T-Cell Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase (TC PTP) is a phospho tyrosine-specific protein phosphatase. It is a truncated form of the human T-Cell protein tyrosine phosphatase (residues 1-317) which lacks a C-terminal regulatory domain (1
TY - JOUR. T1 - Pancreatic T cell protein-tyrosine phosphatase deficiency affects beta cell function in mice. AU - Xi, Yannan. AU - Liu, Siming. AU - Bettaieb, Ahmed. AU - Matsuo, Kosuke. AU - Matsuo, Izumi. AU - Hosein, Ellen. AU - Chahed, Samah. AU - Wiede, Florian. AU - Zhang, Sheng. AU - Zhang, Zhong Yin. AU - Kulkarni, Rohit N.. AU - Tiganis, Tony. AU - Haj, Fawaz. PY - 2014/12/5. Y1 - 2014/12/5. N2 - Aims/hypothesis: T cell protein tyrosine phosphatase (TCPTP, encoded by PTPN2) regulates cytokine-induced pancreatic beta cell apoptosis and may contribute to the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. However, the role of TCPTP in pancreatic endocrine function and insulin secretion remains largely unknown.Methods: To investigate the endocrine role of pancreatic TCPTP we generated mice with pancreas Ptpn2/TCPTP deletion (panc-TCPTP KO).Results: When fed regular chow, panc-TCPTP KO and control mice exhibited comparable glucose tolerance. However, when challenged with prolonged high fat feeding ...
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) δ plays a pivotal role in metabolic homeostasis through its effect on insulin signaling. Although diverse genomic actions of PPARδ are postulated, the specific molecular mechanisms whereby PPARδ controls insulin signaling have not been fully elucidated. We demonstrate here that short-term activation of PPARδ results in formation of a stable complex with nuclear T cell protein tyrosine phosphatase 45 (TCPTP45) isoform. This interaction of PPARδ with TCPTP45 blocked translocation of TCPTP45 into the cytoplasm, thereby preventing its interaction with the insulin receptor, which inhibits insulin signaling. Interaction of PPARδ with TCPTP45 blunted interleukin 6-induced insulin resistance, leading to retention of TCPTP45 in the nucleus, thereby facilitating deactivation of the STAT3-SOCS3 signal. Finally, GW501516-activated PPARδ improved insulin signaling and glucose intolerance in high-fat diet-fed mice through its interaction with TCPTP45. ...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Overexpression of TC-PTP in murine epidermis attenuates skin tumor formation. AU - Kim, Mihwa. AU - Morales, Liza D.. AU - Lee, Cheol Jung. AU - Olivarez, Serena A.. AU - Kim, Woo Jin. AU - Hernandez, Joselin. AU - Mummidi, Srinivas. AU - Jenkinson, Christopher P. AU - Tsin, Andrew T.. AU - Jang, Ik Soon. AU - Slaga, Thomas J.. AU - Kim, Dae Joon. N1 - Funding Information: Acknowledgements We thank H. Lee for technical assistance. This work was supported by NIH/NIEHS ES022250 (to D.J. Kim) and NIH/NIAID AI119131 (to S. Mummidi).. PY - 2020/5/21. Y1 - 2020/5/21. N2 - T-cell protein tyrosine phosphatase (TC-PTP), encoded by Ptpn2, has been shown to function as a tumor suppressor during skin carcinogenesis. In the current study, we generated a novel epidermal-specific TC-PTP-overexpressing (K5HA.Ptpn2) mouse model to show that TC-PTP contributes to the attenuation of chemically induced skin carcinogenesis through the synergistic regulation of STAT1, STAT3, STAT5, and PI3K/AKT ...
Tabet, F., Schiffrin, E. L., Callera, G., He, Y., Yao, G., Ostman, A., Kappert, K., Tonks, N. K., Touyz, R. M. (July 2008) Redox-Sensitive Signaling by Angiotensin II Involves Oxidative Inactivation and Blunted Phosphorylation of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase SHP-2 in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells From SHR. Circ Res, 103 (2). pp. 149-158. Thompson, D., Morrice, N., Grant, L., Le Sommer, S., Lees, E. K., Tonks, N. K., Mody, N., Wilson, H. M., Delibegovic, M. (March 2017) Genetic deletion and pharmacological inhibition of macrophage protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) improves global glucose and lipid homeostasis and protects against atherosclerotic plaque formation in mouse models of atherosclerosis. Diabetic Medicine, 34 (Supple). pp. 26-27. ISSN 0742-3071 Tiganis, T., Bennett, A. M., Ravichandran, K. S., Tonks, N. K. (March 1998) Epidermal growth factor receptor and the adaptor protein p52(Shc) are specific substrates of T-cell protein tyrosine phosphatase. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 18 ...
Aoki N., Matsuda T. (2002). A nuclear protein tyrosine phosphatase TC-PTP is a potential negative regulator of the PRL-mediated signaling pathway: dephosphorylation and deactivation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 5a and 5b by TC-PTP in nucleus.. Mol. Endocrinol. 16: 58 - 69. PubMed DOI:10.1210/mend.16.1.0761 ...
PTPN7, 10 µg. PTPN7, also known as tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 7 isoform 1, acts preferentially on tyrosine-phosphorylated MAPK1.
PTPN6 - PTPN6 (untagged)-ORIGENE UNIQUE VARIANT 1 of Human protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type 6 (PTPN6), available for purchase from OriGene - Your Gene Company.
PTPN6 - PTPN6 (untagged)-Human protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type 6 (PTPN6), transcript variant 3 available for purchase from OriGene - Your Gene Company.
Complete information for PTPN4 gene (Protein Coding), Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 4, including: function, proteins, disorders, pathways, orthologs, and expression. GeneCards - The Human Gene Compendium
SHP1 (phospho Tyr536) antibody (protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type 6) for IHC. Anti-SHP1 (phospho Tyr536) pAb (GTX78946) is tested in Human, Mouse, Rat samples. 100% Ab-Assurance.
SHP1 antibody (protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type 6) for IHC-P, IP, WB. Anti-SHP1 pAb (GTX102864) is tested in Human, Mouse, Rat samples. 100% Ab-Assurance.
The data described by Naser et al in this recent paper suggest that genetic polymorphisms may play vital role in T-cell regulation, susceptibility to mycobacteria and ultimately response to treatment. This is the first study to report the detection of MAP DNA in the blood of RA patients; further studies are needed using larger number of samples.. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcimb.2018.00011/abstract. ...
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Shop Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor ELISA Kit, Recombinant Protein and Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor Antibody at MyBioSource. Custom ELISA Kit, Recombinant Protein and Antibody are available.
InterPro provides functional analysis of proteins by classifying them into families and predicting domains and important sites. We combine protein signatures from a number of member databases into a single searchable resource, capitalising on their individual strengths to produce a powerful integrated database and diagnostic tool.
A subtype of non-receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases that is characterized by the presence of an amino-terminal FERM domain, an intervening region containing one or more PDZ domains, and a carboxyl-terminal phosphatase domain. Expression of this phosphatase subtype has been observed in BONE MARROW; fetal LIVER; LYMPH NODES; and T LYMPHOCYTES ...
Complete information for PTPN22 gene (Protein Coding), Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Non-Receptor Type 22, including: function, proteins, disorders, pathways, orthologs, and expression. GeneCards - The Human Gene Compendium
sp,P18031,PTN1_HUMAN Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1 OS=Homo sapiens MEMEKEFEQIDKSGSWAAIYQDIRHEASDFPCRVAKLPKNKNRNRYRDVSPFDHSRIKLH QEDNDYINASLIKMEEAQRSYILTQGPLPNTCGHFWEMVWEQKSRGVVMLNRVMEKGSL KCAQYWPQKEEKEMIFEDTNLKLTLISEDIKSYYTVRQLELENLTTQETREILHFHYTTWP DFGVPESPASFLNFLFKVRESGSLSPEHGPVVVHCSAGIGRSGTFCLADTCLLLMDKRKDP SSVDIKKVLLEMRKFRMGLIQTADQLRFSYLAVIEGAKFIMGDSSVQDQWKELSHEDLEP PPEHIPPPPRPPKRILEPHNGKCREFFPNHQWVKEETQEDKDCPIKEEKGSPLNAAPYGIES MSQDTEVRSRVVGGSLRGAQAASPAKGEPSLPEKDEDHALSYWKPFLVNMCVATVLTAG ,sp,P30304,MPIP1_HUMAN M-phase inducer phosphatase 1 OS=Homo sapiens GN=CDC25A MELGPEPPHRRRLLFACSPPPASQPVVKALFGASAAGGLSPVTNLTVTMDQLQGLGSDYE QPLEVKNNSNLQRMGSSESTDSGFCLDSPGPLDSKENLENPMRRIHSLPQKLLGCSPALKR SHSDSLDHDIFQLIDPDENKENEAFEFKKPVRPVSRGCLHSHGLQEGKDLFTQRQNSAPAR MLSSNERDSSEPGNFIPLFTPQSPVTATLSDEDDGFVDLLDGENLKNEEETPSCMASLWTAP LVMRTTNLDNRCKLFDSPSLCSSSTRSVLKRPERSQEESPPGSTKRRKSMSGASPKESTNPE KAHETLHQSLSLASSPKGTIENILDNDPRDLIGDFSKGYLFHTVAGKHQDLKYISPEIMASV ...
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PTPN22山羊多克隆抗体(ab118430)可与人样本反应并经IHC实验严格验证。中国75%以上现货,所有产品均提供质保服务,可通过电话、电邮或微信获得本地专属技术支持。
Study of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Non-receptor Type 22 (PTPN22) C1858T Polymorphism in Children and Adolescents of Greek Origin With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM). --- C1858T --- Study of PTPN22 C1858T Polymorphism in Children and Adolescents of Greek Origin With T1DM The protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 22 (PTPN22) gene encodes a lymphoid-specific phosphatase (LYP) which is an important downregulatory factor of T cell activation. --- C1858T --- A PTPN22 polymorphism, C1858T, was found associated with T1DM in different Caucasian populations. --- C1858T --- In this observational case-control study, we aimed at confirming the role of PTPN22, C1858T polymorphism in T1DM predisposition in a Greek population. --- C1858T --- • Difference of distribution of PTPN22 C1858T alleles between patients and controls of Greek origin. --- C1858T --- • The association between PTPN22 C1858T polymorphism among patients and gender. --- C1858T --- • The association between PTPN22 C1858T ...
The gut microbiota is crucial for our health, and well-balanced interactions between the hosts immune system and the microbiota are essential to prevent chronic intestinal inflammation, as observed in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). A variant in protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 22 (PTPN22) is associated with reduced risk of developing IBD, but promotes the onset of autoimmune disorders. While the role of PTPN22 in modulating molecular pathways involved in IBD pathogenesis is well studied, its impact on shaping the intestinal microbiota has not been addressed in depth. Here, we demonstrate that mice carrying the PTPN22 variant (619W mice) were protected from acute dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) colitis, but suffered from pronounced inflammation upon chronic DSS treatment. The basal microbiota composition was distinct between genotypes, and DSS-induced dysbiosis was milder in 619W mice than in WT littermates. Transfer of microbiota from 619W mice after the first DSS cycle into ...
Fab 218 anti-SIRP-alpha antibody Variable Heavy ChainFab 218 anti-SIRP-alpha antibody Variable Light ChainTyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type substrate 1
in zebrafish impaired normal vascular development. Loss of ESDN in ECs blunted VEGF responses in vivo and attenuated VEGF-induced VEGFR-2 signaling without altering VEGF receptor or neuropilin expression. Finally, we found that ESDN associates with VEGFR-2 and regulates its complex formation with negative regulators of VEGF signaling, protein tyrosine phosphatases PTP1B and TC-PTP, and VE-cadherin. These findings establish ESDN as a regulator of VEGF responses in ECs that acts through a mechanism distinct from neuropilins. As such, ESDN may serve as a therapeutic target for angiogenesis regulation. ...
Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 18 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PTPN18 gene.[5][6] The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) family. PTPs are known to be signaling molecules that regulate a variety of cellular processes including cell growth, differentiation, mitotic cycle, and oncogenic transformation. This PTP contains a PEST motif, which often serves as a protein-protein interaction domain, and may be related to protein intracellular half-live. This gene was found to be expressed in brain, colon tissues, and several different tumor-derived cell lines. The biological function of this PTP has not yet been determined.[6] ...
Definition of PEP protein tyrosine phosphatase with photos and pictures, translations, sample usage, and additional links for more information.
BioAssay record AID 165316 submitted by ChEMBL: In vivo inhibitory activity against Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) over-expressed in intact Sf9 cell assay; NA denotes not active.
PTPRA (protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type, A), Authors: Jian Huang, Xueping Lai, Xinmin Zheng. Published in: Atlas Genet Cytogenet Oncol Haematol.
PTPRVP (protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type V, pseudogene), Authors: Dessen P. Published in: Atlas Genet Cytogenet Oncol Haematol.
Smith AM, Maguire-Nguyen KK, Rando TA, Zasloff MA, Strange KB, Yin VP. The protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B inhibitor MSI-1436 stimulates regeneration of heart
Yanagiya T, Tanabe A, Iida A, Saito S, Sekine A, Takahashi A, Tsunoda T, Kamohara S, Nakata Y, Kotani K, Komatsu R, Itoh N, Mineo I, Wada J, Masuzaki H, Yoneda M, Nakajima A, Miyazaki S, Tokunaga K, Kawamoto M, Funahashi T, Hamaguchi K, Tanaka K, Yamada K, Hanafusa T, Oikawa S, Yoshimatsu H, Nakao K, Sakata T, Matsuzawa Y, Kamatani N, Nakamura Y, Hotta K. Association of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in MTMR9 gene with obesity. Hum Mol Genet. 2007 Dec 15; 16(24):3017-26 ...
Uppsala University, Teknisk-naturvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Faculty of Science and Technology, Biology, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology. ...
Inflammasomes form as the result of the intracellular presence of danger-associated molecular patterns and mediate the release of active IL-1β, which influences a variety of inflammatory responses. Excessive inflammasome activation results in severe inflammatory conditions, but physiological IL-1β secretion is necessary for intestinal homeostasis. Here, we have described a mechanism of NLRP3 inflammasome regulation by tyrosine phosphorylation of NLRP3 at Tyr861. We demonstrated that protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor 22 (PTPN22), variants in which are associated with chronic inflammatory disorders, dephosphorylates NLRP3 upon inflammasome induction, allowing efficient NLRP3 activation and subsequent IL-1β release. In murine models, PTPN22 deficiency resulted in pronounced colitis, increased NLRP3 phosphorylation, but reduced levels of mature IL-1β. Conversely, patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that carried an autoimmunity-associated PTPN22 variant had increased IL-1β ...
Protein tyrosine phosphatase type IVA 3 is an enzyme belongs to a small class of prenylated protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). PTPs are cell signaling molecules that play regulatory roles in a variety of cellular processes. This class of PTPs contain a PTP domain and a characteristic C-terminal prenylation motif. Studies of this class of PTPs in mice demonstrated that they were prenylated proteins in vivo, which suggested their association with cell plasma membrane. Overexpression of this gene in mammalian cells was reported to inhibit angiotensin-II induced cell calcium mobilization and promote cell growth. Two alternatively spliced variants exist.Mainly expressed in cardiomyocytes and skeletal muscle; also found in pancreas. Consistently overexpressed in colon cancer metastasis.
The levels of tyrosine phosphorylation required for cell growth and differentiation are achieved through the coordinated action of protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) and protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). Depending upon the cellular context, these two types of enzymes may either antagonize or cooperate with each other during the signal transmission process. An imbalance between these enzymes may impair normal cell growth, leading to cellular transformation. Both PTKs and PTPs have evolved to a level of structural diversity that allows them to regulate many cellular processes. This review will focus on several specific examples that highlight the interplay between PTPs and PTKs in cell signaling.. ...
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Recombinant Protein tyrosine Phosphatase Type IVA, Member 2 (PTP4A2) Protein (His tag). Species: Human. Source: Escherichia coli (E. coli). Order product ABIN667818.
Recombinant Protein tyrosine Phosphatase Type IVA, Member 2 (PTP4A2) Protein (His tag). Species: Human. Source: Insect Cells. Order product ABIN3074452.
PubMed journal article Regulation of the insulin antagonistic protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B by dietary Se studied in growing rat were found in PRIME PubMed. Download Prime PubMed App to iPhone or iPad.
PubMed journal article [Association of polymorphism of protein tyrosine phosphatase nonreceptor-22 gene with AITD were found in PRIME PubMed. Download Prime PubMed App to iPhone or iPad.
BioAssay record AID 671 submitted by University of Pittsburgh Molecular Library Screening Center: Cdc25B Catalytic Domain Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Probe Assessment Dose Response assay in the presence of Glutathione..
Lenti ORF particles, PPFIA1 (mGFP-tagged) - Human protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type, f polypeptide (PTPRF), interacting protein (liprin), alpha 1 (PPFIA1), transcript variant 1, 200 uL, |10^7 TU/mL, 200 µl.
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dysidiolide: inhibits the protein tyrosine phosphatase CDC25; cladocoran B is the olefinic regioisomer; structure in first source
SIMALUNGUN - Ratusan massa kelompok tani Simalungun mendatangi Perkebunan PTPN IV Unit Kebun Laras, yang terletak di kabupaten Simalungun-Sumatera Ut
Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) cooperate with protein tyrosine kinases to regulate signal transduction pathways. Genome-wide surveys cataloging protein tyrosine phosphatases in humans have recently been carried out. Here, we present a bioinformatics analysis of protein tyrosine phosphatases in the human genome to examine their domain architecture, alternative splicing and pseudogenes. We present evidence that alternative transcripts exist for 25 out of 35 PTPs analyzed. These alternative transcripts include novel exons; skipped exons as well as cryptic donor/acceptor splice sites. We discovered a novel isoform of PTPN18 based on analysis of expressed sequence tags (ESTs). The deletion of 4 exons in the catalytic domain of the novel isoform may alter the enzymatic activity toward its substrates. We were able to experimentally validate 2 of our novel isoform predictions through RT-PCR. Finally, a user-friendly web-based resource that consolidates the gene and protein annotations for all ...
Background: Three genes have been confirmed as major joint susceptibility genes for endocrine autoimmune disease: human leukocyte antigen class II, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 and protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 22. Recent studies showed that a genetic variation within the interferon induced helicase domain 1 (IFIH1) locus (rs1990760 polymorphism) is an additional risk factor in type 1 diabetes and Graves disease (GD). Methods: The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of the rs1990760 polymorphism within the IFIH1 gene in German patients with GD (n = 258), Hashimotos thyroiditis (HT, n = 106), Addisons disease (AD, n = 195) and healthy controls (HC, n = 227) as well as in 55 GD families (165 individuals, German) and 100 HT families (300 individuals, Italian). Furthermore, the interaction between rs1990760 polymorphism with human leukocyte antigen (HLA) risk haplotype DQ2(DQA*0501-DQB*0201), the risk haplotypes DQ2/DQ8 (DQA*0301-DQB*0302) and the status of ...
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TY - JOUR. T1 - Synthesis and cell-based activity of a potent and selective protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B inhibitor prodrug. AU - Boutselis, Irene G.. AU - Yu, Xiao. AU - Zhang, Zhong-Yin. AU - Borch, Richard F.. PY - 2007/2/22. Y1 - 2007/2/22. N2 - Our laboratory recently reported the development of novel prodrug chemistry for the intracellular delivery of phosphotyrosine mimetics. This chemistry has now been adapted for the synthesis of a prodrug that delivers the nonhydrolyzable difluoromethylphosphonate moiety intracellularly. Activation of the prodrug generates a difluoromethylphosphonamidate anion that undergoes subsequent cyclization and hydrolysis with a t1/2 = 44 min. A highly potent and selective inhibitor of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) with a nanomolar Ki has been reported, but this bis(difluoromethylphosphonate) lacks potential utility due to its exceedingly low membrane permeability at physiological pH. A prodrug of this inhibitor has been synthesized and evaluated in ...
TY - JOUR. T1 - The protein tyrosine phosphatase PTPN4/PTP-MEG1, an enzyme capable of dephosphorylating the TCR ITAMs and regulating NF-κB, is dispensable for T cell development and/or T cell effector functions. AU - Young, Jennifer A.. AU - Becker, Amy M.. AU - Medeiros, Jennifer J.. AU - Shapiro, Virginia S.. AU - Wang, Andrew. AU - Farrar, J. David. AU - Quill, Timothy A.. AU - van Huijsduijnen, Rob Hooft. AU - van Oers, Nicolai S.C.. N1 - Funding Information: This work was supported in part by grants from the National Institutes of Health 5T32AI005284 (to JAY, AB, AW), AI42953 and AI69249 (to NvO). We thank Angela Mobley for assistance with flow cytometry and Sean Murray for technical advice. We thank Jonathan Huber and Hilario Ramos for technical advice on T cell polarizations and James Forman for helpful scientific discussions. We also thank Laura DeFord-Watts, Lisa Pitcher, and Srividya Subramanian for critical review of the manuscript.. PY - 2008/8. Y1 - 2008/8. N2 - T cell receptor ...
Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) has been shown to be a negative regulator of insulin signaling by dephosphorylating key tyrosine residues within the regulatory domain of the β-subunit of the insulin receptor. Recent gene knockout studies in m
Seven phenolic lichen metabolites (1?7) have been isolated from a methanol extract of the Antarctic lichen Stereocaulon alpinum by various chromatographic methods. The structures of these compounds were determined mainly by analysis of NMR spectroscopic data. A depsidone-type compound, lobaric acid (1) and two pseudodepsidone-type compounds, 2 and 3, exhibited potent inhibitory activity against protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) with IC50 values of 0.87 lM, 6.86 lM, and 2.48 lM, respectively. Kinetic analyses of PTP1B inhibition by compounds 1 and 2 suggested that these compounds inhibited PTP1B activity in a non-competitive manner ...
TY - THES. T1 - Functional Characterization of Protein -Tyrosine Phosphatases in Zebrafish Development using Image Analysis. AU - Runtuwene, V.J.. N1 - Reporting year: 2012. PY - 2012. Y1 - 2012. M3 - PhD thesis (Proefschrift). ER - ...
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Homo sapiens protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type, T (PTPRT), transcript variant 2, mRNA. (H00011122-R05) - Products - Abnova
Twenty-four insulin-dependent diabetic pediatric subjects were studied for 1444 nights for detection of nocturnal hypoglycemia with the Teledyne Sleep Sentry (Teledyne Avionics, Charlottesville, Virginia): a wristwatch-like unit that measures absolute changes in skin temperature and decreases in galvanic skin resistance, indicators of hypoglycemia. The device detected 42 of 46 recognized hypoglycemic episodes. One hundred fifty alarms were sounded without evidence of hypoglycemia, probably due to night sweating. Twenty-five percent of the subjects experienced unacceptable cutaneous reactions, presumably due to metallic iontophoresis.. ...