The author of this book, a physicist and science writer, provides an interesting history of the man-made element plutonium beginning with the discovery of its naturally occurring parent element, uranium. The succinct history includes the events that led to the discoveries of radioactivity, nuclear structure, and the fission of uranium. It then proceeds to the synthesis of plutonium and other transuranic elements and the revelation in 1938 that plutonium can undergo fission when bombarded with neutrons. That phenomenon became known to physicists in the United States and Germany in 1942. The scene then switches to Los Alamos, New Mexico, where plutonium is refined and shaped into the material for the first implosion fission weapons. The chapter preceding the final one focuses on the unique chemical and physical properties of plutonium that make it difficult to handle. The book concludes with comments on the stockpiles of plutonium that exist worldwide and plutoniums potential dangers to mankind. ...

Nach der Aufnahme von Plutonium mit der Nahrung wird ein großer Teil mit dem Stuhl wieder ausgeschieden. Der Anteil von Plutonium, der aus der Nahrung im Magen-Darm-Trakt in den Körper aufgenommen (resorbiert) wird, ist im Wesentlichen abhängig von der Art der Plutoniumverbindung und dem Alter der Person. In grober Annäherung kann eine Resorptionsrate von Plutonium mit der Nahrung von 0,05 Prozent angegeben werden. Bei anorganischen Plutoniumverbindungen liegt diese etwa um den Faktor zehn niedriger. Für Kleinkinder ist eine um den Faktor zehn höhere Resorptionsrate anzunehmen. Nach der Resorption von Plutonium über den Magen-Darm-Trakt wird Plutonium im Körper verteilt und dort vorrangig in Knochen und in der Leber konzentriert.. Im Blut aufgenommenes Plutonium wird zu etwa fünfzig Prozent im Knochen, zu dreißig Prozent in der Leber und etwa zwanzig Prozent in anderen Geweben eingelagert. Die Verweilzeit von inkorporiertem Plutonium im Knochen beträgt etwa fünfzig bis hundert Jahre ...

4:00] Misconception #2 -- Pluto-kun addresses the fear that plutonium is deadly and causes cancer. Plutoniums danger to the human body stems from the alpha radiation it emits. Because alpha radiation is relatively weak, it does not penetrate the skin, and plutonium is not absorbed into the body if it comes into contact with skin. He explains that you would not die instantly if you were to drink plutonium. If swallowed, the vast majority simply passes through the digestive tract without being absorbed. If it enters the blood stream (through a cut, for example) it cannot be removed easily from the body. It accumulates in the lymph nodes before ending up in the bones or liver, where it continues emitting alpha radiation. Plutonium can also get into the liver or bones if it is inhaled into the lungs. It is important not to breathe it in or allow it to enter the blood stream.. [6:00] No human is ever known to have died because of inhaling or ingesting plutonium. [7:00] Pluto-kun explains what would ...

4:00] Misconception #2 -- Pluto-kun addresses the fear that plutonium is deadly and causes cancer. Plutoniums danger to the human body stems from the alpha radiation it emits. Because alpha radiation is relatively weak, it does not penetrate the skin, and plutonium is not absorbed into the body if it comes into contact with skin. He explains that you would not die instantly if you were to drink plutonium. If swallowed, the vast majority simply passes through the digestive tract without being absorbed. If it enters the blood stream (through a cut, for example) it cannot be removed easily from the body. It accumulates in the lymph nodes before ending up in the bones or liver, where it continues emitting alpha radiation. Plutonium can also get into the liver or bones if it is inhaled into the lungs. It is important not to breathe it in or allow it to enter the blood stream.. [6:00] No human is ever known to have died because of inhaling or ingesting plutonium. [7:00] Pluto-kun explains what would ...

ASTM-C697 Standard Test Methods for Chemical, Mass Spectrometric, and Spectrochemical Analysis of Nuclear-Grade Plutonium Dioxide Powders and Pellets - impurity content; isotopic composition; plutonium content; plutonium dioxide pellets; plutonium dioxide powders;; ICS Number Code 27.120.30 (Fissile materials and nuclear fuel technology)

Various theoretical studies have shown that highly diluted plutonium solutions could have a positive temperature effect but (up to now) no experimental program has confirmed this effect. The main goal of the French Plutonium Temperature Effect Experimental Program (or PU+ in short) is to effectively show that such a positive temperature effect exists for diluted plutonium solutions. The experiments were conducted in the Apparatus B facility at the CEA VALDUC research centre in France and involved several sub-critical approach type of experiments using plutonium nitrate solutions with concentrations of 14.3, 15 and 20 g/l at temperatures ranging from 20 to 40°C. A total number of 14 phase I experiments (consisting of independent subcritical approaches) have been performed (5 at 20 g/l, 4 at 15 g/l and 5 at 14.3 g/l) between 2006 and 2007. The impact of the uncertainties on the solution acidity and the plutonium concentration makes it difficult to clearly demonstrate the positive temperature ...

PF-4 is also crowded because of its other plutonium missions. In addition to pit production, the facility converts excess weapons-grade plutonium into plutonium dioxide in preparation for its storage or disposition. It also supports NASA by processing plutonium-238, which is used as an energy source for space missions. Yet, there are limits on how much plutonium can be in an area at any one time. It is not clear that PF-4 can expand pit production without shortchanging disposition activities or NASA or violating safety standards.. Los Alamoss planning of pit-related facilities has also been problematic. Technical analysis on pit sample material was to be performed at a new Chemistry and Metallurgy Research Replacement-Nuclear Facility. That project was terminated in 2014 after significant cost overruns and a failure to meet environmental regulations for the handling and disposal of nuclear waste. The Radiological Laboratory Utility Office Building, which provides facilities for a variety of ...

Plutonium adalah suatu unsur kimia dalam tabel periodik yang memiliki lambang Pu dan nomor atom 94. Ia merupakan unsur radioaktif transuranium yang langka dan merupakan logam aktinida dengan penampilan berwarna putih keperakan. Ketika terpapar dengan udara, ia akan mengusam oleh karena pembentukan plutonium(IV) oksida yang menutupi permukaan logam. Unsur ini pada dasarnya memiliki enam alotrop dan empat keadaan oksidasi. Ia bereaksi dengan karbon, halogen, nitrogen, dan silikon. Ketika terpapar oleh kelembaban udara, ia akan membentuk oksida dan hidrida dengan volume 70% lebih besar dan menjadi bubuk yang dapat menyala secara spontan. Ia juga merupakan racun radiologis yang dapat berakumulasi dalam sumsum tulang. Oleh karena sifat-sifat seperti inilah, proses penanganan plutonium cukup berbahaya, walaupun tingkat toksisitas keseluruhan logam ini terkadang dibesar-besarkan. Istotop terpenting plutonium adalah plutonium-239 yang memiliki umur paruh 24.100 tahun. Plutonium-239 merupakan fisil, ...

There have been few systematic studies of the non-malignant health effects of a-radiation in humans. Animal studies and a recent report from the former Soviet Union suggest an association between plutonium exposure and the development of fibrotic lung disease. Prompted by a case of lung fibrosis in a retired plutonium worker in the United States, we sought to explore whether plutonium inhalation i

H-Canyon and HB-Line are tasked with the production of plutonium oxide (PuO 2) from a feed of plutonium (Pu) metal. The PuO 2 will provide feed material for the Mixed Oxide (MOX) Fuel Fabrication Facility. After dissolution of the Pu metal in H-Canyon, plans are to transfer the solution to HB-Line for purification by anion exchange. Anion exchange will be followed by plutonium(IV) oxalate precipitation, filtration, and calcination to form PuO 2. The filtrate solutions, remaining after precipitation, contain low levels of Pu ions, oxalate ions, and may include solids. These solutions are transferred to H-Canyon for disposition. To mitigate the criticality concern of Pu solids in a Canyon tank, past processes have used oxalate destruction or have pre-filled the Canyon tank with a neutron poison. The installation of a filter on the process lines from the HB-Line filtrate tanks to H-Canyon Tank 9.6 is proposed to remove plutonium oxalate solids. This report describes SRNLs efforts to determine the ...

Since the mid-20th century, plutonium in the environment has been primarily produced by human activity. The first plants to produce plutonium for use in cold war atomic bombs were at the Hanford nuclear site, in Washington, and Mayak nuclear plant, in Russia. Over a period of four decades, both released more than 200 million curies of radioactive isotopes into the surrounding environment -- twice the amount expelled in the Chernobyl disaster in each instance. The majority of plutonium isotopes are short-lived on a geological timescale, though it has been argued that traces of the long-lived 244Pu isotope, still exist in nature. This isotope has been found in lunar soil, meteorites, and in the Oklo natural reactor. However, one paper on marine sediments for plutonium in marine sediments, atomic bomb fallout is responsible for 66% of the 239Pu and 59% 240Pu found in the English Channel, while nuclear reprocessing is responsible for the majority of the 238Pu and 241Pu present in the Earths ...

A new study details how scientists developed the conceptual nuclear reactor design of high plutonium breeding by light water cooling, which may help advanced countries meet the growth rate of energy demand.. Professor Okas research team succeeded to develop the conceptual nuclear reactor design of high plutonium breeding by light water cooling for the first time in the world. He devised a new fuel assembly where fuel rods are closely packed for reducing reactor coolant to fuel volume fraction for high breeding. With computational analysis he succeeded high plutonium breeding with light water cooling. The study will open the way of commercialization of fast reactor and nuclear fuel cycle for peaceful use of nuclear energy based on the mature light water cooling technologies. The result of the study was published in January issue of Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology of Atomic Energy Society of Japan (AESJ) , entitled Plutonium breeding of light water cooled fast ...

The purpose of this analysis is to examine whether there is a justification for using high-level waste (HLW) as a surrogate for plutonium disposal in can-in-canister ceramic in the total-system performance assessment (TSPA) model for the Site Recommendation (SR). In the TSPA-SR model, the immobilized plutonium waste form is not explicitly represented, but is implicitly represented as an equal number of canisters of HLW. There are about 50 metric tons of plutonium in the U. S. Department of Energy inventory of surplus fissile material that could be disposed. Approximately 17 tons of this material contain significant quantities of impurities and are considered unsuitable for mixed-oxide (MOX) reactor fuel. This material has been designated for direct disposal by immobilization in a ceramic waste form and encapsulating this waste form in high-level waste (HLW). The remaining plutonium is suitable for incorporation into MOX fuel assemblies for commercial reactors (Shaw 1999, Section 2). In this analysis,

Bush administration plans governments first production of plutonium 238 since cold war, stirring debate over risks and benefits of material so radioactive that one speck can cause cancer; Energy Dept official Timothy A Frazier says most if not all of new plutonium is intended for secret missions, but not for nuclear arms, satellites or weapons in space; program would produce total of 330 pounds over 30 years at Idaho National Laboratory outside Idaho Falls; environmentalists warn of potential threat to ecosystems of several nearby national parks; plutonium 238s steady heat can be turned into electricity; federal and private experts unconnected to project say even if no formal plans now exist to use plutonium in space for military purposes, material could be used by military to power compact spy satellites that would be hard for adversaries to track, evade or destroy; photo; map (M)

Sequential extraction has been used extensively to study the solid partitioning of radionuclides in soils and sediments. A difficulty with sequential extraction is that radionuclides released by a particular extractant can be resorbed and artificially redistributed amongst the remaining solid phases. Here, we describe experiments (on selected model phase and natural materials), which were designed to determine whether the inclusion of a chelating agent (sodium citrate) in an established sequential extraction protocol (a) inhibits post-extraction resorption of plutonium, (b) increases non-targeted dissolution of sediment phases, and (c) gives rise to unwanted ligand competition for plutonium. The results clearly demonstrate the capacity of citrate to inhibit the resorption of plutonium from the various extractants, and confirm that there is no discernible increase in non-targeted phase dissolution, but indicate significant ligand competition with the carbonate phase. The merits of using citrate ...

...CLEMSON S.C. Environmental scientists at Clemson University have rec...The research has implications for nuclear cleanup efforts and could he... Plutonium contamination in soils can be transported in groundwater aw... The way to predict how much and how fast plutonium moves through the ...,Clemson,researcher,will,study,plutonium,underground,for,Energy,Department,biological,biology news articles,biology news today,latest biology news,current biology news,biology newsletters

Source: Washingtons Blog. MSNBC reports that plutonium has been found in soil around the Fukushima plant: The Tokyo Electric Power Co., which operates the plant, said it found three radioactive isotopes of plutonium - plutonium 238, 239 and 240 - in five locations outside the plant in soil tests on March 21-22. NHK tv notes…

C697 - 16 Standard Test Methods for Chemical, Mass Spectrometric, and Spectrochemical Analysis of Nuclear-Grade Plutonium Dioxide Powders and Pellets , impurity content, isotopic composition, plutonium content, plutonium dioxide pellets, plutonium dioxide powders,,

The main objective of this research is to evaluate health-risk distributions for plutonium (Pu) inhalation-exposure scenarios relevant to environmental management of plutonium dioxide (PuO2)-contaminated sites. These distributions incorporate variability/uncertainty.

In addition to the original plutonium production reactor at Jiuquan [Yumen], the Chinese buildt a second, similar, plutonium reactor and chemical separation plant at Guangyuan [Kuangyuan]. This facility began production in mid-1973, with approximately the same plutonium production capacity as the Yumen reactor of 300-400 Kg per annum. Guangyuan is centered on a 1,000MW light water graphite reactor [LWGR] fueled with natural Uranium. This reactor is the largest plutonium producing reactor in China, with about twice the power level of the reactor at Jiuquan, and is complemented by China s largest plutonium separation facility. In the late 1960s as part of the third line effort to relocate critical defense infrastructure in the relatively remote interior, China built new [allegedly underground] facilities supplement the plutonium production reactor at Jiuquan [third line plutonium production reactor at Guangyuan ], the design and fabrication facility at Haiyan [third line design and fabrication ...

Foreign Assistance to Irans Nuclear and Missile Programs Appendix A - Covert Reprocessing of Reactor-Grade Plutonium and Possible Use in Nuclear Weapons. Russian authorities have claimed that Iran does not currently have the means of reprocessing nuclear fuel from the Bushehr nuclear reactor.(1) And even if they did have the means of reprocessing, the separated plutonium is not suitable for use in a nuclear weapons.(2) This section will attempt to address those claims and show that their are definite proliferation concerns. All information presented is from open literature sources. In 1977 Oak Ridge National Laboratory published a report outlining a conceptual design for a simple and quick plant for reprocessing spent nuclear fuel.(3) The GAO was asked to evaluate the Oak Ridge reports credibility and policy implications. GAO reached three conclusions about that report:. 1. The Oak Ridge estimate of 4 to 6 months for constructing a small reprocessing facility, although not highly probable, ...

Shinichi Ogawa and Michael Schiffer Ever since it was attacked with nuclear weapons six decades ago, Japan has been at the forefront of international nonproliferation efforts. Yet, as the world has focused recently on the dangers posed by some elements of the civilian nuclear power industry, Japan has found itself in the crosshairs of proliferation concerns.. The international community has focused particularly on Japans planned plutonium reprocessing facility in Rokkasho-mura, which is scheduled to begin operating as early as July 2006. It would be the first active, civilian reprocessing facility in a non-nuclear-weapon state. It would also be one of the first and largest of such facilities to come online since President George W. Bush and Mohamed ElBaradei, director-general of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), called for limits on the construction of new plutonium reprocessing or uranium-enrichment facilities. These facilities can be used to develop nuclear fuel for civilian ...

The first large-scale nuclear reactors were built during World War II. These reactors were designed for the production of plutonium for use in nuclear weapons. The only reprocessing required, therefore, was the extraction of the plutonium (free of fission-product contamination) from the spent natural uranium fuel. In 1943, several methods were proposed for separating the relatively small quantity of plutonium from the uranium and fission products. The first method selected, a precipitation process called the bismuth phosphate process, was developed and tested at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) between 1943 and 1945 to produce quantities of plutonium for evaluation and use in the US weapons programs. ORNL produced the first macroscopic quantities (grams) of separated plutonium with these processes. The bismuth phosphate process was first operated on a large scale at the Hanford Site, in the later part of 1944. It was successful for plutonium separation in the emergency situation existing ...

Plutonium: | | Plutonium, ||94||Pu | | | ||| | ... World Heritage Encyclopedia, the aggregation of the largest online encyclopedias available, and the most definitive collection ever assembled.

The long physical and biological half-life and high relative toxicity have dictated that considerable effort be devoted to quantifying plutonium transport through the various trophic levels. Despite the fact that biological transport of plutonium has been studied for many years, quantitative values for its transfer to milk, and its subsequent uptake by suckling animals have not been established. Three lactating goats were given intravenous injections of citrate-buffered plutonium nitrate at a rate of 75 microcuries per animal per day for three consecutive days. In all three goats approximately one percent of the total plutonium dose was transferred to the milk by the fifth post-treatment day. Plutonium retained by the tissues was deposited primarily in the liver and bone. In vitro plutonium-labeled milk was also fed to groups of rats and juvenile goats. Tissue concentrations of plutonium from juvenile goats which had received either in vivo or in vitro labeled milk were somewhat variable. Due ...

Article: Hearings Begin On Bushs Nuclear Plans, New Plutonium Plant Sparks Public Debate - (APN) NORTH AUGUSTA, SOUTH CAROLINA The product is a nuclear bomb. They kill people like you and me, Allison Peeler, a college-age volunteer with Carolina Peace, said, crying during an impassioned speech here at a public hearing on Bushs plans for a new plutonium pits plant.

The UK Governments preliminary view is that the best prospect of delivering a long-term solution for plutonium management is through a reuse as MOX (mixed oxide).. The consultation runs until May 10.. Plutonium consultation launched - Department of Energy and Climate Change press release and link to consultation paper. ...

http://dprogram.net April 22nd, 2011 Lucas Hixton Whitefield tips us off to the fact that the EPA has been detecting Plutonium and Strontium along the entire US West Coast since March 18th. Radioactive Fukushima Plutonium And Strontium Bombarding US West Coast Since March 18th Submitted by Lucas Whitefiel… on Thu, 04/21/2011 - 19:09 EPA RADnet Reports…

Plutonium-239 is an isotope of plutonium that is a radioactive, metallic element created when uranium atoms absorb neutrons. Plutonium-239 is the most common isotope used in the production of nuclear...

To reduce the threat of nuclear weapons proliferation, DOE is engaged in a program to dispose of weapons-usable plutonium surplus to national defense needs in a safe, secure, and environmentally sound manner, by converting such plutonium into proliferation-resistant forms that can never again be readily used in nuclear weapons. In 1999, DOE issued a final environmental impact statement (EIS) and record of decision to make 34 metric tons of surplus weapons-usable plutonium available as mixed oxide (MOX) fuel for use in commercial nuclear reactors. That decision supported U.S. policy, efforts and international agreements to reduce the number of nuclear weapons and render the associated nuclear materials, including plutonium, unusable for weapons purposes. The 2015 SEIS analyzes the potential environmental impacts of alternatives for the disposition of an additional 13.1 metric tons of surplus weapons-usable plutonium.. The SEIS evaluates four action alternatives consisting of different methods for ...

The Advanced Recovery and Integrated Extraction System (ARIES) is a pit disassembly and conversion demonstration line at Los Alamos National Laboratorys plutonium facility. Pits are the core of a nuclear weapon that contain the fissile material. With the end of the cold war, the United States began a program to dispose of the fissile material contained in surplus nuclear weapons. In January of 1997, the Department of Energys Office of Fissile Material Disposition issued a Record of Decision (ROD) on the disposition of surplus plutonium. This decision contained a hybrid option for disposition of the plutonium, immobilization and mixed oxide fuel. ARIES is the cornerstone of the United States plutonium disposition program that supplies the pit demonstration plutonium feed material for either of these disposition pathways. Additionally, information from this demonstration is being used to design the United States Pit Disassembly and Conversion Facility ...

Superfast Jellyfish, Gorillaz, May 2010. Absolute Safety. When nuclear power was first being sold to the American public, enthusiasts bragged about designs that would make safety absolute. (72) According to the World Nuclear Association, In the 1940s some 26 workers at US nuclear weapons facilities became contaminated with plutonium. Intensive health checks of these people have revealed no serious consequence and no fatalities that could be attributed to the exposure. (73). Wikipedia makes similar claims: …no human is known to have died because of inhaling or ingesting plutonium, and many people have measurable amounts of plutonium in their bodies. (74). These views have been disputed by activists, who point out that cancer rates are highest around plutonium processing plants. These activists claim that secrecy and disinformation have plagued the various plutonium processing plants and the contaminations that each site has experienced, and that radiation-related cancer mortality is ...

One crucial safety regulations that Daghlian violated was that, he was working late at night all alone by himself in the laboratory. His experiment actually involved stacking a series of tungsten carbide bricks around the plutonium core. However, he accidentally dropped the final brick into the assembly which caused a super critical reaction. The only possible way to stop the reaction was that, he partially disassembled the tungsten carbide. But due to the time that took him, he received a lethal dose of neutron radiation. He died 25 days later from the incident ...

Other articles where Plutonium-239 is discussed: atomic bomb: The properties and effects of atomic bombs: of the isotopes uranium-235 or plutonium-239, it causes that nucleus to split into two fragments, each of which is a nucleus with about half the protons and neutrons of the original nucleus. In the process of splitting, a great amount of thermal energy, as well as gamma rays and two…

Youve bought the propaganda from the nuclear industry. They say its low-level radiation. Thats absolute rubbish. If you inhale a millionth of a gram of plutonium, the surrounding cells receive a very, very high dose. Most die within that area, because its an alpha emitter. The cells on the periphery remain viable. They mutate, and the regulatory genes are damaged. Years later, that person develops cancer. Now, thats true for radioactive iodine, that goes to the thyroid; cesium-137, that goes to the brain and muscles; strontium-90 goes to bone, causing bone cancer and leukemia. Its imperative … that you understand internal emitters and radiation, and its not low level to the cells that are exposed. Radiobiology is imperative to understand these days. ...

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FRAM by ORTEC analyzes the gamma-ray spectrum taken with a germanium radiation detector, of plutonium-bearing, uranium-bearing, or mixed items and quantifies the distribution of plutonium or uranium isotopes, 241Americium, and other transuranic isotopes (including uranium in mixed uranium-plutonium oxides) that contribute measurable gamma rays to the spectrum.

The results of the research clearly show that plankton from the coast of Palomares, obtained from a depth of 50 metres, contains radioactive plutonium and americium with an activity up to five times higher than the average of the other samples studied. Thus, while average radioactivity in western Mediterranean plankton is around 452 units (millibequerels per kilogram of dried plankton), at Palomares this figure is 2,046 units. This is still within the safety margins recommended by the International Atomic Energy Agency, but serves as a reminder that the area is not free of residual contamination arising from the accident that occurred on 17 January 1966, when two US planes, a B-52 bomber, loaded with 4 nuclear warheads, and a refuelling plane collided in mid-flight ...

Anthropogenic plutonium (Pu) in the environment is a result of atmospheric nuclear testing during the second half of the 20th century. In this work, we analyzed a 4-meter deep Antarctic Plateau snowpack characterized by a lowsnowaccumulation rate and negligible snowimpurities. These sample conditions enabled us to measure the snowpack Pu fallout by applying inductively coupled plasma sector field mass spectrometry to a few mL of snow melt without purification or preconcentration. Pu concentrations in the reconstructed Pu fallout record for the period after 1956 CE increased and decreased in agreement with past atmospheric nuclear testing. Two peaks and two dips associable with historical events were observed, and the highest peak in 1964(±1) CE approximately coincided with the maximum concentration of non-sea-salt sulfate caused by the Mt. Agung eruption in 1963 CE. Enhanced Pu fallout in the 1970s was attributed the geographical proximity of the Southern Hemispheric nuclear test sites. Our ...

This is completely insane. Contractors who remove black mold from homes, probably take better precautions from spreading and inhaling mold spores. Were talking about a type of radiation that is the worst kind to get inside your body. Its inevitable that this construction worker will probably develop cancer in his life. Whats even more troubling for me, is that this contractor didnt just f@ck up one time, they screwed up again 6 months later! According to the article, they rushed the job to make deadlines and got sloppy. Remember, we are talking about dismantling a highly toxic and radioactive Plutonium Finishing Plant (PFT), which is part of the Hanford nuclear research complex, in the state of Washington. To take shortcuts on such a project is idiotic ...

Plutonium Chemistry. From: Chemistry of actinides Nuclear properties and isotope production Pu in nature Separation and Purification Atomic properties Metallic state Compounds Solution chemistry. Pu nuclear properties. Isotopes from 228≤A≤247 Important isotopes 238 Pu Slideshow 1421013 by gerd

WHILE telling the world that they have stopped producing plutonium for nuclear weapons, Britain and the US are planning to carry on making tritium for H-bombs. The US government is proposing to bring a major new tritium production plant into operation by 2010, while British Nuclear Fuels (BNFL) is continuing to manufacture tritium for Trident …

Another benefit of fertile conversion is that not all of the plutonium produced in the fuel is fissioned before the fuel is discharged. The residual plutonium at discharge (typically about 1% of the heavy metal mass) can potentially be recovered in reprocessing and either recycled in a thermal reactor (as is the case today in France) or in a fast reactor. Thermal reactor plutonium recycle as Mixed Oxide (MOX) fuel gives approximately a 15% increase in the energy recovered from the original uranium ore. On the other hand, plutonium recycle in a fast reactor gives the possibility of much higher energy recovery in a breeding cycle, with the possibility of a fully self-sustained fuel cycle with minimal uranium ore input required. In principle, it is possible to attain about a 50 to 100-fold improvement in the energy extracted from uranium ore. This is the justification for fast reactors, which would allow a country to be strategically independent of the uranium market. However, the practical ...

There is no information from studies in humans or animals to identify the specific levels of exposures to plutonium in air, food, or water that have resulted in harmful effects. However, it is generally assumed that any amount of absorbed radiation, no matter how small, may cause some damage. When expressed as the amount of radioactivity deposited in the body per kilogram of body weight (kg bw) as a result of breathing in plutonium, studies in dogs report that 100,000 pCi plutonium/kg bw caused serious lung damage within a few months, 1,700 pCi/kg bw caused harm to the immune system, and 1,400 pCi/kg bw caused bone cancer after 4 years. In each of these cases the dogs were exposed to the plutonium in air for one day ...

All spent fuel contains 1% plutonium because that is how much is created (man-made) when uranium undergoes fission besides all the other deadly byproducts created (sometimes called (synthetic isotopes).. …In practical terms, there are two different kinds of plutonium to be considered: reactor-grade and weapons-grade. The first is recovered as a by-product of typical used fuel from a nuclear reactor, after the fuel has been irradiated (burned) for about three years. The second is made specially for the military purpose, and is recovered from uranium fuel that has been irradiated for only 2-3 months in a plutonium production reactor. The two kinds differ in their isotopic composition but must both be regarded as a potential proliferation risk, and managed accordingly… http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Nuclear-Fuel-Cycle/Fuel-Recycling/Plutonium/. PattieB is never really clear on anything she states so it always makes her half right. Must be to busy to explain herself.. The fuel rods are ...

A flow injection-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometric (FI-ICP-MS) procedure, utilising ultrasonic nebulisation with membrane desolvation (USN/MD), has been developed for the determination of plutonium (Pu) in seawater at fg l−1 concentration levels. Seawater samples (1 l), after filtration, were subjected to co-precipitation with NdF3, followed by ion exchange to enrich Pu and to reject seawater matrix ions and co-existing uranium. The seawater concentrate (1.0 ml) was then analysed by FI-ICP-MS. The limit of detection for in seawater based on an enrichment factor of 1000 was 5 fg l−1, and precision at the 0.80 pg l−1 level was 12% RSD. Accuracy was verified via recovery experiments, and by comparing survey data for the Irish Sea with that derived by standard methodology based on co-precipitation and α-spectrometry. Concentrations for dissolved in the Irish Sea were in the range of 0.267-0.941 pg l−1 (0.614-2.164 mBq l−1) and 0.051-0.196 pg l−1 (0.428-1.646 mBq l−1), ...

Plutonium was named after the planet Pluto as in conformity with other planet names. Pluto planet is the second most massive known dwarf planet in the Solar System. Its name was given by Venetia Burney (1918-2009) an eleven-year-old girl in England thinking that the name for the god of underworld is appropriate for a the presumably dark and cold world of the planet. The planet was discovered by C.W Tombaugh in 1930 ...

It is claimed by proponents that fast reactors will be safe, economically competitive, proliferation-resistant and sustainable.. They are fueled by plutonium or highly enriched uranium and cooled by either liquid sodium or a lead-bismuth molten coolant. Liquid sodium burns or explodes when exposed to air or water, and lead-bismuth is extremely corrosive, producing very volatile radioactive elements when irradiated.. Should a crack occur in the reactor complex, liquid sodium would escape, burning or exploding. Without coolant, the plutonium fuel could reach critical mass, triggering a massive nuclear explosion, scattering plutonium to the four winds. One-millionth of a gram of plutonium induces cancer - and it lasts for 500,000 years. Extraordinarily, they claim that fast reactors will be so safe that they will require no emergency sirens and that emergency planning zones can be decreased.. There are two types of fast reactors: a simple, plutonium-fueled reactor and a breeder, in which the ...

This paper describes improvement and comparison of analytical methods for simultaneous determination of trace-level plutonium and neptunium in urine samples by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Four sample pre-concentration techniques, including calcium phosphate, iron hydroxide and manganese dioxide co-precipitation and evaporation were compared and the applicability of different techniques was discussed in order to evaluate and establish the optimal method for in vivo radioassay program. The analytical results indicate that the various sample pre-concentration approaches afford dissimilar method performances and care should be taken for specific experimental parameters for improving chemical yields. The best analytical performances in terms of turnaround time (6 h) and chemical yields for plutonium (88.7 +/- 11.6%) and neptunium (94.2 +/- 2.0%) were achieved by manganese dioxide co-precipitation. The need of drying ashing (,= 7 h) for calcium phosphate co-precipitation and ...

Radioactive plutonium and americium were detected in air samples collected on Thursday, June 8, 2017 at the Hanford nuclear reservation in Washington, US, state officials said Tuesday, August 8. According to Hanford officials, State of Washington...

solafide writes The Globe and Mail reports A British nuclear-reprocessing plant [at Sellafield] cannot account for nearly 30 kilograms of plutonium, but authorities believe it is an accounting issue rather than a loss of potential bomb-making material, the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority sa...

Americium is a man-made, radioactive, actinide element with an atomic number of 95. It was discovered in 1945. Actinides are the 15 elements, all of whose isotopes are radioactive starting with actinium (atomic number 89), and extending to lawrencium (atomic number 103). When not combined with other elements, americium is a silvery metal. Americium has no naturally occurring or stable isotopes. There are two important isotopes of americium, americium 241 and americium 243, also written as 241Am or 243Am, and read as americium two-forty-one and americium two-forty-three. Both isotopes have the same chemical behavior in the environment and the same chemical effects on your body. However, these isotopes have different atomic weights and different radioactive properties, such as their half-life (see next paragraph) and the energy of radiation they give off. Each radioactive isotope of an element, including americium, constantly gives off radiation, and this changes it into an isotope

The plutonium on board will be the last thing to go. The dangerous substance was encased in super-dense iridium as a safeguard for Cassinis 1997 launch and has been used for electric power to run its instruments. Project officials said once the iridium melts, the plutonium will be dispersed into the atmosphere. Nothing - not even traces of plutonium - should escape Saturns deep gravity well.. The whole point of this one last exercise - dubbed the Grand Finale - is to prevent the spacecraft from crashing into the moons of Enceladus (ehn-SEHL-uh-duhs) or Titan. NASA wants future robotic explorers to find pristine worlds where life might possibly exist, free of Earthly contamination.. Its inevitable that the $3.9 billion U.S.-European mission is winding down. Cassinis fuel tank is almost empty, and its objectives have been accomplished many times over since its 2004 arrival at Saturn following a seven-year journey.. The leader of Cassinis imaging team, planetary scientist Carolyn Porco, ...

While a graduate student at Berkeley, Gofman co-discovered protactinium-232, uranium-232, protactinium-233, and uranium-233, and proved the slow and fast neutron fissionability of uranium-233. Post-doctorally, he continued work related to the chemistry of plutonium and the atomic bomb development. At that early period, less than a quarter of a milligram of plutonium-239 existed, but a half-milligram was urgently needed for physical measurements in the Manhattan Project. At the request of J. Robert Oppenheimer, Gofman and Robert Connick irradiated a ton of uranyl nitrate by placing it around the Berkeley cyclotron (to capture neutrons), for a total exposure period of six weeks, with operation night and day. In 110 Gilman Hall, they scaled up Gofmans previous test-tube-sized sodium uranyl acetate process for the plutoniums chemical extraction. Dissolving 10-pound batches of the hot ton in big Pyrex jars, and working around the clock with the help of eight or ten others, they reduced the ton to ...

Define milk tooth. milk tooth synonyms, milk tooth pronunciation, milk tooth translation, English dictionary definition of milk tooth. n. See primary tooth. American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition. Copyright © 2016 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing...

The study deals with the application of cluster analysis (CA) and non-parametric tests (Shapiro-Wilk, Kruskal-Wallis, Dunn, U Mann-Whitney) to classify and interpret of a monitoring data set for Odra River water quality assessment based on concentration values of radiochemical parameters. The data set represents results for 3 alpha emitters (210Po, 238U and 239+240Pu) measured in surface water samples collected at 13 different sampling locations (5 in major Odra stream while 8 in Odra tributaries) within four seasons: winter, spring, summer and autumn, in the framework of 1 year-term quality monitoring research. The correlation analysis of polonium, uranium and plutonium data indicates that significant values of Spearmans correlation coefficient appears between 210Po and 239+240Pu (r = 0.55 in autumn and 0.77 in winter as well as 0.49 in all year), while statistical significant correlation between uranium and plutonium as well as uranium and polonium were not found. In the Odra drainage basin, ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Rapid Multisample Analysis for Simultaneous Determination of Anthropogenic Radionuclides in Marine Environment. AU - Qiao, Jixin. AU - Shi, Keliang. AU - Hou, Xiaolin. AU - Nielsen, Sven Poul. AU - Roos, Per. PY - 2014. Y1 - 2014. N2 - An automated multisample processing flow injection (FI) system was developed for simultaneous determination of technetium, neptunium, plutonium, and uranium in large volume (200 L) seawater. Ferrous hydroxide coprecipitation was used for the preliminary sample treatment providing the merit of simultaneous preconcentration of all target radionuclides. Technetium was separated from the actinides via valence control of technetium (as Tc(VII)) in a ferric hydroxide coprecipitation. A novel preseparation protocol between uranium and neptunium/plutonium fractions was developed based on the observation of nearly quantitative dissolution of uranium in 6 mol/L sodium hydroxide solution. Automated extraction (TEVA for technetium and UTEVA for uranium) and ...

Todays topic was suggested by American-in-Scotland @dialect and inspired by her (first?) visit to a UK dentist. And, actually, its rather a simple one. But just to make it more complicated, let me throw in a technical term Ive just learn{ed/t}: deciduous teeth. Americans tend to call them baby teeth, and the more common term for them in BrE is milk teeth. For those who like numbers, the Corpus of Contemporary American English has 100 baby tooth/baby teeth and 18 milk tooth/milk teeth. The British National Corpus (which is much smaller) has 15 milk tooth/teeth and 3 baby teeth (two of which should actually be Babyteeth the name of an album by Therapy?) and no baby tooth. When I was a child in the US, I only knew milk teeth as a term for kittens first teeth ...

Definition of milk tooth in the Financial Dictionary - by Free online English dictionary and encyclopedia. What is milk tooth? Meaning of milk tooth as a finance term. What does milk tooth mean in finance?

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A 38 North exclusive with analysis by Frank V. Pabian, Joseph S. Bermudez Jr. and Jack Liu.. Commercial satellite imagery from June 21 indicates that improvements to the infrastructure at North Koreas Yongbyon Nuclear Scientific Research Center are continuing at a rapid pace. Modifications to the 5 MWe plutonium production reactors cooling system appear complete, but a less-than-normal cooling water discharge from the outfall pipe makes a determination of the reactors operational status difficult. The status of the Radiochemical Laboratory-used to separate plutonium from spent fuel rods-remains uncertain, although the associated Thermal Plant has likely continued operations, and a small non-industrial building of an unknown purpose has been newly erected near the cooling tower. Construction continues on support facilities throughout other operational areas of Yongbyon, especially at the Experimental Light Water Reactor (ELWR), where the new engineering office building appears externally ...

After learning this past week that the Department of Energy had secretly shipped a thousand pounds of weapons-grade plutonium to the Nevada National Security Site in Nye County before the state had filed a federal lawsuit in November seeking to block such shipments, Democratic Gov. Steve Sisolak and the states entire Democratic delegation to D.C. flew into paroxysms of apoplexy, accusing the Trump administration of deception and dealing unfairly with the state.. Sisolak put out a statement declaring, I am beyond outraged by this completely unacceptable deception from the U.S. Department of Energy. The Department led the State of Nevada to believe that they were engaging in good-faith negotiations with us regarding a potential shipment of weapons-grade plutonium, only to reveal that those negotiations were a sham all along. They lied to the State of Nevada, misled a federal court, and jeopardized the safety of Nevadas families and environment.. Sen. Catherine Cortez Masto was similarly ...

Meet Pluto, the Elemental for Plutonium. This unfathomable burrowing wasps typical state is solid. Plutonium has 7 occupied electron shells and atomic mass of - available on MensPullover Hoody

Nuclear radiation does contain cancer-causing chemical isotopes, including iodine-131, cesium-137, strontium-90 and plutonium-239. Though plutonium remains in the environment for several thousand years, multiple studies have shown that significant radiation exposure - some reports say as much as 1,000 millisieverts - is required to increase the cancer incidence by even 5%. For the sake of comparison, a chest X-ray exposes a patient to 0.1 millisievert of radiation.. Read entire article here ...

Thank you for reading this Techdirt post. With so many things competing for everyones attention these days, we really appreciate you giving us your time. We work hard every day to put quality content out there for our community.. Techdirt is one of the few remaining truly independent media outlets. We do not have a giant corporation behind us, and we rely heavily on our community to support us, in an age when advertisers are increasingly uninterested in sponsoring small, independent sites - especially a site like ours that is unwilling to pull punches in its reporting and analysis.. While other websites have resorted to paywalls, registration requirements, and increasingly annoying/intrusive advertising, we have always kept Techdirt open and available to anyone. But in order to continue doing so, we need your support. We offer a variety of ways for our readers to support us, from direct donations to special subscriptions and cool merchandise - and every little bit helps. Thank you ...

The tandem gene clusters orfR-ombB-omaB-omcB and orfS-ombC-omaC-omcC of the metal-reducing bacterium Geobacter sulfurreducens PCA are responsible for trans-outer membrane electron transfer during extracellular reduction of Fe(III)-citrate and ferrihydrite [a poorly crystalline Fe(III) oxide]. Each gene cluster encodes a putative transcriptional factor (OrfR/OrfS), a porin-like outer-membrane protein (OmbB/OmbC), a periplasmic c-type cytochrome (c-Cyt, OmaB/OmaC) and an outer-membrane c-Cyt (OmcB/OmcC). The individual roles of OmbB, OmaB and OmcB in extracellular reduction of Fe(III), however, have remained either uninvestigated or controversial. Here, we showed that replacements of ombB, omaB, omcB and ombB-omaB with an antibiotic gene in the presence of ombC-omaC-omcC had no impact on reduction of Fe(III)-citrate by G. sulfurreducens PCA. Disruption of ombB, omaB, omcB and ombB-omaB in the absence of ombC-omaC-omcC, however, severely impaired the bacterial ability to reduce Fe(III)-citrate as ...

After the disaster of Fukushima, several nations, including Germany, abandoned nuclear generation because of its dangers. But 13 nations are now constructing new power reactors. The problem is that the refinement of nuclear reactor fuel, if carried further, becomes weapons grade highly enriched uranium. The operation of nuclear plants results in the byproduct of plutonium, which also can be used to make a bomb.. Since 1970, the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) has succeeded in slowing the proliferation of nuclear weapons. The original deal was that the nuclear weapons states would work at abolishing their weapons, while the nuclear weapons-free states would refrain from obtaining them. However, the weapons-free states are growing increasingly impatient with the deal, as they realize that they are endangered and that the nuclear weapons states are making little progress toward abolition. Since 9/11/01 the United States has been following a policy of expanding its influence through military bases ...

American chemical company Dow produced napalm, a chemical that clung to the skin and melted flesh, for the U.S. government during the Vietnam War. After public protests of napalm, all other companies making it stopped production, leaving Dow to reap the profits as the sole provider. Dow managed a nuclear weapons production facility from 1951 to 1975 near Denver, Colorado called Rocky Flats Plant that was involved in multiple management problems leading to radioactive leaks and contamination fires. Thousands of plant workers have died or are sick from cancers they say are caused by radiation exposure and most have had their compensation claims denied. Dow was ordered in 2008 to pay $925 million in damages to 12,000 homeowners who live downwind of the plant for plutonium contamination, but in September 2010, an appeals court threw out the award. Dow and the other company involved were indemnified by the U.S. government in the case, meaning taxpayers would have paid any judgment along with the ...

You dont understand internal emitters. I was commissioned to write an article for the New England Journal of Medicine about the dangers of nuclear power. I spent a year researching it. Youve bought the propaganda from the nuclear industry. They say its low-level radiation. Thats absolute rubbish. If you inhale a millionth of a gram of plutonium, the surrounding cells receive a very, very high dose. Most die within that area, because its an alpha emitter. The cells on the periphery remain viable. They mutate, and the regulatory genes are damaged. Years later, that person develops cancer. Now, thats true for radioactive iodine, that goes to the thyroid; cesium-137, that goes to the brain and muscles; strontium-90 goes to bone, causing bone cancer and leukemia. Its imperative … that you understand internal emitters and radiation, and its not low level to the cells that are exposed. Radiobiology is imperative to understand these days. ...

Our current source of helium is the alpha decay of uranium and its daughter radioisotopes in the rocks of oil and gas fields (Compound the error, Letters, 26 January, and For He, just add electrons, 2 February). Renewing this source takes millions of years. Nuclear fusion is currently a poor method for making helium on Earth, but the alpha-emitting material (plutonium and minor actinides) produced in the current generation of fission reactors does emit the element.. My calculations suggest that one tonne of used reactor fuel would form enough helium to yield about 2ml of liquid helium a month. However, I suspect that the cost of collecting and purifying it away from the spent fuel would be exceptionally high.. One super-rare form of helium (helium-3) is typically made by man rather than nature: it is formed by the beta decay of tritium. Tritium (half-life 12 years) forms the very rare and non-radioactive helium-3, which can be separated from tritium gas.. In the past a great deal of tritium ...

To further complicate the issue, different radioisotopes give off different kinds of radiation-alpha, beta, gamma, X ray, or neutron emissions-all of which behave differently. Alpha emitters, such as plutonium and radon, are intensely ionizing but dont penetrate very far and generally cant get through the dead layers of cells covering skin. But when they are inhaled from the air or ingested from radiation-contaminated food or water, they emit high-energy particles that can do serious damage to the cells of sensitive internal soft tissues and organs. The lighter, faster-moving beta particles can penetrate far more deeply than alpha particles, though sheets of metal and heavy clothing can block them. Beta particles are also very dangerous when inhaled or ingested. Strontium-90 and tritium, a radioactive form of hydrogen, are both beta emitters. Gamma radiation is a form of electromagnetic energy like X rays, and it passes through clothing and skin straight into the body. A one-inch shield of ...

The Hanford Nuclear Reservation is located on the 1,243-mile-long Columbia River and sits upstream from drinking water facilities for the Washington Tri-Cities area, tribal lands and many other towns and cities before it empties into the Pacific Ocean.. Built in 1943, this facility is home to the first plutonium production reactor. Hanford is responsible for having manufactured the material used in the first atomic bombs, including the bomb that killed and poisoned scores of thousands in Nagasaki, Japan, on Aug. 9, 1945.. An environmental remediation legal structure called the Tri-Party Agreement governs the cleanup efforts by the Environmental Protection Agency, Washington Department of Ecology, and the U.S. Department of Energy. Bechtel, a construction and engineering firm, is currently overseeing the construction of a vitrification plant that will stabilize the worst of the radioactive materials with glass. Added to the Superfund list in 1989, the cleanup of Hanford is woefully behind its ...

A new nuclear fuel cycle providing acceptable and reliable back-end solutions will be essential to sustain dynamic growth in global nuclear energy, Liudmila Zalimskaya, general director of JSC Tenex, told the World Nuclear Association's Symposium in London last week. Proposed approaches centre on reprocessing and recycling of used fuel, allowing uranium and plutonium resources to be used to their fullest extent while reducing the amounts of waste for disposal. Tenex is the nuclear fuel cycle product supplier subsidiary of Russian state nuclear corporation Rosatom.

The biggest long term killer is radiation and the time has come to ban all nuclear weapons including all weapons using radioactive materials especially depleted uranium, uranium alloys and plutonium from both nuclear and conventional weapons and testing of nuclear weapons as the devastating, lethal and very evil effects have been well known for decades.. The potential rewards for the ruling elite gaining total control of Africa and all its resources are vast as Africa is the worlds 2nd largest continent with Antarctica (previously called Atlantis) being the biggest.. Africa is being depopulated by poverty, war, vaccines, environmental pollution, famine and disease and now it is subject to new imperialism by the ruling elite of the New World Order using banks, countries and corporations to buy up vast areas of land to obtain oil, natural gas, coal, precious minerals and minerals, gem stones, agricultural land, water and livestock.. Another related story to the article is that of apartheid South ...

But its the treatys purpose with respect to the US nuclear weapons establishment that is most problematic. Most nuclear abolitionists have been blind to this angle because of their fixation on idealistic rhetoric, rather than their sober concern with the material conditions of things as they play out on the ground. The sad fact is that the New START, if it is to be ratified by the US Senate, and this is a big if, will come only after the investment of many billions of dollars into the US nuclear weapons complex. This investment is specifically for the construction of massive plutonium and uranium processing and manufacturing facilities. Reinvestment in the complex has already been promised by the Obama administration with its $5 billion dollar increase for the National Nuclear Security Administrations budget over the next five years, expressly for the construction of the CMRR at Los Alamos, NM, and UPF at Oak Ridge, TN. Having traded all of this away already, it would appear that pro-nuclear ...

In The New York Times Book Review, published in 1982, the historian Blanche Wiesen Cook wrote of the plight of the atomic veterans as documented in Countdown Zero by Thomas H. Sadder and Orville E. Kelly. What the military men experienced as they were stationed as close as four miles from nuclear test shots -- fallout like ash that burned holes in their uniforms -- is explained in the Chernobyl book. The Chernobyl fallout was made up of hot particles formed when the reactor exploded, releasing not only radioactive gases and aerosols but also particles of uranium fuel fused with metal from the reactor body, soil, and other radionuclides, including plutonium. Absorbed into the body with food, water and inhaled air, such particles generate high does of radiation to tissue even if an individual is in an area of low contamination. Fine particles penetrate the lungs, while larger ones cause throat and upper respiratory damage. Hot particles settled upon soil and plants and the cycle of absorption ...

Uranium adalah suatu unsur kimia dalam tabel periodik yang memiliki lambang U dan nomor atom 92. Ia merupakan logam putih keperakan yang termasuk dalam deret aktinida di dalam tabel periodik. Uranium memiliki 92 proton dan 92 elektron, dengan elektron valensi 6. Inti uranium mengikat sebanyak 141 sampai dengan 146 neutron, sehingganya terdapat 6 isotop uranium. Isotop yang paling umum adalah uranium-238 (146 neutron) dan uranium-235 (143 neutron). Semua isotop uranium tidak stabil dan bersifat radioaktif lemah. Uranium memiliki bobot atom terberat kedua (setelah plutonium) di antara semua unsur-unsur kimia yang dapat ditemukan secara alami.[2] Massa jenis uranium kira-kira 70% lebih besar daripada timbal, namun tidaklah sepadat emas ataupun tungsten. Uranium dapat ditemukan secara alami dalam konsentrasi rendah (beberapa bagian per juta (ppm)) dalam tanah, bebatuan, dan air. Uranium yang dapat dijumpai secara alami adalah uranium-238 (99,2739-99,2752%), uranium-235 (0,7198-0,7202%), dan ...

Theres been an ever increasing number of reports about mysterious radioactive spikes observed across Europe. However, no official announcement has been made by any of the EU states, as officials are trying to downplay these reports as if they were mere allegations.. As its been noted by the Independent, Iodine-131 is a man-made radioactive material that is being found in small amounts across the continent. It was found in northern Norway early in January, but has been gradually moving across the rest of Europe ever since.. This radionuclide is among the main elements produced during nuclear fission, when uranium or plutonium is used as a fuel. High concentration levels of this radioisotope of iodine have been registered during nuclear tests and after the Chernobyl nuclear disaster.. According to Superstation95, lately the concentration of Iodine-131 in the air over Nordic countries has been 4 times higher than normal. Traces of this radionuclide were found in Finland, Poland, Czech Republic, ...

Facilities includes a Miniaturized Neutron Source Reactor [MNSR] research reactor of Chinese origin with a capacity of 27 kilowatt thermal (kWt). China and Iran signed a nuclear cooperation agreement on 21 January 1990 that reportedly included the construction of a 27 MW plutonium production reactor at Isfahan. In September 1991 American satellite imagery reportedly detected initial construction activities. The open literature is rather confused as to whether the facility in question was a new 27 MW reactor, or the 27 KW miniature neutron source. Preparatory steps were taken in the mid-1990s to bring the reactor on line, although the reactor remained incomplete as of 1997. A Chinese-supplied heavy-water, zero-power research reactor is also located at the Center. Other extensive construction activity is in progress at the center, although there contradictory reports as to whether the new buildings are designed for nuclear weapons technologies. Construction at the site is said to include a ...

Sweden began research into nuclear energy in 1947 with the establishment of the Atomic Energy Company, which originated in the ongoing military research and development at the Defence Institute FOA.[4] In 1954, the country built its first small research heavy water reactor. It was followed by two heavy water reactors: Ågesta, a small heat and power reactor in 1964, and Marviken which was finished but never operated, due to several safety issues.[5] On 1 May 1969, the prototype nuclear cogeneration plant Ågestaverket (R3) suffered an incident in which secondary cooling water flooded through a broken valve and caused a number of electrical problems in the plant, resulting in a 4-day shutdown.[6] R1, R3, and particularly the never finished R4 project at Marviken were heavy water reactors, motivated by the option to use Swedish uranium without isotope enrichment and by the possibility to use the reactors to produce weapons grade plutonium for Swedish nuclear warheads. The Swedish nuclear weapons ...

North Korean officials claim they have weaponized their stockpile of plutonium, a U.S. scholar said Saturday, in a development that could severely complicate talks to end the regime's nuclear weapons program. Selig Harrison, speaking to reporters after he arrived in Beijing from Pyongyang, the North Korean capital, said the North Koreans had hardened their negotiating positions considerably and that the prospects for president-elect Barack Obama to make a breakthrough in negotiations were gloomy.