Looking for online definition of Pneumonia Severity Index in the Medical Dictionary? Pneumonia Severity Index explanation free. What is Pneumonia Severity Index? Meaning of Pneumonia Severity Index medical term. What does Pneumonia Severity Index mean?

www.lung.org/assets/documents/research/pi-trend-report.pdf.. 5. Arnold FW, Wiemken TL, Peyrani P, et al. Mortality differences among hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia in three world regions: results from the Community-Acquired Pneumonia Organization (CAPO) International Cohort Study. Respir Med 2013;107:1101-11.. 6. Mortensen EM, Coley CM, Singer DE, et al. Causes of death for patients with community-acquired pneumonia: results from the Pneumonia Patient Outcomes Research Team cohort study. Arch Intern Med 2002;162:1059-64.. 7. Bordon J, Wiemken T, Peyrani P, et al. Decrease in long-term survival for hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Chest 2010;138:279-83.. 8. Mortensen EM, Halm EA, Pugh MJ, et al. Association of azithromycin with mortality and cardiovascular events among older patients hospitalized with pneumonia. JAMA 2014;311:2199-208.. 9. Aliberti S, Ramirez JA. Cardiac diseases complicating community-acquired pneumonia. Curr Opin Infect Dis ...

Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) or nosocomial pneumonia refers to any pneumonia contracted by a patient in a hospital at least 48-72 hours after being admitted. It is thus distinguished from community-acquired pneumonia. It is usually caused by a bacterial infection, rather than a virus. HAP is the second most common nosocomial infection (after urinary tract infections) and accounts for 15-20% of the total. It is the most common cause of death among nosocomial infections and is the primary cause of death in intensive care units. HAP typically lengthens a hospital stay by 1-2 weeks. New or progressive infiltrate on the chest X-ray with one of the following: Fever > 37.8 °C (100 °F) Purulent sputum Leukocytosis > 10,000 cells/μl In an elderly person, the first sign of hospital-acquired pneumonia may be mental changes or confusion. Other symptoms may include: A cough with greenish or pus-like phlegm (sputum) Fever and chills General discomfort, uneasiness, or ill feeling (malaise) Loss of ...

Atypical pneumonia, also known as walking pneumonia, is the type of pneumonia not caused by one of the pathogens most commonly associated with the disease. Its clinical presentation contrasts to that of typical pneumonia. A variety of microorganisms can cause it. When it develops independently from another disease it is called primary atypical pneumonia (PAP). The term was introduced in the 1930s and was contrasted with the bacterial pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, at that time the best known and most commonly occurring form of pneumonia. The distinction was historically considered important, as it differentiated those more likely to present with typical respiratory symptoms and lobar pneumonia from those more likely to present with atypical generalized symptoms (such as fever, headache, sweating and myalgia) and bronchopneumonia. Distinction between atypical and typical pneumonia is, however, medically insufficient. For the treatment of pneumonia, it is important to know the ...

Zinc is an essential element required for the cell metabolism, including immunity. Therefore Zinc deficiency leads to susceptibility to infections and may affect pulmonary epithelial cell integrity. Many investigators have used zinc supplementation to see its effect on various diseases mainly diarrheal diseases and severe pneumonia. This study aims to evaluate the effect of oral Zinc supplementation in treatment and prevention of recurrent pneumonia. 506 Children aged 2 months to 60 months admitted during September 2011 to August 2014 for recurrent pneumonia with no other underlying illness in the Pediatric department of Manipal Teaching Hospital, Pokhara, Nepal were observed. Along with standard antibiotic treatment one group [Group I] received zinc (10 mg for | 6 months and 20 mg for ≥ 6 months for 10 days) and another group [Group II] did not receive Zinc. The primary outcome like resolution of tachypnea, chest in drawing, hypoxia, starting of oral feeds and hospital stay was noted. All cases were

TY - JOUR. T1 - Comparative study on the effectiveness of bacampicillin and amoxicillin on pneumonia by double blind method. AU - Shiota, Kenzo. AU - Miki, Fumio. AU - Asai, Tomokazu. AU - Kubo, Kenji. AU - Kono, Masakazu. AU - Takamatsu, Kenji. AU - Kato, Yasumichi. AU - Saito, Akira. AU - Nakayama, Ichiro. AU - Tomizawa, Masumi. AU - Shimizu, Tatsunori. AU - Nagahama, Fumio. AU - Koroku, Tetsushi. AU - Yasuda, Shinya. AU - Mikami, Takashi. AU - Konno, Norimichi. AU - Yokota, Yasumasa. AU - Tsuji, Masahiro. AU - Harada, Kazunori. AU - Abe, Seiji. AU - Takebe, Kazuo. AU - Imamura, Kenichi. AU - Sakakura, Muneki. AU - Kobayashi, Masayoshi. AU - Kimura, Kenichi. AU - Yoshida, Shuichiro. AU - Hirai, Ichiro. AU - Kosaka, Shiro. AU - Yoshioka, Mitsuaki. AU - Takishima, Hitoshi. AU - Arai, Sumio. AU - Konno, Kiyoshi. AU - Oizumi, Kotaro. AU - Watanabe, Akira. AU - Aonuma, Seiichi. AU - Takeda, Hajimu. AU - Kawashima, Shiro. AU - Sekine, Osamu. AU - Usuda, Yoshimaru. AU - Aoki, Nobuki. AU - Kanazawa, ...

The success rate of the clinical response to treatment of severe nosocomial pneumonia in patients requiring mechanical ventilation was not significantly different between ciprofloxacin (29/41, 71%) and imipenem (27/34, 79%). This was true for the study population and the intent-to-treat population. No differences were found in the bacterial response rate to ciprofloxacin (20/49, 49%) or imipenem (17/34, 50%) in this study population.. Despite the introduction of potent broad spectrum antimicrobial agents and the use of preventive measures, nosocomial pneumonia remains an important cause of mortality and morbidity in the ICU.1 28 29 The causative microorganism varies according to the individual patient risk profile. The severity, type, and number of risk factors and the time of onset of nosocomial pneumonia may influence the risk profiles. Gram negative bacilli, Enterobacteriaceae,H influenzae, and methicillin sensitiveS aureus are frequent causative agents in nosocomial pneumonia. P aeruginosa ...

Plasma YKL-40 level has been reported as playing a significant role in community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). However, the correlation between plasma level of YKL-40 and the severity of CAP has not been reported. This study identifies the relationship between plasma level changes of the YKL-40 gene in adult patients hospitalized with CAP. The ELISA was used to measure the plasma YKL-40 level from 61 adult CAP patients before and after antibiotic treatment and from 60 healthy controls. The plasma YKL-40 levels were significantly increased in patients with CAP compared to normal controls. Moreover, the plasma concentration of YKL-40 correlated with the severity of CAP based on the pneumonia severity index (PSI) score (r = 0.630, p < 0.001), the CURB-65 (confusion, uremia, respiratory rate, BP, age 65 years) score (r = 0.640, p < 0.001), the Acute Physiology And Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) score (r = 0.539, p < 0.001) and length of hospital stay (r = 0.321, p = 0.011), respectively. In

Pneumonia is a serious infection or inflammation of the lungs. The air sacs in the lungs fill with pus and other liquids. Oxygen has trouble reaching your blood. If there is too little oxygen in your blood, your body cells cant work properly. Because of this, combined with spread of infection through the body, pneumonia can cause death.. Until 1936, pneumonia was the number one cause of death in the United States, although, since then, use of antibiotics brought it under control.. Nevertheless, in 1997, pneumonia and influenza combined ranked as the sixth leading causes of death.. Pneumonia affects your lungs in two ways. Lobar pneumonia affects a section (lobe) of a lung. Bronchial pneumonia (or bronchopneumonia) affects patches throughout both lungs.. Pneumonia is not a single disease. It can have over 30 different causes. There are five main causes of pneumonia:. ¦ Bacteria.. ¦ Viruses.. ¦ Mycoplasmas.. ¦ Other infectious agents, such as fungi, including pneumocystis.. ¦ Various ...

Meystre S, Gouripeddi R, Tieder J, Simmons J, Srivastava R, Shah S. Enhancing Comparative Effectiveness Research With Automated Pediatric Pneumonia Detection in a Multi-Institutional Clinical Repository: A PHIS+ Pilot Study. J Med Internet Res. 2017 May 15;19(5):e162.. ...

Background: Pneumonia is a leading cause of mortality in children. Despite more than 50% of pneumonias are due to viruses, because it is difficult to rule out bacterial etiology, initial management of pneumonia in children usually includes antibiotics, often unnecessary. In 2006 was designed and validated a clinical prediction rule (BPS: Bacterial Pneumonia Score) which accurately identifies hospitalized childrens risk of bacterial pneumonia. However, BPS efficacy on guiding therapeutic decision in children with community acquired pneumonia (CAP) has not been yet assessed.. Aim: The aim of this study is to test if BPS guided antibiotic use in children with non severe community acquired pneumonia will reduce antibiotic use as compared to standard care practice (current guidelines for CAP) Design: This is a randomized, controlled, blinded trial, to assess antibiotics use regarding two methods for initial management of children aged 3-60 months with non severe community acquired pneumonia. ...

Blasi F, Aliberti S, Pappalettera M, Tarsia P. 100 years of respiratory medicine: pneumonia. Respir Med. 2007;101(5):875-881.. Community-acquired pneumonia in adults. EBSCO DynaMed website. Available at: http://www.dynamed.com/topics/dmp~AN~T115170/Community-acquired-pneumonia-in-adults. Accessed January 29, 2021. De Roux A, Marcos MA, Garcia E, et al. Viral community-acquired pneumonia in non-immunocompromised adults. Chest. 2004;125(4):1343-1351.. Immunization schedules. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/index.html. Accessed January 29, 2021.. Niederman MS. Recent advances in community-acquired pneumonia inpatient and outpatient. Chest. 2007;131(4):1205-1215.. Niederman MS. Review of treatment guidelines for community-acquired pneumonia. Am J Med. 2004;117:Suppl 3A:51S-57S.. Pneumonia. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute website. Available at: https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/pneumonia. Accessed January 29, ...

Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major causative agent in community-acquired pneumonia and sepsis. Overwhelming lung inflammation during pneumococcal pneumonia may hamper lung function. Ibrutinib is an irreversible inhibitor of Brutons tyrosine kinase (Btk), a key signaling protein controlling the activation of various immune cells, including macrophages and neutrophils. The aim of this study was to determine whether ibrutinib treatment ameliorates acute lung inflammation during pneumococcal pneumonia. Mice were treated orally with ibrutinib and the effect on acute pulmonary inflammation elicited by the gram-positive bacterial cell wall component lipoteichoic acid (LTA) and during ceftriaxone-treated pneumococcal pneumonia was assessed. Treatment with ibrutinib prior to and after intranasal LTA instillation reduced alveolar macrophage activation, neutrophil influx, cytokine release and plasma leakage into the lung. Postponed treatment with ibrutinib supplementing antibiotic therapy during ongoing

Currently, correctly diagnosing pneumonia and understanding how severe it is requires specialist doctors and expensive equipment like X-ray machines. Neither is available to community health workers in developing nations, where 99% of the annual 1.1 million childhood pneumonia deaths happen.. Elina Naydenova from Oxford Universitys Institute for Biomedical Engineering explained, With the nearest hospital hours away, generalist health workers depend on a set of guidelines known as IMCI. These can sometimes be good at identifying cases of pneumonia but not so good at screening out cases that are not pneumonia. There is also huge variability across users. In settings, where there isnt a clinical expert to set a conclusive diagnosis, the number of unnecessary antibiotic prescriptions has increased as a result -- depleting vital drug supplies and adding to the problem of antibiotic-resistant infections. We wanted to apply smart engineering to develop a robust automated system that was consistently ...

Pneumonia is the leading infectious cause of death in developed countries. Among the vast diversity of respiratory pathogens, fungi account for only a small portion of community-acquired and nosocomial pneumonias.

...WALTHAM Mass. Dec. 8 /- Decision Resources one of the ...The new Pharmacor report entitled Community-Acquired Pneumonia ... Two of the most clinically and commercially promising antibiotics in ...The report also finds that the community-acquired pneumonia market is ...,Patent,Expiries,of,Blockbuster,Antibiotics,Will,Fuel,a,Decline,of,More,Than,15,Percent,in,the,Community-Acquired,Pneumonia,Drug,Market,medicine,advanced medical technology,medical laboratory technology,medical device technology,latest medical technology,Health

A study to assess the frequency of CRB65 scoring in patients diagnosed with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in primary care has been recently published in the Dove Press journal Pragmatic and Observational Research[1].. Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a leading infectious cause of death worldwide.[2] CAP requires a severity assessment for diagnosis and treatment, particularly in hospital admission decisions. As an increased mortality rate is associated with a delay in admissions to the intensive care unit in severe CAP cases, it is critical that treatment is based on the severity of CAP to improve treatment outcomes. Both the British Thoracic Society (BTS) and the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) recommend that the CRB65 scoring system to be used for this purpose due to its high levels of accuracy. The score assigns one score for each component of confusion, respiratory rate, blood pressure and age of 65 years or more, up to a maximum of 4. However, not much is ...

Other bacteria which will bring about pneumonia consist of Staphylococcus aureus, Moraxella catarrhalis, Streptococcus pyogenes, Neisseria meningitidis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae. Viral Pneumonia Most respiratory viruses attack the upper respiratory tract, but some trigger pneumonia, especially in youngsters. Most of these pneumonias are usually not critical and last a quick time but other individuals might be extreme. Viral pneumonia caused by the influenza virus may perhaps be extreme and often fatal. The virus invades the lungs and multiplies; nonetheless, youll find nearly no physical indicators of lung tissue getting to be stuffed with fluid. This pneumonia is most significant in individuals who have pre-existing heart or lung disease and pregnant females. In severe cases, the patient includes a desperate want for air and extreme breathlessness. Viral pneumonias might be difficult by an invasion of bacteria, with every one of the normal signs of bacterial pneumonia. ...

The Outpatient Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Adults GUIDELINES Pocket Card is based on the latest guidelines of the Infectious Diseases Society of America

References 1. Bartlett JG, Dowell SF, Mandell LA, et al; Infectious Diseases Society of America. Practice guidelines for the management of community-acquired pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis. 2000;31:347-382. 2. National Center for Health Statistics. Health, United States, 2006. Available at: www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus06.pdf. Accessed June 6, 2007.3. DeFrances CJ, Podgornik MN. 2004 National hospital discharge survey. Adv Data. 2006;317:1-19. 4. Division of Epidemiology. National Heart Lung and Blood Institute. Morbidity and mortality: 2004 chartbook on cardiovascular, lung and blood diseases. May 2004. 5. Mandell LA, Wunderink RG, Anzueto A, et al. Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society consensus guidelines on the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;44(suppl 2):S27-S72. 6. Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R. Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone; 2005:819-845. 7. Marrie TJ, ...

TABLE: Emerging Therapies in Development for Community-Acquired Pneumonia, 2004 summarizes emerging antibacterial agents in late-stage development and their expected sales potential in the community-acquired pneumonia market.

Viral pneumonia. This type is caused by various viruses, including influenza, and is responsible for one-third of all cases of pneumonia. Early symptoms of viral pneumonia are the same as those of bacterial pneumonia, which may be followed by increasing breathlessness, headache, muscle pain, weakness, and a worsening of the cough.. Viral pneumonias may make a person susceptible to bacterial pneumonia.. ...

Abdominal Pain & Fainting Spells & Recurrent Pneumonia due to Aspiration Symptom Checker: Possible causes include Aspiration Pneumonia. Check the full list of possible causes and conditions now! Talk to our Chatbot to narrow down your search.

In this study, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory effect of PM014 on cigarette smoke induced lung disease in the murine animal model of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Mice were exposed to cigarette smoke (CS) for 2 weeks to induce COPD-like lung inflammation. Two hours prior to cigarette smoke exposure, the treatment group was administered PM014 via an oral injection. To investigate the effects of PM014, we assessed PM014 functions in vivo, including immune cell infiltration, cytokine profiles in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and histopathological changes in the lung. The efficacy of PM014 was compared with that of the recently developed anti-COPD drug, roflumilast. PM014 substantially inhibited immune cell infiltration (neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes) into the airway. In addition, IL-6, TNF-α and MCP-1 were decreased in the BAL fluid of PM014-treated mice compared to cigarette smoke stimulated mice. These changes were more prominent than roflumilast treated mice. The

TY - JOUR. T1 - Reliability of the validated clinical diagnosis of pneumonia on validated outcomes after intracranial hemorrhage. AU - Naidech, Andrew M.. AU - Liebling, Storm M.. AU - Duran, Isis M.. AU - Moore, Michael J.. AU - Wunderink, Richard G.. AU - Zembower, Teresa R.. PY - 2012/10. Y1 - 2012/10. N2 - Purpose: Reducing the incidence of hospital-acquired pneumonia (PNU) is important but depends on accurate assessment. We sought to determine the interrater reliability of diagnosis of PNU and its impact on resource utilization and functional outcomes in a high-risk population. Materials and Methods: Patients admitted in 2007 with intracranial hemorrhage were prospectively identified. Pneumonia was prospectively diagnosed by Centers for Disease Control criteria by a neurointensivist and infection control. An independent retrospective determination was made by a fellow, an infectious disease attending physician, and a pulmonologist after review of the electronic medical records and ...

Classically, the disease has four stages: Congestion in the first 24 hours: This stage is characterized histologically by vascular engorgement, intra-alveolar fluid, small numbers of neutrophils, often numerous bacteria.Grossly, the lung is heavy and hyperemic. In late 2018, coding guidance (and indexing) was published instructing coders to report the diagnosis of lobar pneumonia to J18.1 (Lobar pneumonia) when the pneumonia was specified to a particular lobe(s). The Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) has published guidelines for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). 45. This review discusses diagnostic methods, empiric treatment, and infection prevention strategies for … As our understanding of this common infection grows, collaborative efforts among researchers and clinical societies provide new literature and updated guidelines informing its management. Upper-lobar focal pneumonia causes severe chills and headaches, fever, chest pain. The symptoms and signs of ...

Guerra and Baughman obtained BAL for quantitative bacterial culture at one dilution in 54 patients receiving mechanical ventilation who underwent bronchoscopy for clinical pneumonia (30 patients) or a noninfectious process (24 patients). In the pneumonia group, nine patients had an opportunistic infection and three had either Legionella or Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The remaining 18 patients were believed to have bacterial pneumonia. Using a diagnostic threshold of 104 cfu/ml, a significant growth was seen in 16 patients (89 percent) with pneumonia and in none of those without. Seventy percent of patients with pneumonia were receiving antimicrobials and none of the significant organisms (^lO cfu/ml) was sensitive to the administered antibiotic. Seventy-five percent of patients in the control group were receiving antimicrobials, and this treatment was discontinued after results of cultures were available. proventil inhaler ...

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Objectives: Acute pneumonia (AP) induces an excess of mortality among the elderly. We evaluated the value of a new predictive biomarker index compared to usual prognosis scores for predicting in-hospital and 1-year mortalities in elderly inpatients with AP. Design: Retrospective study in 6 clinical departments of a university hospital. Setting: Burgundy university hospital (France). Participants: All patients aged 75 and over with AP and hospitalized between January 1 and June 30, 2013, in the departments of medicine (5) and intensive care (1) of our university hospital. Measurements: A new index, which we named UBMo, was created by multiplying the uremia (U in the formula) by the N-terminal-pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) plasmatic rate (B), divided by the monocyte count (Mo). Results: Among the 217 patients included, there were 138 community-acquired pneumonia, 56 nursing home-acquired pneumonia, and 23 hospital-acquired pneumonia. In-hospital and 1-year mortality rates were

We read with interest the review article entitled New endotracheal tubes designed to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia: do they make a difference? by Deem and Treggiari.1 In line with European experts,2 the American researchers state that the high VAP rate in ventilated patients is probably due to factors associated with translaryngeal intubation rather than simply an effect of patient susceptibility from severity of illness. We disagree with this expert opinion and we would argue that the severity of underlying disease is the major determinant of developing pneumonia in patients requiring treatment on the intensive care unit (ICU).3 Our statement that the sicker the patients, the higher the pneumonia rate is supported by the following quantitative data. The incidence of hospital-acquired pneumonia is approximately 5-10 per 1,000 admissions.3,4 The pneumonia rate is 7% in patients requiring treatment on ICU without endotracheal intubation, and increases to 12% in ICU patients ...

Community-acquired pneumonia substantially affects patient morbidity and mortality, and has significant health care costs. This type of pneumonia has more impact on elderly patients, who tend to have longer hospital stays and a higher cost per stay compared with younger patients. Multiple published guidelines provide physicians with information about when to admit patients with community-acquired pneumonia, which antibiotic therapy is appropriate, how long to treat, and when it is suitable to discharge patients from the hospital. These treatment strategies do not take into account the emergence of resistant organisms and the poorly understood impact of community-acquired pneumonia on younger patients. Although various studies have looked at combination antibiotic therapy, they rarely have been comparative. Brown and colleagues examined the effect of initial antibiotic therapy for community-acquired pneumonia on selected clinical outcomes.. The authors analyzed a hospital database of adult ...

Background.: Detection of pneumococcus by lytA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in blood had poor diagnostic accuracy for diagnosing pneumococcal pneumonia in children in 9 African and Asian sites. We assessed the value of blood lytA quantification in diagnosing pneumococcal pneumonia. Methods.: The Pneumonia Etiology Research for Child Health (PERCH) case-control study tested whole blood by PCR for pneumococcus in children aged 1-59 months hospitalized with signs of pneumonia and in age-frequency matched community controls. The distribution of load among PCR-positive participants was compared between microbiologically confirmed pneumococcal pneumonia (MCPP) cases, cases confirmed for nonpneumococcal pathogens, nonconfirmed cases, and controls. Receiver operating characteristic analyses determined the optimal threshold that distinguished MCPP cases from controls. Results.: Load was available for 290 of 291 cases with pneumococcal PCR detected in blood and 273 of 273 controls. Load was higher in MCPP

Experimental pneumonia due to Friedländers bacillus was produced in white rats by the intrabronchial inoculation of the bacilli suspended in mucin. The pneumonia was lobar in type, was almost uniformly fatal, and simulated the acute form of the natural disease in human beings.. The pathogenesis of the pneumonic lesion was studied by examination of microscopic sections of the lungs of animals killed at frequent intervals during the course of the infection. The histologic characteristics of the various stages of the pneumonia were essentially the same as those previously described in experimental pneumococcal (Type I) pneumonia except for the following differences: (1) In isolated areas of the lung in Friedländers pneumonia many more bacteria were encountered in the alveoli than were ever noted in experimental pneumococcal pneumonia. (2) Abscess formation was common in the late stages of Friedländers infection, whereas it was not noted in the pneumococcal lesion. (3) Organization of the ...

Synonyms for abortive pneumonia in Free Thesaurus. Antonyms for abortive pneumonia. 13 words related to pneumonia: respiratory disease, respiratory disorder, respiratory illness, bronchial pneumonia, bronchopneumonia, lobar pneumonia.... What are synonyms for abortive pneumonia?

Length of hospital stay (LOS) in patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is variable and directly related to medical costs. Accurate estimation of LOS on admission and during follow-up may result in earlier and more efficient discharge strategies. This is a prospective multicenter study including patients in emergency departments of 6 tertiary care hospitals in Switzerland between October 2006 and March 2008. Medical history, clinical data at presentation and health care insurance class were collected. We calculated univariate and multivariate cox regression models to assess the association of different characteristics with LOS. In a split sample analysis, we created two LOS prediction rules, first including only admission data, and second including also additional inpatient information. The mean LOS in the 875 included CAP patients was 9.8 days (95%CI 9.3-10.4). Older age, respiratory rate |20 pm, nursing home residence, chronic pulmonary disease, diabetes, multilobar CAP and the pneumonia

ABDULKADIR, M B; IBRAHEEM, R M; GOBIR, A A and JOHNSON, W B R. Hypoxaemia as a measure of disease severity in young hospitalised Nigerian children with pneumonia: A cross-sectional study. S. Afr. j. child health [online]. 2015, vol.9, n.2, pp.53-56. ISSN 1999-7671. http://dx.doi.org/10.7196/SAJCH.901.. BACKGROUND: Pneumonia remains a common cause of mortality among children in developing countries. Hypoxaemia is a common consequence of pneumonia in children. OBJECTIVES: To define the relationship between Hb oxygen saturation (SpO2) and parameters of outcome, duration of supplemental oxygen and duration of hospitalisation among children with pneumonia. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out at the paediatric wards of a tertiary hospital in North-Central Nigeria. Two hundred children aged between 2 and 59 months with pneumonia seen at the University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital were recruited consecutively. Sociodemographic and clinical information regarding the illness was obtained. Hb ...

Hospital length of stay (LOS) and time for a patient to reach clinical stability (TCS) have increasingly become important outcomes when investigating ways in which to combat Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP). Difficulties arise when deciding how to handle in-hospital mortality. Ad-hoc approaches that are commonly used to handle time to event outcomes with mortality can give disparate results and provide conflicting conclusions based on the same data. To ensure compatibility among studies investigating these outcomes, this type of data should be handled in a consistent and appropriate fashion. Using both simulated data and data from the international Community Acquired Pneumonia Organization (CAPO) database, we evaluate two ad-hoc approaches for handling mortality when estimating the probability of hospital discharge and clinical stability: 1) restricting analysis to those patients who lived, and 2) assigning individuals who die the worst outcome (right-censoring them at the longest recorded LOS or

RECENT FINDINGS: Respiratory viruses may be responsible for healthcare-associated pneumonia, because affected patients and those with CAP have the same risk factors for viral disease. In mechanically ventilated patients, viruses belonging to the Herpesviridae family, namely herpes simplex virus (HSV) and cytomegalovirus, can be reactivated and cause bronchopneumonitis or ventilator-associated pneumonia, respectively. Recent results confirmed the high rate of HSV reactivation in the distal airways of mechanically ventilated patients, and that patients with high virus loads (,10 copies/ml of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid) have poorer outcomes than those with low or no virus load. However, the responsibility of mimivirus, initially described as a possible cause of pneumonia, was not confirmed for nosocomial pneumonia ...

Adenovirus are the important pathogen of pediatric severe pneumonia. The aim of this study is to analyze the infection, subtype and distribution of adenovirus in autopsied pulmonary tissue of fatal pneumonia in infants and children, and the relationships between adenovirus infection and respiratory illness in South China. Nested PCR was performed on DNA extracted from autopsied lung tissue from patients who died of severe pneumonia, and the positive nested PCR products were cloned and sequenced. The adenovirus in autopsied pulmonary tissue was also analyzed by immunohistochemistry assay in a blind way. In the 175 autopsied pulmonary tissues, the positive percentage of adenovirus was 9.14% (16/175) and 2.29% (4/175) detected with nested PCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively. There are three cases of adenovirus serotype 3, twelve cases of adenovirus serotype 4 and one case of serotype 41 determined by sequencing of the cloned positive nested PCR products. Adenovirus is an important cause of severe

Risk of pneumonia with budesonide-containing treatments in COPD: an individual patient-level pooled analysis of interventional studies Sally Hollis,1 Carin Jorup,2 Dan Lythgoe,3 Gunnar Martensson,2 Pontus Regnell,2 Göran Eckerwall2 1AstraZeneca R&D, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, UK; 2AstraZeneca R&D, Gothenburg, Sweden; 3Phastar, Chiswick, London, UK Background: Concerns have been raised that treatment of COPD with inhaled corticosteroids may increase pneumonia risk. Responding to a request from the European Medicines Agency Pharmacovigilance Risk Assessment Committee, a pooled analysis of interventional studies compared pneumonia risk with inhaled budesonide-containing versus non-budesonide-containing treatments and the impact of other clinically relevant factors.Methods: AstraZeneca-sponsored, parallel-group, double-blind, randomized controlled trials meeting the following criteria were included: >8 weeks’ duration; ≥60 patients with COPD; inhaled budesonide treatment arm

Edited by James D Chalmers Mathias W Pletz and Stefano Aliberti Community-acquired pneumonia remains the leading cause of hospitalisation for

Indigenous Australian children have high (up to 90%) rates of nasopharyngeal microbial colonisation and of hospitalisation for pneumonia. In Indigenous children hospitalised with pneumonia in Central...

1. Pneumococci of Type I and Type II are responsible for the majority of the cases of lobar pneumonia.. 2. Among the pneumococci found in the mouths of healthy individuals Type IV predominates, Type III is frequent, and atypical organisms of Type II are occasionally found.. 3. Healthy persons intimately associated with cases of lobar pneumonia may harbor in their mouth secretions the highly parasitic pneumococcus of Types I and II.. 4. Occasionally a carrier of Type I or Type II pneumococcus is encountered in whom it is impossible to trace any contact with an infected patient.. 5. From the dust of homes where cases of pneumonia due to Types I and II have occurred, pneumococci of the same type may be recovered.. ...

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a common infection. Approximately 20 percent of all episodes of pneumonia result in hospitalization. It is the leading cause of community-acquired infection requiring intensive care unit (ICU) admission. In pulmonary infections, the release of cytokines and other inflammatory mediators from alveolar macrophages serves as a mechanism by which invading pathogens are eliminated. However, this reaction of the innate immune system can be potentially harmful when excessive release of circulating inflammatory cytokines causes damage to the patient, particularly the lung. Interest in the role of corticosteroids in the pathophysiology of critical illness has existed since the early part of the 20th century. On ICU, early treatment with corticosteroids to attenuate systemic inflammation is widespread. At the same time, outside the ICU little evidence is available on the effect of treatment with corticosteroids in patients diagnosed with CAP. Theoretically, early ...

Respiratory syncytial virus was the commonest viral cause of LRTIs and Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) and Haemophilus influenzae were the commonest bacterial causes. A significant fraction (one-third in one hospital) of all H. influenzae infections were nontypeable.. Not all of the insights of the BOSTID research group could be summarized in a single paper or even a supplement. The programme provided an intellectual forum in which many lines of enquiry were distilled.2 The complete lack of understanding of how or why children die from pneumonia was identified as a critical future research question. The pathogenesis of ARI, including the complex synergism between viral and bacterial pathogens, was a second significant area. The investigators believed that understanding the mechanisms that controlled the magnitude and selectivity of the human inflammatory response would offer practical opportunities to influence disease outcome. This insight would need to be augmented by knowledge of the ...

The knowledge, attitudes and practices of the respondents were found to be generally good and positive about pneumonia disease burden and immunisations/EPI vaccines. However, only 19% of the parents/guardians were aware of the availability of the PCV. Most parents/guardians were of the opinion that increased sensitisation/mass vaccination campaigns would remain essential for the PCV to reach every child. Logistic modelling identified associations between; - educational level and parental knowledge on the consequences/seriousness of pneumonia infections, income and parental knowledge on pneumonia causes/risk factors, occupational level and parental knowledge on pneumonia prevention beside that of region of origin and parental knowledge on the availability of the PCV. Also, a friendly attitude from health personnel was thought to motivate parents/guardians to respect vaccination schedules ...

Current guidelines suggest that patients may be treated in an outpatient setting or may require hospitalization depending on their PSI risk class, as follows: Classes I and II - Outpatient mana... more

Hallucinations & Progressive Disease & Recurrent Pneumonia Symptom Checker: Possible causes include Chronic Kidney Insufficiency. Check the full list of possible causes and conditions now! Talk to our Chatbot to narrow down your search.

This field guide was prepared by PAHO to support health workers participating in the epidemiological surveillance of bacterial pneumonia and meningitis. Pneumonia is among the leading causes of hospitalization and death for children aged under 5 years in the Region of the Americas. In developed countries, the majority of pneumonias are believed to be of viral origin; however, the etiology of pneumonia is almost always bacterial in developing countries. Bacterial meningitis, although not as frequent as pneumonia, is always a serious disease, given the risk of sequelae and its high case-fatality rate. Three bacteria are principally responsible for the diseases: Haemophilus influenzae (Hi) type b (Hib), Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus), and Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus). The introduction of the Hib vaccine in countries of the Region produced a dramatic decline of invasive disease due to this bacterium, and pneumococcus is now the principal etiologic agent responsible for bacterial ...

Patient History and Assessment D.E. is a 59 year old Caucasian male who was admitted to the Northridge Hospital Emergency Room on the 21st of February by paramedics after they responded to a 911 emergency call by the patients wife. D.E. was experiencing SOB, dyspnea and alternating levels of consciousness upon arrival of the response team. Oxygen was applied via nasal cannula and the patient was transported to the ED. D.E. did not complain of any chest pain or nausea and vomiting. Just stated he woke up during the night while he was experiencing a coughing attack resulting in his feeling unable to breathe. In the ED a chest X-ray was performed confirming a diagnosis of Pneumonia as white patches were evident bilaterally. D.E. has a reported allergy to Morphine which results in uncontrolled emesis. He also stated he has an allergy to green bell peppers which also cause him to vomit. His past history includes diabetes mellitus, chronic back pain, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, depression and ...