Plastids are sites for carotenoid deposition and biosynthesis, but detailed details on fruits plastid development and its relation to carotenoid accumulation remains largely unclear. or a different mechanisms remains to be resolved. Furthermore, some important details concerning the conversion of chloroplasts Topotecan HCl to chromoplasts, such as the changes in number and size, are lacking. Loquat (tomato mutant fruit [22]. Besides the above-described differences in the size of plastids between stages, differences were also observed between cell types and cultivars. Chromoplasts from LYQ peel cells are bigger by about one-fold in terms of Topotecan HCl area than those from flesh cells, and plastids from LYQ peel cells are bigger than those from BS, with the average area for a single plastid around 10 m2 and 6 m2, respectively (Physique 4D). 2.3. Plastid Differentiation and the Relationship between Carotenoid Accumulation and Plastid Development during Loquat Fruit Ripening Plastids are the main ...

BackgroundDiatoms are unicellular algae responsible for approximately 20% of global carbon fixation. Their evolution by secondary endocytobiosis resulted in a complex cellular structure and metabolism compared to algae with primary plastids.Methodology/Principal FindingsThe whole genome sequence of the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum has recently been completed. We identified and annotated genes for enzymes involved in carbohydrate pathways based on extensive EST support and comparison to the whole genome sequence of a second diatom, Thalassiosira pseudonana. Protein localization to mitochondria was predicted based on identified similarities to mitochondrial localization motifs in other eukaryotes, whereas protein localization to plastids was based on the presence of signal peptide motifs in combination with plastid localization motifs previously shown to be required in diatoms. We identified genes potentially involved in a C4-like photosynthesis in P. tricornutum and, on the basis of sequence-based

A cDNA encoding the plastid ω-3 fatty acid desaturase was isolated from a tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv. SR1) leaf cDNA library. The amino terminal extension of the deduced amino acid sequence of this clone had a characteristic feature of the transit peptides of plastid-destined proteins. Northern analysis indicated that the mRNA corresponding to this cDNA was present in leaves, but was not detected in roots. Responses to wounding of the plastid and microsome ω-3 desaturase genes were investigated in tobacco leaves. The mRNA level of the plastid ω-3 desaturase gene increased to about 2-fold that of unwounded controls at 12 h after a wounding treatment. On the other hand, the mRNA level of the microsome ω-3 desaturase gene remained constant in the wounded leaves. Linolenic acid contents of major leaf polar lipids increased by wounding. These results indicate that wounding enhances the accumulation of the plastid ω-3 desaturase mRNA, and increases the conversion of linoleic acid to linolenic ...

Most apicomplexan parasites harbor a relict chloroplast, the apicoplast, that is critical for their survival. While the apicoplast maintains a small genome, the bulk of its proteins are nuclear-encoded and imported into the organelle. Several models have been proposed to explain how proteins might cross the four membranes that surround the apicoplast, however experimental data discriminating these models is largely missing. Here we present genetic evidence that apicoplast protein import depends on elements derived from the ER associated protein degradation (ERAD) system of the endosymbiont. We identify two sets of ERAD components in Toxoplasma gondii, one associated with the ER and cytoplasm and one localized to the membranes of the apicoplast. We engineer a conditional null mutant in apicoplast Der1, the putative pore of the apicoplast ERAD complex, and find that loss of Der1Ap results in loss of apicoplast protein import and subsequent death of the parasite ...

The data provide two examples of cross talk between plastids and mitochondria. First, silencing mitochondrial ISE1 reduces the redox state of plastids. Second, paraquat induces an oxidative shift in both chloroplasts and mitochondria, which negatively regulates intercellular transport via PD. Because salicylhydroxamic acid induces oxidative shifts in mitochondria, leading to increased PD transport, the paraquat-induced oxidative shift in chloroplasts must override mitochondrial oxidative shifts. These data are supported by independent microarray studies of ise1 and ise2 mutants, demonstrating that loss of either ISE1 or ISE2 function has numerous common effects in plastid-targeted gene expression (including down-regulation of ISE2 transcription) but little common impact on mitochondria-targeted gene expression (Burch-Smith et al., 2011a). Note further that plastid and mitochondrial retrograde signaling to the nucleus can both be initiated by changes in the redox state of these organelles ...

The new study at UFs Florida Museum of Natural History analyzed 86 complete plastid genome sequences from a wide range of plant species. Plastids are the plant cell component responsible for photosynthesis.. Previous genetic analyses of Pentapetalae failed to untangle the relationships among living species, suggesting that the plants diverged rapidly over 5 million years. Researchers selected genomes to sequence based on their best guess of genetic relationships from the previous sequencing work.. Genome sequencing is more time-consuming for plants than animals because plastid DNA is about 10 times larger than the mitochondrial DNA used in studying animal genomes. But continual improvements in DNA sequencing technology are now allowing researchers to analyze those larger amounts of data more quickly.. The study provides an important framework for further investigating evolutionary relationships by providing a much clearer picture of the deep divergence that led to the split within flowering ...

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This study reveals light-dependent associations of PEP and pTAC3 with chloroplast DNA in vivo using cpChIP assays. ChIP assays have been widely used to detect specific binding sites for transcription factors (29), distribution patterns of several modified histones (30), and trafficking of RNAP and its associated proteins on genomic DNA (31). In chloroplasts, a few studies have shown the association of endogenous (Whirly1) and recombinant (LacI) transcription factors with chloroplast promoters in vivo by using ChIP assays (32, 33). However, in vivo dynamics of chloroplast RNA polymerases and/or their associated proteins have not been directly characterized experimentally. Unlike cyanobacteria, the chloroplasts of higher plants have two types of RNA polymerase, PEP and NEP. Transcriptome analyses of PEP- or NEP-deficient mutants and in vitro transcription analyses using isolated PEP and NEP have shown that PEP and NEP preferentially initiate transcription from bacterial-type and phage-type ...

The origin of energy-conserving organelles, the mitochondria of all aerobic eukaryotes and the plastids of plants and algae, is commonly thought to be the result of endosymbiosis, where a primitive eukaryote engulfed a respiring α-proteobacterium or a phototrophic cyanobacterium, respectively. While present-day heterotrophic protists can serve as a model for the host in plastid endosymbiosis, the situation is more difficult with regard to (the preceding) mitochondrial origin: Two chapters describe these processes and theories and inherent controversies. However, the emphasis is placed on the evolution of phototrophic eukaryotes: Here, intermediate stages can be studied and the enormous diversity of algal species can be explained by multiple secondary and tertiary (eukaryote-eukaryote) endosymbioses superimposed to the single primary endosymbiotic event. Steps crucial for the establishment of a stable, mutualistic relationship between host and endosymbiont, as metabolic symbiosis, recruitment of ...

Abstract Background Starch is the main source of carbon storage in the Archaeplastida. The starch biosynthesis pathway (sbp) emerged from cytosolic glycogen metabolism shortly after plastid endosymbiosis and was redirected to the plastid stroma during the green lineage divergence. The SBP is a complex network of genes, most of which are members of large multigene families. While some gene duplications occurred in the Archaeplastida ancestor, most were generated during the sbp redirection process, and the remaining few paralogs were generated through compartmentalization or tissue specialization during the evolution of the land plants. In the present study, we tested models of duplicated gene evolution in order to understand the evolutionary forces that have led to the development of SBP in angiosperms. We combined phylogenetic analyses and tests on the rates of evolution along branches emerging from major duplication events in six gene families encoding sbp enzymes. Results We found evidence of ...

Plants possess acclimation responses in which structural reconfigurations adapt the photosynthetic apparatus to fluctuating illumination. Long-term acclimation involves changes in plastid and nuclear gene expression and is controlled by redox signals from photosynthesis. The kinetics of these signals and the adjustments of energetic and metabolic demands to the changes in the photosynthetic apparatus are currently poorly understood. Using a redox signaling system that preferentially excites either photosystem I or II, we measured the time-dependent impact of redox signals on the transcriptome and metabolome of Arabidopsis thaliana. We observed rapid and dynamic changes in nuclear transcript accumulation resulting in differential and specific expression patterns for genes associated with photosynthesis and metabolism. Metabolite pools also exhibited dynamic changes and indicate readjustments between distinct metabolic states depending on the respective illumination. These states reflect ...

Diatoms show a special organisation of their plastid membranes, such that their thylakoids span the entire plastid in bands of three. While in higher plants the interaction of the light harvesting complex II and photosystem II with divalent cations (especially Mg2+) was found to take part in the interplay of electrostatic attraction and repulsion in grana membrane appression, for diatoms the key p ...

Investigation of the chlorophyll synthesis in plastid membranes:. The initial enzyme to start the synthesis of chlorophyll in light is NADPH-protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (EC 1.3.1.33, POR). The group has studied the aggregation state of the POR, its localization in the lipid phase of the membranes and the enzyme conformational changes after irradiation, by energy transfer from tryptophan residues of membrane proteins to the fluorescence probes 1-aniline-8-naphthalene sulfonate (ANS) and pyrene. The membranes investigated were those accumulated in dark-grown wheat leaves - prolamellar bodies (PLBs) and prothylakoids (PTs). Changes in protein - probe interactions of the PLBs after irradiation has shown that POR is localized close to the membrane surface, most probably on the level of lipid polar heads. This supports the idea that the enzyme is not an integral membrane protein and is most probably localized on the membrane surface.. Photodynamic effect of pigment precursor in plants:. Some ...

The term evolutionary tinkering refers to evolutionary innovation by recombination of functional units, and includes the creation of novel proteins from pre-existing modules. A novel instance of evolutionary tinkering was recently discovered in the flowering plant genus Nicotiana: the conversion of a nuclear transcription factor into the plastid-resident protein WIN4 (wound-induced clone 4) involved in environmental stress responses. In this issue of the Biochemical Journal, Kodama and Sano now show that two steps are necessary for the establishment of the novel plastid protein: the acquisition of an internal translation initiation site and the use of multiple transcription starts to produce short mRNA variants that encode the plastid-targeted protein form. ...

Chloroplasts contain 3000-4000 different proteins but only a small subset of them is encoded in the plastid genome while the majority is encoded in the nucleus. Expression of these genes therefore requires a high degree of co-ordination between nucleus and chloroplast. This is achieved by a bilateral information exchange between both compartments including nucleus-to-plastid (anterograde) and plastid-to-nucleus (retrograde) signals. The latter represent a functional feedback control which couples the expression of nuclear encoded plastid proteins to the actual functional state of the organelle. The efficiency of photosynthesis is a very important parameter in this context since it is influenced by many environmental conditions and therefore represents a sensor for the residing environment. Components of the photosynthetic electron transport chain exhibit significant changes in their reduction/oxidation (redox) state depending on the photosynthetic electron flow and therefore serve as signalling ...

Chloroplasts contain 3000-4000 different proteins but only a small subset of them is encoded in the plastid genome while the majority is encoded in the nucleus. Expression of these genes therefore requires a high degree of co-ordination between nucleus and chloroplast. This is achieved by a bilateral information exchange between both compartments including nucleus-to-plastid (anterograde) and plastid-to-nucleus (retrograde) signals. The latter represent a functional feedback control which couples the expression of nuclear encoded plastid proteins to the actual functional state of the organelle. The efficiency of photosynthesis is a very important parameter in this context since it is influenced by many environmental conditions and therefore represents a sensor for the residing environment. Components of the photosynthetic electron transport chain exhibit significant changes in their reduction/oxidation (redox) state depending on the photosynthetic electron flow and therefore serve as signalling ...

The results we have shown here and in a previous report (Sauret-Güeto et al., 2006) confirm a strong and specific influence of plastid cues in the regulation of the MEP pathway for isoprenoid biosynthesis. Evidence provided in this work unveils a mechanism for such regulation involving the participation of the plastidic Clp protease complex. Impaired expression of the plastid genome in rif1, rif10, and CAP-treated Col seedlings unexpectedly resulted in increased levels of the plastome-encoded ClpP1 subunit of the catalytic ClpPR core of the complex (Figure 7). It is possible that ClpP1 levels are modulated not only by their biosynthetic rate but also by a regulatory feedback mechanism at the posttranslational level. As a result, a defective production of ClpP1 in the first stages of plastid development might result in an altered proportion of subunits within the ClpPR core and an insufficient Clp protease activity, which in turn might lead to the observed upregulation of ClpP1 levels as a ...

Most heterokonts are biflagellated at some stage of their life cycles, usually at least as gametes. The two flagella are structurally distinct, the leading-end flagella (tinsel) being branched, the lateral or subapical flagellum is smooth and shorter or even rudimentary. Their plastid envelops consist of 4 membrane layers. The innermost 2 layers are derived from the original cyanobacterial endosymbiont. The next layer is the relic of the cell membrane of the red alga from which the stramenopilie acquired the plastid by seconadry endosymbiosis. The outermost layer is actually the host endoplasmic reticulum, inside of which the plastids reside.. Diatoms are the most familiar members of this group, and are perhaps the most abundant and diverse as well. By some estimates, they may be responsible for up to half of marine primary production. Most are unicellular. Gametes are flagellated, but diploids are non-motile or motile by gliding, and are encased in a intricate 2-part silica (glass) shells. ...

Pathways of intracellular communication: tetrapyrroles and plastid-to-nucleus signaling. Checkpoint signaling: epigenetic events sound the DNA strand-breaks alarm to the ATM proein kinase

The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain. This section includes genomic Reference Sequences (RefSeqs) from all assemblies on which this gene is annotated, such as RefSeqs for chromosomes and scaffolds (contigs) from both reference and alternate assemblies. Model RNAs and proteins are also reported here.. ...

The sources of carbon and reducing power for fatty acid synthesis in the heterotrophic plastids of developing sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) embryos ...

Walczak M, Ganesan SM, Niles JC, Yeh E. (2017) ATG8 is essential specifically for an autophagy-independent function in apicoplast biogenesis in blood-stage malaria parasites. mBio (In press). Gisselberg JE, Herrera Z, Altenhofen L, Llinas M, Yeh E. (2017) Specific inhibition of the bifunctional farnesyl/geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase in malaria parasites via a new small molecule binding site. Cell Chemical Biology (In press) (Preprint) Amberg-Johnson K, Hari SB, Ganesan SM, Lorenzi HA, Sauer RT, Niles JC, Yeh E. (2017) Small molecule inhibition of apicomplexan FtsH1 disrupts plastid biogenesis in human pathogens. eLife. doi: 10.7554/eLife.29865 (PubMed) (PDF). Gisselberg JE, Zhang L, Elias JE, and Yeh E. The prenylated proteome of Plasmodium reveals pathogen-specific prenylation. Mol Cell Proteomics. 2016 Dec. doi: 10.1074/mcp.M116.064550. (PubMed) (PDF). Wu W, Herrera Z, Ebert D, Baska K, DeRisi JL, Yeh E (2014) A chemical rescue screen identifies a Plasmodium falciparum apicoplast ...

Nuclear DNA is the DNA inside the cell nucleus of eukaryotic cells. This DNA is a double helix, with two strands wound around each other. This double helix structure was first described by Francis Crick and James D. Watson in 1953.[1]. This DNA is different from the DNA in bacteria, mitochondria and plastids such as chloroplasts. Nuclear DNA is very long, and is bound up in chromosomes which, apart from the DNA, are protein structures. The second difference is that each eukaryote cell has two sets of DNA, one set from each parent: it is diploid. Mitochondrial and plastid DNA is relatively short, is in a circle, and there is only one set (haploid), not two.[2] It is supposed that these organelles were once independent bacteria (see endosymbiosis). The consequence of nuclear DNA being double is highly important. The genes in mitochondria and plastids only change when a mutation happens. Nuclear DNA gets shuffled by the cell division known as meiosis, part of sexual reproduction. This leads to a ...

Related Articles Strategies for complete plastid genome sequencing. Mol Ecol Resour. 2017 Sep;17(5):858-868 Authors: Twyford AD, Ness RW Abstract Plastid sequencing is an essential tool in the study of plant evolution. This high-copy organelle is […]. ...

The aquatic plant genus Ruppia (Ruppiaceae) comprises eight species mainly in coastal brackish areas of the world. While the known taxa of Ruppia thus far generally had either four- or eight-carpelled flowers, our recent Ruppia collection from Western Cape, South Africa showed flowers with only two carpels. This characteristic morphological evidence, together with elongated coiled peduncles, implied either: i) extensive morphological variation of the cosmopolitan R. cirrhosa; or ii) the occurrence of a new species in the genus. We tested these alternative hypotheses of the bicarpellate Ruppia taxon in a phylogenetic framework. Sequence data from four plastid DNA regions and nuclear phyB were analyzed using maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian inference. We obtained moderately to highly resolved phytogenies with both data sets. The collection from Western Cape showed unique DNA sequences which were, in both plastid and nuclear phylogenetic trees, placed as sister to the rest of the ...

Im trying to find out how to describe the structure of a chromoplast for a biochemistry lab. Ive found plenty of information on chloroplasts, and I would assume their structure would be similar to that of a chromoplast, just with different pigments. However, I havent been able to find any information to back that up. Most pages simply describe the function of a chromoplast, and though Ive asked a few tutors, none of them seem to know how a chromoplast is structured ...

Pyruvate serves as a metabolic precursor for many plastid-localized biosynthetic pathways, such as those for fatty acids, terpenoids and branched-chain amino acids. In spite of the importance of pyruvate uptake into plastids (organelles within cells of plants and algae), the molecular mechanisms of …

Crosstalk, crosstalk- its a word that keeps coming up. Indeed, and perhaps not surprisingly, plant hormone signaling pathways all seem to affect each other to…

Motility Control of Symbionts and Organelles by the Eukaryotic Cell. Guglielmo Militello. Tuesday 29 at 11:30 (Centro Carlos Santamaria B14). Motility occupies a decisive role in an organisms ability to autonomously interact with its environment. However, collective biological organizations exhibit individual parts, which have temporally or definitively lost their motor capacities, but still able to autonomously interact with their host. Indeed, although the flagella of bacterial symbionts of eukaryotic cells are usually inhibited or lost, they autonomously modify the environment provided by their host. Furthermore, the eukaryotic organelles of endosymbiotic origin (i.e., mitochondria and plastids) are no longer able to move autonomously; nonetheless, they make a cytoskeletal-driven motion that allows them to communicate with other eukaryotic cells and to perform a considerable number of physiological functions. The purpose of this article is twofold: first, to investigate how changes in the ...

Wong, S.Y., Boyce, P.C., Sofiman Othman, A. & Leaw, C. 2010: Molecular phylogeny of tribe Schismatoglottideae (Araceae) based on two plastid markers and recognition of a new tribe, Philonotieae, from the neotropics. Taxon 59(1): 117-124. doi: 10.1002/tax.614005 JSTOR ResearchGate Reference page ...

Wong, S.Y., Boyce, P.C., Sofiman Othman, A. & Leaw, C. 2010: Molecular phylogeny of tribe Schismatoglottideae (Araceae) based on two plastid markers and recognition of a new tribe, Philonotieae, from the neotropics. Taxon 59(1): 117-124. DOI: 10.1002/tax.614005 JSTOR ResearchGate ...

Different studies concerning starch metabolism in potato and tomato have suggested that AGPase activity plays an important role in regulation (Geigenberger et al., 1999; Sweetlove et al., 1999; Geigenberger, 2011). AGPase activity is known to be modulated via several different mechanisms. AGPase is sensitive to allosteric regulation, being inhibited by inorganic phosphate and activated by 3-phosphoglycerate (3PGA; Sowokinos, 1981; Sowokinos and Preiss, 1982). Additionally, it has been demonstrated to be transcriptionally regulated by sugars, nitrate, phosphate, and trehalose-6-phosphate (Müller-Röber et al., 1990; Nielsen et al., 1998; Kolbe et al., 2005; Michalska et al., 2009). Moreover, it has been described that AGPase is also redox regulated (Tiessen et al., 2002; Centeno et al., 2011), with malic acid potentially being a key component in this process at least in photosynthetically active tissues (Szecowka et al., 2012).. In tomato, as previously mentioned, a differential regulation of ...

Mitochondria The Mitochondrion (singular form of mitochondria) is often described as the powerhouse of the cell. Mitochondria are organelles that are essential

T-cell therapies are not just for cancer. Researchers are also advancing immunotherapy methods to protect bone marrow transplant patients from viral infections. 0 Comments. ...

The cells of the mammalian immune system do more than just fight off pathogens; they are also important players in stem cell function and are thus crucial for maintaining homeostasis and recovering from injury.. 0 Comments. ...

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Pro)renin receptor ((P)RR) is a multi-functional molecule thats related to both renin-angiotensin program (RAS) and vacuolar H+-ATPase (v-ATPase), an ATP-dependent multi-subunit proton pump. hypothesize that hypoxia and following oxidative stress, in the brain perhaps, may be among the elements that elevate plasma s(P)RR amounts in OSAS. gene leads to loss-of-function of v-ATPase, impaired cell and […]. ...

Expression of most plastid genes involves multiple post-transcriptional processing events, such as splicing, editing, and intercistronic processing. The latter involves the formation of mono-, di-, an

Krech, K.; Fu, H.-Y.; Thiele, W.; Ruf, S.; Schöttler, M. A.; Bock, R.: Reverse genetics in complex multigene operons by co-transformation of the plastid genome and its application to the open reading frame previously designated psbN. The Plant Journal 75 (6), pp. 1062 - 1074 (2013 ...

Osorio, S.; Vallarino, J. G.; Szecowka, M.; Ufaz, S.; Tzin, V.; Angelovici, R.; Galili, G.; Fernie, A. R.: Alteration of the interconversion of pyruvate and malate in the plastid or cytosol of ripening tomato fruit invokes diverse consequences on sugar but similar effects on cellular organic Acid, metabolism, and transitory starch accumulation. Plant Physiology 161 (2), S. 628 - 643 (2013 ...

(figure) Table 10.3 Plants are unique in having genomes in three cellular com-partments: the nucleus, plastids and mitochondria. Most DNA and hence most of the genes, an estimated 30 000 in higher plants, reside in the nucleus.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle within a cell. An organelle is an organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. Excludes the plasma membrane. [GOC:mah]. ...

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an organelle. An organelle is an organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. Excludes the plasma membrane. [GOC:mah]. ...

AYYUB Muhammad , ANWAR Masood , ALI Waqar , QAZI B. M. International journal of hematology 80(2), 197-198, 2004-08-15 医中誌Web 参考文献6件 ...

Heterokont algae, together with cryptophytes, haptophytes and some alveolates, possess red-algal derived plastids. The chromalveolate hypothesis proposes that the red-algal derived plastids of all four groups have a monophyletic origin resulting from a single secondary endosymbiotic event. However, due to incongruence between nuclear and plastid phylogenies, this controversial hypothesis remains under debate. Large-scale genomic analyses have shown to be a powerful tool for phylogenetic reconstruction but insufficient sequence data have been available for red-algal derived plastid genomes. The chloroplast genomes of two brown algae, Ectocarpus siliculosus and Fucus vesiculosus, have been fully sequenced. These species represent two distinct orders of the Phaeophyceae, which is a major group within the heterokont lineage. The sizes of the circular plastid genomes are 139,954 and 124,986 base pairs, respectively, the size difference being due principally to the presence of longer inverted repeat and

Plant cotyledons are a tissue that is particularly active in plastid gene expression in order to develop functional chloroplasts from pro-plastids, the plastid precursor stage in plant embryos. Cotyledons, therefore, represent a material being ideal for the study of composition, function and regulation of protein complexes involved in plastid gene expression. Here, we present a pilot study that uses heparin-Sepharose and phospho-cellulose chromatography in combination with isoelectric focussing and denaturing SDS gel electrophoresis (two-dimensional gel electrophoresis) for investigating the nucleotide binding proteome of mustard chloroplasts purified from cotyledons. We describe the technical requirements for a highly resolved biochemical purification of several hundreds of protein spots obtained from such samples. Subsequent mass spectrometry of peptides isolated out of cut spots that had been treated with trypsin identified 58 different proteins within 180 distinct spots. Our analyses indicate a high

TY - JOUR. T1 - Changes in the distribution of plastids and endoplasmic reticulum during cellular differentiation in root caps of Zea mays. AU - Moore, R.. AU - Mcclelen, C. E.. N1 - Funding Information: This research was supported by grants from the University Research Committee of Baylor University and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).. PY - 1985/7. Y1 - 1985/7. N2 - In calyptrogen cells of Zea mays, proplastids are distributed randomly throughout the cell, and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is distributed parallel to the cell walls. The differentiation of calyptrogen cells into columella statocytes is characterized by the following sequential events: (1) formation of ER complexes at the distal and proximal ends of the cell, (2) differentiation of proplastids into amyloplasts, (3) sedimentation of amyloplasts onto the distal ER complex, (4) breakdown of the distal ER complex and sedimentation of amyloplasts to the bottom of the cell, and (5) formation of sheets of ER ...

Cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) lines in maize have been classified by their response to specific restorer genes into three categories: cms-C, cms-S, and cms-T. A mitochondrial genome representing each of the CMS cytotypes has been sequenced and male sterility in the cms-S and cms-T cytotypes is linked to chimeric mitochondrial genes. To identify markers for plastid genotyping, we sequenced the plastid genomes (ptDNA) of three fertile maize lines (B37, B73, A188) and the B37 cms-C, cms-S, and cms-T cytoplasmic substitution lines. We found that the plastid genomes of B37 and B73 lines are identical. Furthermore, the fertile and CMS plastid genomes are conserved, differing only by 0-3 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in coding regions and 8-22 SNPs and 10-21 short insertions/deletions in noncoding regions. To gain insight into the origin and transmission of the cms-T trait, we identified three SNPs unique to the cms-T plastids, and tested the three diagnostic SNPs in 27 cms-T lines, ...

Dr. Schwartzbach came to the Department in 2001 from the University of Nebraska. He teaches Biology 3130 Cell Biology. He began his research career characterizing the coding capacity of the chloroplast genome and established his laboratory in Nebraska focusing on the photoregulation of chloroplast development in the protist Euglena. In the course of these studies he found that some Euglena proteins were synthesized as polyprotein precursors, that Euglena mRNAs contained a common trans-spliced 5 end and that Euglena transcripts did not contain the canonical intron exon junctions characteristic of most eukaryotic messages. His current research focuses on the unique ER to Golgi to chloroplast transport pathway for cytoplasmically synthesized chloroplast proteins and the process of secondary endosymbiosis responsible for the evolution of complex plastids; plastids surrounded by three or four membranes rather than the two membranes of higher plants and most algae. ...

Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) to the plant mitochondrial genome has recently been shown to occur at a surprisingly high rate; however, little evidence has been found for HGT to the plastid genome, despite extensive sequencing. In this study, we analyzed all genes from sequenced plastid genomes to unearth any neglected cases of HGT and to obtain a measure of the overall extent of HGT to the plastid. Although several genes gave strongly supported conflicting trees under certain conditions, we are confident of HGT in only a single case beyond the rubisco HGT already reported. Most of the conflicts involved near neighbors connected by long branches (e.g. red algae and their secondary hosts), where phylogenetic methods are prone to mislead. However, three genes - clpP, ycf2, and rpl36 - provided strong support for taxa moving far from their organismal position. Further taxon sampling of clpP and ycf2 resulted in rejection of HGT due to long-branch attraction and a serious error in the published plastid

Sumiya, N., Kawase, Y., Hayakawa, J., Matsuda, M., Nakamura, M., Era, A., Tanaka, K., Kondo, A., Hasunuma, T., Imamura, S., and Miyagishima, S. (2015) Expression of cyanobacterial acyl-ACP reductase elevates the triacylglycerol level in the red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae. Plant Cell Physiol. 56,1962-1980 ...

Bacterial endosymbionts are an important part of eukaryote evolution as they allow their hosts to exploit bacterial abilities. Plastids, the organelles that enable plant and eukaryotic algae tophotosynthesise are ancient cyanobacterial endosymbionts. Since the initial symbiosis ~1.5 billion years ago the majority of their genes has been lost or transferred to their hosts nucleus. This process has carried on independently in the different lineages following the diversification of the lineage. I have compiled a comprehensive data set of fully sequenced plastid genomes to systematically study the frequency of gene transfers from the plastid to the nucleus across the different lineages.Following the reconstruction of the Plantae phylogenetic tree from plastid encoded proteins, gene loss events were reconstructed along its branches. My calculations show that gene losses have occurred at a relative high frequency and in a lineage specific way. This challenges the original idea that gene transfers ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Faithful editing of a tomato-specific mRNA editing site in transgenic tobacco chloroplasts. AU - Karcher, D.. AU - Kahlau, Sabine. AU - Bock, R.. PY - 2008. Y1 - 2008. N2 - RNA editing sites and their site-specific trans-acting recognition factors are thought to have coevolved. Hence, evolutionary loss of an editing site by a genomic mutation is normally followed by the loss of the specific recognition factor for this site, due to the absence of selective pressure for its maintenance. Here, we have tested this scenario for the only tomato-specific plastid RNA editing site. A single C-to-U editing site in the tomato rps12 gene is absent from the tobacco and nightshade plastid genomes, where the presence of a genomic T nucleotide obviates the need for editing of the rps12 mRNA. We have introduced the tomato editing site into the tobacco rps12 gene by plastid transformation and find that, surprisingly, this heterologous site is efficiently edited in the transplastomic plants. This ...

A plastid is an organelle that is commonly found in photosynthetic plants. Plastids are of different types depending on the presence of the pigment and metabolic functions. They may be chloroplasts, chromoplasts, and leucoplasts. A chloroplast is a plastid that contains high amounts of green pigment, chlorophyll. The chlorophyll pigments may be chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, chlorophyll c, chlorophyll d, and chrlorophyll f. Chlorophyll a is present in all chloroplasts. Other pigments that may be present (particularly in algal cells) are carotenoids and phycobilins. The chloroplast has at least three membrane systems: outer membrane, inner membrane, and thylakoid system. The thylakoids are disk-shaped structures that function as the site of photosynthesis. It is because embedded in the thylakoid membrane is the antenna complex consisting of proteins, and light-absorbing pigments, including chlorophyll (the green pigment) and carotenoids. The chlorophyll is capable of absorbing light energy for use ...

Numerous studies show ramifications of abscisic acid solution (ABA) about nuclear genes encoding chloroplast-localized proteins. It repressed transcription from the chloroplast phage-type T0070907 and bacteria-type RNA polymerases and reduced transcript degrees of most looked into chloroplast genes significantly. ABA didnt repress the transcription of and some other genes as well as increased mRNA amounts under certain circumstances. The ABA results on chloroplast transcription had been even more pronounced in basal vs. apical leaf sections and improved by light. Simultaneous software of cytokinin (22 μM 6-benzyladenine) reduced the ABA results on chloroplast gene manifestation. These data show that ABA impacts the manifestation of chloroplast genes differentially and factors to a job of ABA in the rules and coordination of the actions of nuclear and chloroplast genes coding for protein with features in photosynthesis. (L.) nucleus-encoded plastid RNA polymerase (NEP) plastid-encoded plastid ...

This suggests that minicircles are the only architecture for plastid genes and, importantly, that there really are only 12 genes contained in the chloroplast of the dinoflagellate Lingulodinium. This is a very small number of genes, all the rest have somehow migrated to the nucleus, leaving these 12 behind. And its still very much an open question about why these have been left behind. The paper, in its discussion section puts forward the possibility of size. The genes that have been left behind all code for some of the longer proteins usually found in chloroplasts, although the paper does have the good grace to admit that thats not the most convincing of arguments ...

Surprisingly, some of the worlds most dangerous parasites appear to have had a benign photosynthetic past in the ocean. The phylum Apicomplexa includes the causative agents of malaria and a number of additional human and animal diseases. These diseases threaten the life and health of hundreds of millions each year and pose a tremendous challenge to public health. Recent findings suggest that Apicomplexa share their ancestry with diatoms and kelps, and that a key event in their evolution was the acquisition of a red algal endosymbiont. A remnant of this endosymbiont is still present today, albeit reduced to a small chloroplast-like organelle, the apicoplast. In the present chapter, I introduce the remarkably complex biology of this organelle. The apicoplast is bounded by four membranes, and these membranes trace their ancestry to three different organisms. Intriguingly, this divergent ancestry is still reflected in their molecular makeup and function. We also pursue the raison dêtre of the ...

Read Molecular cloning of an Arabidopsis cDNA encoding a dynamin-like protein that is localized to plastids, Plant Molecular Biology on DeepDyve, the largest online rental service for scholarly research with thousands of academic publications available at your fingertips.

Read Analysis of transgenic wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) harboring a maize (Zea mays L.) gene for plastid EF-Tu: segregation pattern, expression and effects of the transgene, Plant Molecular Biology on DeepDyve, the largest online rental service for scholarly research with thousands of academic publications available at your fingertips.

ABSTRACT: We examined the possibility that dinoflagellates belonging to genus Dinophysis acquire plastids from certain species of cryptophytes. We measured the abundance of cryptophytes over a 3 yr period in Okkirai Bay, northern Japan by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), using an oligonucleotide probe that specifically binds to the Dinophysis plastid small subunit ribosomal RNA. A high density of FISH-probed cryptophytes always occurred prior to peak occurrences of D. fortii, although the density of FISH-probed cryptophytes did not correlate well with the density of D. fortii. Although further investigation is needed, monitoring of these cryptophyte species may be useful for predicting Dinophysis growth and subsequent outbreaks of diarrheic shellfish poisoning. ...

The red algae form a distinct group characterized by having eukaryotic cells without flagella and centrioles, chloroplasts that lack external endoplasmic reticulum and contain unstacked (stroma) thylakoids, and use phycobiliproteins as accessory pigments, which give them their red color.[8] Red algae store sugars as floridean starch, which is a type of starch that consists of highly branched amylopectin without amylose,[9] as food reserves outside their plastids. Most red algae are also multicellular, macroscopic, marine, and reproduce sexually. The red algal life history is typically an alternation of generations that may have three generations rather than two.[10]. Chloroplasts evolved following an endosymbiotic event between an ancestral, photosynthetic cyanobacterium and an early eukarytoic phagotroph.[11] This event (termed primary endosymbiosis) resulted in the origin of the red and green algae, and the glaucophytes, which make up the oldest evolutionary lineages of photosynthetic ...

The plastids of red algae, green plants, and glaucophytes may have originated directly from a cyanobacterium-like prokaryote via primary endosymbiosis. In contrast, the plastids of other lineages of e

ALIBAUD L., ROMBOUTS Y., TRIVELLI X., BURGUIÈRE A., CIRILLO S.L., CIRILLO J.D., DUBREMETZ J.F., GUÉRARDEL Y., LUTFALLA G., KREMER L. A Mycobacterium marinum TesA mutant defective for major cell wall-associated lipids is highly attenuated in Dictyostelium discoideum and zebrafish embryos. Mol Microbiol., 2011, 80 (4), 919-934.. AMNIAI L., LIPPENS G., LANDRIEU I. Characterization of the AT180 epitope of phosphorylated Tau protein by a combined nuclear magnetic resonance and fluorescence spectroscopy approach. Biochem Biophys Res Commun., 2011, 412 (4), 743-746.. AUDRY M., JEANNEAU C., IMBERTY A., HARDUIN-LEPERS A., DELANNOY P., BRETON C.Current trends in the structure-activity relationships of sialyltransferases. Glycobiology, 2011, 21 (6), 716-726.. BALL S., COLLEONI C., CENCI U., RAJ J.N., TIRTIAUX C. The evolution of glycogen and starch metabolism in eukaryotes gives molecular clues to understand the establishment of plastid endosymbiosis. J Exp Bot., 2011, 62 (6), 1775-1801.. BECKMANN S, ...

Many non-photosynthetic species of protists and metazoans are capable of hosting viable algal endosymbionts or their organelles through adaptations of phagocytic pathways. A form of mixotrophy, acquired phototrophy (AcPh) encompasses a sweet of endosymbiotic and organelle retention interactions, that range from facultative to obligate. AcPh is a common phenomenon in aquatic ecosystems, with endosymbiotic associations generally more prevalent in nutrient poor environments, and organelle retention typically associated with more productive ones. All AcPhs benefit from enhanced growth due to access to photosynthetic products, however the degree of metabolic integration and dependency in the host varies widely. AcPhs are mixotrophic, using both heterotrophic and phototrophic carbon sources. AcPh is found in at least four of the major eukaryotic supergroups, and is the driving force in the evolution of secondary and tertiary plastid acquisitions. Mutualistic resource partitioning characterizes most ...

using the forward primer 5′-TTGACAATTAAT-CATCCGGC-3′ and the specific reverse primers 5′-TGG-TTGTGGTCGACTGGTTTCC-3′ (MtGSII-1a), 5′-AGCGTGGTGTCGACTGGTTTCC-3′ (MtGSII-1b), 5′-AATAGA-TGTCGACTTTCAATGC-3′ (MtGSII-2a) and 5′-AATAGATGTCGACCTTCAATGC-3′ (MtGSII-2b). The same forward primer, which annealed in the vector backbone, was used to amplify the four cDNAs. The reverse primers were designed to specifically abolish the stop codon of each GS cDNA and to include the SalI restriction sequence. The PCR fragments were partially digested with the restriction enzyme NcoI and fully digested with SalI. The PCR digests were cloned into the NcoI and XhoI sites of pET-24-d-T vector, a derivative of pET-24-d(+) (Novagen) containing a C-terminal His tag and a thrombin cleavage site. The resulting plasmids encode C--terminally His6-tagged GS fusion proteins in which the sequence LVPRGSVEHHHHHH follows the GS coding sequences. The four expression constructs were sequenced.. To express the ...

There has been confusion among taxonomists regarding the subfamilial placement of Merxmuellera papposa, M. rangei, and four species of Centropodia even though many researchers have included them in molecular studies. We conducted a phylogenetic analysis of 127 species using seven plastid regions (rps3, rps16-trnK, rps16, rpl32-trnL, ndhF, ndhA, matK) to infer the evolutionary relationships of Centropodia, M. papposa, and M. rangei with other grasses. Merxmuellera papposa and M. rangei form a clade that is sister to three species of Centropodia, and together they are sister to the remaining tribes in Chloridoideae. We provide the carbon isotope ratios for four species indicating that Merxmuellera papposa and M. rangei are photosynthetically C3, and Centropodia glauca and C. mossamdensis are C4. We present evidence in favor of the expansion of subfamily Chloridoideae to include a new tribe, Centropodieae, which includes two genera, Centropodia and a new genus, Ellisochloa with two species, ...

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Cryptomonads, small biflagellate algae, contain four different genomes. In addition to the nucleus, mitochondrion, and chloroplast is a fourth DNA-containing organelle the nucleomorph. Nucleomorphs result from the successive reduction of the nucleus of an engulfed phototrophic eukaryotic endosymbion …

This conference will focus on the evolution of chloroplasts through the process of endosymbiosis that gave rise to a vast array of photosynthetic eukaryotes and forever altered life on earth. Establishment of endosymbiotic organelles required endosymbiotic gene transfer, the evolution of protein targeting systems and metabolic connections, and the evolution of organellar division machineries and organelle-nucleus communication pathways. However, the molecular basis of these processes, their importance for the establishment of the endosymbiosis or even the order in which they occurred are largely unknown. The emergence of synthetic biology as a growing field now provides an interdisciplinary framework for addressing these and related fundamental questions in biology and evolution... read more ...

Chloroplast has different shapes and structures. Its diameter is about 4 - 6 μm. It appears heterogenous structure under light microscope. It has small granule like structure called Grana. These grana are embedded in the matrix. The chloroplast shows three main components under electron microscope. These are Envelop, Stroma, Thylakoid and Granum.. The Envelop: the envelop is the outer covering of the chloroplast. It formed inner membrane extends inward, at some places, the inner membrane is in continuous with the thylakoids. This contact is used for transfer of material into and out of the chloroplast to cytosol. Inner membrane also contains small amounts of carotenoids.. Stroma: Stroma is the fluid that surrounds the thylakoids. It covers most of the volume of the chloroplast. It is gel like substance. It contains about 50% of the chloroplast proteins. It contains proteins, some ribosomes and small circular DNA. Calvin Cycle or dark reaction takes place in stroma. The Carbon Dioxide is fixed ...

Description Red algae with unicellular, pseudofilamentous or filamentous bodies inhabiting mesophilic freshwater and marine environments. Members of this group do not develop macroscopic, pseudoparenchymatous or parenchymatous seaweed-type thalli as those of the Eurhodophytina; variable plastid morphologies and organellar associations; plastid genomes with a large number of introns and a quadripartite organization where the rRNA operon-containing inverted repeats are divergent relative to the small single copy region. [details] ...

Our laboratory uses molecular biological and computational methods to study the genes and genomes of prokaryotic and eukaryotic (nucleus-containing) microorganisms. Using a comparative genomics approach, we are interested in (1) the pivotal molecular and biochemical events that have shaped the evolution of eukaryotes; (2) understanding the evolutionary relationships amongst eukaryotic microbes; (3) how endosymbionts become organelles; and (4) understanding how eukaryotic genes, genomes and proteins change over time. We currently study the spread of photosynthetic organelles (chloroplasts) in eukaryotes and the extent to which lateral (horizontal) gene transfer has impacted the gene content of nuclear genomes.. ...

Goniomonas is a genus of Cryptomonads and contains five species. It is a genus of single-celled eukaryotes, including both freshwater and marine species. It lacks plastids, which is very unusual among all of the Cryptophyte genera. It may reflect one of only a small number of times that the Cryptophytes evolved into freshwater habitats. Goniomonas seems to have a number of freshwater relatives which have not yet been cultured and named. Goniomonas means angled small flagellates, combining goni and monas. It was established by German biologist Samuel Friedrich Stein in 1878. This genus contains species that are free-swimming, flattened, biflagellate monads. They are oval in lateral view with an obliquely truncate anterior. A furrow extends along the middle of the anterior margin and for a short distance down the ventral margin and is surrounded by a single lateral row of ejectisomes. They lack chloroplasts, pyrenoids, nucleomorphs and starch. Further ResearchThey have periplast with ...

ID L1JYA3_GUITH Unreviewed; 2741 AA. AC L1JYA3; DT 06-MAR-2013, integrated into UniProtKB/TrEMBL. DT 06-MAR-2013, sequence version 1. DT 22-NOV-2017, entry version 30. DE SubName: Full=Uncharacterized protein {ECO:0000313,EMBL:EKX53561.1, ECO:0000313,EnsemblProtists:EKX53561}; GN ORFNames=GUITHDRAFT_160866 {ECO:0000313,EMBL:EKX53561.1}; OS Guillardia theta CCMP2712. OC Eukaryota; Cryptophyta; Pyrenomonadales; Geminigeraceae; Guillardia. OX NCBI_TaxID=905079 {ECO:0000313,EMBL:EKX53561.1, ECO:0000313,Proteomes:UP000011087}; RN [1] {ECO:0000313,EMBL:EKX53561.1, ECO:0000313,EnsemblProtists:EKX53561, ECO:0000313,Proteomes:UP000011087} RP NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE. RC STRAIN=CCMP2712 {ECO:0000313,EMBL:EKX53561.1, RC ECO:0000313,Proteomes:UP000011087}; RX PubMed=23201678; DOI=10.1038/nature11681; RG DOE Joint Genome Institute; RA Curtis B.A., Tanifuji G., Burki F., Gruber A., Irimia M., Maruyama S., RA Arias M.C., Ball S.G., Gile G.H., Hirakawa Y., Hopkins J.F., Kuo A., RA Rensing S.A., Schmutz J., Symeonidi ...

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Clone REA563 recogizes the mouse CD63 antigen. It belongs to the tetraspanin transmembrane 4 superfamily (TM4SF) of proteins, which are characterized by four membrane spanning domains. Tetraspanins, via various homotypic and heterotypic interactions, regulate the spatial location and trafficking of associated transmembrane partners, eventually regulating and co-ordinating various signaling pathways. Interaction of CD63 with other membrane proteins or adaptors regulates cell activities such as adhesion, migration, and degranulation. CD63 is expressed on monocytes, macrophages, endothelium, fibroblasts, osteoclasts, smooth muscle cells, and activated platelets.Additional information: Clone REA563 displays negligible binding to Fc receptors - Österreich

Clone REA563 recogizes the mouse CD63 antigen. It belongs to the tetraspanin transmembrane 4 superfamily (TM4SF) of proteins, which are characterized by four membrane spanning domains. Tetraspanins, via various homotypic and heterotypic interactions, regulate the spatial location and trafficking of associated transmembrane partners, eventually regulating and co-ordinating various signaling pathways. Interaction of CD63 with other membrane proteins or adaptors regulates cell activities such as adhesion, migration, and degranulation. CD63 is expressed on monocytes, macrophages, endothelium, fibroblasts, osteoclasts, smooth muscle cells, and activated platelets. Additional information: Clone REA563 displays negligible binding to Fc receptors - USA

antibody-antibodies.com is the marketplace for research antibodies. Find the right antibody for your research needs. Disruption of ptLPD1 or ptLPD2, genes that encode isoforms of the plastidial lipoamide dehydrogenase, confers arsenate hypersensitivity in Arabidopsis.

VON LOEFFELHOLZ, Ottille, KRIECHBAUMER, Verena, EWARD, Richard A., JONCYK, Rafal, LEHMANN, Susann, YOUNG, Jason C. and ABELL, Ben M. (2011). OEP61 is a chaperone receptor at the plastid outer envelope. Biochemical Journal, 438 (1), 143-153 ...

Pujol G, Baskin TI, Casamayor A, Cortadellas N, Ferrer A, Ariño J. The Arabidopsis thaliana PPX/PP4 phosphatases: molecular cloning and structural organization of the genes and immunolocalization of the proteins to plastids. Plant Mol Biol. 2000 Nov; 44(4):499-511 ...

A few Firmicutes encode a fusion between accD and accA (CLOTE, EUBR3, FRAAA, FRACC, FRASN, NATTJ) as do a few Actinobacteria (SACEN, SALAI and SALTO). Most plants have 2 forms, the so-called prokaryotic form in their plastids and the eukaryotic form in the cytoplasm. The prokaryotic form is longer than the one found in bacteria. The grass family (Poaceae) have only the eukaryotic form in both locations. The eukaryotic form consists of a single large protein in which are fused all 4 subunits that are separate in prokaryotes ...

A three-dimensional image with 14 features labeled. Additionally the following 6 Organelles are highlighted: Smooth and Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum, Nucleus, Plastid, Mitochondria, …

It is necessary to mention that there are 2 mutation types realized in plants selection. Quite weak exposure, for example, of ultraviolet irradiation or of various chemical mutagens causes plastid mutations. They lead to colour change (this will be discussed for the next time). Some serious changes in plants size are possible only if there are genetic disorders inside of a cell nucleus that emerge in case of stronger external exposure - gamma-irradiation. Dwarfish sorts of Anubias, for example, Petite, Bonsai, Gabon and others were bred by this very method. Each kind is individual as it is obtained in the course of a unique single experiment. Further reproduction is effected in a vegetative way with the use of tissue cultures. That is why all the disputes of aquarians whether Petite tells from Bonsai or not - are quite absurd. Despite a big similarity of appearance they are likely to be different plants, experimental conditions of their breeding are just similar. ...