoglycans show different amino acid sequence and polypeptide ...
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NG2/CSPG4 transmembrane proteoglycan (PG) is a multivalent cell surface macromolecule whose impact on tumour growth and dissemination has been extensively documented in a variety of tumours and animal models. The PG is abundantly expressed in numerous soft-tissue sarcoma subtypes where it tightly links to disease progression and evolvement of metastases.
Principal Investigator:TANAKA Yoshiya, Project Period (FY):1995 - 1996, Research Category:Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C), Section:一般, Research Field:内科学一般
Ramasamy, S.; Lipke, D.W.; Boissonneault, G.A.; Guo, H.; Hennig, B., 1996: Oxidized lipid-mediated alterations in proteoglycan metabolism in cultured pulmonary endothelial cells
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On the left, is my histology book, on the right theres qoura (the internet). My histology textbook says that unlike glycoproteins, proteoglycans have attached GAGs which often comprise a greater mass than the polypeptide core. What I found on qoura is The carbohydrate content of proteoglycans (10-15%) is far less than glycoproteins is (50-60%) I tried googling the question but couldnt find the answer so which of these is correct ?. ...
Spock occasionally called Uhura Miss Uhura. As for why Spock was called Mister Spock, Amanda stated in Journey to Babel and Spock also stated in...
Description: The library was prepared from 5 ug of poly A+ RNA by oligo-dT priming (5- ACTAGTGCGGCCGCCTAGGCCTCGAGTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTV-3) and Stratascript reverse transcriptase. After ligation of EcoRI adapters (5-AATTCGGCACGAGG-3) followed by kinasing adapters and by XhoI digestion, the cDNA was size selected by chromatography on Sepharose CL-2B columns and fractions containing cDNAs larger than 1000 bp were ligated into EcoRI/XhoI-digested pCS107. Average insert size 1745 bp. Reference for library construction: Current Genomics 4, 635-644. Library constructed by Michelle Tabb and Bruce Blumberg (Dept of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine). ...
Definition: Proteoglycans are a class of glycoproteins that are heavily glycosylated. They consist of a core protein with one or more covalently (...)
In Japan the standard adjuvant treatment after resection of gastric cancer is intravenous mitomycin plus oral fluorouracil. We have assessed the efficacy of protein-bound polysaccharide…. ...
Introduction Proteoglycans, often recognized for their role in connective tissue, are proteins which have carbohydrates covalently bound to their structure which are important for their function. They are found in extracellular matrix side of cell membranes and are significant in intercellular communication.. Structure and Function. ...
KUMIKO Matcha Intense Recovery is an anti-aging concentrate containing proteoglycans and Matcha Tea extracts presented in vials. KUMIKO Concentrate is a unique solution that defends against the multiple signs of aging and damage. With an advanced combination of antioxidants and moisturizers, KUMIKO Concentrate works ag
Proteinuria in diabetes is related to changes in proteoglycans in kidneys of persons with diabetes and we study this in biopsies, blood samples and isolated monocytes from such patients. Our focus is on structural changes of proteoglycans, changes in the matrix composition of the glomeruli and in enzymes important for biossyntheis and turnover of extracellular matrix. Parallel studies are performed in a mouse model of diabetes.. ...
Spock is a powerful and expressive testing language built on top of Groovy. This talk will be a live-coding demonstration where I will take a small Java application with a set of JUnit tests and refactor the tests into Spock specifications. Ill show the features of Spock; its concise syntax,.... groovy testing spock grails ...
LEONARD Nimoy, who achieved worldwide fame playing the pointy-eared half-Vulcan Mr Spock in the cult science fiction series Star Trek, has died. He was 83.
Glycoaminoglycans (mucopolysaccharides) bound to protein chains in covalent complexes; occur in the extracellular matrix of connective tissue
Can degrade fibronectin, laminin, gelatins of type I, III, IV, and V; collagens III, IV, X, and IX, and cartilage proteoglycans. Activates procollagenase.. ...
Proteoglycans can be difficult molecules to isolate and analyze due to large mass, charge, and tendency to aggregate or form macromolecular complexes
But Spock doesnt beat paper, paper beats Spock. No, not just because Spock rhymes with rock, but that is one reason, which means Picks paper is still in the lead, but I come back in with my ...
hi everyone, new here and just have a queery re KAV and these 20 virus files it detected. i recently installed KAV personal pro, and i ran a full...
Treatment of osteoarthritis (OA) with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) diminishes inflammation along with mediators of cartilage destruction. However, NSAIDs may exert adverse direct effects on cartilage, particularly if treatment is prolonged. We therefore compared the direct effects of indomethacin, naproxen, aceclofenac and celecoxib on matrix turnover in human OA cartilage tissue. Human clinically defined OA cartilage from five different donors was exposed for 7 days in culture to indomethacin, naproxen, aceclofenac and celecoxib - agents chosen based on their cyclo-oxygenase (COX)-2 selectivity. As a control, SC-560 (a selective COX-1 inhibitor) was used. Changes in cartilage proteoglycan turnover and prostaglandin E2 production were determined. OA cartilage exhibited characteristic proteoglycan turnover. Indomethacin further inhibited proteoglycan synthesis; no significant effect of indomethacin on proteoglycan release was found, and proteoglycan content tended to decrease. Naproxen
Many proteoglycans (PGs) in the tumor microenvironment have been shown to be key macromolecules that contribute to biology of various types of cancer including proliferation, adhesion, angiogenesis and metastasis, affecting tumor progress. The four main types of proteoglycans include hyaluronan (HA), which does not occur as a PG but in free form, heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs), chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs), dematan sulfate proteoglycans (DSPG) and keratan sulfate proteoglycans (KSPGs) [BR:00535]. Among these proteoglycans such as HA, acting with CD44, promotes tumor cell growth and migration, whereas other proteoglycans such as syndecans (-1~-4), glypican (-1, -3) and perlecan may interact with growth factors, cytokines, morphogens and enzymes through HS chains [BR: 00536], also leading to tumor growth and invasion. In contrast, some of the small leucine-rich proteolgycans, such as decorin and lumican, can function as tumor repressors, and modulate the signaling pathways by ...
TY - JOUR. T1 - The effect of hydrostatic pressure on proteoglycan production in articular cartilage in vitro. T2 - a meta-analysis. AU - Hodder, Ella. AU - Guppy, Fergus. AU - Covill, Derek. AU - Bush, Peter. PY - 2020/5/20. Y1 - 2020/5/20. N2 - Objective: In previous research the use of hydrostatic pressure (HP) has been applied to enhance the formation of engineered cartilage, through the up-regulation of proteoglycan synthesis by mechanotransduction. However, the HP stimulation approach has been shown to vary between studies with a wide disparity in results, including anabolic, catabolic and non-responsive outcomes. To this end, a meta-analysis of HP publications using 3D cultured chondrocytes was performed to elucidate the key experiment factors involved in achieving a mechanotransducive response. Design: The effects of different HP regimes on proteoglycan production were investigated based on the following factors: static vs dynamic application, pressure magnitude, and experiment duration. ...
Proteoglycans have been implicated in the invagination and formation of various embryonal cavitied primordia. In this paper the expression of chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan is analysed (CSPG) in the lens primordium during lens vesicle formation, and demonstrate that this proteoglycan has a speci®c distribution pattern with regard to invagination and fusion processes in the transformation of placode into lens vesicle. More speci®cally, CSPG was detached in: (1) the apical surface of lens epithelial cells, where early CSPG expression was observed in the whole of the lens placode whilst in the vesicle phase it was restricted to the posterior epithelium; (2) intense CSPG expression in the basal lamina, which remained constant for the entire period under study; (3) CSPG expression in the intercellular spaces of the lens primordium epithelium, which increased during the invagination of the primordium and which at the vesicle stage was more evident in the posterior epithelium; and (4) CSPG ...
The molecule neuron-glia 2 (NG2) is a transmembrane chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan that is present on a distinct population of glial cells in the central nervous system (eNS). NG2 has been used to identify this subgroup of cells as an additional major glial cell population, in addition to, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, ependymal cells and microglia. In the adult brain, these cells retain the ability to differentiate into oligodendrocytes and astrocytes. NG2 is often re-expressed by brain tumours and has been found to have increased expression levels in the high grade glioma and glioma-derived cell lines. Within the scope of this thesis it has been demonstrated that culture conditions (different media and serum supplementation) influence expression of NG2 and other antigens on glioma cell cultures. Seven cell lines covering a range of histopathological diagnoses have been fully characterised with regard to their antigenic expression profiles. With one cell line in particular, UP AB, the ...
The transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) receptor type III is a low abundance cell surface component that binds TGF-beta 1 and TGF-beta 2 with high affinity and specificity, and is present in many mammalian and avian cell types. Type III TGF-beta receptors affinity-labeled with 125I-TGF-beta migrate in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide electrophoresis gels as diffuse species of 250-350 kDa. Here we show that type III receptors deglycosylated by the action of trifluoromethanesulfonic acid yield affinity-labeled receptor cores of 110-130 kDa. This marked decrease in molecular weight is also achieved by combined treatment of type III receptors with heparitinase and chondroitinase ABC. Digestion of receptor-linked glycosaminoglycans by treatment of intact cell monolayers with heparitinase and chondroitinase does not prevent TGF-beta binding to the type III receptor core polypeptide and does not release the receptor polypeptide from the membrane. The type III TGF-beta receptor binds tightly to DEAE
Proteoglycans metabolically labelled with [35S]sulphate and [3H]glucosamine or [3H]leucine were isolated from the incubation medium and cell layer of human adult mesangial cells and glomerular visceral epithelial cells using sequential DEAE chromatography purification steps followed by gel-filtration chromatography. The proteoglycan composition of each peak was analysed by treatment with HNO2, chondroitinase ABC or chondroitinase AC followed by chromatography on Sephadex G-50 columns. Heparan sulphate proteoglycan (HSPG) and dermatan sulphate proteoglycan were detected in both the culture medium and cell layer of mesangial cells. Culture medium of glomerular visceral epithelial cells contained HSPG and a second proteoglycan with the properties of a hybrid molecule containing HS and chondroitin sulphate (CS). The cell layer contained HSPG and CSPG. Detailed analysis of the hybrid molecule revealed that it had an apparent molecular mass of 400 kDa. SDS/PAGE of hybrid molecules, after treatment ...
TY - JOUR. T1 - T-cell recognition of differentially tolerated epitopes of cartilage proteoglycan aggrecan in arthritis. AU - Buzás, Edit I.. AU - Végvári, Anikó. AU - Murad, Yanal M.. AU - Finnegan, Alison. AU - Mikecz, Katalin. AU - Glant, Tibor T.. PY - 2005/6/1. Y1 - 2005/6/1. N2 - Proteoglycan (PG) aggrecan, a major macromolecular component of cartilage, is highly immunogenic; it induces arthritis in genetically susceptible BALB/c mice. The present study maps the T-cell epitope repertoire of cartilage PG by identifying a total of 27 distinct T-cell epitopes. An epitope hierarchy, accounting for the different effector functions of PG-specific T cells, and determinant spreading, has been found. T-cell responses to four epitopes were associated with arthritis induction. Some of the T-cell epitopes were full T-cell activators, whereas a number of subdominant and cryptic epitopes proved to be partial activators in vitro, inducing either cytokine secretion or T-cell proliferation, but not ...
Szántó, Sándor Zoltán and Bárdos, Tamás and Gál, István and Glant, Tibor T. and Mikecz, Katalin (2004) Enhanced neutrophil extravasation and rapid progression of proteoglycan-induced arthritis in TSG-6-knockout mice. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM, 50 (9). pp. 3012-3022. ISSN 0004-3591 ...
TY - JOUR. T1 - The role of nitric oxide in proteoglycan turnover by bovine articular cartilage organ cultures. AU - Stefanovic-Racic, M.. AU - Morales, T. I.. AU - Taskiran, D.. AU - McIntyre, L. A.. AU - Evans, C. H.. PY - 1996/2/1. Y1 - 1996/2/1. N2 - Monolayer cultures of articular chondrocytes synthesize large amounts of nitric oxide (NO) following exposure to IL-1. The latter has antianabolic and procatabolic activities on these cells, but little is known about the role, if any, of NO in the integrated metabolic pathways of the chondrocyte. In the present study, the role of endogenously produced NO in both the synthesis and degradation of proteoglycans was investigated for the first time. Bovine articular cartilage slices exposed to 20 U/ml human rIL-1β (hrIL-1β) synthesized large amounts of NO for 1 to 2 days, after which production fell to a steady state level ~20% of the peak value for the remainder of the 14- day incubation. The NO synthase inhibitor, N-monomethyl L-arginine (L-NMA, ...
Biglycan is a small leucine-rich repeat proteoglycan (SLRP) which is found in a variety of extracellular matrix tissues, including bone, cartilage and tendon. In humans, biglycan is encoded by the BGN gene which is located on the X chromosome. The name biglycan was proposed in an article by Fisher, Termine and Young in an article in the Journal of Biological Chemistry in 1989 because the proteoglycan contained two GAG chains; formerly it was known as proteoglycan-I (PG-I). Biglycan consists of a protein core containing leucine-rich repeat regions and two glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains consisting of either chondroitin sulfate (CS) or dermatan sulfate (DS), with DS being more abundant in most connective tissues. The CS/DS chains are attached at amino acids 5 and 10 in human biglycan. The composition of the GAG chains has been reported as varying according to tissue of origin. Non-glycanated forms of biglycan (no GAG chains) increase with age in human articular cartilage. The composition of GAG ...
Proteoglycans consist of a core protein and an associated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chain of heparan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate or keratan sulfate, which are attached to a serine residue. The core proteins of cell surface proteoglycans may be transmembrane, e.g., syndecan, or GPI-anchored, e.g., glypican. Many different cell surface and matrix proteoglycan core proteins are expressed in the mammary gland and in mammary cells in culture. The level of expression of these core proteins, the structure of their GAG chains, and their degradation are regulated by many of the effectors that control the development and function of the mammary gland. Regulatory proteins of the mammary gland that bind GAG include many growth factors and morphogens (fibroblast growth factors, hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor, members of the midkine family, wnts), matrix proteins (collagen, fibronectin, and laminin), enzymes (lipoprotein lipase) and microbial surface proteins. Structural diversity ...
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Proteoglycans are proteins that are heavily glycosylated. The basic proteoglycan unit consists of a core protein with one or more covalently attached glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chain(s). The point of attachment is a serine (Ser) residue to which the glycosaminoglycan is joined through a tetrasaccharide bridge (e.g. chondroitin sulfate-GlcA-Gal-Gal-Xyl-PROTEIN). The Ser residue is generally in the sequence -Ser-Gly-X-Gly- (where X can be any amino acid residue but proline), although not every protein with this sequence has an attached glycosaminoglycan. The chains are long, linear carbohydrate polymers that are negatively charged under physiological conditions due to the occurrence of sulfate and uronic acid groups. Proteoglycans occur in the connective tissue. Proteoglycans are categorized by their relative size (large and small) and the nature of their glycosaminoglycan chains. Types include: Certain members are considered members of the small leucine-rich proteoglycan family (SLRP). These ...
Mast cells (MCs) are characterized by an abundance of lysosome-like secretory granules filled with immunomodulatory compounds including histamine, cytokines, lysosomal hydrolases, MC-restricted proteases, and serglycin proteoglycans. The latter are essential for promoting the storage of other granule compounds and are built up of the serglycin core protein to which highly sulfated and thereby negatively charged glycosaminoglycan (GAG) side chains of heparin or chondroitin sulfate type are attached. In the search for mechanisms operating in regulating MC granule homeostasis, we here investigated the role of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling. We show that inhibition of MEK1/2 (a MAPK kinase) leads to increased metachromatic staining of MC granules, indicative of increased proteoglycan content. Indeed, MEK1/2 inhibition caused a profound increase in the expression of the gene coding for the serglycin core protein and of genes coding for various enzymes involved in the biosynthesis/sulfation
Stefanovic-Racic M, Morales TI, Taskiran D, McIntyre LA, Evans CH. The role of nitric oxide in proteoglycan turnover by bovine articular cartilage organ cultures. J Immunol. 1996 Feb 01; 156(3):1213-20 ...
The cornea is the primary refractive element of the eye and is also fundamental to the protection of the visual system. Collagen is the major constituent of the cornea, where it is organised in a lattice that enables corneal transparency. Proteoglycan macromolecules are thought to regulate the diameter and spatial order of collagen fibrils in the cornea, which are both pre-requisites for corneal transparency, although the mechanisms by which they organise fibrils are not fully elucidated. This investigation examined the morphology, morphometry and organisation of proteoglycans three-dimensionally, in both normal and genetically altered mouse corneas, to gain a greater understanding of proteoglycan structure-function relationships. In summary, we found that proteoglycans are primarily responsible for the remarkable collagen organisation in the mouse cornea, which allows for corneal transparency. The self- association of proteoglycans into complexes is likely to result in a robust attachment of ...
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The ability of mononuclear leukocytes to synthesize and secrete proteoglycans was evaluated. Using radiolabeling with H2 35SO4, it is shown that peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and their major subpopulations (B cells, T cells, and monocytes), as well as mouse spleen cells, all secreted easily detectable proteoglycan. After 24-h labeling periods, 90% of macromolecular 35S could be detected in culture media. This material was primarily (greater than 95%) chondroitin-4-sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG). Production and secretion of CSPG could be stimulated more than 200% in PBMC and 300% in T cell populations by high concentrations of concanavalin A and phorbol 12-myristate-13-acetate; lipopolysaccharide induced a small (twofold) but reproducible increase in CSPG secretion by adherent mononuclear leukocytes. The CSPG secreted by PBMC was relatively small in size compared to chondrocyte CSPG (130,000 daltons vs. 2-4 million daltons) but possessed similar sizes of glycosaminoglycan chains and ...
Protein-bound polysaccharide-K (PSK) is a hot water extract from Trametes versicolor mushroom. It has been used traditionally in Asian countries for its immune stimulating and anti-cancer effects. We have recently found that PSK can activate Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2). TLR2 is highly expressed on dendritic cells (DC), so the current study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of PSK on DC activation and the potential of using PSK as a vaccine adjuvant. In vitro experiments using mouse bone marrow-derived DC (BMDC) demonstrated that PSK induces DC maturation as shown by dose-dependent increase in the expression of CD80, CD86, MHCII, and CD40. PSK also induces the production of multiple inflammatory cytokines by DC, including IL-12, TNF-α, and IL-6, at both mRNA and protein levels. In vivo experiments using PSK as an adjuvant to OVAp323-339 vaccine showed that PSK as adjuvant leads to enlarged draining lymph nodes with higher number of activated DC. PSK also stimulates proliferation of ...
Radiobiology Laboratory, St. Marys Medical Center, California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco 94118, USA.. Abstract. Polysaccharide-K (polysaccharide-Kureha; PSK), also known as krestin, is a unique protein-bound polysaccharide, which has been used as a chemoimmunotherapy agent in the treatment of cancer in Asia for over 30 years. PSK and Polysaccharopeptide (PSP) are both protein-bound polysaccharides which are derived from the CM-101 and COV-1 strains of the fungus Coriolus versicolor by Japanese and Chinese researchers, respectively. Both polysaccharide preparations have documented anticancer activity in vitro, in vivo and in human clinical trials, though PSK has been researched longer and has therefore undergone more thorough laboratory, animal and clinical testing. Several randomized clinical trials have demonstrated that PSK has great potential as an adjuvant cancer therapy agent, with positive results seen in the adjuvant treatment of gastric, esophageal, ...
Proteoglycans (PGs) are one of the major components in the extracellular matrix (ECM) of cartilage, and are negatively charged due to the charged groups attached to their backbone (i.e., fixed charge groups). PGs play substantial roles in the mechanical, biotransport and electrical events within the tissue.3,7 More specifically, swelling pressure generated by the interaction between fixed charge groups and ionic interstitial fluid enhances cartilages capacity of load-bearing. In addition, biotransport properties (e.g., hydraulic permeability) and electrical properties (e.g., electrical conductivity) have been shown to be affected by water content (i.e., porosity) and fixed charge density (FCD).2-4 The alteration of proteoglycan content will affect the tissue FCD and water content, which could cause the changes in biomechanical, biotransport and electrical properties of the cartilage. The relationship between the PG content and biomechanical properties has been widely studied,6,8 but the ...
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Hemagglutinin is a glycoprotein. Like it? Glycoconjugates is the general classification for carbohydrates - referred to as glycans - which are covalently linked with other chemical species such as proteins, peptides, lipids and other compounds. Some proteins are so modified with CHOs that they contain more CHOs than amino acids. The glycosaminoglycan chains are bound to the serine residues that are present in the core proteins. a. Gram positive bacteria- These bacterial can be stained with Gram stain. They are found in all connective tissues, extracellular matrix (ECM) and on the surfaces of many cell types.Proteoglycans are remarkable for their diversity (different cores, different numbers of GAGs with various lenghts and compositions). They are involved in human tissue processes as well as immunological functions. Generally, the extracellular proteins that are going to be secreted are glycosylated in the endoplasmic reticulum. The influenza virus is a simple yet deadly virus (shown below) . It ...
Apocynin, an inhibitor of NADPH-oxidase, is known to partially reverse the inflammation-mediated cartilage proteoglycan synthesis in chondrocytes. More recently, it was reported that apocynin prevents cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression in monocytes. The present study aimed to investigate whether these in vitro features of apocynin could be confirmed in vivo. In a mouse model of zymosan-induced acute arthritis apocynin was administered orally (0, 3.2, 16 and 80 microg/ml in the drinking water) and the effects on cartilage proteoglycan synthesis were monitored. In a mouse model of zymosan-induced inflammation of the ears apocynin was administered orally (14 mg/kg/day by gavage) and the effects on ear swelling and ex vivo produced prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated blood cells were measured. In this study, ibuprofen was used as a positive control (50 mg/kg/day by gavage) and animals received vehicle as a negative control. Apocynin dose-dependently reversed the inhibition ...
2-4 capsules a day. 5. Dietary Changes - Make your diet rich of food which contain omega 3 fatty acids like salmon, sardines etc. Also walnuts are a good source for the same.. Give yourself about thirty days, and then you can notice the following changes:. ,Improvement in joint mobility. ,Less pain. ,Less squeaking in the joints. ,And, even reduce the need of knew replacement surgery.. 6. Increased Use Of Turmeric - Commonly used in Indian foods, it contains inflammatory properties. Besides, adding in your food, try adding a heaped teaspoon in milk, and drink it daily.. Details:. The body uses Glucosamine Sulfate, a natural compound, to stimulate cells to create one of the main building blocks of joint cartilage - proteoglycans.. Chondroitin sulfate attracts and holds large amounts of water to the cartilage-building proteoglycan molecules. Since cartilage has no blood supply, this fluid is necessary to nourish and lubricate joints.. MSM (methylsulfonylmethane, or dimethyl sulfone) is a ...
Glucosamine stimulates the cartilage cells to produce the needed proteoglycans, large molecules that give cartilage strength and resilience, allowing it to stretch and then resume its normal form as the joints moves. A deficiency of glucosamine will result in low levels of proteoglycans that are inadequate in maintaining healthy joints. Glucosamine is one of the main ingredients of the synovial fluid that lubricates and provides nutrients for the joint structures. This synovial fluid reduces friction in the joints allowing for effortless motion. It not only lubricates the joints but it also acts as a comfortable shock absorber. Furthermore, glucosamine inhibits several enzymes whose job is the break down of old proteoglycan molecules nearing the end of their normal life span. In summary, glucosamine not only stimulates the production of cartilage but it can also improve joint function, increase flexibility, mobility, and help reduce the pain of those suffering from osteoarthritis ...
krestin: protein-bound polysaccharide preparation from Coriolus versicolor(Fr) Quel of Basidiomycetes with antitumor activity; immunopotentiator
Metabolism of proteoglycans in tendon. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports 19 (4) , pp. 470-478. 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.00938.x ...
GRC Proteoglycans is a Biotechnology, Chemistry, Life Science, Biology and Science Conference, organized in Andover, New Hampshire.
View our 6 Testican 2/SPOCK2 products for your research including Testican 2/SPOCK2 Primary Antibodies, Proteome Profiler Antibody Arrays, and Proteins and Enzymes.
Chen, Yunliang, Shi-wen, Xu, van Beek, Jonathan, Kennedy, Laura, McLeod, Marilyn, Renzoni, Elisabetta A., Bou-Gharios, George, Wilcox-Adelman, Sarah, Goetinck, Paul F., Eastwood, Mark, Black, Carol M., Abraham, David J. and Leask, Andrew (2005) Matrix contraction by dermal fibroblasts requires transforming growth Factor-ß /activin-linked kinase 5, heparan sulfate-containing proteoglycans, and MEK/ERK: insights into pathological scarring in chronic fibrotic disease. American Journal of Pathology, 167 (6). pp. 1699-1711. ISSN 0002-9440 ...
Chen, Yunliang, Shi-wen, Xu, van Beek, Jonathan, Kennedy, Laura, McLeod, Marilyn, Renzoni, Elisabetta A., Bou-Gharios, George, Wilcox-Adelman, Sarah, Goetinck, Paul F., Eastwood, Mark, Black, Carol M., Abraham, David J. and Leask, Andrew (2005) Matrix contraction by dermal fibroblasts requires transforming growth Factor-ß /activin-linked kinase 5, heparan sulfate-containing proteoglycans, and MEK/ERK: insights into pathological scarring in chronic fibrotic disease. American Journal of Pathology, 167 (6). pp. 1699-1711. ISSN 0002-9440 ...
Skin decorin (DCN) is an antiadhesive dermatan sulfate-rich proteoglycan that interacts with thrombospondin-1 (TSP) and inhibits fibroblast adhesion to TSP [Winnemoller et al., 1992]. Molecular mechanisms by which DCN interacts with TSP and inhibits cell adhesion to TSP are unknown. In the present study, we showed that skin DCN and bone DCN (chondroitin sulfate-rich proteoglycan) were quantitatively identical with respect to their ability to interact with TSP. Using a series of fusion proteins corresponding to the different structural domains of TSP, binding of [125I]DCN to TSP was found to be dependent of the N-terminal domain and, to a lesser extent, of the type 1 repeats and the C-terminal domain of TSP. In addition, heparan sulfate drastically inhibited [125I]DCN binding to solid-phase adsorbed TSP (80% inhibition), suggesting that DCN could bind to the N-terminal domain of TSP through interaction with heparin-binding sequences. To address this question, a series of synthetic peptides, ...
CD138 (syndecan 1) is a transmembrane proteoglycan that can bind a variety of cytokines and modulate their activity, as well as the activity of extracellular matrix components and influence many developmental processes. CD138 is expressed mainly in differentiating keratinocytes and is transiently upregulated in all layers of the epidermis upon tissue injury. It is also highly expressed on plasma cells and can be detected even on fibroblasts, vascular smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells. Up-regulation and down-regulation of CD138 on the cell surface often correlates with the gain of cancerous characteristics. Serum levels of the shedded soluble sCD138 are used as a prognostic factor of cancerogenesis ...
1997, Jankovski et al., 1998 and Kaneko et al., 2010). The adult VZ-SVZ also generates oligodendrocyte precursors labeled by the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan NG2 and oligodendrocytes, although in much lower numbers than the type A neuroblasts (Hack et al., 2005, Menn et al., 2006 and Komitova et al., … Continue reading →. ...
This study outlined the implementation and evaluation of one associative and two dissociative coping strategies on rowing ergometer performance. Participants were 9 novice varsity rowers who performed a 40-min ergometer workout in 10 separate experimental sessions. At each workout participants were requested to row as far as possible in 40 min. A multiple-baseline design was utilized, which after varying amounts of baseline permitted implementing an associative or dissociative strategy for each participant. These strategies included associative, dissociative-video, and dissociative-music. Results indicated that performance improved under all conditions for all participants but that the greatest gains were found in the associative condition. ...
Spock and Kirk are the only ones left aboard the stripped primary hull. Fine, says Spock. Now, theres equipment here that cant be teleported down. You teleport down, Ill stay here and try to affect a re-entry. Kirk: But no one has tried a re-entry in a detached primary hull. The gyros may not be able to maintain the correct attitude. The hull could melt through. Theres a couple of holes that were never fully repaired after the battle with -- Yes, Captain, but we need certain equipment aboard. You teleport down, Ill stay here and probably get killed. Kirk: Just a minute. Have you ever wondered why your father married your human mother? Spock: He said it seemed logical at the time. Kirk: I worked it out long ago. It couldnt have been sex. Aside from the fact that Vulcans dont think that way, your mother couldnt have been very sexy to a Vulcan. Spock: I suppose not. Kirk: It must have been an experiment in genetics. Spock: Of course, I should have thought of that myself. ...
But that had been three days ago. All that time Erid had kept him hidden from the public. Spock was allowed the complete freedom of Erids house, but every exit was wired with electric nets. And as he had discovered, to try and escape would result in a severely shocking experience. Erid walked in. Good morning, Stargod. That is as inaccurate now as it was three days ago, Erid, said Spock, annoyed. Perhaps, but today is the worship day. Today is the day when all the people go to pray to the Divine God and his lesser Stargods. Today you will be shown to the world. Today, my plan of conquest begins! Erid shouted. Come, it is time. No time for food now. Spock shrugged. It had been quite fortunate that the food was not poisonous, but Spock preferred death rather than be a puppet for a madman. Not to mention indirectly being forced to break the Prime Directive. Erid called for his two henchmen. They quickly bound Spock and put a hood over his head and torso. It is a long journey, but ...
Complete information for SPOCK2 gene (Protein Coding), SPARC/Osteonectin, Cwcv And Kazal Like Domains Proteoglycan 2, including: function, proteins, disorders, pathways, orthologs, and expression. GeneCards - The Human Gene Compendium
Glycoanalysis and proteoglycan research reagents from AMSBIO including, carbohydrates, monoclonal antibodies and enzymes for glycobiology.
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Ueta T, Ishihara K, Notomi S, Lee JJ, Maidana DE, Efstathiou NE, Murakami Y, Hasegawa E, Azuma K, Toyono T, Paschalis EI, Aihara M, Miller JW, Vavvas DG. RIP1 kinase mediates angiogenesis by modulating macrophages in experimental neovascularization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2019 11 19; 116(47):23705-23713 ...
Glucosamine is an amino sugar, which is a constituent of cartilage proteoglycans It is derived from marine exoskeletons or produced synthetically
Hostages. Chapter 18. Spock looked down and considered the work he had finished in the shower. Where there had been a drain, there was now a very large hole big enough to put his hand and arm through to his elbow. As far as he could tell, the large and antiquated drain pipe angled into an L then straightened directly out to the Bay. He carefully cleaned the shower floor removing the debris that might cut small bare feet. He had done all he could, now he must wait until just before the vote to take the comm apart, modify it, and send out the signal. He would send the transporter coordinates out through the pipe and into the Bay, hopefully past the shields. Spock had no way of knowing if the plan would work except by its success and their rescue. Once Jim knew the coordinates, he would know their location, and he would lead the Enterprise crew to their rescue. Of that he was certain.. He wondered about the plan Jim had in mind. That there was a plan, he had no doubt. Spock sincerely hoped that his ...
In contrast, proteoglycan aggregates in cartilage, seen on electron microscopy as granulelike structures, were clearly smaller in the mutant mice than in the