In various single-celled species, we encounter a remarkable complex level of behaviour. Indeed, there are problem-solving ability and primitive forms of learning of periodic events and geometry of space. Typical examples of such behaviour are found in quite tractable model organisms: A large amoeba, the slime mold Physarum polycephalum, a ciliate like Paramecium and Tetrahymena. We have proposed a simple model (equations of motion) reproducing the observed behaviour and we have tried to extract a kind of algorithm that works in the behavioural intelligence. Behavioural strategy in complicated situations is not easy to interpret but it often turns out to be cleverer than we expected. Discussion will be made on: (1) mechanism of decision-making learned from those primitive organisms and (2) comparison to human behaviour. There might be a common basis that spans a wide variety of organisms. ...

Andrew Adamatzky (University of the West of England, Bristol, UK) and Theresa Schubert (Bauhaus-University Weimar, Germany) have constructed logical circuits that exploit networks of interconnected slime mold tubes to process information.. One is more likely to find the slime mold Physarum polycephalum living somewhere dark and damp rather than in a computer science lab. In its plasmodium or vegetative state, the organism spans its environment with a network of tubes that absorb nutrients. The tubes also allow the organism to respond to light and changing environmental conditions that trigger the release of reproductive spores.. In earlier work, the team demonstrated that such a tube network could absorb and transport different colored dyes. They then fed it edible nutrients - oat flakes - to attract tube growth and common salt to repel them, so that they could grow a network with a particular structure. They then demonstrated how this system could mix two dyes to make a third color as an ...

Using the slime mold Physarum polycephalum as a many-headed case in point, artist Jenna Sutela delves into the petri dish that is cognition. The microbial stew that has emerged to instrumentalize humans and their technology is unfolded through sound and text to explore an embodied cognitive process well beyond the reach of any single species.

Scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of Acellular slime mould reproductive fruiting structure (sporocarp) arising from the plasmodium (Lamproderma sp.). Plasmodial slime moulds are formed when individual flagellated cells swarm together and fuse. The result is one large bag of cytoplasm (called a plasmodium) with many diploid nuclei. Individual plasmodium may coalesce to form larger plasmodium. As the larger plasmodium move around they feed on bacteria, algae and fungal cells. Eventually the plasmodial protoplasm becomes concentrated into a number of small mounds (sporangial initials) which then proceed to develop into sporangia. The giant plasmodia have been very useful in scientific studies of cytoplasmic streaming (the movement of cell contents) because it is possible to see this happening even under relatively low magnification. Magnification: x38 when shortest axis printed at 25 mililmetres. - Stock Image C037/0273

TY - JOUR. T1 - Evidence for the synchronous replication of mitochondrial DNA during the yeast cell cycle. AU - Cottrell, Stephen F.. AU - Lee, Lee H.. PY - 1981/8/31. Y1 - 1981/8/31. N2 - The nature of mitochondrial DNA replication during the synchronous cell cycle in the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been investigated by examining the rate of labeled DNA precursor incorporation into specific segments of the mitochondrial genome at defined points during synchronous growth. The movement of label uptake from one area of the DNA to another at different times during the synchronous cell cycle indicates mitochondrial DNA replication to be a synchronous process during this time with most or all molecules at the same point in replication at any given time during the cell cycle.. AB - The nature of mitochondrial DNA replication during the synchronous cell cycle in the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been investigated by examining the rate of labeled DNA precursor incorporation into specific ...

1IJ5: Metal-Free and Ca(2+)-Bound Structures of a Multidomain EF-Hand Protein, CBP40, from the Lower Eukaryote Physarum polycephalum

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Definition of Acellular Slime Mold at Define.com Simple Ad-Free English Dictionary with Hyperlinks to The Free World Bank - A BIG Thinking Scientific Save the World High Level Concept on Amazon S3

SWISS-MODEL Template Library (SMTL) entry for 1ij5.1. METAL-FREE STRUCTURE OF MULTIDOMAIN EF-HAND PROTEIN, CBP40, FROM TRUE SLIME MOLD

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Small phaneroplasmodia of Physarum polycephalum migrate, under sandwich conditions between two agar sheets and a membrane of cellophane, as thin protoplasmic sheets. This method suitably simulates the situation in the natural habitat of acellular slime moulds; i.e. the narrow clefts of the forest soil. The highly differentiated system of cytoplasmic fibrils displayed under these conditions survives both long-term extraction with glycerol and fixation with methanol, procedures that remove the strong inherent autofluorescence, thus allowing the use of immunocytochemical studies. The complicated fibrillar system of sandwiched plasmodia consists of: (1) a membrane-associated cortical filament layer in the anterior region; (2) a more or less regular polygonal fibrillar network in the intermediate region; and (3) a helically twisted fibrillar system encircling endoplasmic pathways as well as isolated strands in the posterior region. So far, three different cytoskeletal proteins have been identified ...

Physarum polycephalum represents an enigmatic group of organisms known as the slime molds. Despite their name these organisms are not related with fungi, and form a genuine branch in the tree of life, beside plants, animals, and fungi. When Physarum takes up nutrient by its surface, the plasmodium will grow but still maintains coherence of the network structure. As a result, the network architecture is highly dynamic with flexible rearrangement of its junctions, following a decentralized protocol of organization.. This innovative project aims to build functional biomorphic computing devices operated by the slime mould Physarum polycephalum. We envisage that research and development centred on novel computing substrates, as self-assembled and fault-tolerant networks will lead to a revolution in the bio-electronics and computer industry. Combined with conventional electronic components in a hybrid chip, Physarum networks will radically improve the performance of digital and analog circuits.. The ...

How can an organism grow to form a desired structure and pattern? Understanding the morphogenesis of an organism, the collective self-organization of cells that gives rise to a functional structure is at the heart of decoding life. We aim to identify the rules of development by studying the physical principles underlying the formation and adaptation of biological organisms. Currently we investigate the mechanics of plant growth and the fluid dynamics enabling the slime mold Physarum polycephalum to adapt its network-like body to its environment. Our approach is combining both theoretical physics and experiments. On the theoretical side, we use analytical and numerical methods from mechanics, fluid dynamics, statistical physics and non-linear dynamics. On the experimental side, we investigate the adaptation dynamics of Physarum polycephalum with bright-field microscopy, transformations, micro-injection and tailored quantitative analysis.. We are on the move and are looking forward to continuing ...

Understanding the methods by which cells move is a fundamental problem in modern biology. Cell locomotion is integral to physiological processes such as wound healing, cancer metastasis, embryonic development, and the immune response. Recent evidence has shown that the fluid dynamics of cytoplasm can play a vital role in cellular motility. The slime mold Physarum polycephalum provides an excellent model organism for the study of amoeboid motion. In this research, we develop a computational model of crawling Physarum. Our model incorporates the effects of the cytoplasm, cellular cortex, the internal cytoskeleton and adhesions to the substrate. Of particlary interest are stresses generated by cytoplasmic flow and how transmission of stresses to the substrate is coordinated. In our numerical model, the Immersed Boundary Method is used to account for such stresses. We investigate the relationship between contraction waves, flow waves, adhesion, and locomotive forces in an attempt to characterize ...

Digestion of Physarum polycephalum nuclear DNA using the restriction endonuclease HpaII generates two components, distinguishable on the basis of their molecular size. The high-molecular-weight, HpaII-resistant component, which accounts for 20% of the DNA, contains a fivefold greater concentration of 5-methylcytosine residues than the low-molecular-weight HpaII-digested fraction. Segments of hypermethylated (M+) DNA are largely composed of a single, long, highly repeated sequence, and this major element is sometimes associated with other less highly repetitive sequences in the M+ DNA fraction. Restriction mapping of cloned Physarum M+ DNA segments, and Southern blot analysis of genomic DNA using subcloned segments of M+ DNA as a probe, provide evidence for sequence variation within different copies of the dominant highly repeated element, and possibly the other associated repeats in M+ DNA, and additionally that almost complete tandemly repeated copies of the major repeat are found in some M+ DNA

In this biology science fair project, test various amounts of glucose to see which ones attract and which repel (chemotaxis) growing Physarum polycephalum slime mold.

J. J. McCormick; PHYSICAL SEPARATION OF NUCLEI FROM TWO INDEPENDENT PLASMODIA OF PHYSARUM POLYCEPHALUM AFTER FUSION . J Cell Biol 1 July 1974; 62 (1): 227-231. doi: https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.62.1.227. Download citation file:. ...

Future computers might be a lot slimier. Scientists have found that the mold Physarum polycephalum, an organism that covers its environment by creating a network of wirelike extensions that absorb nutrients, could be used as building blocks for computing devices and sensors, New Electronics reports. A study published this month in Materials Today reveals details of logic units, or digital circuits, built using the living slime.. See more Signal/Noise.. ...

Can an acellular slime mold mimic the Roman road network in the Balkans? Its not a riddle, but the subject of a new study by researchers in Greece and the United Kingdom.. That slime mold, called Physarum polycephalum, consists of a single large membrane around many cell nuclei, and has drawn the attention of a wide range of scientists because of its uncanny ability to solve almost impossibly complex computational problems.. Through rhythmic contractions of its membrane, called shuttle streaming, the slime mold grows out in search of food. If you put a P. polycephalum into a maze with two food sources in it, over a few days the organism will grow toward the food sources and retract from everywhere else except the shortest path between them. Mathematicians and network analysts call this the shortest path problem. When presented with additional food sources, the slime mold forms ever more complex and efficient networks. These Physarum machines, as they are known, may help in the understanding ...

PardC controls both the replication and the transcription of the ardC actin gene.The two transformants analyzed were selected on the basis of their hygromycin resistance, suggesting that hph expression is under the control of PardC. For strain 41T1, it was further shown that the hygromycin resistance phenotype was maintained in plasmodia even in the absence of selection (16). Our results extend these conclusions to the transformant 44T28 and demonstrate the presence of an hph transcript in plasmodia of both strains by RT-PCR. Therefore, the displaced copy of PardC acts not only as an origin of DNA replication and a timer for the newly created replicons but also as a transcriptional promoter. In this context, it is noteworthy that our results do not exclude the possibility that the downstream transcription of either the reporter gene or the endogenousardC actin gene plays a role in the replicator activity located within the promoter-containing DNA fragment. However, it is unlikely that the early ...

Regulationsbiologie, Otto von Guericke Universität, Magdeburg The developmental switch to sporulation in the unicellular eukaryote Physarum polycephalum is a phytochrome-mediated far-red light-induced cell fate decision. It synchronously encompasses the entire multinucleate plasmodial cell and is associated with extensive reprogramming of the transcriptome. By repeatedly taking samples of single cells after delivery of a light stimulus pulse, we quantitatively analyse differential gene expression to obtain a time series dataset for each cell. Computational analyses of the gene expression data reveal individually different single cell trajectories eventually leading to sporulation. Characterization of the trajectories as walks through states of gene expression allows to reconstruct Petri nets that model and predict the behavior of single cells. Structural analyses of these Petri nets reveals the global behaviour of the regulatory network, the differential regulation of individual genes, and it ...

Physarum polycephalum has repeatedly, during the last decade, demonstrated that has unexpected computing abilities. While the plasmodium of P. polycephalum can effectively solve several geographical described problems, like evaluating human-made transport networks, a disadvantage of a biological computer, like the aforementioned is directly apparent; the great amount of time needed to provide results. Thus, the main focus of this paper is the enhancement of the time efficiency of the biological computer by using conventional computers or even digital circuitry. Cellular automata (CA) as a powerful computational tool has been selected to tackle with these difficulties and a software (Matlab) CA model is used to produce results in shorter time periods. While the duration of a laboratory experiment is occasionally from 3 to 5 days, the CA model, for a specific configuration, needs around 40 s. In order to achieve a further acceleration of the computation, a hardware implementation of the ...

Contents: An active culture of Physarum plasmodium 1 vial of dry Physarum sclerotium 4 disposable petri plates of oatmeal agar Culturing instructions 1 pad of 30 Physarum …

This Netlogo simulation aims to copy the behaviour of a symbiotic organism called physarum polycephalum. Physarum is actually a single cell organism, but when two or more cells meet, their membranes merge together and they work together to efficiently gather nutrition and multiply. This simulation should mimic the spread and path creation of the algae, as well as its ability to solve the shortest path problem. Video about physarum: [1] Assignment Title: Simulation of semi-intelligent algae Course: 4IT496 Simulace systémů (v angličtině) (WS 2018/2019) Author: Bc. Martin Vegner Model type: Multiagent Modeling tool: NetLogo Xvegm00 (talk) 13:23, 30 December 2018 (CET) ...

Cool, eh? Can you ID? Much like Hermione in Goblet of Fire, I feel like the library, er, internet, has finally failed me. Just as well, considering I never even knew moving (yes, moving!!!) amoeba-like slime molds (mold being a misnomer) existed until I posted a yellow-colored many-headed slime (Physarum polycephalum) over 3 years ago. I havent been able to tack down an ID on this small white beauty. Oh, I found plenty of other slime molds, which all seem to be peculiarly named like tapioca slime (Brefeldia maxima), chocolate tube slime (Stemonitis splendens), pretzel slime (Hemitrichia serpula), and dog vomit slime (Fuligo septica). Lovely. It doesnt help with ID that slimes change quite a bit as they age, as Stevie Smith captured so well over the course of 60 hours. I found his pictures through this Flickr Hive Mind that has some beautiful pictures (Is hive mind supposed to be like a shared BBCs Sherlock mind palace?). Interesting to note, this slime completely avoided the redwood ...

Fragmin is a Ca2(+)-sensitive F-actin-severing protein purified from a slime mold, Physarum polycephalum (Hasegawa, T., S. Takahashi, H. Hayashi, and S. Hatano. 1980. Biochemistry. 19:2677-2683). It binds to G-actin to form a 1:1 fragmin/actin complex in the presence of micromolar free Ca2+. The complex nucleates actin polymerization and caps the barbed end of the short F-actin (Sugino, H., and S. Hatano. 1982. Cell Motil. 2:457-470). Subsequent removal of Ca2+, however, hardly dissociates the complex. This complex nucleates actin polymerization and caps the F-actin regardless of Ca2+ concentration. Here we report that this activity of fragmin-actin complex can be abolished by phosphorylation of actin of the complex. When crude extract from Physarum plasmodium was incubated with 5 mM ATP and 1 mM EGTA, the activities of the complex decreased to a great extent. The inactivation of the complex in the crude extract was not observed in the presence of Ca2+. In addition, the activities of the complex ...

Physarum Polycephalum aka The Blob This slime mold exists for a very long time....it is definitely much older than mankind. There are estimates that it is existing about 500 millions of years. And not to forget. This is a unicellular. A unicellular with an immense amount of cell nuclei. But it is only one cell. It does not need more and it survived….years and years and years. So I guess there is a lot to learn from it about life. But before I can start to ask questions, I first need to get to know its lifecycle and its living conditions. So I have to somehow cultivate it first and for that I must understand what it needs in terms of food and environment. For sure a cultivated PP is behaving differently than in nature and also I am just observing one phase of the life-cycle of PP. the phase before Sporangia. Sporangia is the phase when it builds spores… a form of reproduction…..after that it will go into a long time of recovery, and as I am observing it only for a little time now, the phase ...

Physarum polycephalum, a brainless slime mold, uses its body to sense chemical cues in its environment and performs complex calculations, similar to what humans consider to be thinking, to decide on the direction to grow based on the information presented.

CudA homologues and the evolution of STAT proteins. (A) The core region of the Dictyostelium CudA protein compared with related proteins. Amoebozoan species of origin: D.d., Dictyostelium discoideum; E.h., Entamoeba histolytica; H.v., Hartmanella vermiformis; P.p., Physarum polycephalum. The alignment of the core domain of CudA with proteins of similar sequence was produced by AMPS(Barton, 1994), followed by manual adjustment in Jalview (Clamp et al.,2004). Accession numbers are shown only for those proteins for which no publication is available; ECudA is AAC41578. The alignment is coloured according to the ClustalX colour scheme(Thompson, et al., 1997). Residues are coloured by their physico-chemical properties as well as by how frequently they occur at each position. Thus, residues are only coloured if they show similarity to a notional `consensus. Negatively charged residues are in purple; hydrophobic residues in blue; positively charged residues in red; and polar residues in green. Since ...

Myxogastria/Myxogastrea (myxogastrids, ICZN) or Myxomycetes (ICBN), is a grouping of slime molds that contains 5 orders, 14 families, 62 genera and 888 species. They are colloquially known as the plasmodial or acellular slime moulds. All species pass through several, very different morphologic phases, such as microscopic individual cells, slimy amorphous organisms visible with the naked eye and conspicuously shaped fruit bodies. Although they are monocellular, they can reach immense widths and weights: in extreme cases they can be up to 1 metre (3 ft 3 in) across and weigh up to 20 kilograms (44 lb). The class Myxogastria is distributed worldwide, but it is more common in temperate regions where it has a higher biodiversity than in polar regions, the subtropics or tropics. They are mainly found in open forests, but also in extreme regions such as deserts, under snow blankets or underwater. They also occur on the bark of trees, sometimes high in the canopy. These are known as corticolous ...

Successful PhD completions: 2016, University of Plymouth, Edward Braund. PhD Thesis: Unconventional Computing and Music: An Investigation into Harnessing Physarum polycephalum.. 2016, University of Plymouth, Joel Eaton. PhD Thesis: Brain-Computer Music Interfacing: Designing Practical Systems for Creative Applications.. 2014, University of Plymouth, Hans Holger Rutz. PhD Thesis: Tracing the Compositional Process.. 2013, University of Plymouth, Nikolas Valsamakis. PhD Thesis: Non-Standard Sound Synthesis with Dynamic Models.. 2013, University of Plymouth, Christian Dimpker. PhD Thesis: Extended Notation: The Depiction of the Unconventional. 2012, University of Plymouth, Noris Mohd Norowi. PhD Thesis: AnArtificial Intelligence Approach to Concatenative Sound Synthesis.. 2012, University of Plymouth, Daniel Livingstone. PhD Thesis: Design Strategies for Adaptive Social Composition: Collaborative SoundEnvironments.. 2012, University of Plymouth, Joao Martins. PhD Thesis: Emergent Rhythmic Structures ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Amoeba-Inspired Heuristic Search Dynamics for Exploring Chemical Reaction Paths. AU - Aono, Masashi. AU - Wakabayashi, Masamitsu. PY - 2015/9/25. Y1 - 2015/9/25. N2 - We propose a nature-inspired model for simulating chemical reactions in a computationally resource-saving manner. The model was developed by extending our previously proposed heuristic search algorithm, called AmoebaSAT [Aono et al. 2013], which was inspired by the spatiotemporal dynamics of a single-celled amoeboid organism that exhibits sophisticated computing capabilities in adapting to its environment efficiently [Zhu et al. 2013]. AmoebaSAT is used for solving an NP-complete combinatorial optimization problem [Garey and Johnson 1979], the satisfiability problem, and finds a constraint-satisfying solution at a speed that is dramatically faster than one of the conventionally known fastest stochastic local search methods [Iwama and Tamaki 2004] for a class of randomly generated problem instances ...

After a goalless draw with Kano Pillars at the Jos stadium yesterday, a close source who wouldnt want his name in print revealed to FreeKickNaija that Ikefe will dump Plateau United for another top NPFL club due to financial issues which Plateau United are yet to fulfill.. I can tell you with all seriousness that plans are in advanced stage for Ikefe to exit the club for another top NPFL side who his services. The source said. Numbers of clubs are monitoring him (Ikefe) but we are close to agreeing a move with one of the clubs. We dont want to go into details on the current situation with Plateau United. No one from the club as spoken on when his (Ikefe) financial obligation will be met.. No cause for alarm because we have our options. It left for them (Plateau United) to do the needful, the source concluded.. ...

Slime moulds occasionally cause concern when they appear on lawns, but they do not attack or kill the grass. They vary greatly in their colour, size and form. Their spore-producing structures are often very fragile, disintegrating when touched.

Links: Rotierende Erregungswellen in einer Simulation des Membranpotentials im Herzgewebe als Indikator einer Herzrhythmusstörung. Rechts: Zeitliche Dynamik des axialen Geschwindigkeitsprofil einer oszillierenden mechano-chemischen Welle in einem Fragment des Schleimpilzes Physarum ...

Links: Rotierende Erregungswellen in einer Simulation des Membranpotentials im Herzgewebe als Indikator einer Herzrhythmusstörung. Rechts: Zeitliche Dynamik des axialen Geschwindigkeitsprofil einer oszillierenden mechano-chemischen Welle in einem Fragment des Schleimpilzes Physarum ...

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The temporal relationship between tubulin expression and the assembly of the mitotic spindle microtubules has been investigated during the naturally synchronous cell cycle of the Physarum plasmodium. The cell cycle behavior of the tubulin isoforms was examined by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of proteins labeled in vivo and by translation of RNA in vitro. alpha 1-, alpha 2-, beta 1-, and beta 2-tubulin synthesis increases coordinately until metaphase, and then falls, with beta 2 falling more rapidly than beta 1. Nucleic acid hybridization demonstrated that alpha- and beta-tubulin RNAs accumulate coordinately during G2, peaking at metaphase. Quantitative analysis demonstrated that alpha-tubulin RNA increases with apparent exponential kinetics, peaking with an increase over the basal level of greater than 40-fold. After metaphase, tubulin RNA levels fall exponentially, with a short half-life (19 min). Electron microscopic analysis of the plasmodium showed that the accumulation of tubulin RNA begins

Myxomycete plasmodia of four different types (not including Physarum polycephalum) were studied in thin sections viewed in the electron microscope. In the cytoplasm of the protoplasmodia of Clastoderma debaryanum and the phaneroplasmodia of Fuligo septica fixed in situ, fibrillar differentiations of three rather distinct kinds were observed. One of these is filamentous and closely resembles the filaments (or microtubules) of the mitotic apparatus of other species. The larger phaneroplasmodia of two species belonging to the Physarales and the plasmodium of Hemitrichia vesparium showed fewer and less well defined fibrils, and no fibrils were seen in the aphanoplasmodium of Stemonitis fusca. Good stabilization of such fibrils in larger plasmodia may require fixation methods more rigidly controlled than those which succeed with microscopic protoplasmodia. The function of the observed fibrils cannot yet be determined. Their presence in cytoplasm fixed in situ, however, lends support to those ...

Its a slime mold thats capable of moving, … Physarum polycephalum, aka The Blob, is on display at the Paris Zoological Park now through Nov. 3. Abnormal cells can build up in the blood, and sometimes the bone marrow. 5 Debate no more if you should eat chocolate or not. Not only does dark chocolate help fight cancer, but it is also believed to helps reduce the risks of heart attacks and stroke, improve blood flow to the brain and improve mood and symptoms of depression. Its roots contain a large quantity of a very slimy substance called mucilage. Check out A Marshmallow Called Moon by Young Girl on Amazon Music. Marshmallow (Althaea) is most commonly used to treat sore throats and dry coughs. Signs and symptoms of Oesophageal Cancer from Cancer Research UK. He was 88. As we saw with The Marshmallow Challenge, team collaboration is much like a contact sport - you have to get your sleeves rolled up and get stuck in. Chocolate contains a phytochemical compound called flavonoids found in cocoa ...

Acetyl)cholinesterase is an enzyme which is mostly regarded as important in the nervous system signaling. It is found in colinergic sinapses of the animals where it breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Doing that, it terminates singaling transmission between neurons. In the last decade, many other acetylcholinesterase roles have been discovered; for example roles in cell differentiation and communication and immune response. Considering that cholinesterases and/or acetylcholine have recently been discovered in plants, different microorganisms and mold Aspergillus niger and Physarum polycephalum, it is only fair to expect finding them in higher fungi. At present, there hasnt been any research that tackled this kind of subject. Within this thesis, cholinesterase activity was determined in water extracts of various Basidiomycota using colorimetric test (Ellmans method), denaturating and native electrophoresis. Ellmans method showed the strongest enzyme activity when substrate ...

Slime moulds seem to bridge the gap between fungi and animals. In a nutshell, they are a glistening goop that spreads and develops in a webbed network of frilly fingers. But this is an intelligent goop. Slime moulds respond malleably to their environment. They can work out the most efficient shape to morph into in order to reach multiple food sources. Scientists have shown this ability compares favourably to some of the most efficiently planned human transport systems. When times are hard, the slimes can change form to produce fruiting spores, sending its spores away to find better lands. When two slime moulds of the same species meet, they join forces into one large super-slime. Best of all, they seem pleasantly benevolent compared to many other microorganisms. No slime mould has yet proved itself to be a human pathogen. And they not only eat bacteria, they farm it ...

In 1966, Lynn Margulis wrote a paper entitled On the Origin of Mitosing Cells. In her paper, Margulis came up with an influential theory that has been shaping modern science ever since. Although it was hard for her to publish it in magazines, she was determined that the similarity between mitochondria and bacteria was far more meaningful than sheer coincidence.That theory is now famously known as the Endosymbiosis theory. Endosymbiosis explains the origin of eukaryotes. It is suggested that the first step in the origin of eukaryotes from prokaryotes was related to survival in the new oxygen-containing atmosphere: an aerobic prokaryotic microbe (i.e. the protomitochondrion) was ingested into the cytoplasm of a heterotrophic anaerobe. This endosymbiosis became obligate and resulted in the evolution of the first aerobic amitotic amoeboid organisms. By hypothesis, some of these amoeboids ingested certain motile prokaryotes. Eventually these, too, became symbiotic in their hosts. The association of ...

The Peoples Elephant have no problem facing Sunshine in season opener. Enyimba have chosen to play their home matches for the next league season at the UJ Esuene Stadium, Calabar as their permanent home as the Enyimba International Stadium, Aba is still undergoing repairs and wont be ready for the start of the season.. The Chairman of the Peoples Elephant, Felix Anyansi Agwu who revealed this to SportingLife on Saturday during the NPFL 2016/17 season draws held at the Golden Royale Hotel, Enugu, said they will feel more at home in Calabar than any other alternative available to them.. He said they would like to play where it is devoid of competition and where they will be fully concentrated on the game and not other distracting things. ...

The above is based on a multi-agent approximation of Physarum network formation put forward by Jeff Jones in his paper Characteristics of Pattern Formation and Evolution in Approximations of Physarum Transport Networks. What is most interesting about Joness approach is the complexity differential between the agent behaviors and their emergent output. Once again agent interaction is strictly indirect. They communicate only through detection and deposition of pheromone gradients within their shared environment. The decision-making routines themselves are surprisingly discrete - each agent samples in 3 forward biased locations and picks only the one with the highest pheromone concentration to move towards. With a large enough population of agents however, this behaviour produces self-minimizing networks similar to those seen amongst the organism they aim to emulate. ...

The postponement may not be unconnected with the tension likely to be generated by the delay in announcing the results of the polls conducted last Saturday.. There is tension in the land and we have to keep the players, fans of various clubs safe just as anything that will affect the flow of the matches must be resolved instead to going with the risks involved, a top official of the LMC said in a telephone interview last night.. With uncertainty on when the league will resume, stakeholders may be in for another round of inconclusive season for the second time running unless the political tension in the land eases out.. The outgoing season is an abridged one expected to be concluded early in the summer before the Africa Cup of Nations (AFCON) tournament in Egypt kicks off mid June.. As at yesterday, MFM FC is leading the pack in Group A while IfeanyiUbah and El-Kanemi Warriors are leading the charge in Group B. ...

Hear what happens when you hook up slime mold to sensors and algorithms and translate its electrical impulses into light and sound.

Its probably the nastiest, slimiest computer in the world. Scientists in the U.K. have developed a rudimentary computer that runs on oat flakes using a slime mold.

Slime mold outbreaks are most common in late summer when the weather is warmer, but there are certain types that can infect lawns from spring through summer.

By default, glom aims to safely return a transformed copy of your data. But sometimes you really need to transform an existing object.. When you already have a large or complex bit of nested data that you are sure you want to modify in-place, glom has you covered, with the ...

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Some projects are just destined for crafting failure. I should probably have taken the hint when it took us four stores to find the three ingredients I needed for slime. ...

So you found mold. Awesome. If youre like me, youre allergic and it needs to be GONE. Find out how to kill mold naturally and fast!

Mold FAQs: Weve put together a list of the most common mold related FAQs weve received over the years. Below, well answer those questions and more.

We all know that there is strength in numbers. Many animals have even discovered this and, for example, migrate in large herds. However, one would never expect bacteria to have discovered this or know enough to organize themselves collectively.