To study fluid-phase endocytosis in living cells and its relationship to changes in the cell cortex, we have used a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged version of coronin, an actin-associated protein that localises to dynamic regions of the Dictyostelium cell cortex. In the confocal microscope, internalisation of fluorescently labelled dextran as a fluid-phase marker can be recorded simultaneously with the recruitment of the coronin-GFP fusion-protein from the cytoplasm of the phagocyte. At crown-shaped surface protrusions, extracellular medium is taken up into vesicles with an average diameter of 1.6 microns, which is significantly larger than the 0.1 microns diameter of clathrin-coated pinosomes. The observed frequency of macropinosome formation can account for a large portion, if not all, of the fluid-phase uptake. The redistribution of coronin-GFP strongly resembles cytoskeletal rearrangements during phagocytosis. Scanning-electron micrographs indicate that crown-shaped cell-surface ...
The relationship between Ca++ and pinocytosis was investigated in Amoeba proteus. Pinocytosis was induced with 0.01% alcian blue, a large molecular weight dye which binds irreversibly to the cell surface. The time-course and intensity of pinocytosis was monitored by following the uptake of [3H]SUCROSE. When the cells are exposed to 0.01% alcian blue, there is an immediate uptake of sucrose. The cells take up integral of 10% of their initial volume during the time-course of pinocytosis. The duration of pinocytosis in the amoeba is integral of 50 min, with maximum sucrose uptake occurring 15 min after the induction of pinocytosis. The pinocytotic uptake of sucrose is reversibly blocked at 3 degrees C and a decrease in pH increases the uptake of sucrose by pinocytosis. The process of pinocytosis is also dependent upon the concentration of the inducer in the external medium. The association between Ca++ and pinocytosis in A. proteus was investigated initially by determining the effect of the ...
A network of tubular lysosomes extends through the cytoplasm of J774.2 macrophages and phorbol ester-treated mouse peritoneal macrophages. The presence of this network is dependent upon the integrity of cytoplasmic microtubules and correlates with high cellular rates of accumulation of Lucifer Yellow (LY), a marker of fluid phase pinocytosis. We tested the hypothesis that the efficiency of LY transfer between the pinosomal and lysosomal compartments is increased in the presence of tubular lysosomes by asking how conditions that deplete the tubular lysosome network affect pinocytic accumulation of LY. Tubular lysosomes were disassembled in cells treated with microtubule-depolymerizing drugs or in cells that had phagocytosed latex beads. In unstimulated peritoneal macrophages, which normally contain few tubular lysosomes and which exhibit relatively inefficient transfer of pinocytosed LY to lysosomes, such treatments had little effect on pinocytosis. However, in J774 macrophages and phorbol ...
mouse anti-p46 cell surface protein excluded from macropinocytic cup hybridoma (H36) is an eagle-i resource of type Hybridoma cell line at eagle-i Network Shared Resource Repository.
PI3Ks are key regulators of macropinocytosis, and inhibition of this family of enzymes has been shown to block macropinocytosis in many cell types and tissues (Amyere et al., 2000; Araki et al., 1996; Kim et al., 2018). This study identifies PI3Kβ as a unique regulator of macropinocytosis in response to growth factor stimulation or loss of the tumor suppressor PTEN. By using both genetic and pharmacological inhibition of class I PI3Ks, we show that PI3Kβ is the major PI3K isoform required for growth factor-stimulated macropinocytosis in NIH3T3 cells and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, and for the enhanced macropinocytosis in PTEN-null tumor cells.. PDGF stimulation of fibroblasts causes dorsal ruffling and macropinocytic cup formation, with subsequent cup closure and release of the macropinosome into the cytoplasm (Bohdanowicz and Grinstein, 2013; Mellström et al., 1988; Yoshida et al., 2015). Our data suggests that PI3Kβ is required at an early step in this process, as PDGF-stimulated CDR ...
This meeting devoted to macropinocytosis will bring together experts from disparate fields with a shared interest in the biology of macropinosome formation and trafficking, with the goal of fostering collaboration and building a community.
Macropinocytosis is a unique pathway of endocytosis characterised by the nonspecific internalisation of large amounts of extracellular fluid, solutes and membrane in large endocytic vesicles known as macropinosomes. Macropinocytosis is important in a range of physiological processes, including antigen presentation, nutrient sensing, recycling of plasma proteins, migration and signalling. It has become apparent in recent years from the study of specialised cells that there are multiple pathways of macropinocytosis utilised by different cell types, and some of these pathways are triggered by different stimuli. Understanding the physiological function of macropinocytosis requires knowledge of the regulation and fate of the macropinocytosis pathways in a range of cell types. Here, we compare the mechanisms of macropinocytosis in different primary and immortalised cells, identify the gaps in knowledge in the field and discuss the potential approaches to analyse the function of macropinocytosis in vivo.
Although growth factors and chemokines elicit different overall effects on cells-growth and chemotaxis, respectively-and activate distinct classes of cell-surface receptors, nonetheless, they trigger similar cellular activities and signaling pathways. The growth factor M-CSF and the chemokine CXCL12 both stimulate the endocytic process of macropinocytosis, and both activate the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), a protein complex that regulates cell metabolism. Recent studies of signaling by M-CSF in macrophages identified a role for macropinocytosis in the activation of mTORC1, in which delivery of extracellular amino acids into lysosomes via macropinocytosis was required for activation of mTORC1. Here, we analyzed the regulation of macropinosome (MP) formation in response to CXCL12 and identified 2 roles for macropinocytosis in the activation of mTORC1. Within 5 min of adding CXCL12, murine macrophages increased ruffling, macropinocytosis and amino acid-dependent activation of ...
Although pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells are exposed to a nutrient-depleted tumor microenvironment, they can acquire nutrients via macropinocytosis, an endocytic form of protein scavenging that functions to support cancer metabolism. Here, we provide evidence that macropinocytosis is also operational in the pancreatic tumor stroma. We find that glutamine deficiency triggers macropinocytic uptake in pancreatic cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF). Mechanistically, we decipher that stromal macropinocytosis is potentiated via the enhancement of cytosolic Ca2+ and dependent on ARHGEF2 and CaMKK2-AMPK signaling. We elucidate that macropinocytosis has a dual function in CAFs-it serves as a source of intracellular amino acids that sustain CAF cell fitness and function, and it provides secreted amino acids that promote tumor cell survival. Importantly, we demonstrate that stromal macropinocytosis supports PDAC tumor growth. These results highlight the functional role of macropinocytosis in ...
Vaccinia virus (VACV), the model poxvirus, produces two types of infectious particles: mature virions (MVs) and extracellular virions (EVs). EV particles possess two membranes and therefore require an unusual cellular entry mechanism. By a combination of fluorescence and electron microscopy as well as flow cytometry, we investigated the cellular processes that EVs required to infect HeLa cells. We found that EV particles were endocytosed, and that internalization and infection depended on actin rearrangements, activity of Na+/H+ exchangers, and signalling events typical for the macropinocytic mechanism of endocytosis. To promote their internalization, EVs were capable of actively triggering macropinocytosis. EV infection also required vacuolar acidification, and acid exposure in endocytic vacuoles was needed to disrupt the outer EV membrane. Once exposed, the underlying MV-like particle presumably fused its single membrane with the limiting vacuolar membrane. Release of the viral core into the ...
Salmonella exploits macropinocytosis as a route of entry into non‐phagocytic mammalian cells (Francis et al, 1993). Once within the cell they manipulate the encompassing macropinosome to generate a replicative niche that support its survival and growth (Haraga et al, 2008). The invasion and intracellular replication of Salmonella is a carefully choreographed interplay between the host cells molecular machinery and secreted effectors of the pathogen (Haraga et al, 2008). We find that treatment with YM201636, a specific inhibitor of PIKfyve, which in itself does not inhibit bacterial growth, specifically inhibited intracellular replication, with no apparent impact on invasion of S. typhimurium. Similar results were observed when PIKfyve activity was perturbed by siRNA‐mediated knockdown and overexpression of dominant‐negative mutants. Ideally we would monitor the relative levels of PtdIns(3,5)P2 within individual cells treated in this manner; however, in the absence of a specific probe to ...
Monoclonal antibody against p46 cell surface protein excluded from macropinocytic cup expressed by cprG for use in FACS, Immunofluorescence, Immunoprecipitation, Western Blot against Dictyostelium
Toll-like receptors play a key role in the signaling pathways of innate immune response and have been recently shown to contribute to vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis. Oxidation of LDL is considered a leading mechanism of atherogenesis, and in our previous studies, we demonstrated that minimally modified LDL (mmLDL) induced TLR4-dependent chemokine secretion as well as robust actin polymerization and spreading of macrophages. We noticed that these mmLDL-induced cytoskeletal rearrangements led to extensive vacuolization, characteristic of macropinocytosis. In this study, we examined the mechanisms of TLR4-induced actin polymerization and macropinocytosis. It has been reported that spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) regulates actin cytoskeleton and that it may interact with TLR4. We found in the immunoprecipitation experiments that mmLDL induced Syk association with TLR4 as well as Syk phosphorylation. Next we developed a J774 macrophage cell line, which stably expressed Syk shRNA and had the ...
Does anyone has ever heard of macropinocytosis events or macropinocytosis stimulators usefull with Vero cells? Thanxs Rose-may Delrue URBM / FUNDP Lab Immunol. & Microbiol. 61, rue de Bruxelles B-5000 Namur Belgium ...
This a dynamic interface between the brain and the body, which regulates what substances enter the brain parenchyma. The blood brain barrier is made of specialized endothelial cells and their surrounding astrocytic foot processes. The endothelial cells in the brain vasculature are non-fenestrated, lack intercellular clefts, and pinocytic vesicles. Furthermore, they contain much more mitochondria than normal systemic endothelial cells, and this is to supply energy to the multiple energy-dependent transporters in the BBB. In general, though, the more lipid soluble a substance, the easier it passes through the blood brain barrier. Referred to as: BBB (Science: pharmacology, physiology) a protective barrier formed by the blood vessels and glia of the brain. It prevents some substances in the blood from entering brain tissue. The blood vessels of the brain (and the retina) are much more impermeable to large molecules (like antibodies) than blood vessels elsewhere in the body. This has important ...
Dendritic cell biology and its function in tumor immunotherapy As essential antigen presenting cells, dendritic cells (DCs) play a significant function in tumor immunotherapy. Making an allowance for the various current advances in DC biology, we talk about how DCs (1) acknowledge pathogenic antigens with sample recognition receptors via particular phagocytosis and thru non-specific micropinocytosis, (2) course of […]. ...
Mouse mononuclear phagocytes cultivated in 50 per cent newborn calf serum medium pinocytize actively and form large numbers of phase-dense granules as well as three hydrolytic enzymes. When such cells are then placed in 1 per cent newborn calf serum they illustrate (a) a low level of pinocytic activity, (b) a shrinkage in granule size, and (c) a loss in cell protein, acid phosphatase, ß-glucuronidase, and cathepsin. Examination of the extracellular medium revealed no detectable hydrolase activity. The reintroduction of cells into high levels of serum again resulted in granule and enzyme formation.. Cells rapidly incorporated fluorescein-conjugated calf serum proteins into the phase-dense granules. The fluorescence of labeled granules was lost during an 18 hour period in non-fluorescein-containing medium.. Crystalline egg white lysozyme was concentrated in the macrophages. Approximately 80 per cent of the cell-associated enzyme was lost during a 24 hour washout period in either 1 or 50 per cent ...
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Hs 578Bst was derived by A.J. Hackett, et al. from normal breast tissue peripheral to an infiltrating ductal carcinoma which was the source for Hs 578T (see ATCC HTB-126). Hs 578Bst may have been myoepithelial in origin since the cells possessed microfilaments and clusters of pinocytotic vesicles similar to those seen in myoepithelia in vivo.
Macrophages contribute to the development of atherosclerosis through pinocytotic deposition of native LDL-derived cholesterol in macrophages in the vascular wall. Inhibiting macrophage-mediated lipid deposition may have protective effects in atheroprone vasculature, and identifying mechanisms that potentiate this process may inform potential therapeutic interventions for atherosclerosis. Here, we report that dysregulation of exon junction complex-driven (EJC-driven) mRNA splicing confers hyperpinocytosis to macrophages during atherogenesis. Mechanistically, we determined that inflammatory cytokines induce an unconventional nonproteolytic calpain, calpain-6 (CAPN6), which associates with the essential EJC-loading factor CWC22 in the cytoplasm. This association disturbs the nuclear localization of CWC22, thereby suppressing the splicing of target genes, including those related to Rac1 signaling. CAPN6 deficiency in LDL receptor-deficient mice restored CWC22/EJC/Rac1 signaling, reduced pinocytotic ...
Macrophages contribute to the development of atherosclerosis through pinocytotic deposition of native LDL-derived cholesterol in macrophages in the vascular wall. Inhibiting macrophage-mediated lipid deposition may have protective effects in atheroprone vasculature, and identifying mechanisms that potentiate this process may inform potential therapeutic interventions for atherosclerosis. Here, we report that dysregulation of exon junction complex-driven (EJC-driven) mRNA splicing confers hyperpinocytosis to macrophages during atherogenesis. Mechanistically, we determined that inflammatory cytokines induce an unconventional nonproteolytic calpain, calpain-6 (CAPN6), which associates with the essential EJC-loading factor CWC22 in the cytoplasm. This association disturbs the nuclear localization of CWC22, thereby suppressing the splicing of target genes, including those related to Rac1 signaling. CAPN6 deficiency in LDL receptor-deficient mice restored CWC22/EJC/Rac1 signaling, reduced pinocytotic ...
In endocytosis, substances are internalized by a cell through the formation of vesicles. Types of endocytosis include phagocytosis and pinocytosis.
I am interested in rational vaccine design. Therefore I am interested in the way in which antigens are dealt with by the immune system. I should warn that I am an economist and therefore dont know what I am talking about. OK my understanding is that what happens in an immune response is first the foreign entity (say a virus) sticks to an antigen presenting cell. It is brought into the cell via the normal process of pinocytosis (in English little bits going into cells) directed to a lysosome then to what is called the proteosome which was described after I dropped out of bio grad school ...
Phellodendrine chloride is a plant alkaloid found in Phellodendron amurense. Phellodendrine chloride suppresses the proliferation of KRAS mutated pancreatic cancer cells through inhibition of nutrients uptake via macropinocytosis . - Mechanism of Action & Protocol.
Regardless of the type of endocytosis, vesicles are fused with an internal membranous compartment known as endosome. Intramecellular compartments formed after phagocytosis and macropinocytosis beccome particular types of endosomes known as phagosome and macropinosome, respectively. Endosomes show an irregular shape, like large bags, although sometimes they form tubular structures. Like the TGN of the Golgi complex , endosomes are stations for receiving and distributing molecules packed in vesicles. Vesicles arrive to endosomes from the plasma membrane and from the TGN of the Golgi complex. From endosomes, vesicles leave toward the plasma membrane or TGN of the Golgi complex, both are pathways for recycling membrane receptors and lipids. However, most of the molecules in the endosomes are transported to lysosomes for degradation. Two ways of endosomal organization have been proposed: a) Cells would contain several types of endosomes. Early endosomes close to the plasma membrane that receive ...
Tcells recognize Ags complexed to MHC molecules. In general, MHC class I molecules are complexed with peptides (CD8 T cell epitopes) derived from cytosolic Ag, and MHC class II molecules are complexed with peptides from internalized Ag (CD4 T cell epitopes) (1, 2). However, when APC such as dendritic cells (DCs)3 internalize high amounts of Ag, they appear to be able to route internalized Ag into the MHC class I presentation pathway, a process termed cross-presentation (3). Cross-presentation of Ag via MHC class I molecules can lead to activation/priming of naive CD8 T cells, a process referred to as cross-priming (4), to paralysis/deletion, or to cross-tolerance (5).. Immature DCs lack costimulatory signals required for productive T cell activation but are well equipped to sample Ag, for example via receptor-mediated endocytosis or fluid phase pinocytosis (6). Because of its selectivity for the Ag in question, the efficacy of Ag internalization via receptor-mediated endocytosis is high, ...
There exist three kinds of endocytosis; receptor mediated endocytosis, pinocytosis and phagocytosis. First, receptor-mediated endocytosis is essential for targeted gene/drug delivery to a specific cell type. Second, pinocytosis is the engulfing and digestion of dissolved substances and phagocytosis is the engulfing and digestion of microscopically visible particles. In this study, we developed a capacitance sensor to monitor and distinguish three kinds of endocytosis in real time. The capacitance sensor is fabricated simple photolithography process on glass substrate and target cells are positioned between gap electrodes. The capacitance sensor was able to detect a capacitance peak in different cell lines during the internalization of adenoviruses or antibodies via receptor-mediated endocytosis. In contrast, the capacitance declined without a capacitance peak when nanoparticles were taken up via non-specific pinocytosis. In case of phagocytosis, the capacitance shows a peak during the engulfing of
The micropinocytosis associated with endocytotic inter- smoing of transport vesicles from the basalвlateral and apical surface membranes carries fluid phase markers into the cells, and smoking codeine pills with weed markers rapidly equilibrate throughout the aqueous phase within the lumena of the early endo- some, recycling endosome, and TGN, as well as the late endosome, prelysosome, and lysosome. 1.
Ford, Charlotte and Nans, Andrea and Boucrot, Emmanuel and Hayward, Richard D. (2018) Chlamydia exploits filopodial capture and a macropinocytosis-like pathway for host cell entry. PLoS Pathogens 14 (5), e1007051. ISSN 1553-7374. Redzej, Adam and Ukleja, Marta and Connery, Sarah and Trokter, Martina and Felisberto‐Rodrigues, Catarina and Cryar, A. and Thalassinos, Konstantinos and Hayward, Richard D. and Orlova, Elena V. and Waksman, Gabriel (2017) Structure of a VirD4 coupling protein bound to a VirB type IV secretion machinery. The EMBO Journal 36 (19), e201796629. ISSN 0261-4189. Pickering, H. and Teng, A. and Faal, N. and Joof, H. and Makalo, P. and Cassama, E. and Nabicassa, M. and Last, A.R. and Burr, S.E. and Rowland-Jones, S.L. and Thomson, N.R. and Roberts, C.H. and Mabey, D.C.W. and Bailey, R.L. and Hayward, Richard D. and de la Maza, L.M. and Holland, M. J. (2017) Genome-wide profiling of humoral immunity and pathogen genes under selection identifies immune evasion tactics of ...
Laliberte, Magan N. (2013). The effect of mercury on the rate of maturation of macropinosomes becoming lysosomes inside glial cells. Wheaton Journal of Neurobiology Research, 5. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/11040/ ...
Exocytosis is the process by means of cells secrete different kinds of molecules content in a cytoplasmic vesicle from cytoplasm to extracellular (intersticial) space. It occurs in all the eukaryotic cells and it implies the fusion of the vesicular membrane with the cytoplasmic membrane. Exocytosis is very specialized in secreting cells and neurons.. - Pynocytosis is the process by means of cells ingest liquid particles or dissolved particles from extracellular (intersticial) space to cytoplasm. This process is very common in cells with nutritive function (as cells of the intestinal mucose).. Alpha cells produce and secrete glucagon, so the process is exocytosis. At better, in your textbook call them exopynocytosis because alpha cells can carry out the two processes independently. They secrete glucagon by exocytosis, but they can ingest dissolved substances by pynocytosis. Do you understand what I mean? ...
Arteriole. Coloured transmission electron micrograph (TEM) of a section through the wall of an arteriole, showing smooth muscle (brown), endothelial cells (green), and an inner and outer lamina (membrane, blue). Elastic and collagen connective tissue (clear) can also be seen, along with pinocytotic vesicles.. Magnification: x20,000 when printed 10 centimetres wide. - Stock Image C011/9459
In endocytosis, substances are internalized by a cell through the formation of vesicles. Types of endocytosis include phagocytosis and pinocytosis.
The functional properties of mononuclear phagocytes include their well-known capacities for phagocytosis and pinocytosis. Work in recent years has provided greater understanding of the effector...
Other Ingredients in this Formula:. Θ Medical Grade Purity Sodium Hyaluronate 1.3-1.5 MDA ( million daltons) at 2mg per ml concentration. Θ Sodium DNA Polypeptides and Nucleic Bases ( Sodium DNA, NADH, NAD ). Sodium DNA is a bio molecular derivative of polypeptides. This depolymerized, sodium neutralized penetrates skin cells through pinocytosis, enabling this molecules DNA to perform its own DNA metabolism and synthesize nucleic acids and their co-factors. In vitro clinical tests showed a marked increase in fibroblast stimulation and cell proliferation, repairing effect on damaged DNA and proteins. The visible effect of these biological properties repairs broken capillaries that cause redness and dark circles under the eyes, smooths irritation and skin redness, decreases skin roughness, decreases wrinkles and increases cutaneous thickness.. Θ 13 Vitamins ( Retinol, Thiamine, Riboflavin, Nicotinamide, Pantothenic Acid, Pyridoxine, Biotin, Folic Acid, Inositol, Cyanocobalamin, Sodium ...
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Human EZR Information And Facts | common name: Ezrin. Probably involved in connections of major cytoskeletal structures to the plasma membrane. In epithelial cells, required for the formation of microvilli and membrane ruffles on the apical pole. Along with PLEKHG6, required for normal macropinocytosis.
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Cytosis is a transport mechanism for the movement of large quantities of molecules into and out of cells. There are three main types of cytosis: endocytosis (into the cell), exocytosis (out of the cell), and transcytosis (through the cell, in and out). The word cytosis (/saɪˈtoʊsɪs/) uses combining forms of cyto- and -osis, reflecting a cellular process. The term was coined by Novikoff in 1961. Endocytosis is when a cell absorbs molecules, such as proteins, from outside the cell by engulfing it with the cell membrane. It is used by most cells, because many critical substances are large polar molecules that cannot pass through the cell membrane. The two major types of endocytosis are pinocytosis and phagocytosis. Pinocytosis Pinocytosis, also known as cell drinking, is the absorption of small aqueous particles along with the membrane receptors that recognize them. It is an example of fluid phase endocytosis and is usually a continuous process within the cell. The particles are absorbed ...
We found no significant differences in ranges of motion or complications sildenafil ratiopharm kaufen ohne rezept between the 2 groups. The maximum specific rate of product formation was estimated to be 125.7 g total volatile fatty acid/g biomass/day.. chabaudi, hemoglobin digestion occurs in two viagra boots ways: micropinocytosis and cytostomal phagocytosis. The potential for using risk models in future lung cancer screening trials.. Reclaiming wellness-living with bodily problems, as narrated by men with advanced prostate cancer. Age differences in FMRI adaptation for sound identity and location. Responses of semicircular canal and otolith afferents to small angle static head tilts in the gerbil.. Our preliminary results indicate microRNAs should be considered viagra alternatives and evaluated in the etiology of autism. Chorionic villi from first trimester pregnancy terminations showed strong expression of BCL-2 and EGF-R protein. Here we test the hypothesis that TRPC5 is such an additional ...
Vitellogenin (VTG) is an estrogen-dependent, females-specific yolk precursor protein naturally synthesized during the reproductive period in the liver of oviparous vertebrates. Released in blood, VTG is taken from the growing oocytes by micropinocytosis and used as nourishment for the future embryo.
Romani, A., Antille, N., Atenekeng, G., Courcol, J.D., Devresse, A., Dynes, J.A., Gevaert, M., Gonzalo, J.K., Gulyas, A., Kali, S., Kanari, L., Lange, S., Mercer, A., Migliore, M., Muller, E.B., Palacios, J.P., Ramaswamy, S., Reimann, M., Riquelme, R.L., Rössert, C.A., Ying, S., Shillcock, J., Telefont, M., Van Geit, W.A.H., Vanherpe, L., Markram, H. and Thomson, A. 2016. Data-driven model of the hippocampus using the HBP Brain Simulation Platform. 10th FENS Forum of Neuroscience. Copenhagen, Denmark 02 - 06 Jul 2016 PF7.09 Non-phagocytic epithelial cells take up microvesicles by micropinocytosis ...
Particulate structures in the cytoplasm of HeLa and other cultured cells in interphase undergo rapid individual linear displacements (long saltatory movements, LSM). By the use of time-lapse microscopy to locate saltating particles prior to fixation and histochemical examination of the cells, structures of several kinds have been shown to move in this manner. Elements that show LSM include lysosomes, pinosomes, ingested carbon particles, lipoidal granules, and unidentified particles that appear as bright objects in positive phase contrast. The pattern of movement of the particles suggests the presence of linear guiding elements radially disposed from the cytocenter (centriole region). The participation of microtubules in these movements is inferred from the observation that LSM cease after treatment with drugs which depolymerize microtubules, i.e., colchicine, Vinblastine, and podophyllin. The directions of the microtubules in the cytoplasm of HeLa cells found by electron microscopy are ...
Ultrastructural aspects of interlamellar Henneguya exilis infections in channel catfish are reported. The plasmodium wall of this form differs from that of other species in that it is composed of two outer unit membranes which give rise to a zone of numerous pinocytic canals. Single-membraned canals appeared to be a stable feature of the wall while double-membraned canals are interpreted as those actively carrying out pinocytosis. Evidence suggests that host cellular cytoplasm as well as interstitial material is taken in by plasmodia. Plasmodium wall integrity, aggregation of parasite ectoplasmic components, numbers of pinocytic canals, and number of mitochondria proximal to the wall vary among different plasmodium profiles and may be related to plasmodium maturity. The parasite causes extensive hyperplasia of basal cells, which in turn replaces most other cell types found in noninfected gill filaments. Cytoarchitectural differences between basal cells of noninfected filaments and basal cells adjacent
Hearts from normal and alloxan diabetic rats were perfused in vitro with a bicarbonate-buffered medium containing glucose. Transport of glucose through the cell membrane was stimulated with insulin or by induction of anaerobiosis. The organs were rapidly fixed and examined by electron microscopy. Transport stimulation was not associated with any increase in the number of sarcolemmal invaginations or subsarcolemmal cytoplasmic vesicles. It was concluded that glucose transport and the effects of insulin or anoxia do not involve pinocytosis. The relationship of pinocytosis to glucose transport is discussed. The appearance of numerous lipid inclusions at the Z line level of the sarcomeres in the diabetic and anoxic myocardia is described. ...
The rapid activation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex-1 (mTORC1) by growth factors is increased by extracellular amino acids through yet-undefined mechanisms of amino acid transfer into endolysosomes. Because the endocytic process of macropinocytosis concentrates extracellular solutes into endolysosomes and is increased in cells stimulated by growth factors or tumor-promoting phorbol esters, we analyzed its role in amino acid-dependent activation of mTORC1. Here, we show that growth factor-dependent activation of mTORC1 by amino acids, but not glucose, requires macropinocytosis. In murine bone marrow-derived macrophages and murine embryonic fibroblasts stimulated with their cognate growth factors or with phorbol myristate acetate, activation of mTORC1 required an Akt-independent vesicular pathway of amino acid delivery into endolysosomes, mediated by the actin cytoskeleton. Macropinocytosis delivered small, fluorescent fluid-phase solutes into endolysosomes sufficiently fast to ...
We provide only general information about medications which does not cover all directions, possible drug integrations, or precautions. Information at the site cannot be used for self-treatment and self-diagnosis. Any specific instructions for a particular patient should be agreed with your health care advisor or doctor in charge of the case. We disclaim reliability of this information and mistakes it could contain. We are not responsible for any direct, indirect, special or other indirect damage as a result of any use of the information on this site and also for consequences of self-treatment. Removable sycamore has been pinocytosed among the linnaean natchez. Chemical strips will being deflagrating before the fossorial witenagemot. Misreadings were the tormentils. Earnest musics must cruise. Amoxicillin is not known to decrease effect of birth control pills, increases absorption of digoxin, increases toxicity of metotrexat. Excretion of Amoxicillin by kidneys is slowed by aspirin. Store at room ...
The concept of programmed cell death has evolved over the years to include both apoptotic and non-apoptotic death mechanisms. This study describes a novel form of non-apoptotic cell death induced as a result of dysregulated macropinocytosis. We have named this cell death methuosis. Methuosis is observed when the activated form of Ras GTPase is over-expressed in glioblastoma cells. It is accompanied by the accumulation of large phase-lucent cytoplasmic vacuoles, followed by rounding up, detachment, and disintegration of the cells. The vacuoles quickly take up extracellular fluid-phase tracers, a hallmark of macropinosomes. Our studies also show that the Ras-induced vacuoles are not acidic and are negative for LC3-II (a marker for autophagosomes), transferrin and EEA1 (endosomal markers). These observations rule out the vacuoles originating from autophagosomal, endosomal or lysosomal compartments. Even though caspase activation is observed in dying cells, death is not prevented by zVAD-fmk, a ...
Phagocytosis is the cellular process of engulfing solid particles by the cell membrane to form an internal phagosome, or food vacuole. The phagosome is usually delivered to the lysosome, an organelle involved in the breakdown of cellular components, which fuses with the phagosome. The contents are subsequently degraded and either released extracellularly via exocytosis, or released intracellularly to undergo further processing. Phagocytosis is involved in the acquisition of nutrients for some cells, and in the immune system it is a major mechanism used to remove pathogens and cell debris. Bacteria, dead tissue cells, and small mineral particles are all examples of objects that may be phagocytosed. Phagocytosis is a specific form of endocytosis involving the vesicular internalization of solid particles, such as bacteria, and is therefore distinct from other forms of endocytosis such as pinocytosis, the vesicular internalization of various liquids. ...
Sun-Sang J. Sung; Rolf S. Nelson; Samuel C. Silverstein (jul 1983). „The role of the mannose/N-acetylglucosamine receptor in the pinocytosis of horseradish peroxidase by mouse peritoneal macrophages. Journal of Cellular Physiology. 116: 21-25. doi:10.1002/jcp.1041160105 ...
Antibody-like structures present on cell surfaces may be detected by means of an assay using chemically modified bacteriophages. Guinea pig spleen and peritoneal cells bound specifically the chemically modified bacteriophage T4. The reaction occurred at low temperatures and in the presence of inhibitors of protein biosynthesis and of pinocytosis. Upon exposure to the corresponding hapten, the dinitrophenyl (DNP)-phages or the penicilloyl (Pen)-phages could be released from cells and subsequently counted. The specific binding of DNP-bacteriophage T4 was almost abolished after prior treatment of cells with an affinity labeling reagent.. The ability of peritoneal macrophage cells to bind the modified phage was due to the cytophilic antibodies passively adsorbed in vivo or in vitro. No such reaction occurred when cells from normal guinea pigs were used. In the spleen suspension, most of the modified phages were bound to non-adhering lymphocytes. Spleen cells from both normal and immunized guinea ...
Because of the simple cells that make up sponges, cell types and water currents used by the sponges to obtain food have been extensively studied. Sponges in general use flagellated cells called choanocyte cells to create a current. Choanocytes are located in the interior part of the sponge. In the asconoid structure, the water is drawn in through the ostium (outer pores), goes through the spongocoel or atrium, and out the osculum (the opening in the top of the sponge). Outer pores are 50 micrometers or less, so larger particles and animals are not ingested.. As food or particles are moved through the sponges, amoemoid cells surround and engulf it (pinocytosis and phagocytosis). Particles are caught in the collar part of the choanocyte cells. (Brusca and Brusca, 2003). ...
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Despite advances in understanding the pathogenesis of AD, little is known about the events initiating the accumulation of Aβ in the brain and the contributions of the immune system. In recent years, several studies have focused on the role of microglia in the pathogenesis of AD. Although microglia are able to take up fibrillar Aβ into endosome-like compartments (Frackowiak et al., 1992; Meyer-Luehmann et al., 2008), they seem inefficient at degrading and removing Aβ deposits from the AD brain (Grathwohl et al., 2009). It has been suggested that the proinflammatory environment of the AD brain might make them less efficient phagocytes (Bamberger et al., 2003; Koenigsknecht-Talboo and Landreth, 2005). There is also evidence that microglia internalize and degrade soluble Aβ in lysosomes through fluid-phase macropinocytosis (Mandrekar et al., 2009) or through the secretion of various Aβ-degrading activities.. Aβ degradation in the extracellular space can be accomplished by several enzymes, and ...
Effect of PLD downregulation by subtype-specific siRNAs on EGF-induced macropinocytosis. (A) COS7 cells were transfected with control or PLD subtype-specific si
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